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acaricidal activity of essential oil from lippia sidoides on unengorged larvae and nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) and amblyomma cajennense (acari: ixodidae).the aims of this work were to identify the compounds and to investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil of lippia sidoides for unengorged larvae and nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma cajennense. the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in total, 22 compounds comprising 98.5% of the total peak area were identified. the major constituent of the essential oil was thymol (69.9%). the acaricidal activity against larvae and nymphs ...201424333789
a nationwide survey of ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs and cats in japan in 2011.a nationwide survey of ixodid ticks was performed in 2011, during which a total of 4237 and 298 ticks were recovered from 1162 dogs and 136 cats, respectively. haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently found tick species on canine hosts (739 dogs), followed by h. flava (166), ixodes ovatus (139), and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (70). h. hystricis, h. japonica, h. megaspinosa, h. formosensis, h. campanulata, h. ias, i. nipponensis, i. persulcatus, and amblyomma testudinarium were ...201425155339
ticks of australia. the species that infest domestic animals and humans.the book australian ticks by f.h.s. roberts (1970) is a land-mark in australian tick biology. but it is time for a new and improved book on the ticks of australia. the present book has identification guides and accounts of the biology and diseases associated with the 16 species of ticks that may feed on domestic animals and humans in australia. these comprise five argasid (soft) ticks: argas persicus (poultry tick), argas robertsi (robert's bird tick), ornithodoros capensis (seabird soft tick), ...201424943801
impact of humidity on clustered tick eggs.eclosion of larvae from clustered tick eggs (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and ±1,000 eggs) of rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs), rhipicephalus microplus (rm), amblyomma cajennense (ac), and dermacentor nitens (dn) was investigated at 43, 75, and > 98% relative humidity (rh) and 25 °c. susceptibility of eggs to dehydration varied among tick species (rs < rm < ac and dn) and the number of clustered eggs but even singularized eggs of all tested species matured, and larvae eclosed at rh > 98%. a minimum of ...201425199556
activity of the plant-based repellent, tt-4302 against the ticks amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis and rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).the plant-based repellent tt-4302 (5 % geraniol) was compared to deet (15 %) in laboratory two-choice bioassays against the ticks amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis, and rhipicephalus sanguineus. at 2.5 and 3.5 h after treatment of filter paper with tt-4302, 100 % repellency was observed for all species at both time points with the exception of i. scapularis at the 3.5 h evaluation where repellency was 95.8 %. deet was 100 % repellent at both time points for d. varia ...201423907554
quantitative study of rickettsia massiliae in rhipicephalus sanguineus organs.rickettsia massiliae, belonging to the spotted fever group of rickettsia, is a human pathogen causing a similar course of disease to that caused by r. conorii, the originally recognized etiologic agent of mediterranean spotted fever. in view of this similarity, we performed an ultrastructural study of r. massiliae in organs of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, in order to advance knowledge of the complex dynamics at the tick-pathogen interface in rickettsioses. adult r. massiliae-infected rh. sang ...201425108779
characterisation of ecto- and endoparasites in domestic cats from tirana, albania.during 2008 to 2011, faecal samples, ear swabs, and ectoparasites obtained by full body search and total body comb were collected from 252 cats originating from the greater tirana area. faecal samples were examined using the mcmaster and baermann techniques, and a subset of 58 samples was tested for giardia-specific antigen using a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the ear swabs were examined for the presence of parasitic mites. overall, almost 93% of the cats were identifi ...201424994454
occurrence of ectoparasitic arthropods associated with rodents in hail region northern saudi arabia.ectoparasitic arthropods are a diverse element of the saudi fauna. due to this, a survey of ectoparasites associated with rodents was conducted as a preliminary study in five districts of hail region of northern saudi arabia for the first time. ectoparasites extracted from 750 rodents were sampled and identified by recording their frequency of appearance. results revealed that 1,287 ectoparasites infested 316 of the captured rodent hosts. these ectoparasites parasitized on four species of rodent ...201424838257
the novel isoxazoline ectoparasiticide fluralaner: selective inhibition of arthropod γ-aminobutyric acid- and l-glutamate-gated chloride channels and insecticidal/acaricidal activity.isoxazolines are a novel class of parasiticides that are potent inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-gated chloride channels (gabacls) and l-glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls). in this study, the effects of the isoxazoline drug fluralaner on insect and acarid gabacl (rdl) and glucl and its parasiticidal potency were investigated. we report the identification and cdna cloning of rhipicephalus (r.) microplus rdl and glucl genes, and their functional expression in xenopus laevis oocytes ...201424365472
rickettsia conorii israelensis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, sardinia, italy.the presence of tick-borne rickettsia spp. was examined by pcr using dna samples extracted from 254 ticks collected from mammals originating from northern and eastern sardinia, italy. the spotted fever group rickettsial agent rickettsia conorii israelensis was detected in 3 rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from a dog for the first time in this geographical area. in addition, ri. massiliae, ri. slovaca, and ri. aeschlimannii were detected in rh. turanicus, rh. sanguineus, dermacentor marginatus, an ...201424852264
occurrence of hepatozoon canis and cercopithifilaria bainae in an off-host population of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks.hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida, hepatozoidae) and the filarioid cercopithifilaria bainae (spirurida, onchocercidae) are tick-transmitted infectious agents of dogs, highly prevalent in the mediterranean basin in association with rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. ticks were collected from the environment every 25±2 days in a confined location in southern italy where a community of dogs lives, from august 2012 to july 2013. in order to study the occurrence of h. canis and c. bainae, 1091 tick ...201424594107
failure of imidocarb dipropionate and toltrazuril/emodepside plus clindamycin in treating hepatozoon canis infection.hepatozoonosis caused by hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida, hepatozoidae) is among the most widespread vector-borne infections of dogs, primarily transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks. based on the absence of a consensus on the treatment regimes for canine hepatozoonosis, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate (5-6 mg/kg subcutaneously once a week for 6 weeks), and of toltrazuril/emodepside (procox(®), 15 mg/kg once a day for 6 days) in assoc ...201424439769
