| a membrane-bound hemoglobin from gills of the green shore crab carcinus maenas. | most hemoglobins serve for the transport or storage of o(2). although hemoglobins are widespread in "entomostracan" crustacea, malacostracans harbor the copper-containing hemocyanin in their hemolymph. usually, only one type of respiratory protein occurs within a single species. here, we report the identification of a hemoglobin of the shore crab carcinus maenas (malacostraca, brachyura). in contrast to the dodecameric hemocyanin of this species, c. maenas hemoglobin does not reside in the hemol ... | 2010 | 21118803 |
| mips are ancestral ligands for the sex peptide receptor. | upon mating, females of many animal species undergo dramatic changes in their behavior. in drosophila melanogaster, postmating behaviors are triggered by sex peptide (sp), which is produced in the male seminal fluid and transferred to female during copulation. sp modulates female behaviors via sex peptide receptor (spr) located in a small subset of internal sensory neurons that innervate the female uterus and project to the cns. although required for postmating responses only in these female sen ... | 2010 | 20308537 |
| vaccine efficacy of bm86 ortholog of h. a. anatolicum, rhaa86 expressed in prokaryotic expression system. | the use of tick vaccine in controlling ticks and tick borne diseases has been proved effective in integrated tick management format. for the control of h. a. anatolicum, bm86 ortholog of h. a. anatolicum was cloned and expressed as fusion protein in e. coli as e. coli-pethaa86. the molecular weight of the rhaa86 was 97 kda with a 19 kda fusion tag of thioredoxin protein. the expressed protein was characterized immunologically and vaccine efficacy was evaluated. after 120 hours of challenge, only ... | 2010 | 20721331 |
| dynamic evolution of immune system regulators: the history of the interferon regulatory factor family. | this manuscript presents the first extensive phylogenetics analysis of a key family of immune regulators, the interferon regulatory factor (irf) family. the irf family encodes transcription factors that play important roles in immune defense, stress responses, reproduction, development, and carcinogenesis. several times during their evolution, the irf genes have undergone expansion and diversification. these genes were also completely lost on two separate occasions in large groups of metazoans. ... | 2009 | 19638535 |
| science, medicine, and the future. allergic disorders. | | 0 | 10642235 |
| surveillance for viral and parasitic pathogens in a vulnerable african lion (panthera leo) population in the northern tuli game reserve, botswana. | african lion ( panthera leo ) numbers are decreasing rapidly and populations are becoming smaller and more fragmented. infectious diseases are one of numerous issues threatening free-ranging lion populations, and low-density populations are particularly at risk. we collected data on the prevalence and diversity of viral and parasitic pathogens in a small lion population in eastern botswana. during 2012 and 2014, blood samples were collected from 59% (n=13) of the adult-subadult lions in the nort ... | 2017 | 27669009 |
| first phylogenetic analysis of a crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in naturally infected rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks (acari: ixodidae). | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a potentially fatal systemic viral disease in many parts of the world, including iran. the nationwide incidence of human cchf in endemic areas was 870 confirmed cases with 126 deaths (case fatality rate, cfr = 17.6 %) in the decade leading to 2012. the detection of the cchf virus (cchfv) genome in tick vectors is of fundamental importance for identifying these ticks as potential reservoirs of cchfv infection. from may to october 2013, following detectio ... | 2015 | 25742932 |
| demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus infection in amblyomma hebraeum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry. | lumpy skin disease (lsd) is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a member of the genus capripoxvirus. transmission of the virus has been associated with haematophagous insects such as stomoxys calcitrans as well as aedes and culex species of mosquitoes. recent studies have reported the transmission of the virus by amblyomma hebraeum, rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks and the presence of lsdv in saliva of a. hebraeum and r. appendiculatus ticks. the aim of th ... | 2014 | 24287140 |
| transovarial passage and transmission of lsdv by amblyomma hebraeum, rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus decoloratus. | lumpy skin disease (lsd), an acute, sub-acute or inapparent disease of cattle, is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), a member of the genus capripoxvirus in the family poxviridae. lsd is characterised by high fever, formation of circumscribed skin lesions and ulcerative lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory and digestive tracts. it is an economically important disease due to the permanent damage to hides, the reduction in productivity and trade restrictions imposed on ... | 2014 | 23975564 |
