| large scale spatial risk and comparative prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes pacificus. | borrelia miyamotoi is a newly described emerging pathogen transmitted to people by ixodes species ticks and found in temperate regions of north america, europe, and asia. there is limited understanding of large scale entomological risk patterns of b. miyamotoi and of borreila burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), the agent of lyme disease, in western north america. in this study, b. miyamotoi, a relapsing fever spirochete, was detected in adult (n=70) and nymphal (n=36) ixodes pacificus ticks collecte ... | 2014 | 25333277 |
| co-feeding transmission in lyme disease pathogens. | this review examines the phenomenon of co-feeding transmission in tick-borne pathogens. this mode of transmission is critical for the epidemiology of several tick-borne viruses but its importance for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agents of lyme borreliosis, is still controversial. the molecular mechanisms and ecological factors that facilitate co-feeding transmission are therefore examined with particular emphasis on borrelia pathogens. comparison of climate, tick ecology and ex ... | 2014 | 25295405 |
| high seroprevalence of borrelia miyamotoi antibodies in forestry workers and individuals suspected of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the netherlands. | substantial exposure to borrelia miyamotoi occurs through bites from ixodes ricinus ticks in the netherlands, which also transmit borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum. direct evidence for b. miyamotoi infection in european populations is scarce. a flu-like illness with high fever, resembling human granulocytic anaplasmosis, has been attributed to b. miyamotoi infections in relatively small groups. borrelia miyamotoi infections associated with chronic meningoencephalitis ... | 2014 | 25356364 |
| the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi is cultivable in a modified kelly-pettenkofer medium, and is resistant to human complement. | borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete found in ixodes ticks in north america, europe, and asia, and has recently been found to be invasive in humans. cultivation of this spirochete has not yet been described, but is important for patient diagnostics and scientific purposes. host specificity of borrelia species is dependent on resistance to host complement (serum resistance), and since b. miyamotoi has been identified as a human pathogen we were interested whether b. miyamotoi is res ... | 2014 | 25189195 |
| high-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in europe. | due to increased travel, climatic, and environmental changes, the incidence of tick-borne disease in both humans and animals is increasing throughout europe. therefore, extended surveillance tools are desirable. to accurately screen tick-borne pathogens (tbps), a large scale epidemiological study was conducted on 7050 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from france, denmark, and the netherlands using a powerful new high-throughput approach. this advanced methodology permitted the simultaneous detect ... | 2014 | 25120960 |
| irspi, a tick serine protease inhibitor involved in tick feeding and bartonella henselae infection. | ixodes ricinus is the most widespread and abundant tick in europe, frequently bites humans, and is the vector of several pathogens including those responsible for lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and bartonellosis. these tick-borne pathogens are transmitted to vertebrate hosts via tick saliva during blood feeding, and tick salivary gland (sg) factors are likely implicated in transmission. in order to identify such tick factors, we characterized the transcriptome of ... | 2014 | 25057911 |
| humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi, russia. | borrelia miyamotoi is distantly related to b. burgdorferi and transmitted by the same hard-body tick species. we report 46 cases of b. miyamotoi infection in humans and compare the frequency and clinical manifestations of this infection with those caused by b. garinii and b. burgdorferi infection. all 46 patients lived in russia and had influenza-like illness with fever as high as 39.5°c; relapsing febrile illness occurred in 5 (11%) and erythema migrans in 4 (9%). in russia, the rate of b. miya ... | 2011 | 22000350 |
| [identification of ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi occidentalis (ixodidae) by the analysis of the gene fragment coxi (cytochrome oxidase subunit i)]. | ticks of the genus ixodes were collected in 2010 in the lowland part of toguchinsk district of novosibirsk province (russia) and in the forest-park area of novosibirsk scientific centre and its outskirts (sovetskiy district of novosibirsk), and identified as ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) (18 females and 13 males) and ixodes pavlovskyi (13 females and 10 males). ten specimens of each sex from each collecting site were examined. the following nine characters were used: the length and width of ... | 2012 | 23458013 |
| [changes in the ranges of pasture ixodid ticks of the genus ixodes latr., 1795 (parasitiformes, ixodinae) in western siberia]. | the character of distribution of two species from the genus ixodes, the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in the plain part of western siberia is analyzed. the northern border of the range of i. persulcatus in hmao-ugra was clarified on the basis of long-term data on the population density of adult and immature ticks (1960-2011). the shift of the southern border of the species range in western siberia at the background of anthropogenic transformation (forest restoring activity, ... | 2012 | 23458015 |
| borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato seroreactivity and seroprevalence in the northeastern united states. | borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato, a relapsing fever borrelia sp., is transmitted by the same ticks that transmit b. burgdorferi (the lyme disease pathogen) and occurs in all lyme disease-endemic areas of the united states. to determine the seroprevalence of igg against b. miyamotoi sensu lato in the northeastern united states and assess whether serum from b. miyamotoi sensu lato-infected persons is reactive to b. burgdorferi antigens, we tested archived serum samples from area residents during 1991 ... | 2014 | 24960072 |
| a 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. | multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. the objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. the 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cdna expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibo ... | 2014 | 24962723 |
| survey of selected tick-borne diseases in dogs in finland. | due to climate changes during the last decades, ticks have progressively spread into higher latitudes in northern europe. although some tick borne diseases are known to be endemic in finland, to date there is limited information with regard to the prevalence of these infections in companion animals. we determined the antibody and dna prevalence of the following organisms in randomly selected client-owned and clinically healthy hunting dogs living in finland: ehrlichia canis (ec), anaplasma phago ... | 2014 | 24957468 |