detection of francisella-like endosymbiont in hyalomma rufipes from ethiopia.the expanding family of francisellaceae includes the genus francisella, where several pathogen bacteria, e.g. the zoonotic f. tularensis, and different francisella-like agents belong to. francisella-like endosymbionts (fles) are widespread in hard and soft ticks and their pathogenicity is unknown. the examination of 296 ticks collected in ethiopia was performed for the detection of f. tularensis and fles using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays based on the amplification of 16s rrna, sdha an ...201425108781
disease control through fertility control: secondary benefits of animal birth control in indian street dogs.we sought to (1) survey sexually intact street dogs for a wide range of diseases in three cities in rajasthan, india and (2) evaluate links between the health of non-treated dogs and both the presence and duration of animal birth control (abc) programs. abc regimes sterilize and vaccinate stray dogs in an attempt to control their population and the spread of rabies. they are commonly suggested to improve the health of those dogs they serve, but here we provide evidence that these benefits also e ...201424239212
molecular characterization of rickettsia massiliae and anaplasma platys infecting rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and domestic dogs, buenos aires (argentina).rickettsioses, ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are emerging diseases that are mainly transmitted by arthropods and that affect humans and animals. the aim of the present study was to use molecular techniques to detect and characterize those pathogens in dogs and ticks from buenos aires city. we studied 207 rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and 52 canine blood samples from poor neighborhoods of buenos aires city. the samples were molecularly screened for the genera rickettsia, ehrlichia, and anaplasma ...201424907186
vector-borne pathogens in dogs from costa rica: first molecular description of babesia vogeli and hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection.infection with canine vector-borne pathogens was evaluated in dogs from four different regions of costa rica by pcr. demographic data, clinical signs, packed cell volume values, and the presence of tick infestation were recorded for each dog. forty seven percent (69/146) of the dogs were infected with at least one pathogen and 12% were co-infected with two pathogens. ehrlichia canis was detected in 34%, anaplasma platys in 10%, babesia vogeli in 8%, and hepatozoon canis in 7.5% of the blood samp ...201424315693
rhipicephalus rossicus and not r. sanguineus is the dominant tick species of dogs in the wetlands of the danube delta, romania.changes in the distribution of tick species are among the major causes for the increase in prevalence of zoonotic diseases worldwide, with tick-borne diseases' prevalence showing an emerging pattern. one of these ticks, rhipicephalus rossicus, which is reported occasionally from humans, seems to be particularly interesting because of its demonstrated vectorial role for zoonotic pathogens like francisella tularensis, coxiella burnetii, or cchf and west nile viruses. here we report a case of domin ...201424893695
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks.the rhipicephalus sanguineus group includes some of the most widespread dog ticks, whose identification currently represents a difficult task due to the morphological similarities of these ixodid species. recently, following the morphological and molecular characterization of tick specimens collected from dogs in all continents, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), rhipicephalus turanicus and three different operational taxonomic units (namely rhipicephalus sp. i-iii) have been identified ...201425113982
detection of anaplasma platys in dogs and rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks by a quantitative real-time pcr.anaplasma platys is an obligate intracellular, tick-borne pathogen of dogs, which causes canine infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia (cict). the vector role of rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks has been only suggested, but definitive evidence is lacking. this study aimed to detect and quantify a. platys dna in infected dogs and in their respective ticks through a quantitative real-time pcr assay. from march to may 2009, blood and tick samples from dogs residing in a cict-endemic area were colle ...201425027609
[molecular detection of rickettsia massiliae and anaplasma platys infecting rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and dogs, bahía blanca (argentina)].rickettsioses, ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are caused by gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria and transmitted mainly by arthropods.201425491455
intraoperative bleeding in dogs from grenada seroreactive to anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis.frequent exposure of grenadian dogs to rhipicephalus sanguineus results in anaplasma platys, and ehrlichia canis seroreactivity. during elective surgeries, substantial intraoperative hemorrhage occurs in some seroreactive dogs.201425274547
identification of the pharmacophore of the cc chemokine-binding proteins evasin-1 and -4 using phage display.to elucidate the ligand-binding surface of the cc chemokine-binding proteins evasin-1 and evasin-4, produced by the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, we sought to identify the key determinants responsible for their different chemokine selectivities by expressing evasin mutants using phage display. we first designed alanine mutants based on the evasin-1·ccl3 complex structure and an in silico model of evasin-4 bound to ccl3. the mutants were displayed on m13 phage particles, and binding to chemokine ...201425266725
detection of ehrlichia canis in domestic cats in the central-western region of brazil.ehrlichiosis is a worldwide distributed disease caused by different bacteria of the ehrlichia genus that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. its occurrence in dogs is considered endemic in several regions of brazil. regarding cats, however, few studies have been done and, consequently, there is not enough data available. in order to detect ehrlichia spp. in cats from the central-western region of brazil, blood and serum samples were collected from a regional population of 212 individuals origi ...201425242952
a survey of ixodid tick species and molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens.this study was undertaken in two different climatic areas of turkey to determine the presence of tick-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. the ticks were removed from humans, pooled according to species and developmental stages, and analyzed by pcr, reverse line blot (rlb) and sequencing. of the 2333 removed ticks from 10 species, 1238 (53.06%) were obtained from the arid cold zone, and the remaining 1095 (46.93%) were obtained from the humid zone. the removed ticks were identif ...201424424312
molecular and histopathological detection of hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from portugal.hepatozoon canis is a protozoan tick-borne pathogen of dogs and wild canids. hepatozoon spp. have been reported to infect foxes in different continents and recent studies have mostly used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection and characterization of the infecting species. surveying red foxes (vulpes vulpes) may contribute to better understanding the epidemiology of canine vector-borne diseases, including hepatozoonosis caused by h. canis in domestic dogs. the present study invest ...201424655375