| evidence of lumpy skin disease virus over-wintering by transstadial persistence in amblyomma hebraeum and transovarial persistence in rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. | lumpy skin disease is a debilitating cattle disease caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), belonging to the genus capripoxvirus. epidemics of the disease usually occur in summer, when insect activity is high. limited information is available on how lsdv persists during inter-epidemic periods. transmission of lsdv by mosquitoes such as aedes aegypti has been shown to be mechanical, there is no carrier state in cattle and the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of the disease seems to be ... | 2014 | 23975563 |
| detection of lumpy skin disease virus in saliva of ticks fed on lumpy skin disease virus-infected cattle. | lumpy skin disease is an economically important disease of cattle that is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv), which belongs to the genus capripoxvirus. it is endemic in africa and outbreaks have also been reported in the middle-east. transmission has mostly been associated with blood-feeding insects but recently, the authors have demonstrated mechanical transmission by rhipicephalus appendiculatus as well as mechanical/intrastadial and transstadial transmission by amblyomma hebraeum. ... | 2013 | 23456606 |
| mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by rhipicephalus appendiculatus male ticks. | lumpy skin disease (lsd) is an economically important, acute or sub-acute, viral disease of cattle that occurs across africa and in the middle east. the aim of this study was to investigate if lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) can be transmitted mechanically by african brown ear ticks (rhipicephalus appendiculatus neum.). laboratory-bred r. appendiculatus males were fed on experimentally infected viraemic 'donor' cattle. partially fed male ticks were then transferred to feed on an uninfected 'reci ... | 2013 | 22717050 |
| protozoan and bacterial pathogens in tick salivary glands in wild and domestic animal environments in south africa. | a total of 7364 ticks belonging to 13 species was collected from 64 game animals (belonging to 11 species) and from 64 livestock animals (cattle and sheep) living in close vicinity at 6 localities in 3 south african provinces (free state, mpumalanga, and limpopo). the geographic distribution of all tick species was congruent with the literature except for haemaphysalis silacea. from each infested host, a maximum of 10 males and 10 females of each tick species were dissected to isolate the saliva ... | 2014 | 24378080 |
| identification and sequence characterization of novel theileria genotypes from the waterbuck (kobus defassa) in a theileria parva-endemic area in kenya. | waterbuck (kobus defassa), an ungulate species endemic to the eastern african savannah, is suspected of being a wildlife reservoir for tick-transmitted parasites infective to livestock. waterbuck is infested by large numbers of rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the tick vector for theileria parva, and previous data suggests that the species may be a source of t. parva transmission to cattle. in the present study, a total of 86 cattle and 26 waterbuck blood samples were obtained from marula, a site i ... | 2014 | 24690249 |
| the emergence of theileria parva in jonglei state, south sudan: confirmation using molecular and serological diagnostic tools. | a cross-sectional survey was carried out in four counties of jonglei state, south sudan, between may and june 2012 to determine the distribution and northern limit of theileria parva, the causative agent of east coast fever in cattle, and its tick vector rhipicephalus appendiculatus, as a prerequisite to the deployment of relevant control strategies. a total of 1636 ticks, 386 serum samples and 399 blood samples were collected from indigenous, apparently healthy, cattle of different age groups. ... | 2016 | 27005905 |
| production and dose determination of the infection and treatment method (itm) muguga cocktail vaccine used to control east coast fever in cattle. | the infection and treatment method (itm) of vaccination against the apicomplexan parasite theileria parva has been used since the early 1970s and is still the only commercially available vaccine to combat the fatal bovine disease, east coast fever (ecf). the disease is tick-transmitted and results in annual economic losses of at least $300 million per year. while this vaccine technology has been available for over 40 years, few attempts have been made to standardize the production process and ch ... | 2016 | 26698194 |
