| ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of china. | this paper presents results of an investigation and listing of tick species found in china during a survey in all 28 provinces. this will be a step towards a definitive list of tick species and their distribution. to date, the tick fauna of this area consists of 117 species in the following families: argasidae-argas (7 species), carios (4 species) and ornithodoros (2 species); ixodidae-amblyomma (8 species), anomalohimalaya (2 species), dermacentor (12 species), haemaphysalis (44 species), hyalo ... | 2010 | 20101443 |
| [estimation of the biological age in females of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus by changes in the body shape and surface of cuticle]. | a method of visual estimation of the biological age of living hungry tick females by visible changes in the depth of marginal groove and the structure of the alloscutum cuticle during natural ageing is developed. in recently activated individuals, the body is convex and the marginal groove is exposed, demonstrating distinctly visible cuticular microfolds (figs 1-4). in attenuated ticks, the body is flattened and marginal fold overlays the marginal groove, concealing cuticular microfolds (figs 5- ... | 2009 | 20198961 |
| two novel salp15-like immunosuppressant genes from salivary glands of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick. | salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known for several suppressive activities against host immunity and critical functions for the transmission of lyme borrelia in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, the major vectors found in north america and western europe. salp15 inhibits the activation of cluster of differentiation (cd)4(+)t-cells through the repression of t-cell receptor (tcr)-triggered calcium fluxes and interleukin (il)-2 production. furthermore, salp15 adheres to the spiro ... | 2010 | 20201978 |
| [tarsal gland of the ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus (ixodidae)]. | a complicated multicellular gland is situated in tarsi of all the legs, occupying one third to half of the segment. glandular cells form a single-layer sack; inner surface of the sack (gland cavity) is enveloped by a multilayer membrane. cuticular rods connecting muscles with the claw pass inside this cavity. glandular cells are characterized by the presence of numerous apical microvilli associated with accumulations of mitochondria, and secretory vacuoles enclosed in cellular membranes. the bas ... | 2010 | 20349634 |
| horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest. | the nymph of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) is an important bridging vector of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western united states. the previously unknown dispersal capabilities of this life stage were studied in relation to logs, tree trunks, and adjacent leaf-litter areas in a mixed hardwood forest using mark-release-recapture methods. in two spatially and temporally well-spaced trials involving logs, the estimated mean distances that ... | 2009 | 20352083 |
| [the ixodes tick fauna in orenburg region]. | a total of 2665 ticks were collected in 26 administrative districts of the orenburg region, which belonged to 4 genera and 5 species. the proportions of the species dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulates, hyalomma detrium, rhipicephalus rossicus, and ixodes persulcatus were 60.8, 21.6, 15.6, 1, and 1%, respectively. information is given on the species-specific composition and biodiversity of ixodidae in different landscape and geographical zones. | 2010 | 20361636 |
| [tick-bite in penile skin : a case report]. | a 42-year-old man who had no local or systemic symptoms presented with a yellowish tumor in the foreskin of his penis. he had travelled to hokkaido to harvest insects, and recognized this tumor after returning home. since it did not disappear after several days, he visited our hospital. the tumor was suspected to be due to an arthropod. en bloc resection including the arthropod was performed. pathological findings demonstrated that the arthropod was ixodes persulcatus. there were no symptoms aft ... | 2010 | 20372050 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| "candidatus anadelfobacter veles" and "candidatus cyrtobacter comes," two new rickettsiales species hosted by the protist ciliate euplotes harpa (ciliophora, spirotrichea). | the order rickettsiales (alphaproteobacteria) is a well-known group containing obligate endocellular prokaryotes. the order encompasses three families (rickettsiaceae, anaplasmataceae, and holosporaceae) and a fourth, family-level cluster, which includes only one candidate species, "candidatus midichloria mitochondrii," as well as several unnamed bacterial symbionts. the broad host range exhibited by the members of the "candidatus midichloria" clade suggests their eventual relevance for a better ... | 2010 | 20435776 |
| human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. | human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ... | 2010 | 20513551 |
| lyme disease. | lyme disease, caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the united states. the clinical presentation varies depending on the stage of the illness: early disease includes erthyma migrans, early disseminated disease includes multiple erythema migrans, meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, and carditis; late disease is primarily arthritis. the symptoms and signs of infection resolve in most patients after treatment with appropriate antimicrobials for 2 t ... | 2010 | 20513553 |