molecular detection of bacterial and parasitic pathogens in hard ticks from portugal.ticks are important vector arthropods of human and animal pathogens. as information about agents of disease circulating in vectors in portugal is limited, the aim of the present study was to detect bacteria and parasites with veterinary and zoonotic importance in ticks collected from dogs, cats, and field vegetation. a total of 925 ticks, comprising 888 (96.0%) adults, 8 (0.9%) nymphs, and 29 (3.1%) larvae, were collected in 4 geographic areas (districts) of portugal. among those, 620 (67.0%) we ...201424745731
an efficient strategy of screening for pathogens in wild-caught ticks and mosquitoes by reusing small rna deep sequencing data.this paper explored our hypothesis that srna (18 ∼ 30 bp) deep sequencing technique can be used as an efficient strategy to identify microorganisms other than viruses, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. in the study, the clean reads derived from the srna deep sequencing data of wild-caught ticks and mosquitoes were compared against the ncbi nucleotide collection (non-redundant nt database) using blastn. the blast results were then analyzed with in-house python scripts. an empirical fo ...201424618575
clinical, hematologic, and molecular findings in naturally occurring babesia canis vogeli in egyptian dogs.background. canine babesiosis is a clinically important hemoprotozoan parasite affecting dogs. the goal of this present study was to determine the clinical symptoms and to establish its hematological and microscopic detection and compare it with the pcr findings attained from dogs infected with babesia canis vogeli. methodology/principal findings. 13-pcr confirmed babesia-infected dogs were examined; seminested pcr was used to discover the precise type of babesia and babesia canis vogeli was the ...201424693460
incidence of cercopithifilaria bainae in dogs and probability of co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens.cercopithifilaria bainae is a filarioid parasite that infects dogs, being transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks in many countries of the mediterranean basin. this study assessed the incidence density rate (idr) of infection by c. bainae in dogs and the probability of co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens (i.e., anaplasma platys, babesia vogeli and hepatozoon canis), in an area of high endemicity in southern italy.201424498437
the enigma of the dog mummy from ancient egypt and the origin of 'rhipicephalus sanguineus'.ticks belonging to the rhipicephalus sanguineus group are amongst the most important vectors of pathogenic microorganisms to dogs and humans. however, the taxonomy of this species group is still the subject of debate, especially because there is no type specimen or reliable morphological description for rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto. recently, a comprehensive morphological and genetic study on representative tick specimens from europe, africa, americas, and oceania, revealed the existen ...201424438558
inadequacy of igm antibody tests for diagnosis of rocky mountain spotted fever.among 13 suspected rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) cases identified through an enhanced surveillance program in tennessee, antibodies to rickettsia rickettsii were detected in 10 (77%) patients using a standard indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) assay. immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies were observed for 6 of 13 patients (46%) without a corresponding development of igg, and for 3 of 10 patients (30%) at least 1 year post-onset. however, recent infection with a spotted fever group ricke ...201425092818
phylogeography of rickettsia rickettsii genotypes associated with fatal rocky mountain spotted fever.rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), a tick-borne zoonosis caused by rickettsia rickettsii, is among the deadliest of all infectious diseases. to identify the distribution of various genotypes of r. rickettsii associated with fatal rmsf, we applied molecular typing methods to samples of dna extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from 103 case-patients from seven countries who died of rmsf. complete sequences of one or more intergenic regions were am ...201424957541
canine babesiosis in northwestern india: molecular detection and assessment of risk factors.in the current study, a total of 214 blood samples from dogs in and around ludhiana, punjab (india), suspected for canine babesiosis were examined with conventional and molecular assays. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral thin blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 7.47% (16/214) for canine babesiosis encompassing 0.93% (2/214) of large babesia and 6.54% (14/214) of babesia gibsoni. however, molecular diagnosis revealed 15.42% (33/214) samples positive for b. gibsoni infection as e ...201425013798
molecular survey of babesia gibsoni using haemaphysalis longicornis collected from dogs and cats in japan.a nationwide survey of babesia gibsoni using haemaphysalis longicornis collected from dogs and cats in japan was conducted using molecular methods. a total of 1,341 h. longicornis, including 305 females, 14 males, 332 nymphs and 690 larvae (153 pools) from 44 prefectures, were examined by b. gibsoni-targeted pcr. partial sequence analysis revealed that 12 of 13 positive samples sequenced, including samples from tottori, hiroshima, yamaguchi, tokushima, ehime and oita prefectures (all in western ...201424920547
diversity of cercopithifilaria species in dogs from portugal.filarioids belonging to the genus cercopithifilaria (spirurida: onchocercidae) have been described in dogs in association with rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks, which act as their biological vectors. this study represents the first investigation on cercopithifilaria spp. in dogs from portugal.201424898125
molecular and serological study of rickettsial infection in humans, and in wild and farm animals, in the province of burgos, spain.limited information is available on the presence of rickettsial infection in humans and animal reservoirs in spain. exposure to spotted fever group rickettsia in healthy humans and in farm and wild animals in the province of burgos, spain, was examined by serological methods. rickettsial dna was also sought by pcr in animal samples. of 102 human serum samples examined by indirect immunofluorescence assays (ifa), 5.88% were positive for antibodies against rickettsia conorii (titers 1/128-1/512). ...201424866558
first report of babesia gibsoni in central america and survey for vector-borne infections in dogs from nicaragua.although many vector-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs in tropical areas and potential zoonoses, there is little information on these conditions in central america.201424667065
fluazuron-induced morphological changes in rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806 (acari: ixodidae) nymphs: an ultra-structural evaluation of the cuticle formation and digestive processes.rhipicephalus sanguineus is a species of tick which is widely distributed in america, africa and australia and is probably the most prevalent among all the other ixodid tick species. the present study demonstrated the effects of the arthropod growth regulator fluazuron (acatak(®)), in the formation of the integument and the digestive processes of r. sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits treated with different doses of this chemical acaricide. for this, three different doses of fluazuron (20mg/kg, 40m ...201424508101
rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (ixodidae) in synantropic rodents in rio grande do sul, brazil.rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, is responsible for maintaining and transmitting various pathogens, both in animals and human beings, and it is of great sanitary importance. this communication reports the first occurrence of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato parasitizing rattus norvegicus in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, and it is also the first record of this tick species parasitizing rattus rattus in brazil. the rodents were captured from the port area, located in the ...201425054514