| multi-locus genotyping reveals absence of genetic structure in field populations of the brown ear tick (rhipicephalus appendiculatus) in kenya. | rhipicephalus appendiculatus is an important tick vector of several pathogens and parasitizes domestic and wild animals across eastern and southern africa. however, its inherent genetic variation and population structure is poorly understood. to investigate whether mammalian host species, geographic separation and resulting reproductive isolation, or a combination of these, define the genetic structure of r. appendiculatus, we analyzed multi-locus genotype data from 392 individuals from 10 geogr ... | 2016 | 26278352 |
| disease at the wildlife-livestock interface: acaricide use on domestic cattle does not prevent transmission of a tick-borne pathogen with multiple hosts. | several prominent and economically important diseases of livestock in east africa are caused by multi-host pathogens that also infect wildlife species, but management strategies are generally livestock focused and models of these diseases tend to ignore the role of wildlife. we investigate the dynamics of a multi-host tick-borne disease in order to assess the efficacy of tick control from an ecological perspective. we examined the efficacy of a widespread measure of tick control and developed a ... | 2014 | 24315187 |
| high-resolution predictive mapping for rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acari: ixodidae) in the horn of africa. | the brown ear tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, vector of east coast fever (ecf) and related cattle diseases caused by theileria parva has never been reported from the horn of africa. habitat suitability for this tick species was predicted using maxent modelling technique based on r. appendiculatus records in sub-saharan africa. two models were developed: the first is based on the tropical r. appendiculatus distribution and the one is based on the distribution records in the temperate region of ... | 2013 | 23413173 |
| identification of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) and seroprevalence to theileria parva in cattle raised in north kivu province, democratic republic of congo. | this study aimed to identify tick species and to determine their relationship with the theileria parva seroprevalence in cattle raised under an extensive farming system in north kivu province, democratic republic of congo in two agro-ecological zones namely medium (1,000-1,850 m) and high (>1,850 m) altitude. among the 3,215 ticks collected on 482 animals, from february to april 2009, rhipicephalus appendiculatus (64.26 %), the main vector of t. parva, was the most abundant species followed by r ... | 2013 | 23192530 |
| population attributable fractions of farm vector tick (rhipicephalus appendiculatus) presence on theileria parva infection seroprevalence under endemic instability. | the primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick presence (exposure variable) on theileria parva infection seroprevalence (outcome variable) in a group of cattle belonging to a farm using population attributable fractions (paf). the analyses were based on a representative sample of 80 traditional smallholder mixed farms. the farms were selected by first stratifying the population administratively and implementing a multistage random sampling in mb ... | 2013 | 22964105 |
| micro- and minisatellite-expressed sequence tag (est) markers discriminate between populations of rhipicephalus appendiculatus. | biological differences, including vector competence for the protozoan parasite theileria parva have been reported among populations of rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acari: ixodidae) from different geographic regions. however, the genetic diversity and population structure of this important tick vector remain unknown due to the absence of appropriate genetic markers. here, we describe the development and evaluation of a panel of est micro- and minisatellite markers to characterize the genetic div ... | 2012 | 22789728 |
| immunization of cattle with ra86 impedes rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal-to-adult molting. | commercial vaccines based on the tick gut protein bm86 have been successful in controlling the one-host tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and provide heterologous protection against certain other non-target ixodid tick species. this cross protection, however, does not extend to the three-host tick r. appendiculatus, the vector of the protozoan parasite theileria parva. when transmitted to cattle, t. parva causes the often fatal disease east coast fever. here, we used insect cell-expressed ... | 2012 | 22658857 |
| evaluation of chimeric yellow fever 17d/dengue viral replication in ticks. | chimeric yellow fever 17d/denv-1-4 viruses (cyd-1-4) have been developed as a tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate which is currently being evaluated in efficacy trials in asia and america. while yf 17d and denv are mosquito-borne flaviviruses, it has been shown that cyd-1-4 do not replicate after oral infection in mosquitoes and are not transmitted to new hosts. to further document the risk of environmental dissemination of these viruses, we evaluated the replication of cyd-1-4 in ticks, the ve ... | 2012 | 22925017 |
| tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: a green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases? | arthropods are dangerous vectors of agents of deadly diseases, which may hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and animals. among them, ticks transmit more pathogen species than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide. thus, the effective and eco-friendly control of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. a number of novel routes have been attempted to prevent and control tick-borne diseases, including the devel ... | 2016 | 27146901 |
| shifts in the distribution of ixodid ticks parasitizing cattle in zimbabwe. | in an attempt to update information on the ecological distribution of ixodid ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) in zimbabwe, a cross-sectional survey was carried out between september 2013 and may 2015 at 322 dip tanks. a total of 15 tick species were collected, namely: amblyomma hebraeum koch (65.2%, n = 210/322), amblyomma variegatum fabricius (14.9%, n = 48/322), hyalomma rufipes koch (62.4%, n = 201/322), hyalomma truncatum koch (37.9%, n = 122/322), rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann (60.6%, n = 1 ... | 2017 | 27935088 |
| distribution of endemic and introduced tick species in free state province, south africa. | the distributions of endemic tick vector species as well as the presence of species not endemic to free state province, south africa, were determined during surveys or opportunistic collections from livestock, wildlife and vegetation. amongst endemic ticks, the presence of rhipicephalus appendiculatus was confirmed in the north of the province, whilst rhipicephalus decoloratus was collected at 31 localities mostly in the centre and east, and ixodes rubicundus at 11 localities in the south, south ... | 2015 | 26244582 |
| an update on the ecological distribution of the ixodidae ticks in zimbabwe. | in total 7657 ticks were collected from 121 dip tanks in 12 districts representative of zimbabwe's five ecological regions between september 2013 and may 2014. based on morphological traits four genera and 13 species of ticks were identified. amblyomma hebraeum (60.3 %), rhipicephalus microplus (58.7 %), rhipicephalus decoloratus (47.1 %), rhipicephalus appendiculatus (56.2 %), rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (67.8 %), rhipicephalus (near) punctatus (13.2 %), hyalomma truncatum (38 %) and hyalomma ... | 2015 | 25721256 |
| a comparison between tick species collected in a controlled and control free area on a game ranch in south africa. | despite the large number of collection records, there are no recent collections of ixodid ticks of this magnitude in the waterberg area, limpopo province, south africa. free-living ticks on a commercial game farm were obtained by a total of 432 drag-samples in eight sample sites from september 2003 to august 2008. the ticks were collected to establish the difference between tick species and densities associated with acaricide-controlled (semi-intensive) and control-free areas on a game farm in t ... | 2013 | 23718159 |
| resistance status of ticks (acari; ixodidae) to amitraz and cypermethrin acaricides in isoka district, zambia. | this study was designed to obtain data on the farmer's approach to tick control and to determine whether rhipicephalus appendiculatus neuman, amblyomma variegatum (fabricius), and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) were resistant to amitraz and cypermethrin acaricides, in isoka district, zambia. prevailing tick control practices were documented by administering a semi-structured questionnaire to 80 randomly selected smallholder livestock farmers from four agricultural camps (longwe ... | 2015 | 26310511 |
| orcokinin-like immunoreactivity in central neurons innervating the salivary glands and hindgut of ixodid ticks. | orcokinins are conserved neuropeptides within the arthropoda but their cellular distribution and functions in ticks are unknown. we use an antibody against the highly conserved n-terminal (nfdeidr) of mature orcokinin peptides to examine their distribution in six ixodid species: amblyomma variegatum, dermacentor reticulatus, hyalomma anatolicum, ixodes scapularis, ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus. numerous immunoreactive neurons (~100) were detected in various regions of the synga ... | 2015 | 25792509 |
| ticks on pastures and on two breeds of cattle in the eastern cape province, south africa. | many studies on the population dynamics of questing ticks on pastures and of parasitic ticks on cattle have been conducted. few, however, have attempted to link the two in a single study. this study aimed to assess the population dynamics of questing ixodid ticks on pastures and of adult ticks on two breeds of cattle with different levels of susceptibility to tick infestation on the same pastures. between january 2005 and december 2009 questing ixodid ticks were collected monthly from natural pa ... | 2011 | 23327215 |