| coinfection of tick cell lines has variable effects on replication of intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens. | ticks transmit various human and animal microbial pathogens and may harbour more than one pathogen simultaneously. both viruses and bacteria can trigger, and may subsequently suppress, vertebrate host and arthropod vector anti-microbial responses. microbial coinfection of ticks could lead to an advantage or disadvantage for one or more of the microorganisms. in this preliminary study, cell lines derived from the ticks ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus were infected sequentially with 2 arthrop ... | 2014 | 24685441 |
| the prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi infection, and co-infections with other borrelia spp. in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in canada. | blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis are vectors of the tick-borne pathogens borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti. recently, the i. scapularis-borne bacterium borrelia miyamotoi has been linked to human illness in north america. the range of this tick is expanding in canada which may increase the potential for human exposure to these agents. | 2014 | 24731287 |
| genetic diversity of salp15 in the ixodes ricinus complex (acari: ixodidae). | salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is both essential for ticks to successfully obtain host blood and also facilitates transmission of lyme borreliosis. to determine whether the salp15 gene is expressed in ixodes persulcatus and ixodes sinensis, principle vectors of lyme borreliosis in china, we studied transcriptions of this gene in semi-engorged larvae, nymph and adults of these two species. a total of eight salp15 homologues, five in i. persulcatus and three in i. sinensis, were ide ... | 2014 | 24714063 |
| detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central italy. | tick species characterization and molecular studies were performed within ornithological surveys conducted during 2010 and 2011 in the lazio region of central italy. a total of 137 ticks were collected from 41 migratory birds belonging to 17 species (four partial migrants and 13 long-distance migrants). most ticks were nymphs, with a predominance of hyalomma marginatum marginatum and h. m. rufipes, and a small portion of ixodes and amblyomma species. all tick species analyzed were infected, and ... | 2014 | 24576218 |
| comparative bioinformatics, temporal and spatial expression analyses of ixodes scapularis organic anion transporting polypeptides. | organic anion-transporting polypeptides (oatps) are an integral part of the detoxification mechanism in vertebrates and invertebrates. these cell surface proteins are involved in mediating the sodium-independent uptake and/or distribution of a broad array of organic amphipathic compounds and xenobiotic drugs. this study describes bioinformatics and biological characterization of 9 oatp sequences in the ixodes scapularis genome. these sequences have been annotated on the basis of 12 transmembrane ... | 2014 | 24582512 |
| laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites. | the collection, handling, identification, and reporting of ectoparasitic arthropods in clinical and reference diagnostic laboratories are discussed in this review. included are data on ticks, mites, lice, fleas, myiasis-causing flies, and bed bugs. the public health importance of these organisms is briefly discussed. the focus is on the morphological identification and proper handling and reporting of cases involving arthropod ectoparasites, particularly those encountered in the united states. o ... | 2014 | 24396136 |
| gis and remote sensing use in the exploration of lyme disease epidemiology. | given the relatively recent recognition of lyme disease (ld) by cdc in 1990 as a nationally notifiable infectious condition, the rise of reported human cases every year argues for a better understanding of its geographic scope. the aim of this inquiry was to explore research conducted on spatiotemporal patterns of lyme disease in order to identify strategies for implementing vector and reservoir-targeted interventions. the focus of this review is on the use of gis-based methods to study populati ... | 2015 | 26633445 |
| coinfection by ixodes tick-borne pathogens: ecological, epidemiological, and clinical consequences. | ixodes ticks maintain a large and diverse array of human pathogens in the enzootic cycle, including borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti. despite the poor ecological fitness of b. microti, babesiosis has recently emerged in areas endemic for lyme disease. studies in ticks, reservoir hosts, and humans indicate that coinfection with b. burgdorferi and b. microti is common, promotes transmission and emergence of b. microti in the enzootic cycle, and causes greater disease severity and duration ... | 2015 | 26613664 |
| serological survey of borrelia infection of dogs in sapporo, japan, where borrelia garinii infection was previously detected. | a serological survey of borrelia infection of dogs was performed in sapporo, japan, where borrelia garinii infection in dogs was detected in 2011. a total of 314 serum samples were collected from dogs that visited three animal hospitals in sapporo from 2012 to 2014. the two-step evaluation method, involving screening elisa followed by western blot analysis, was used to detect antibodies against borrelia species. a total of 34 samples were positive by elisa. among those 34 samples, 32 were positi ... | 2015 | 26522809 |
| emerging tick-borne infections in mainland china: an increasing public health threat. | since the beginning of the 1980s, 33 emerging tick-borne agents have been identified in mainland china, including eight species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, seven species in the family anaplasmataceae, six genospecies in the complex borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, 11 species of babesia, and the virus causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. in this review we have mapped the geographical distributions of human cases of infection. 15 of the 33 emerging tick-borne agents have be ... | 2015 | 26453241 |
| a broad-range survey of ticks from livestock in northern xinjiang: changes in tick distribution and the isolation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. | borreliosis is highly prevalent in xinjiang uygur autonomous region, china. however, little is known about the presence of borrelia pathogens in tick species in this region, in addition borrelia pathogens have not been isolated from domestic animals. | 2015 | 26337627 |
| climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: the butterfly effect. | we have killed wild animals for obtaining food and decimated forests for many reasons. nowadays, we are burning fossil fuels as never before and even exploring petroleum in deep waters. the impact of these activities on our planet is now visible to the naked eye and the debate on climate change is warming up in scientific meetings and becoming a priority on the agenda of both scientists and policy decision makers. on the occasion of the impact of environmental changes on infectious diseases (iec ... | 2015 | 26835253 |
| detection, identification and genotyping of borrellia spp. in rodents in slovenia by pcr and culture. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of lyme borreliosis, is mainly maintained in natural foci through the transmission cycles of competent tick vectors (ixodes sp.) and a vertebrate reservoir. specific rodents have been identified as the principal reservoir of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in europe. borrelia miyamotoi is the only relapsing fever spirochete transmitted by the same tick. the aim of the present study was to perform an epidemiological survey to determine the presence of b. ... | 2015 | 26253121 |
| comparative metagenomic profiling of symbiotic bacterial communities associated with ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi and dermacentor reticulatus ticks. | ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi, and dermacentor reticulatus ticks inhabiting western siberia are responsible for the transmission of a number of etiological agents that cause human and animal tick-borne diseases. because these ticks are abundant in the suburbs of large cities, agricultural areas, and popular tourist sites and frequently attack people and livestock, data regarding the microbiomes of these organisms are required. using metagenomic 16s profiling, we evaluate bacterial commun ... | 2015 | 26154300 |
| c6 peptide-based multiplex phosphorescence analysis (phosphan) for serologic confirmation of lyme borreliosis. | a single-tier immunoassay using the c6 peptide of vlse (c6) from borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (bb) has been proposed as a potential alternative to conventional two-tier testing for the serologic diagnosis of lyme disease in the united states and europe. | 2015 | 26147441 |
| study of a cohort of 1,886 persons to determine changes in antibody reactivity to borrelia burgdorferi 3 months after a tick bite. | lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi. the most frequent clinical manifestation is a rash called erythema migrans. changes in antibody reactivity to b. burgdorferi 3 months after a tick bite are measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). one assay is based on native purified flagellum antigen (igg), and the other assay is based on a recombinant antigen called c6 (igg or igm). paired samples were taken at the time of a tick bite and ... | 2015 | 25994550 |
| eco-epidemiology of borrelia miyamotoi and lyme borreliosis spirochetes in a popular hunting and recreational forest area in hungary. | borrelia miyamotoi, the newly discovered human pathogenic relapsing fever spirochete, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are maintained in natural rodent populations. the aim of this study was to investigate the natural cycle of b. miyamotoi and b. burgdorferi s.l. in a forest habitat with intensive hunting, forestry work and recreational activity in southern hungary. | 2015 | 26048373 |
| an invasive mammal (the gray squirrel, sciurus carolinensis) commonly hosts diverse and atypical genotypes of the zoonotic pathogen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | invasive vertebrate species can act as hosts for endemic pathogens and may alter pathogen community composition and dynamics. for the zoonotic pathogen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of lyme borreliosis, recent work shows invasive rodent species can be of high epidemiological importance and may support host-specific strains. this study examined the role of gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) (n = 679), an invasive species in the united kingdom, as b. burgdorferi sensu lato hosts. w ... | 2015 | 25888168 |
| human granulocytic anaplasmosis. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis, a deer tick-transmitted rickettsial infection caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, is a common cause of undifferentiated fever in the northeast and upper midwest united states. patients are often initially diagnosed with a mild viral infection, and illness readily resolves in most cases. however, as many as 3% develop life-threatening complications and nearly 1% die from the infection. although coinfections with borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti occur, the ... | 2015 | 25999228 |
| interactions between tick and transmitted pathogens evolved to minimise competition through nested and coherent networks. | natural foci of ticks, pathogens, and vertebrate reservoirs display complex relationships that are key to the circulation of pathogens and infection dynamics through the landscape. however, knowledge of the interaction networks involved in transmission of tick-borne pathogens are limited because empirical studies are commonly incomplete or performed at small spatial scales. here, we applied the methodology of ecological networks to quantify >14,000 interactions among ticks, vertebrates, and path ... | 2015 | 25993662 |
| tick-borne encephalitis: a review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management. | tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. during the last few decades the incidence of the disease has been increasing and poses a growing health problem in almost all endemic european and asian countries. most cases occur during the highest period of tick activity, in central europe mainly from april to november. tick-borne encephalitis is more common in adults than in children. cl ... | 2015 | 25984517 |
| chronic lyme disease: misconceptions and challenges for patient management. | lyme disease, infection with the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, causes both specific and nonspecific symptoms. in untreated chronic infection, specific manifestations such as a relapsing large-joint oligoarthritis can persist for years, yet subside with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. nervous system involvement occurs in 10%-15% of untreated patients and typically involves lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, and/or mononeuritis multiplex; in some rare cases, patients have p ... | 2015 | 26028977 |
| tick microbiome: the force within. | ticks are obligate blood-feeders and serve as vectors of human and livestock pathogens worldwide. defining the tick microbiome and deciphering the interactions between the tick and its symbiotic bacteria in the context of tick development and pathogen transmission will likely reveal new insights and spawn new paradigms to control tick-borne diseases. descriptive observations on the tick microbiome that began almost a century ago serve as forerunners to the gathering momentum to define the tick m ... | 2015 | 25936226 |
| accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming. | the phenology of tick emergence has important implications for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. a long lag between the emergence of tick nymphs in spring and larvae in summer should increase transmission of persistent pathogens by allowing infected nymphs to inoculate the population of naive hosts that can subsequently transmit the pathogen to larvae to complete the transmission cycle. in contrast, greater synchrony between nymphs and larvae should facilitate transmission of pathogens t ... | 2015 | 25688016 |
| identification of 24h ixodes scapularis immunogenic tick saliva proteins. | ixodes scapularis is arguably the most medically important tick species in the united states. this tick transmits 5 of the 14 human tick-borne disease (tbd) agents in the usa: borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, b. miyamotoi, babesia microti, and powassan virus disease. except for the powassan virus disease, i. scapularis-vectored tbd agents require more than 24h post attachment to be transmitted. this study describes identification of 24h immunogenic i. scapularis tick saliva prote ... | 2015 | 25825233 |
| tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide. | the abundance and activity of ectoparasites and its hosts are affected by various abiotic factors, such as climate and other organisms (predators, pathogens and competitors) presenting thus multiples forms of association (obligate to facultative, permanent to intermittent and superficial to subcutaneous) developed during long co-evolving processes. ticks are ectoparasites widespread globally and its eco epidemiology are closely related to the environmental conditions. they are obligatory hematop ... | 2015 | 27047089 |
| borrelia miyamotoi infection in nature and in humans. | borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever borrelia group spirochete that is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) tick species that transmit the agents of lyme disease. it was discovered in 1994 in ixodes persulcatus ticks in japan. b. miyamotoi species phylogenetically cluster with the relapsing fever group spirochetes, which usually are transmitted by soft-bodied (argasid) ticks or lice. b. miyamotoi infects at least six ixodes tick species in north america and eurasia that transmit lyme ... | 2015 | 25700888 |
| the lyme disease pathogen has no effect on the survival of its rodent reservoir host. | zoonotic pathogens that cause devastating morbidity and mortality in humans may be relatively harmless in their natural reservoir hosts. the tick-borne bacterium borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme disease in humans but few studies have investigated whether this pathogen reduces the fitness of its reservoir hosts under natural conditions. we analyzed four years of capture-mark-recapture (cmr) data on a population of white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus, to test whether b. burgdorferi and its tick ... | 2015 | 25688863 |
| guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in europe. | canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne diseases with a worldwide distribution. information has been continuously collected on these infections in europe, and publications have increased in recent years. prevalence rates are high for ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. infections in dogs from different european countries. the goal of this article was to provide a practical guideline for veterinary practitioners on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ehrlichiosis and anapla ... | 2015 | 25649069 |
| investigation of tick-borne bacteria (rickettsia spp., anaplasma spp., ehrlichia spp. and borrelia spp.) in ticks collected from andean tapirs, cattle and vegetation from a protected area in ecuador. | ixodid ticks play an important role in the transmission and ecology of infectious diseases. information about the circulation of tick-borne bacteria in ticks is lacking in ecuador. our aims were to investigate the tick species that parasitize andean tapirs and cattle, and those present in the vegetation from the buffer zone of the antisana ecological reserve and cayambe-coca national park (ecuador), and to investigate the presence of tick-borne bacteria. | 2015 | 25616567 |
| tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in china. | ticks, as obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites, attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms. they are considered second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease, and the most important vector of pathogens of domestic and wild animals. of the 117 described species in the chinese tick fauna, 60 are known to transmit one or more diseases: 36 species isolated within china and 24 species isolated outside china. moreover, 38 of these species ca ... | 2015 | 25586007 |
| antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato among adults, germany, 2008-2011. | to assess borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the cause of lyme borreliosis) seropositivity in germany, we tested serum samples from health survey (2008-2011) participants. seroprevalence was 5.8% among women and 13.0% among men; infection risk was highest among persons >60 years of age. public health interventions, including education about risk factors and preventive measures, are needed. | 2015 | 25531140 |
| nested coevolutionary networks shape the ecological relationships of ticks, hosts, and the lyme disease bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) complex. | the bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) (bbg) complex constitute a group of tick-transmitted pathogens that are linked to many vertebrate and tick species. the ecological relationships between the pathogens, the ticks and the vertebrate carriers have not been analysed. the aim of this study was to quantitatively analyse these interactions by creating a network based on a large dataset of associations. specifically, we examined the relative positions of partners in the network, the phylog ... | 2016 | 27662832 |
| chlamydia-like organisms (clos) in finnish ixodes ricinus ticks and human skin. | ticks carry several human pathogenic microbes including borreliae and flavivirus causing tick-born encephalitis. ticks can also carry dna of chlamydia-like organisms (clos). the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of clos in ticks and skin biopsies taken from individuals with suspected tick bite. dna from clos was detected by pan-chlamydiales-pcr in 40% of adult ticks from southwestern finland. the estimated minimal infection rate for nymphs and larvae (studied in pools) was ... | 2016 | 27681922 |
| tick-borne encephalitis: what travelers should know when visiting an endemic country. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is an acute febrile illness with neurological manifestations that is prevalent in forested areas of moderate climate in europe and asia. tbe virus is transmitted by ticks and rarely by unpasteurized milk and dairy products. the disease burden is attributed mainly to resulting long-term disability, especially in individuals over 50 y of age. currently, there is no causative treatment, but a very effective vaccination is available with a good safety profile. the vacci ... | 2016 | 27715427 |