identification of rickettsiae from wild rats and cat fleas in malaysia.rickettsioses are emerging zoonotic diseases reported worldwide. in spite of the serological evidence of spotted fever group rickettsioses in febrile patients in malaysia, limited studies have been conducted to identify the animal reservoirs and vectors of rickettsioses. this study investigated the presence of rickettsiae in the tissue homogenates of 95 wild rats and 589 animal ectoparasites. using pcr assays targeting the citrate synthase gene (glta), rickettsial dna was detected in the tissue ...201425171613
molecular epizootiology and diagnosis of porcine babesiosis in sardinia, italy.the recent characterization of the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) of a pathogenic babesia species in a domestic sow paved the way for establishing diagnostic and epidemiological tools for porcine babesiosis. here, we developed the first specific babesia sp. suis pcr, and we applied this test to a panel of samples collected from animals living in a typical mediterranean environment (sardinia, italy), including domestic pigs, wild boars, and ticks. in domestic pigs, pcr coupled with sequencing revealed ...201425325315
changes in the synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) female ticks exposed to permethrin: an ultrastructural overview.this study performed the ultra-structural analysis of the changes caused by permethrin in the synganglion of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus females, aiming to understand the toxic action of this substance at cellular level. the results showed that the neural lamella had its structure changed, allowing the influx of the toxic agent into the nervous tissue. the glial cells of the perineurium, as well as the neural cells of the cortex showed great changes, such as: irregular nuclei with chr ...201424742902
reprolysin metalloproteases from ixodes persulcatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus microplus ticks.metalloproteases (mps) have been considered essential for blood feeding and other physiological functions in several hematophagous animals, including ticks. we report the characterization of mp sequences of three important ticks from asia, africa and america: ixodes persulcatus (ip-mps), rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs-mps) and r. microplus (brrm-mps). amino acid sequence identity between r. microplus and r. sanguineus mps ranged from 76 to 100 %, and identities among i. persulcatus, i. ricinus and ...201424687173
histopathological study of ovaries of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) exposed to different thymol concentrations.thymol is a monoterpene with proven acaricide action for several tick species. in addition to killing these ectoparasites, thymol can also reduce oviposition and egg hatch rate. however, the effects of thymol on the morphophysiology of tick ovaries are still unknown. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological changes caused by this active principle in ovaries of rhipicephalus sanguineus after a 6-day feeding period, through the application of morphohistochemical techniqu ...201425300417
first report of cercopithifilaria spp. in dogs from eastern europe with an overview of their geographic distribution in europe.dogs in europe may be parasitized by a variety of species of filarioids. while some species have been studied for decades, others have been only recently reported, and their range of distribution is still unknown. the present study was aimed to investigate the occurrence of cercopithifilaria spp., whose microfilariae reside in the dermis and are transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks, in a dog population from romania and to present the current knowledge of their distribution in europ ...201424825312
new method using quantitative pcr to follow the tick blood meal and to assess the anti-feeding effect of topical acaricide against rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs.a 28-day study was conducted to assess the dynamic of blood feeding by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs treated or not with a novel topical combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene. dogs were infested weekly through exposure to ticks in crates for 4h. ticks were then counted in the crates at 2h and 4h post dog exposure. ticks were also counted and removed from the dogs at 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h and 24h post tick exposure. the inhibition of blood feeding was assessed by both tick quanti ...201424656063
tissue tropism and vertical transmission of coxiella in rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus turanicus ticks.arthropod symbionts present tissue tropism that corresponds to the nature of the association and the mode of transmission between host generations. in ticks, however, our knowledge of symbiont tissue tropism and function is limited. here, we quantified and localized previously described coxiella-like symbionts in several organs of the tick rhipicephalus turanicus. quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed high densities of coxiella in the female gonads, and both male and female malpighian ...201424650112
mediterranean spotted fever--classification by disease course and criteria for determining the disease severity.mediterranean spotted fever (msf) in bulgaria is caused by ricketsia conorii conorii with a major vector the dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. the first cases of re-emerging msf were reported in this country in the early 1990s after some 20 years of absence and then registered an annual increase until 2001-2003 after which the disease prevalence declined. msf still poses a serious health problem in the country as severe, complicated cases with lethal outcome occur. the aim of this paper was to ...201423441470
assessment of the efficacy of orally administered afoxolaner against rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato.two studies were conducted to confirm that a single oral dose of the novel insecticide/acaricide afoxolaner is efficacious against existing infestations of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in dogs and can control re-infestation for up to 35 days. each study utilized 16 purpose bred adult dogs using a controlled randomized block design. one or two days prior to treatment, all dogs were infested with 50 unfed adult ticks. on day 0 one group was treated with an oral chewable formulation of afoxo ...201424629425
a novel approach to control brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus using sustained release poly-ɛ-caprolactone-pheromone microspheres.control of brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus was attempted by utilizing sustained release preparations of synthetic analogues of assembly pheromones. the assembly pheromone, in defined ratio, was encapsulated using poly-ɛ-caprolactone by water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. in the in vitro bioassay, percent mortality with test microspheres was 95.6, 64 and 44 among the unfed larvae, unfed nymph and unfed adults respectively, 24 hours post-exposure. field tr ...201424570062
glutathione s-transferase affects permethrin detoxification in the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.control of ticks on dogs is often done by application of repellents that contain permethrin as the active ingredient. in this research, we studied the role of a glutathione s-transferase (gst) gene in detoxification of permethrin by ticks using a gene silencing method rna interference (rnai). the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, used in these studies, has a notable host preference for dogs, but also infests other mammals. in this research, r. sanguineus females were injected with gst do ...201424548526