| assessment of acquired immune response to rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick infestation in different goat breeds. | changes in serum gamma globulin levels, numbers of replete female ticks and engorged tick mass were used as parameters to monitor the acquired immune response (antibody mediated immune response) elicited by rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult tick infestations. three consecutive rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult tick infestations were applied to south african indigenous goats (nguni), saanen goats and cross-bred goats (saanen goats crossed with south african indigenous goats [nguni]) under labor ... | 2013 | 24396916 |
| vasoconstriction induced by salivary gland extracts from ixodid ticks. | in their quest for blood, most haematophagous parasites secrete vasodilators in their saliva to counter the host haemostatic response of vasoconstriction. surprisingly, salivary gland extracts from adult female dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks induced constriction in a rat femoral artery model; males induced vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the time of feeding. based on comparative hplc fractionation, the active compounds inducing vasoconstriction do no ... | 2015 | 26432295 |
| a new species of rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae), a parasite of giraffes in kenya. | a new tick species belonging to the genus rhipicephalus koch, 1844 (acari: ixodidae), namely, rhipicephalus walkerae n. sp., is described. the male and female of this species are similar to those of several species in the rhipicephalus appendiculatus group but can be distinguished from them by the very dense pattern of medium-sized punctations covering the conscutum and scutum, long and narrow dorsal prolongation of the spiracular plate, and relatively short dorsal cornua; in addition, the male ... | 2013 | 23926765 |
| molecular survey of coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks at wildlife-livestock interfaces in kenya. | coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of q fever, a zoonotic disease of public health importance. the role of wildlife and their ticks in the epidemiology of c. burnetii in kenya is unknown. this study analysed the occurrence and prevalence of the pathogen in wildlife and their ticks at two unique wildlife-livestock interfaces of laikipia and maasai mara national reserve (mmnr) with the aim to determine the potential risk of transmission to livestock and humans. blood from 79 and 73 animals i ... | 2017 | 28593481 |
| genetic parameters for tick counts across months for different tick species and anatomical locations in south african nguni cattle. | the objective of the study was to characterise genetic parameters across months for different tick species and anatomical locations in south african nguni cattle. tick counts were conducted monthly, over a 2-year period, on 586 nguni cattle under natural infestation, from four herds located in different provinces of south africa. the counts were recorded for six species of ticks (amblyomma hebraeum, rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, rhipicephalus decoleratus and microplus (boofilids), rhipicephalus ... | 2017 | 28687941 |
| effect of recombinant glutathione s-transferase as vaccine antigen against rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation. | the ticks rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus are the main vectors of theileria parva and babesia spp. in cattle and dogs, respectively. due to their impact in veterinary care and industry, improved methods against r. appendiculatus and r. sanguineus parasitism are under development, including vaccines. we have previously demonstrated the induction of a cross-protective humoral response against rhipicephalus microplus following vaccination with recombinant glutathione s-tra ... | 2017 | 29056423 |
| characterization of the theileria parva sporozoite proteome. | east coast fever is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite theileria parva. the sporozoite stage of this parasite, harboured and released from the salivary glands of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus during feeding, invades and establishes infection in bovine lymphocytes. blocking this initial stage of invasion presents a promising vaccine strategy for control of east coast fever and can in part be achieved by targeting the major sporozoite surface protein ... | 2017 | 29258832 |