| quantum of infection of francisella tularensis tularensis in host-seeking dermacentor variabilis. | the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis, is fundamental to the perpetuation of francisella tularensis tularensis on martha's vineyard, massachusetts, u.s.a. although infected ticks are relatively common on the island, human cases deriving from tick bite are rare. it may be that the quantum of bacteria within these naturally infected ticks is frequently too small to cause disease. accordingly, we quantified the amount of f.t. tularensis bacteria in host-seeking ticks from the island. contra ... | 2010 | 20563231 |
| tertiary structure-related activity of tick defensin (persulcatusin) in the taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus. | defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins found in both vertebrates and invertebrates constituting the front line of host innate immunity. to examine the importance of the tertiary structure of tick defensin in its antimicrobial activity, we synthesized two types of the peptides with tertiary structure or primary one on basis of the information of the sequence in the defensin originated from the taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus. chemically synthesized peptides were used to investigate th ... | 2011 | 20596886 |
| [abundance of larvae and nymphs of the taiga tick ixodes persuicatus (acari: ixodidae) on small mammals in the cut-over lands of the middle taiga subzone of karelia]. | data of long-term investigations (1998-2004) on the abundance of the taiga tick larvae and nymphs in the cut-over lands of different age in the middle taiga subzone of karelia (62 degrees 04's; 33 degrees 55'w) are presented. the investigation was carried out on three model cut-over lands of different age: 1) "young" cut-over land; age of cut-over in the beginning of investigation is 7 years; betula-deschampsia cespitosa-agrostis tenuis; 2) "middle" cut-over land; age of cut-over is 12 years; sa ... | 2009 | 19807045 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in finland, russian karelia and buryatia. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a central nervous system infection caused by a flavivirus [tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev)], transmitted by ixodes ticks and endemic in a large region in eurasia. we collected 2411 ticks from finland and russia in 2003-2008, screened them for tbev by rt-pcr and isolated and analysed eight strains belonging to all three tbev subtypes; in addition, we obtained two european-subtype strains from human serum samples. tbev rna prevalence in unengorged ticks was ap ... | 2010 | 20660147 |
| [detection of borrelia miyamotoi in ticks ixodes persulcatus from russia]. | unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks from five regions of russia were examined to analyze the distribution and diversity of borrelia miyamotoi. dna of b. miyamotoi was found in 1.8% of ticks from leningrad oblast, 2.9% from sverdlovsk, 4.5% from novosibirsk, 2.3% from irkutsk oblast, and 2.5% from khabarovsk krai. the molecular typing of the b. miyamotoi dna was based on the partial sequencing of the 16s rrna, p66, and glpq genes. the only genetic variant of b. miyamotoi was detected in all samp ... | 2010 | 20795483 |
| genetic diversity of babesia in ixodes persulcatus and small mammals from north ural and west siberia, russia. | the aim of this work was to study the prevalence and genetic diversity of babesia in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals from ural and siberia in russia. | 2011 | 20800011 |
| identification of spotted fever group rickettsia species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the sca4 gene. | dna samples from four rickettsial species in japan--r. japonica aoki, r. asiatica io-1, r. helvetica ip-1, and rickettsia tamurae at-1--were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) in which a portion of the sca4 gene was amplified and restriction digested with the mspi enzyme. each spotted fever group rickettsial species exhibited unique restriction profiles after mspi digestion. to examine the possibility of applying pcr-rflp analysis to field s ... | 2009 | 19485769 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas. | the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ... | 2010 | 20969792 |
| differentiation of medically important euro-asian tick species ixodes ricinus, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes hexagonus, and dermacentor reticulatus by polymerase chain reaction. | abstract understanding epidemiology of the tick-borne pathogens requires the accurate identification of the vector ticks. morphological analysis of ticks is difficult and often leads to misidentification. molecular techniques offer an alternative approach of tick identification. to date, no practical and reliable molecular assays for discrimination of euro-asian ticks are available. our aim was to develop such an assay for discrimination between four euro-asian tick species of high medical impor ... | 2010 | 21028959 |
| molecular identification and expression analysis of lipocalins from blood feeding taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus schulze. | lipocalins have been known for their several biological activities in blood-sucking arthropods. recently, the identification and characterization of lipocalins from ixodes ricinus (lirs) have been reported and functions of lipocalins are well documented. in this study, we have characterized four ixodes persulcatus lipocalins that were discovered while analyzing i. persulcatus tick salivary gland est library. we show that the four i. persulcatus lipocalins, here after named lipers (lipocalin from ... | 2010 | 21036169 |