control of brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus using assembly pheromone encapsulated in natural polymer, chitosan.in the current study, an attempt was made to encapsulate assembly pheromone using natural polymer, chitosan. chitosan beads were prepared by incorporating assembly pheromone in conjunction with an acaricide, namely, deltamethrin. in the in vitro bioassay, the test beads attracted and killed 79 % of unfed larvae, 88 % of unfed nymphs and 61 % of unfed adults of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, in 24 h of exposure. field trials were carried out to attract and kill the pre-parasitic en ...201424375150
acaricidal activity of extract of artemisia absinthium against rhipicephalus sanguineus of dogs.the objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of chloroform extract obtained from the aerial parts of artemisia absinthium in comparison to amitraz on adults, eggs and larvae of the dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus using the adult immersion test (ait), egg hatchability test (eht) and larval packet test (lpt), respectively. five concentrations of the extract (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %) with three replications for each concentration were used in all ...201424288053
acaricidal efficacy of topical formulation of fipronil in naturally infested dogs in amazonic region, brazil.this study was conducted to show the effectiveness of a novel formulation of fipronil in a spot-on formulation for the therapeutic and preventive control of rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs. ticks on all dogs were counted at the moment of treatment and weekly after treatment (therapeutic efficacy) or infestation (preventive efficacy). the profile of the therapeutic efficacy for rhipicephalus sanguineus suggested that the formulation was able to control the ixodid species for a ...201324252969
inoculation of salivary gland extracts obtained from female of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari, ixodidae) with 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding in rabbit: i--histopathology of the feeding lesion.this study analyzed the histopathology of rabbit skin, previously immunized with sge2, sge4, and sge6 gland extracts prepared from salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus female with 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding, at the region of the r. sanguineus female feeding lesion 2, 4, and 6 days after tick attachment. in this work, infestation-naïve new zealand white rabbits were inoculated either with the extracts (test group (tg)) or with phosphate buffer and complete freund's adjuvant mixture (contr ...201323229316
action of the insect growth regulator fluazuron, the active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®, in rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the present study evaluated the efficacy of fluazuron (active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®) and its effects on rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits exposed to different doses of this insect growth regulator. three different doses of fluazuron (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) were applied on the back of hosts (via "pour on"), while distilled water was applied to the control group. on the first day of treatment with fluazuron (24 h), hosts were artificially infested with r. sang ...201324000046
histopathology of the tegument of rabbits infested by rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) ticks and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide revolution, pfizer).ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which can transmit several diseases to the host during their feeding process. when ticks mechanically damage the tissue, they eventually induce inflammatory responses on the skin spot where they are fixed. one of the alternatives to control these ectoparasites is the use of chemical substances like selamectin-the active principle of pfizer's antiparasitic revolution-a macrocyclic lactone capable of doing neurotoxic damage to the tick and eventually eliminati ...201323613180
systematics and ecology of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, kennel tick, or pan-tropical dog tick, is probably the most widespread ixodid tick, colonising both human and canine dwellings. it is of great significance in both human and veterinary medicine as a vector of several important pathogens and can also cause clinical illness in heavy infestations of dogs. however, there are still significant taxonomic uncertainties, and it is probable that some records of this tick refer to other species. most past revi ...201323415851
study on cheliceral sensilla of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) involved in taste perception of phagostimulants.phagostimulants are chemical compounds that stimulate feeding. some tick species are known to have pores in their inner cheliceral digits, called pit sensillum (ps), which are involved in taste perception. this study investigated the existence of ps in chelicerae of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks by scanning electron microscopy (sem) and their involvement in the perception of phagostimulatory substances, such as the salts potassium chloride and sodium chloride (kcl and nacl), sugars (glucose, su ...201323352572
effect of egg clustering on the fitness of rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae.several biological aspects of rhipicephalus sanguineus have been studied, but scant information is available on the effect of egg clustering on incubation period and larval survival. herein, r. sanguineus eggs were separated in groups composed by 1 (gi), 10 (gii), 50 (giii), 100 (giv), 500 (gv) and 1,000 (gvi) eggs (10 replicates), and incubation and larval survival period were recorded. no correlation was observed between the amount of egg batches and hatching percentage. larvae from gi hatched ...201323254589
morphology of the midgut of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) adult ticks in different feeding stages.the intestinal epithelial cells of ticks are fundamental for their full feeding and reproductive success, besides being considered important sites for the development of pathogens. rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks are known for their great medical and veterinary importance, and for this reason, the knowledge of their intestinal morphology may provide relevant subsidies for the control of these animals, either by direct acaricidal action over these cells or by the production of vaccines. therefore, ...201323052783
off-host aggregation in the non-fed, female brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), is induced by tick excreta and enhanced by low relative humidity.we report that rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodida: ixodidae) faeces and its main component, guanine, act as assembly pheromones in short-range petri plate bioassays. arrestment activity in response to guanine was lower than that in response to natural excreta, indicating the presence of other active ingredients in natural excreta. the selective removal of appendages was used to establish the important roles played by the palps and the front pair of legs in the detection of the pheromone. reaction ...201322928633
tick vectors of cercopithifilaria bainae in dogs: rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato versus ixodes ricinus.recently, dermal microfilariae of a cercopithifilaria species (spirurida, onchocercidae), namely cercopithifilaria bainae , were detected in dogs from several geographical areas of the mediterranean basin. evidence from both laboratory and field studies support the role of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, as an intermediate host of this nematode. in the present study, we investigated the competence of ixodes ricinus nymphs as vectors of c. bainae. on november 2012, fully ...201323771741