| climate change and cattle vector-borne diseases: use of participatory epidemiology to investigate experiences in pastoral communities in northern tanzania. | climate change is predicted to increase incidence of vector-borne diseases in humans, however, little is known about the impact of such diseases in livestock. in the absence of historical data with which to examine the inter-relation between climate and disease, participatory epidemiological (pe) methods were used with maasai pastoralists of monduli district, northern tanzania to establish local observations on two major vector-borne diseases of cattle, namely east coast fever (ecf) and african ... | 2017 | 29254730 |
| structural basis of cholesterol binding by a novel clade of dendritic cell modulators from ticks. | two crystal structures of japanin, an 18 kda immune-modulatory lipocalin from the brown ear tick (rhipicephalus appendiculatus), have been determined at 2.2 and 2.4 å resolution. in both crystal forms the protein is in complex with cholesterol, which sits in a closed pocket at the centre of the lipocalin barrel. both crystal forms are dimers, which are also observed in solution. molecular modelling suggests that previously-described members of a tick protein family bearing high sequence homology ... | 2017 | 29167574 |
| expression profile of rhipicephalus microplus vitellogenin receptor during oogenesis. | the vitellogenin receptor (vgr), which belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptors (ldlr) family, regulates the absorption of yolk protein accumulated in developing oocytes during oogenesis. in the present study, the full sequence of rhipicephalus microplus vgr (rmvgr) and the partial sequence of rhipicephalus appendiculatus vgr (ravgr) orf were determined and cloned. the rmvgr amino acid sequence contains the five highly conserved structural motifs characteristic of ldlr superfamily member ... | 2018 | 29054547 |
| extensive polymorphism of ra86 genes in field populations of rhipicephalus appendiculatus from kenya. | commercial vaccines based on recombinant forms of the bm86 tick gut antigen are used to control the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, a 1-host species, in australia and latin america. we describe herein sequence polymorphism in genes encoding ra86 homologues of bm86 in the brown ear tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus, isolated from four kenyan field populations and one laboratory colony. sequencing of 19 ra86 sequences defined two alleles differentiated by indels, encoding 693 amino ... | 2016 | 27051976 |
| de novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding. | tick secretory proteins modulate haemostasis, inflammation and immune responses of the host and are attractive recombinant anti-tick vaccine candidates. yet, many of the proteins have not been characterised due to the limited sequence availability for ticks and other arthropods for homology-based annotation. to address this limitation, we sequenced the salivary glands of the economically important adult male and female rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks during feeding. the quality-filtered illum ... | 2016 | 26830274 |
| identification and partial characterization of a gut rhipicephalus appendiculatus cystatin. | vaccines are among the alternative tick control methods expected to replace at least in part the volumes of chemical acaricides currently used worldwide. however, a vaccination approach depends on a host immune response against proteins that are essential to tick physiology. the cystatin family is a protein class recently investigated to compose an effective antigen in a tick vaccine. in this study, a cdna from rhipicephalus appendiculatus with high sequence similarity to cystatins type 2 was id ... | 2013 | 23265949 |
| rotenoid content and in vitro acaricidal activity of tephrosia vogelii leaf extract on the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. | this study aimed to determine the rotenoid content of leaf extracts of the white (tvw) and purple (tvp) varieties of tephrosia vogelii, both collected in north-kivu province, democratic republic of congo and to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal efficacy on the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. the high performance liquid chromatography analysis of rotenoid compounds from those extracts revealed that the contents of rotenone and deguelin were respectively higher in the leaves of tvw (0.044% and ... | 2012 | 22795670 |
| the dynamics of questing ticks collected for 164 consecutive months off the vegetation of two landscape zones in the kruger national park (1988-2002). part ii. rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus zambeziensis. | the study aimed to assess the long-term population dynamics of questing rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus zambeziensis in two landscape zones of the kruger national park (knp). ticks were collected by dragging the vegetation monthly in three habitats (grassland, woodland and gully) at two sites in the knp (nhlowa road and skukuza) from august 1988 to march 2002. larvae were the most commonly collected stage of both species. more r. appendiculatus were collected at nhlowa road than a ... | 2011 | 23327205 |