| [estimation of the biological age in taiga tick females (ixodes persulcatus:ixodidae) by the fat reserves in organism]. | the method of estimation of the biological age in non-feeding tick females by the level of adipose inclusions in the cells of the midgut and fat body is developed. in order to estimate the fat reserves in non-feeding females, alive ticks were dissected and fragments of their internal were vitally stained with the pregnant solution of sudan iii in 70 % ethanol. three age-specific groups were established: i, young females whose intestines and fat body were filled with fat inclusions; ii, mature fe ... | 2010 | 21061588 |
| distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china. | we genotyped 102 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from ticks, animals, and patients in 11 provinces in china by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) amplification of 5s (rrf)-23s (rrl) rrna gene spacer amplicons and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa). the results showed that borrelia garinii was the main genotype in china (65/102) and that it was distributed mainly in northern china. borrelia afzelii was the second most frequently found species (22/102), and i ... | 2010 | 21106783 |
| chimeric tick-borne encephalitis/dengue virus is attenuated in ixodes scapularis ticks and aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | abstract in an effort to derive an efficacious live attenuated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis, we generated a chimeric virus bearing the structural protein genes of a far eastern subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) on the genetic background of recombinant dengue 4 (den4) virus. introduction of attenuating mutations into the tbev envelope protein gene, as well as the den4 ns5 protein gene and 3' noncoding region in the chimeric genome, results in decreased neurovirulence and ... | 2010 | 21142950 |
| genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china. | thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ... | 2010 | 21142958 |
| molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle and ixodes persulcatus ticks. | the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum), the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), is increasingly becoming a public health concern as an aetiological agent for emerging infectious disease. we found a. phagocytophilum infection in a pooled sample of field-collected ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus) ticks from one district in hokkaido, japan. thus, to further investigate the prevalence in field-collected ticks, we used pcr assays targeting the ... | 2010 | 21146335 |
| multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia bissettii strains from north america reveals a new borrelia species, borrelia kurtenbachii. | using multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa), we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of spirochaete strains from north america previously assigned to the genospecies borrelia bissettii. we amplified internal fragments of 8 housekeeping genes (clpa, clpx, nifs, pepx, pyrg, recg, rplb, and uvra) located on the main linear chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 8 loci showed that the b. bissettii clade consisted of 4 closely related clust ... | 2010 | 21157575 |
| the tick ixodes pavlovskyi as a host of spirochetes pathogenic for humans and its possible role in the epizootiology and epidemiology of borrelioses. | the tick ixodes pavlovskyi is taxonomically, morphologically, and ecologically close to the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, a major host and vector of borrelia spirochetes. the recent range of i. pavlovskyi is disjoined into the western siberian and far eastern parts, with this tick being almost always sympatric with i. persulcatus. a total of 56 unfed adult i. pavlovskyi ticks from the biotope where this species was absolutely dominant (within the city limits of tomsk, western siberia) and 50 i. ... | 2010 | 19929222 |
| a functional toll-like receptor 3 gene (tlr3) may be a risk factor for tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) infection. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) infections may be asymptomatic or cause severe symptoms in the central nervous system. a mutation in the chemokine receptor 5 gene has been associated with increased risk of tbe but explains only a limited number of cases. investigations of further risk factors are needed. | 2011 | 21216866 |
| [isolation and identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from ticks in six provinces in china.] | objective: to understand the carrying status of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks from the mountain areas from six representative provinces, including jilin, shanxi, gansu, qinghai, guizhou and hunan in china. methods: flagging and trapping methods were used to collect ticks in forest area and culture medium was used to isolate the pathogen. nested-pcr was used to detect the germ-carrying rate of ticks. results: more than 2200 ticks from six representative provinces were collected and 1000 ticks wer ... | 2010 | 21223661 |
| transfusion-transmitted babesia spp.: bull's-eye on babesia microti. | babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of animals and humans that cause babesiosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted primarily by tick vectors. although a variety of species or types of babesia have been described in the literature as causing infection in humans, the rodent parasite babesia microti has emerged as the focal point of human disease, especially in the united states. not only has b. microti become established as a public health concern, this agent is increasingly being ... | 2011 | 21233506 |