comparative analysis of mitochondrial markers from four species of rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae).mitochondrial sequences of four mitochondrial markers: 12s rrna, 16s rrna, cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) from four rhipicephalus species were analyzed to establish genetic relationships and enable molecular identification. field-collected samples from the species rhipicephalus annulatus, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus turanicus were amplified by pcr and compared with genbank™ annotated sequences. pcr products were obtained using pr ...201324091196
comparative analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers for the molecular identification of rhipicephalus spp.the genus rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae) comprises a large number of vectors of pathogens of substantial medical and veterinary concern; however, species identification based solely on morphological features is often challenging. in the present study, genetic distance within selected rhipicephalus species (i.e., rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus guilhoni, rhipicephalus muhsamae, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and rhipicephalus turanicus), were investigated based on molecular and phylogene ...201324103336
prevalence of tick infestation (rhipicephalus sanguineus and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum) in dogs in punjab, pakistan.this study was conducted to identify ticks that infest dogs in the rawalpindi region of punjab, pakistan. a total of 525 dogs were examined between june and september 2010. of these, 60 (11.42%) were infested with ticks. the morphological features of the ticks were identified by using a stereomicroscope to confirm their identity using morphological keys. two species were observed, namely: rhipicephalus sanguineus and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. the prevalence rate of these species was 98.33% ...201322485006
on-host control of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille (acari: ixodidae) by metarhizium brunneum (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae).ticks are obligatory blood-sucking arthropods. their life cycle includes a relatively short period of feeding on a vertebrate host and a long off-host period spent in the upper layer of the soil. entomopathogenic fungi are known to be highly effective tick pathogens and the on-host application of these fungi may be a promising economic approach for tick control. in this study, we evaluated the tick control provided by spraying metarhizium brunneum onto the tick's vertebrate host, specifically ge ...201323267821
action of andiroba oil and permethrin on the central nervous and reproductive systems of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) ticks females. a confocal study.research for acaricides with lower toxicity and impact on the environment has been intensified. an alternative would be the use of natural compounds or of synthetic products in lower concentrations than the ones sold commercially. thus, this study describes the action of andiroba seed oil on the nuclei of the ovary and synganglion cells of rhipicephalus sanguineus, and presents an analysis of the nuclear morphology of the nervous system cells of this tick species when exposed to permethrin. the ...201323823663
effect of ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil (ricinus communis) on the oocyte yolk components of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).rhipicephalus sanguineus are bloodsucking ectoparasites, whose main host is the domestic dog, thus being present in urban areas and closely located to people. eventually, this tick species parasitize humans and can become a potential vector of infectious diseases. methods to control this type of pest have been the focus of many research groups worldwide. the use of natural products is increasingly considered nowadays, due to the low toxicity levels to the host and low waste generation to the env ...201323040769
the occurrence of autophagic cell death in the tegument of rabbits pre-infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide pfizer revolution®).ticks of rhipicephalus sanguineus species have great medical and veterinary importance for being a vector of various diseases. in an attempt to minimize their action on the host, people have resorted to chemical control by using various acaricides, such as selamectin. although previous studies have demonstrated its toxic action in domestic animals, no studies focused on the detection of cell death when exposed to selamectin. for this reason, the technique for detecting autophagic cell death was ...201323983162
evasin-4, a tick-derived chemokine-binding protein with broad selectivity can be modified for use in preclinical disease models.rhipicephalus sanguineus, the common brown dog tick, produces several chemokine-binding proteins which are secreted into the host in its saliva to modulate the host response during feeding. two of these demonstrate very restricted selectivity profiles. here, we describe the characterization of the third, which we named evasin-4. evasin-4 was difficult to produce recombinantly using its native signal peptide in hek cells, but expressed very well using the urokinase-type plasminogen activator sign ...201323910450
the activity of ccl18 is principally mediated through interaction with glycosaminoglycans.the cc chemokine ligand 18 (ccl18) was first identified as a chemoattractant for naïve t cells. it has been reported to recruit t and b lymphocytes, and we show here, natural killer (nk) cells, but with low efficacy. investigation of its ability to elicit g-protein-coupled signaling showed that it does not involve extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) phosphorylation, and it is not able to induce receptor internalization, as assessed on ccr3. ccl18 has recently been reported to possess act ...201323874339
novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses.hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. as dendritic cells (dc) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, the ...201323825947
detection of rickettsia in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and ctenocephalides felis fleas from southeastern tunisia by reverse line blot assay.ticks (n = 663) and fleas (n = 470) collected from domestic animals from southeastern tunisia were screened for rickettsia infection using reverse line blot assay. evidence of spotted fever group rickettsia was obtained. we detected rickettsia felis in fleas, rickettsia massiliae bar 29 and the rickettsia conorii israeli spotted fever strain in ticks, and rickettsia conorii subsp. conorii and rickettsia spp. in both arthropods. the sensitivity of the adopted technique allowed the identification ...201324226919
infection with hemotropic mycoplasma species in patients with or without extensive arthropod or animal contact.pcr amplification targeting the 16s rrna gene was used to test individuals with and without extensive arthropod and animal contact for the possibility of hemotropic mycoplasma infection. the prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasma infection (4.7%) was significantly greater in previously reported cohorts of veterinarians, veterinary technicians, spouses of veterinary professionals, and others with extensive arthropod exposure and/or frequent animal contact than in a previously reported cohort of pati ...201323863574