| novel borrelia species detected in echidna ticks, bothriocroton concolor, in australia. | to date, little has been documented about microorganisms harboured within australian native ticks or their pathogenic potential. recently, a borrelia sp. related to the relapsing fever (rf) group was identified in a single tick removed from a wild echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus). the present study investigated the presence of borrelia in 97 bothriocroton concolor ticks parasitizing echidnas in queensland, new south wales, and victoria, australia, using nested pcr with borrelia-specific primers ... | 2016 | 27301754 |
| genomic characteristics of chinese borrelia burgdorferi isolates. | in china, b. burgdorferi, b.garinii, b. afzelii and b. yangtze sp. nov have been reported; b.garinii and b. afzelii are the main pathogenic genotypes. but until now only one chinese strain was reported with whole genome sequence. in order to further understand the genomic characteristics and diversity of chinese borrelia strains, 5 isolates from china were sequenced and compared with the whole genome sequences of strains in other areas. the results showed a high degree of conservation within the ... | 2016 | 27093540 |
| tick-borne bacterial pathogens in southwestern finland. | ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus are the main vectors of lyme borreliosis spirochetes and several other zoonotic bacteria in northern europe and russia. however, few studies screening bacterial pathogens in finnish ticks have been conducted. therefore, reports on the occurrence and prevalence of several bacterial pathogens detected from ticks elsewhere in europe and russia are altogether missing from finland. the main aim of the current study was to produce novel data on the occurrence and ... | 2016 | 27004834 |
| trans-atlantic exchanges have shaped the population structure of the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. | the origin and population structure of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), the agent of lyme disease, remain obscure. this tick-transmitted bacterial species occurs in both north america and europe. we sequenced 17 european isolates (representing the most frequently found sequence types in europe) and compared these with 17 north american strains. we show that trans-atlantic exchanges have occurred in the evolutionary history of this species and that a european origin of b. burgdorferi s. ... | 2016 | 26955886 |
| tick surveillance for relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi in hokkaido, japan. | during 2012-2013, a total of 4325 host-seeking adult ticks belonging to the genus ixodes were collected from various localities of hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. tick lysates were subjected to real-time pcr assay to detect borrelial infection. the assay was designed for specific detection of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi and for unspecific detection of lyme disease-related spirochetes. overall prevalence of b. miyamotoi was 2% (71/3532) in ixodes persulcatus, 4.3 ... | 2014 | 25111141 |
| evolution of symbiotic organs and endosymbionts in lygaeid stinkbugs. | we investigated seed bugs of the genus nysius (insecta: hemiptera: lygaeidae) for their symbiotic bacteria. from all the samples representing 4 species, 18 populations and 281 individuals, specific bacterial 16s rrna gene sequences were consistently identified, which formed a distinct clade in the gammaproteobacteria. in situ hybridization showed that the bacterium was endocellularly localized in a pair of large bacteriomes that were amorphous in shape, deep red in color, and in association with ... | 2011 | 21814289 |
| changes in the activity of adult stages of dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: amblyommidae) induced by weather factors in eastern poland. | the host-seeking activity in dermacentor reticulatus ticks undergoes rhythmical changes correlated with environmental conditions. therefore, this study is focused on investigating the activity of adult stages of the species during weather changes occurring in winter months in eastern poland, i.e. a period of tick diapause. | 2014 | 24885216 |
| human infections with rickettsia raoultii, china. | we used molecular methods to identify rickettsia raoultii infections in 2 persons in china. these persons had localized rashes around sites of tick bites. r. raoultii dna was detected in 4% of dermacentor silvarum ticks collected in the same area of china and in 1 feeding tick detached from 1 patient. | 2014 | 24750663 |
| the recent evolution of a maternally-inherited endosymbiont of ticks led to the emergence of the q fever pathogen, coxiella burnetii. | q fever is a highly infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. its causative agent, the intracellular bacterium coxiella burnetii, infects a variety of vertebrate species, including humans. its evolutionary origin remains almost entirely unknown and uncertainty persists regarding the identity and lifestyle of its ancestors. a few tick species were recently found to harbor maternally-inherited coxiella-like organisms engaged in symbiotic interactions, but their relationships to the q fever ... | 2015 | 25978383 |
| neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. | a wide range of viruses from different virus families in different geographical areas, may cause immediate or delayed neuropathological changes and neurological manifestations in humans and animals. infection by neurotropic viruses as well as the resulting immune response can irreversibly disrupt the complex structural and functional architecture of the central nervous system, frequently leaving the patient or affected animal with a poor or fatal prognosis. mechanisms that govern neuropathogenes ... | 2015 | 26659576 |
| ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus tick cell lines respond to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus: transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. | ixodid ticks are important vectors of a wide variety of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. although several studies have elucidated tick responses to bacteria, little is known about the tick response to viruses. to gain insight into the response of tick cells to flavivirus infection, the transcriptomes and proteomes of two ixodes spp cell lines infected with the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) were analysed. | 2015 | 26582129 |
| the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis. | culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ... | 2014 | 24949243 |