| european subtype tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes persulcatus ticks. | | 2011 | 21291624 |
| differences in prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma spp. infection among host-seeking dermacentor occidentalis, ixodes pacificus, and ornithodoros coriaceus ticks in northwestern california. | previous studies revealed that the pacific coast tick (dermacentor occidentalis) is infected occasionally with the agents of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) or human granulocytic anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) and that it is an inefficient experimental vector of b. burgdorferi. the relationship of the pajahuello tick (ornithodoros coriaceus) to each of these bacterial zoonotic agents has not been reported. the primary bridging vector of both bacterial zoonotic agents to humans is t ... | 2010 | 21359090 |
| detection and characterization of babesia species in ixodes ticks in estonia. | the presence of babesia spp. was studied in 2603 ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks collected at seven sites in estonia. by reverse line blot screening, babesia spp. was detected in 36 (1.4%) ticks, among them 18 (0.7%) were further recognized by a babesia microti probe, 3 (0.1%) by a babesia divergens probe, and the other 15 (0.6%) were recognized only by the universal babesia spp. "catch all" probe. sequence analyses of 6 of these 15 samples revealed that all of them belonged to babes ... | 2011 | 21395407 |
| molecular survey of anaplasma and ehrlichia infections of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan. | infection by anaplasma and ehrlichia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan, was examined by molecular methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen for anaplasmataceae, based on 16s rrna, showed that 38 (5.4%) of 699 raccoons examined were positive. these 38 positive samples were examined for anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis infection by species-specific nested pcr. nested pcr results indicated that 36 of the 38 samples wer ... | 2011 | 21395415 |
| [pcr detection of the causative agents of infections transmitted by ticks on the kamchatka peninsula]. | there has been recently a rise in referrals for ixodes tick bites in the spring and summer periods in the kamchatka territory. among the dominant tick species, there has been the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus habiting the extensive areas of the southern and central parts of the peninsula. examination of 84 i. persulcatus females collected from human beings and domestic animals in 2003 to 2007 detected dna of the pathogens of tick-borne borreliosis (b. burgdorferi sensu lato), rickettsiasis (r. t ... | 2010 | 21400710 |
| multilocus sequence typing implicates rodents as the main reservoir host of human-pathogenic borrelia garinii in japan. | multilocus sequence typing of borrelia garinii isolates from humans and comparison with rodent and tick isolates were performed. fifty-nine isolates were divided into two phylogenetic groups, and an association was detected between clinical and rodent isolates, suggesting that, in japan, human-pathogenic b. garinii comes from rodents via ticks. | 2011 | 21411595 |
| [study on the infection of taiga ticks with borrelia in the territory of novosibirsk scientific center sb pas]. | in our study, borrelia were revealed in the taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus collected on vegetation by flagging, as well as in the ticks removed from the people who asked for help in the vaccination center located in the novosibirsk scientific center of the siberian branch of russian academy of science (ns sb ras). by the isolation of borrelia on bsk-h medum, the occurrence of b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. miyamotoi was established in the territory of nsc. b. miyamotoi isolates were unstable and ... | 2010 | 21427963 |
| correlation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the western palearctic. | this meta-analysis of reports examining ticks throughout the western palearctic region indicates a distinct geographic pattern for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the greatest prevalence was reported between the 5°e and 25°e longitudes based on an analysis of 123 collection points with 37,940 nymphal tick specimens (87.43% of total nymphs; 56.35% of total ticks in the set of reports over the target area). climatic traits, such as temperature a ... | 2011 | 21498767 |
| detection and differentiation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from sheep and cattle in china. | abstract: | 2011 | 21529349 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus, kyrgyzstan. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is an emerging pathogen in europe and asia. we investigated tbev in kyrgyzstan by collecting small mammals and ticks from diverse localities and analyzing them for evidence of tbev infection. we found tbev circulating in kyrgyzstan much farther south and at higher altitudes than previously reported. | 2011 | 21529400 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, china-russia border. | to the editor: anaplasma phagocytophilum, an emerging human pathogen of public health importance, is transmitted to humans most commonly by tick bites (1). the agent has been detected in various species of ixodes ticks around the world (2) and in dermacentor silvarum ticks in northeastern people's republic of china (3), where 3 a. phagocytophilum strains were isolated from wild and domestic animals (4). in the asiatic region of russia adjacent to china, a. phagocytophilum was identified in ixode ... | 2011 | 21529418 |