first assessment for the presence of phlebotomine vectors in bavaria, southern germany, by combined distribution modeling and field surveys.leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania and transmitted by sand flies from mammalian reservoirs to humans. in recent years, a northward spread of l. infantum from highly endemic mediterranean countries into previously non-endemic central european areas has been suspected based on presumed sporadic cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis. here, we investigated whether sand flies are prevalent in bavaria in southern germany, a federal state in which autochthonous cases have previo ...201324260539
the efficacy of advantix® to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis to dogs by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.the capacity of a topical combination of imidacloprid and permethrin (advantix(®)) to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis was studied in two groups of six dogs. one group served as controls, whereas the other group was treated. all dogs were exposed to e. canis-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on days 7, 14, 21 and day 28 post acaricidal treatment. the adult r. sanguineus ticks were released into the individual kennels of the dogs to simulate natural tick exposure. in situ tick counts ...201324135158
molecular detection of anaplasma platys and babesia gibsoni in dogs in malaysia.this study reports for the first time molecular detection of anaplasma platys infection in 4 (13.3%) of 30 malaysian dogs investigated. a low occurrence (3.3%) of babesia gibsoni was also noted, being detected in one of the 30 dogs. rickettsia, bartonella, orientia tsutsugamushi, and ehrlichia dna were not detected in the dog blood samples. the role of a. platys as an agent of canine anaplasmosis and its transmission through rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks merits further investigation.201323959500
molecular evidence of ehrlichia canis and rickettsia massiliae in ixodid ticks of carnivores from south hungary.to monitor the emergence of thermophilic, mediterranean ixodid tick species and tick-borne pathogens in southern hungary, 348 ticks were collected from shepherd dogs, red foxes and golden jackals during the summer of 2011. golden jackals shared tick species with both the dog and the red fox in the region. dermacentor nymphs were collected exclusively from dogs, and the sequence identification of these ticks indicated that dogs are preferred hosts of both d. reticulatus and d. marginatus nymphs, ...201323439290
distribution of ixodid ticks on dogs in nuevo león, mexico, and their association with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.this study aimed to document the geographic distribution of ixodes tick species in dogs and the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in adult ticks and blood samples by amplification of the ospa region of the b. burgdorferi genome. the study area included nine localities in nuevo león state. dna amplification was performed on pools of ticks to calculate the maximum likelihood estimation (mle), and the community composition (prevalence, abundance, and intensity of infestation) was recorded. a ...201323749032
tick-borne pathogens and disease in dogs on st. kitts, west indies.between 2009 and 2011, we conducted a case-control study of ticks and tick-associated pathogens affecting dogs on the island of st. kitts, eastern caribbean, including 55 cases of clinically suspected tick-borne disease (tbd) and 110 presumably healthy animals presented for elective surgeries. rhipicephalus sanguineus caused year-round infestations of dogs, and 36% of the dogs in the study were infested at the time of examination. overall, 62% of suspected tbd cases and 24% of presumably healthy ...201323481028
molecular evidence for bacterial and protozoan pathogens in hard ticks from romania.the aim of the present study was to provide a preliminary insight into the diversity of tick-borne pathogens circulating at the domestic host-tick interface in romania. for this, feeding and questing ticks were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma platys, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, and by pcr and subsequent sequencing for rickettsia spp., babesia spp. and theileria spp. a total of 382 ticks, encompas ...201323428204
chemical characterization and acaricide potential of essential oil from aerial parts of tagetes patula l. (asteraceae) against engorged adult females of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly known as the brown dog tick, is one of the most widely distributed species of tick. in dogs, it can cause anemia and provide the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms such as babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis, anaplasma platys, and mycoplasma haemocanis. to man, it can transmit the intracellular parasites rickettsia rickettsii and rickettsia conorii, the causative agents of the rocky mountain spotted fever in the americas and mediterranean an ...201323508761
transstadial transmission of hepatozoon canis from larvae to nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus.hepatozoon canis is an apicomplexan parasite of dogs, which is known to become infected by ingesting rhipicephalus sanguineus adult ticks. to investigate the possibility of h. canis transovarial and transstadial transmission from larvae to nymphs, engorged adult female ticks were collected from a private animal shelter in southern italy, where h. canis infection is highly prevalent. female ticks (n=35) and egg batches were tested by pcr for h. canis. all eggs examined were pcr-negative whereas 8 ...201323537949
imidacloprid 10 % / flumethrin 4.5 % collars (seresto®, bayer) successfully prevent long-term transmission of ehrlichia canis by infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs.the objective of this study was to determine the empirical efficacy of imidacloprid 10 %/flumethrin 4.5 % (seresto®) collars in preventing long-term transmission of ehrlichia canis by infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs. the study was a parallel group design, single centre, randomised, non-blinded, controlled, long-term efficacy study. the treatment group of 8 dogs was fitted with seresto® collars, the untreated control group of 8 dogs received no collars. ehrlichia canis-infected ti ...201323774841
prevention of transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs treated with a combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect®).the ability of certifect(®) (a combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene) to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis was studied in two groups of eight dogs. one group was treated with certifect while the other group remained untreated. all dogs were exposed to e. canis-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on days 7, 14, 21 and again on day 28 post-treatment by releasing ticks into the kennels of the dogs to simulate the natural way of infestation. animals were examined in situ for ...201323298566
transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks feeding on dogs and on artificial membranes.a south african strain of ehrlichia canis was isolated and used to infect a laboratory-bred beagle dog. rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs, which fed on this dog, moulted to adult ticks which carried infection rates of e. canis between 12% and 19% and were used in a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments. five groups of 6 dogs were challenged with the infected r. sanguineus ticks, which were removed 24h, 12h, 6h or 3h after the ticks had been released onto the dogs. the animals were monitored f ...201323962826