| the emergence and maintenance of vector-borne diseases in the khyber pakhtunkhwa province, and the federally administered tribal areas of pakistan. | human populations throughout much of the world are experiencing unprecedented changes in their relationship to the environment and their interactions with the animals with which so many humans are intimately dependent upon. these changes result not only from human induced changes in the climate, but also from population demographic changes due to wars, social unrest, behavioral changes resulting from cultural mixing, and large changes in land-use practices. each of these social shifts can affect ... | 2012 | 22934007 |
| development of simple and rapid assay to detect viral rna of tick-borne encephalitis virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a causative agent of acute central nervous system disease in humans. it has three subtypes, far eastern (fe), siberian (sib) and european (eu) subtypes, which are distributed over a wide area of europe and asia. the objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid assay for the detection of tbev rna by using reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method that can differentiate the three subtypes of tbev and can be us ... | 2013 | 23452322 |
| comparison of two commercial tick-borne encephalitis virus igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | despite the availability of protective vaccines, tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) infections have been increasingly reported to the european centre for disease prevention and control in the past 2 decades. since the diagnosis of tbev exposure relies on serological testing, we compared two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), i.e., immunozym fsme igg assay (elisa-1) and euroimmun fsme vienna igg assay (elisa-2). both assays use whole tbev antigens, but they differ in viral ... | 2015 | 25924768 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine rantes expression via activation of irf-3 pathway. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (cns) and causes encephalitides in humans. although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in tbev-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood. | 2016 | 27576490 |
| on the potential roles of ticks and migrating birds in the ecology of west nile virus. | mosquitoes are the primary vectors of west nile virus (wnv). ticks have, however, been suggested to be potential reservoirs of wnv. in order to investigate their role in the spread of the virus, ticks, which had been collected from birds migrating northwards from africa to europe, were analyzed for the potential presence of wnv-rna. | 2014 | 24455105 |
| first evidence of established populations of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in sweden. | the tick species ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus are of exceptional medical importance in the western and eastern parts, respectively, of the palaearctic region. in russia and finland the range of i. persulcatus has recently increased. in finland the first records of i. persulcatus are from 2004. the apparent expansion of its range in finland prompted us to investigate if i. persulcatus also occurs in sweden. | 2016 | 27370406 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus subtypes emerged through rapid vector switches rather than gradual evolution. | tick-borne encephalitis is the most important human arthropod-borne virus disease in europe and russia, with an annual incidence of about 13 thousand people. tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is distributed in the natural foci of forest and taiga zones of eurasia, from the pacific to the atlantic coast. currently, there are three mutually exclusive hypotheses about the origin and distribution of tbev subtypes, although they are based on the same assumption of gradual evolution. recently, we h ... | 2014 | 25540692 |
| epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in europe and its prevention by available vaccines. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is caused by a flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in central and eastern europe and russia. today, tbe is endemic in 27 european countries, and has become an international public health problem. the epidemiology of tbe is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. vaccinat ... | 2013 | 23377671 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus, zealand, denmark, 2011. | | 0 | 23764123 |
| animal models of tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses. | tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (tbhfv) are detected throughout the african and eurasian continents and are an emerging or re-emerging threat to many nations. due to the largely sporadic incidences of these severe diseases, information on human cases and research activities in general have been limited. in the past decade, however, novel tbhfvs have emerged and areas of endemicity have expanded. therefore, the development of countermeasures is of utmost importance in combating tbhfv as elim ... | 2013 | 25437041 |
| molecular detection of anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. in ruminants from twelve provinces of china. | anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. are tick-transmitted bacteria that are of significant economic importance as they can infect large and small ruminants and also people. there is little information on anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in ruminants in china. 16s rrna fret-qpcrs were used to screen convenience whole blood samples from 2,240 domestic ruminants in 12 provinces of china for anaplasma spp. and ehrlichia spp. positive samples were further analyzed with a standard pcr for the glta. anaplasm ... | 2016 | 28096822 |
| molecular detection and characterization of zoonotic and veterinary pathogens in ticks from northeastern china. | tick-borne diseases are considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals in china. in this study, ixodes persulcatus (n = 1699), haemaphysalis concinna (n = 412), haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 390), dermacentor nuttalli (n = 253), and dermacentor silvarum (n = 204) ticks were collected by flagging from northeastern china, and detected for infection with anaplasma, ehrlichia, babesia, and hepatozoon spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays and sequencing analysis. an ... | 2016 | 27965644 |
| characterization of rickettsiae in ticks in northeastern china. | tick-borne rickettsioses are considered important emerging zoonoses worldwide, but their etiological agents, rickettsiae, remain poorly characterized in northeastern china, where many human cases have been reported during the past several years. here, we determined the characteristics of rickettsia spp. infections in ticks in this area. | 2016 | 27623998 |
| rural residents in china are at increased risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis. | as emerging tick born rickettsial diseases caused by a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis have become a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the world. in particular, in china, an unusual transmission of nosocomial cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis occurred in anhui province in 2006 and more recent coinfection case of a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis was documented in shandong province. although the seroprevalence of human granulocytic ... | 2014 | 24877080 |
| natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks from a forest area of selenge province, mongolia. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic agent of public health importance, infecting both humans and animals. an investigation of the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum as well as anaplasma platys was conducted in a forest area of selenge province, mongolia, where ticks are widely distributed and tick-borne diseases are highly endemic. ticks were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction based on groel methodology. anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 14 (6%) of ixodes persulc ... | 2014 | 24734213 |
| update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. | tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus rickettsia. these zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. however, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that wer ... | 0 | 24092850 |
| complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) represents a species complex. | ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of rhipicephalus sanguineus from china (rsc) and compared with that of r. sanguineus from usa (rsu). nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between rsc and rsu. for the 13 protein-coding genes, compari ... | 2013 | 23630448 |
| rickettsia raoultii in haemaphysalis erinacei from marbled polecats, china-kazakhstan border. | we found rickettsia raoultii dna in 2 out of 32 (6.25 %) haemaphysalis erinacei ticks. result showed that the sequences of five genes (17-kda, glta, ompa, rrs, and ompb) were 100 % identity with that of r. raoultii in genbank. this study is the first report on the presence of r. raoultii in h. erinacei from wild marbled polecat, vormela peregusna. our findings suggest that h. erinacei parasitizing wild marbled polecat may serve as reservoir and carriers for r. raoultii in areas around the china- ... | 2015 | 26383238 |
| molecular survey of anaplasma species in small ruminants reveals the presence of novel strains closely related to a. phagocytophilum in tunisia. | a survey of anaplasma species in small ruminants is still lacking in north african countries. in this study, the presence of a. phagocytophilum, a. phagocytophilum-related species, and a. ovis was investigated in a total of 563 healthy small ruminants (303 goats and 260 sheep), from 25 randomly selected flocks sampled in tunisia. anaplasma spp. and a. ovis overall infection rates were 95.0% and 93.8% in sheep and 69.6% and 65.3% in goats, respectively. a. phagocytophilum was not detected in any ... | 2015 | 26394065 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. | the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (tbf) in domestic ruminants in ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern europe. in recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. a. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. however, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal ... | 2013 | 23885337 |
| an emerging tick-borne disease of humans is caused by a subset of strains with conserved genome structure. | the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is increasing worldwide. one such emerging disease is human anaplasmosis. the causative organism, anaplasma phagocytophilum, is known to infect multiple animal species and cause human fatalities in the u.s., europe and asia. although long known to infect ruminants, it is unclear why there are increasing numbers of human infections. we analyzed the genome sequences of strains infecting humans, animals and ticks from diverse geographic locations. despite exten ... | 2013 | 25437207 |
| human granulocytic anaplasmosis, japan. | we retrospectively confirmed 2 cases of human anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. patient blood samples contained unique p44/msp2 for the pathogen, and antibodies bound to a. phagocytophilum antigens propagated in thp-1 rather than hl60 cells. unless both cell lines are used for serodiagnosis of rickettsiosis-like infections, cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis could go undetected. | 0 | 23460988 |
| molecular epidemiology of the emerging zoonosis agent anaplasma phagocytophilum (foggie, 1949) in dogs and ixodid ticks in brazil. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, dogs and other animals, and it is transmitted by ixodid ticks. the objective of the current study was a) detect a. phagocytophilum in dogs and ixodid ticks using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr); and b) determine important variables associated to host, environment and potential tick vectors that are related to the presence of a. phagocytophilum in dogs domiciled in rio de janeiro, brazil. | 2013 | 24330631 |
| biosurveillance in central asia: successes and challenges of tick-borne disease research in kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan. | central asia is a vast geographic region that includes five former soviet union republics: kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, turkmenistan, and uzbekistan. the region has a unique infectious disease burden, and a history that includes silk road trade routes and networks that were part of the anti-plague and biowarfare programs in the former soviet union. post-soviet union biosurveillance research in this unique area of the world has met with several challenges, including lack of funding and res ... | 2016 | 26870722 |
| tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila. | according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ... | 2012 | 23077630 |
| morphometric study on male specimens of hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) in west of iran. | hyalomma anatolicum is the well-known hard tick, which is one of the most important livestock and human pathogens vector, wide range in host and distributed in all over the hyalomma geographic fauna as well as in iran. taxonomy of the hyalomma ssp. is debatable whereas their identification is a problematic work. the reasons for this claim is time consuming delpy's researches in iran also schulze school, feldman-muhsam and the russian tick workers. we would like to understand morphometric variati ... | 2011 | 22808415 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of pseudocellus pearsei (chelicerata: ricinulei) and a comparison of mitochondrial gene rearrangements in arachnida. | mitochondrial genomes are widely utilized for phylogenetic and population genetic analyses among animals. in addition to sequence data the mitochondrial gene order and rna secondary structure data are used in phylogenetic analyses. arachnid phylogeny is still highly debated and there is a lack of sufficient sequence data for many taxa. ricinulei (hooded tickspiders) are a morphologically distinct clade of arachnids with uncertain phylogenetic affinities. | 2007 | 17961221 |