| [interaction of the siberian and far eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus in mammals with mixed infection. i. factors influencing the type of interaction]. | polytypic strains containing the fragments of genes of siberian and far eastern tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus subtypes were isolated from the brain of fatal tbe patients, the blood of tbe patients, and ixodes persulcatus ticks in the foci of concomitant circulation of the two subtypes. the interaction of the siberian and far eastern tbe virus subtypes was studied in the neural phase of the infection of albino mice and syrian hamsters in order to understand conditions for formation of these ... | 2011 | 21545035 |
| [detection of babesia spp. dna in small mammals and ixodic ticks on the territory of north ural, west siberia and far east of russia]. | totally, 932 small mammals and 458 questing adult ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk and novosibirsk regions and khabarovsk territory, as well as 128 haemaphysalis japonica, 34 h. concinna and 29 dermacentor silvarum from khabarovsk territory were examined for the presence of babesia by nested pcr based on the 18s rrna gene. babesia microti dna was found in samples of small mammals from all the studied regions--in 36.2% of samples from sverdlovsk region, 5.3% of samples from novosibirsk region, ... | 2010 | 20886686 |
| the current perspective on tick-borne encephalitis awareness and prevention in six central and eastern european countries: report from a meeting of experts convened to discuss tbe in their region. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a potentially life-threatening disease in humans and is caused by a flavivirus spread by infected ticks (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus). tbe is endemic across much of central and eastern europe and the incidence is increasing, with numbers estimated to be as many as 8755 cases per year. the reasons for this increase are multi-faceted and may involve improvements in diagnosis and reporting of tbe cases, increases in recreational activities in areas inhabit ... | 2011 | 21549781 |
| [the infection of ixodid ticks collected from humans with the tick-borne encephalitis virus in tomsk city and its suburbs]. | the ticks ixodes persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi collected from people visited gardens and suburban forests have been examined by the ifa methods on the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tev). it was established, that the most part of ticks collected from humans belongs to i. persulcatus, despite the fact that i. pavlovskyi dominates on the territory of the city and its suburbs. tev infection was registered more often in fed ticks, in comparison with those without signs of preceding feedi ... | 2011 | 21598663 |
| [formalin fixation in the method of the ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) age estimation by the state of fat reserves]. | formalin fixation is proved to be the useful tool in the method of age estimation for the taiga ticks collected in field. formalin does not deform fixed material and does not dissolve fat; hence, it is the best fixing fluid when tick age is estimated by the state of fat reserves in its organism. the ticks preserved in 9% formalin were shown to be suitable for age estimation 1.5-2 months after fixation. | 2011 | 21598671 |
| genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals in the asian part of russia. | abstract the specimens of 3552 questing adult ixodes persulcatus and 1698 blood/tissue samples of small mammals collected in ural, siberia, and far east of russia were assayed for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. totally, a. phagocytophilum was detected in 112 tick and 88 mammalian samples. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and groesl operon (1244-1295 bp) were determined for a. phagocytophilum samples from 65 ticks and 25 small mamm ... | 2011 | 21612528 |
| the ecology of tick-transmitted infections in the redwood chipmunk (tamias ochrogenys). | the redwood chipmunk contributes to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases in northern california. the range of redwood chipmunks overlaps that of western black-legged ticks and tick-borne disease, including granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis. chipmunks have high anaplasma phagocytophilum pcr- and seroprevalence, are infested with a diversity of ixodes spp. ticks, and are reservoir competent for borrelia burgdorferi. we hypothesized that chipmunks could maintain tick-borne disease on ... | 2011 | 21643481 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia muris in wisconsin deer ticks collected during the mid 1990s. | human ehrlichiosis is due to infection by tick transmitted bacteria of the genus ehrlichia. based on a hypothesis for the biogeography of deer tick transmitted infections, we undertook a focused search for the eurasian e. muris in north american deer ticks. the search was stimulated by anecdotal reports of e. muris-like infection in human ehrlichiosis patients from wisconsin. we analyzed archived adult deer ticks collected in northern wisconsin during the 1990s by specific polymerase chain react ... | 2011 | 21643499 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild rodents in winter, finland, 2008-2009. | rodents might maintain tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in nature through latent persistent infections. during 2 subsequent winters, 2008 and 2009, in finland, we detected rna of european and siberian subtypes of tbev in microtus agrestis and myodes glareolus voles, respectively. persistence in rodent reservoirs may contribute to virus overwintering. | 2011 | 21192857 |