serological survey on ehrlichia sp. among dogs in the central region of rio grande do sul.a serological survey on ehrlichia canis was conducted among dogs in the central area of the state of rio grande do sul, where the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is a common parasite of dogs. out of a total of 316 dogs attended at the veterinary teaching hospital in the municipality of santa maria, only 14 (4.43%) reacted positively to e. canis antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence assay, with the following endpoint titers: 80 (three dogs), 160 (five), 320 (four), 640 (one) and 1280 (one). l ...201323184320
survey of coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from dogs in japan.for a survey of coxiella burnetii, the q fever agent, ticks infesting companion dogs were collected in aomori, tochigi, gifu and okinawa prefectures, japan. a total of 261 ticks were collected, and their species were identified morphologically. five tick species were identified: ixodes ovatus, haemaphysalis concinna, h. flava, h. longicornis and rhipicephalus sanguineus. total dna was extracted from them individually followed by real-time pcr to detect a c. burnetii-specific gene. the results of ...201323558956
molecular investigations of hepatozoon species in dogs and developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus.the occurrence and distribution of hepatozoon species in stray dogs, and the developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus detached from the same dogs in diyarbakır province, turkey is reported. a total of 328 ticks, including 133 adults (55 males and 75 females consist of 63 partially engorged and 15 fully engorged) and 195 nymphs (91 partially engorged and 104 fully engorged) were detached from the dogs. fully engorged nymphs and females were incubated at 27 °c and relative humidity of 85 % ...201323535887
investigation of tick vectors of hepatozoon canis in brazil.hepatozoon canis is a common apicomplexan parasite of dogs. in brazil, in addition to rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma cajennense, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus have been suggested to act as vectors. the present study aimed to evaluate, under controlled conditions, the acquisition of h. canis by a. ovale, r. sanguineus, and a. cajennense after feeding on naturally infected dogs. cytological and histophatological examinations were performed to recover oocysts and oth ...201324209494
experimental evidence against transmission of hepatozoon canis by ixodes ricinus.hepatozoon canis is among the most widespread tick-borne protozoa infecting domestic and wild carnivores. its distribution is related to the occurrence of its major vector, the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. however, the role of ixodes ricinus as a vector of h. canis has been hypothesized. in the present study, the development of h. canis was investigated in i. ricinus and r. sanguineus nymphs collected from a naturally infested dog. all i. ricinus ticks examined (n=133) were negative ...201323727151
high prevalence of hepatozoon-infection among shepherd dogs in a region considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus.blood samples and ticks were collected from 100 shepherd dogs, 12 hunting dogs and 14 stray dogs in southern hungary, in order to screen them for the presence of hepatozoon spp. by pcr. out of 126 blood samples, 33 were positive (26%). significantly more shepherd dogs (31%) were infected, than hunting (8%) and stray dogs (7%). three genotypes of hepatozoon canis were identified by sequencing, differing from each other in up to six nucleotides in the amplified portion of their 18s rrna gene. in d ...201323499483
a golden jackal (canis aureus) from austria bearing hepatozoon canis--import due to immigration into a non-endemic area?the protozoan hepatozoon canis, which is transmitted via ingestion of infected ticks by canine hosts, is not endemic to mid-latitude regions in europe. its distribution is supposed to be linked to the occurrence of its primary tick vector rhipicephalus sanguineus. a young male golden jackal (canis aureus) found as road kill close to vienna, austria, was infected by this pathogen. cloning and sequencing of the pcr product revealed 6 different haplotypes of h. canis. based on the sequences, no cle ...201323306030
investigation of activity of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids against immature stages of amblyomma cajennense and rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).the objective of this study was to assess the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and (e)-cinnamaldehyde on unengorged larvae and nymphs of amblyomma cajennense and rhipicephalus sanguineus, using the modified larval packet test. carvacrol, eugenol, and (e)-cinnamaldehyde were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 μl/ml, while thymol was tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/ml, in all cases with 10 repetitions per treatment. for the a. ...201323842886
ectoparasites of dogs in home environments on the caribbean slope of costa rica.reports on ectoparasites on dogs in central america are scarce. the aim of this study was to identify flea, louse and tick species infesting dogs in home environments on the caribbean slope of costa rica, and determine their frequency and coexistence. ectoparasites were collected from dogs in 83 rural homes at five study sites. specimens were identified and separated according to species. fleas were the most common ectoparasite (g = 22,217, df = 8, p = 0.004). ctenocephalides felis and pulex sim ...201322832763
ixodid fauna and zoonotic agents in ticks from dogs: first report of rickettsia rickettsii in rhipicephalus sanguineus in the state of mato grosso do sul, mid-western brazil.ticks from 148 dogs from the urban area of the municipality of campo grande, state of mato grosso do sul, brazil, were collected, classified and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the identification of rickettsia spp., trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. a total of 2015 ticks were collected. the species rhipicephalus sanguineus (98.9 %) and amblyomma cajennense (1.1 %) were identified. molecular analysis revealed that no tick samples were infected by t. cruzi. regarding leishma ...201323229491
rickettsia felis in rhipicephalus sanguineus from two distant chilean cities.rickettsia felis is an emerging agent considered a human threat; although its natural reservoir and agent of transmission is the cat flea, it has been also found in other vectors. r. felis has been identified in chile in cat fleas and in one specimen of rhipicephalus sanguineus collected in the metropolitan region. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of rickettsia spp. in r. sanguineus from dogs of two different and distant geographical areas in chile.201323659352
chemical identification of tagetes minuta linnaeus (asteraceae) essential oil and its acaricidal effect on ticks.the control of tick species that affect animal production is vital for the economic welfare of the cattle industry. this study focused on testing the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves and stems of tagetes minuta against several brazilian tick species, including rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma cajennense and argas miniatus. the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by chromatography and spectroscopy analyses, which ...201323295821
a survey of ectoparasites infesting urban and rural dogs of maranhão state, brazil.this study evaluated for the first time, ectoparasite infestations on dogs from urban and rural areas of the continental land of the state of maranhão, northeastern brazil. in total, 622 dogs were examined for ectoparasite infestations. overall, 392 (63.0%) were infested with ectoparasites, 154 (51.3%) of 300 urban dogs and 238 (73.9%) of 322 rural dogs. five species of ectoparasites were found, three ticks [rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), amblyomma ovale koch, and amblyomma cajennense (f. ...201323802466
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