| coevolutionary analyses of the relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts. | host-parasite coevolution is a key driver of biological diversity. to examine the evolutionary relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts, we calculated the molecular clock and conducted phylogenetic analyses of both groups. based on our results, we conclude that the divergence time of piroplasmids (∼56 mya) is later than divergence time of their hard tick hosts (∼86 mya). from analyses of the evolution of both piroplasmid and vector lineages and their association, we know that ... | 2013 | 24101988 |
| full-genome characterisation of orungo, lebombo and changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors. | the complete genomes of orungo virus (oruv), lebombo virus (lebv) and changuinola virus (cglv) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (vp1-vp7 and ns1-ns4). phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (oc1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: vp2(oc1), in which oc1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; vp3(oc1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; ... | 2014 | 24475112 |
| molecular detection of rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the republic of korea. | rickettsiae constitute a group of arthropod-borne, gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are the causative agents of diseases ranging from mild to life threatening that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. | 2017 | 28069059 |
| prevalence of anaplasma and bartonella spp. in ticks collected from korean water deer (hydropotes inermis argyropus). | deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. in the republic of korea, the population of korean water deer (kwd, hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the korean war when much of the land was barren of trees. eighty seven haemaphysalis flava, 228 haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 ixodes nipponensis, and 40 ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 ... | 2016 | 26951985 |
| severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans, south korea, 2013. | we investigated the infection rate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) among ticks collected from humans during may-october 2013 in south korea. haemaphysalis longicornis ticks have been considered the sftsv vector. however, we detected the virus in h. longicornis, amblyomma testudinarium, and ixodes nipponensis ticks, indicating additional potential sftsv vectors. | 0 | 25061851 |
| detection of two zoonotic babesia microti lineages, the hobetsu and u.s. lineages, in two sympatric tick species, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, respectively, in japan. | the species babesia microti, commonly found in rodents, demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity. three lineages, u.s., kobe, and hobetsu, are known to have zoonotic potential, but their tick vector(s) in japan remains to be elucidated. we conducted a field investigation at nemuro on hokkaido island and at sumoto on awaji island, where up to two of the three lineages occur with similar frequencies in reservoirs. by flagging vegetation at these spots and surrounding areas, 4,010 ticks, com ... | 2012 | 22389378 |
| scanning electron microscope study of a snake tick, amblyomma gervaisi (acari: ixodidae). | the scanning electron microscope (sem) studies on both male and female tick, amblyomma gervaisi (lucas 1847) inhabiting the snake naja naja were made. detail of the surface structures as seen under sem exhibit sexual dimorphism and were compared with other tick species as reported. sem observations show characteristic alloscutal ornamentation, inornate festoons, triangular licking organ, size of the hypostome, round haller's organ, genital plate oval in male and slit-like in female, and prominen ... | 2012 | 24082536 |
| evaluation of different nested pcrs for detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants and ticks. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in mammals, which has a broad geographical distribution and a high degree of clinical diversity. currently, numerous pcr assays have been developed and used for the detection of a. phagocytophilum in various specimens. however, their performance varies. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of five nested pcr assays by detection of 363 ruminant and tick samples, and to select the most appropriate methods ... | 2016 | 26911835 |
| sensitivity to permethrin in a dermacentor reticulatus population from eastern poland in laboratory study. | the action of chemical compounds on the palaearctic tick d. reticulatus (fabricius) (acari: amblyomminae) has been poorly investigated so far. therefore, the effects of application of permethrin on engorged d. reticulatus females have been assessed, and the survival rate for the different developmental stages of the tick species in its non-parasitic phase of the life cycle was determined upon application of the pyrethroid. | 2014 | 24405550 |
| molecular survey and characterization of a novel anaplasma species closely related to anaplasma capra in ticks, northwestern china. | anaplasma spp. are tick-transmitted bacteria that infect a wide variety of wild and domestic animals. these pathogens exhibit a high degree of biological diversity, broad geographical distribution, and represent a serious threat to veterinary and public health worldwide. | 2016 | 27884197 |
| unique strain of borrelia miyamotoi in ixodes pacificus ticks, california, usa. | | 2016 | 27479523 |
| antigen variability in anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted, bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals. in order to evade host immunity during the course of infection, a. phagocytophilum utilizes gene conversion to shuffle approximately 100 functional pseudogenes into a single expression cassette of the msp2(p44) gene, which encodes the major surface antigen, major surface protein 2 (msp2). the role and extent of msp2(p44) recombination in a reservoir host for a. phagocytophi ... | 2012 | 22859615 |
| molecular characterization of a defensin gene from a hard tick, dermacentor silvarum. | ticks are distributed worldwide and considered as vectors of many human diseases. tick defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides, form the first line of defense against pathogens. | 2015 | 25588982 |
| mitochondrial genomes suggest that hexapods and crustaceans are mutually paraphyletic. | for over a century the relationships between the four major groups of the phylum arthropoda (chelicerata, crustacea, hexapoda and myriapoda) have been debated. recent molecular evidence has confirmed a close relationship between the crustacea and the hexapoda, and has included the suggestion of a paraphyletic hexapoda. to test this hypothesis we have sequenced the complete or near-complete mitochondrial genomes of three crustaceans (parhyale hawaiensis, squilla mantis and triops longicaudatus), ... | 0 | 16024395 |