| [search for protective antigens in ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) salivary gland extracts]. | rt-pcr evaluation of the activity of eight ixodes persulcatus salivary gland genes shows clear distinctions in their expression depending of the stage of tick feeding. out of them, only salp 10 and salp 15 proteins may be regarded as candidates for protective antigens to develop anti-tick and anti-borrelia vaccines. firstly they play an important role in feeding a tick and modifying a host's immune response. secondly, the increasing expression of the salp 10 and salp 10 genes begins at early tic ... | 2010 | 20608183 |
| rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. | abstract introduction: tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes one of the most important flavivirus infections of the central nervous system, affecting humans in europe and asia. it is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected tick and circulates among them and their vertebrate hosts. until now, tbe risk analysis in germany has been based on the incidence of human cases. because of an increasing vaccination rate, this approach might be misleading, especially in regions of low virus circu ... | 2011 | 21548766 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia in the asian part of russia. | totally, 2590 questing adult ixodes persulcatus ticks and 1458 small mammals from ural, siberia, and the far east as well as 53 haemaphysalis concinna, 136 haem. japonica, and 43 dermacentor silvarum ticks--exclusively adults--from the far east were examined for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris were found in i. persulcatus and small mammals from all the studied regions. myodes spp., microtus spp., ... | 2010 | 21771512 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum from wild boars and deer in japan. | this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in wild deer and boars in japan. we analyzed the blood samples of the study animals using pcr-targeting the 16s rdna followed by dna sequencing. wild deer infected with anaplasma spp., including anaplasma bovis and anaplasma centrale were detected in the region from hokkaido to kyushu. the infection rates of a. phagocytophilum, a. ... | 2011 | 21788712 |
| [fatal tick-borne encephalitis]. | the number of cases with tick-borne encephalitis in europe has increased particularly in the 1990's, and new regions have become endemic. ixodes persulcatus, i.e. the taiga tick, is found on the west coast of finland along the n+ñrpi+â-simo axis. this tick has not been encountered in other parts of western europe. in kokkola archipelago it transmits the siberian subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus. we describe the first and fatal case of tick-borne encephalitis transmitted by the "taiga tic ... | 2011 | 21696004 |
| population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | in order to understand the population structure and dynamics of bacterial microorganisms, typing systems that accurately reflect the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of the agents are required. over the past 15years multilocus sequence typing schemes have replaced single locus approaches, giving novel insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of many bacterial species and facilitating taxonomy. since 2004, several schemes using multiple loci have been developed to bette ... | 2011 | 21843658 |
| [etiological structure of complex ixodes tickborne borreliosis natural foci of southern taiga]. | 89 primary isolates of b. garinii and 72 b. afzelii from different developmental phases of i. persulcatus, i. trianguliceps and form small mammalian hosts of borrelia were obtained at an area of ca. 30 km2 located in low-mountain southern taiga forests (perm region). the area provides home for two borrelia species (b. garinii and b. afzeli) and their natural carrier ixodes persulcatus. 23 isolate of b.garnii were obtained from skin biopsies and blood samples taken in patients with borreliosis. t ... | 2011 | 22168033 |
| genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china. | thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ... | 2011 | 21870355 |
| ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009. | a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ... | 2011 | 22072840 |
| The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia. | The increase in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence is observed in recent decades in a number of subarctic countries. The reasons of it are widely discussed in scientific publications. The objective of this study was to understand if the climate change in Arkhangelsk Oblast (AO) situated in the north of European subarctic zone of Russia has real impact on the northward expansion of Ixodid ticks and stipulates the increase in TBE incidence. | 2011 | 22028678 |
| towards structuring unstructured genbank metadata for enhancing comparative biological studies. | within large sequence repositories such as genbank there is a wealth of metadata providing contextual information that may enhance search and retrieval of relevant sequences for a range of subsequent analyses. one challenge is the use of free-text in these metadata fields where approaches are needed to extract, structure, and encode essential information. the goal of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using a combination of existing resources for annotating unstructured genbank ... | 2011 | 22211174 |
| [characteristics of the distribution of ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi at the border between the forest and forest-steppe zones in the territory near ob river]. | field investigations performed in 2009 and 2010 in the novosibirskiy, toguchinskiy, and sovetskiy districts of novosibirsk province showed, that at present, ixodes persulcatus, i. pavlovskyi (subspecies i. pavlovskyi occidentals filippova et panova, 1998), and dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) permanently cohabitate in the woodland park of the novosibirsk akademgorodok, and i. pavlovskyi is the dominating species there. the highest abundance of i. pavlovskyi was recorded in pine forests ... | 2011 | 21874842 |
| tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses. | abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ... | 2011 | 21955214 |
| [Spread of Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. in the south and central areas of the Republic of Komi]. | | 2011 | 21936090 |
| humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi, russia. | borrelia miyamotoi is distantly related to b. burgdorferi and transmitted by the same hard-body tick species. we report 46 cases of b. miyamotoi infection in humans and compare the frequency and clinical manifestations of this infection with those caused by b. garinii and b. burgdorferi infection. all 46 patients lived in russia and had influenza-like illness with fever as high as 39.5°c; relapsing febrile illness occurred in 5 (11%) and erythema migrans in 4 (9%). in russia, the rate of b. miya ... | 2011 | 22000350 |
| Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin. | Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ... | 2011 | 21918026 |
| rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ... | 2012 | 22219660 |
| of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes. | in little more than 30 years, lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a prototype of an emerging infection. during this period, there has been an extraordinary accumulation of knowledge on the phylogenetic diversity, molecular biology, genetics and host interactions of b. burgdorferi. in this review, we integrate this large body of information into a cohesive picture of the molecular and ... | 2012 | 22230951 |
| ticks of poland. review of contemporary issues and latest research. | the paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. in the polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: argas reflexus, argas polonicus, carios vespertilionis, ixodes trianguliceps, ixodes arboricola, ixodes crenulatus, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes li ... | 2012 | 23444797 |
| [immunomodulating effect of an ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick salivary gland extract on balb/c mice lymphocytes in an in vitro system]. | the immunomodulating effect of the components of an ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick salivary gland extract (sge) on balb/c mice lymphocytes was evaluated. sge of partially engorged ticks at a concentration of 50 microg/ml causes the maximum suppression oft- and b-lymphocyte subpopulations. sge of hungry ticks at the same concentration induces the suppression of only cd69+ t cells and tlr-2+ b cells, but produces no suppressive effect on cd69+ b lymphocytes, tlr-2+ t lymphocytes, and tlr-4+ t ... | 2012 | 23437721 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks: comparison of prevalences and partial 16s rrna gene variants in urban, pasture, and natural habitats. | urban, natural, and pasture areas were investigated for prevalences and 16s rrna gene variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks. the prevalences differed significantly between habitat types, and year-to-year variations in prevalence and habitat-dependent occurrence of 16s rrna gene variants were detected. | 2012 | 23263964 |
| [study of the heterogeneity of 16s rrna gene and groesl operone in the dna samples of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" determined in the ixodes persulcatus ticks in the area of urals, siberia, and far east of russia]. | a total of 3552 ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk, chelyabinsk, novosibirsk, irkutsk regions and khabarovsk territory were examined on the ehrlichia and anaplasma presence by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris dna were found in i. persulcatus in all studied regions. a. phagocytophilum was detected in 1.3-6.3% of ticks and e. muris - in 2.0-14.1% of ticks. moreover, "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" dna was found in 8 ticks collected in n ... | 2011 | 21786632 |
| [identification of ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi occidentalis (ixodidae) by the analysis of the gene fragment coxi (cytochrome oxidase subunit i)]. | ticks of the genus ixodes were collected in 2010 in the lowland part of toguchinsk district of novosibirsk province (russia) and in the forest-park area of novosibirsk scientific centre and its outskirts (sovetskiy district of novosibirsk), and identified as ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) (18 females and 13 males) and ixodes pavlovskyi (13 females and 10 males). ten specimens of each sex from each collecting site were examined. the following nine characters were used: the length and width of ... | 2012 | 23458013 |
| prevention of lyme disease and other tick-borne infections. | prevention is the best method for avoiding potentially serious complications of lyme and other tick-borne diseases. in this article, we discuss preventative measures that can be used by individuals or communities. among the topics discussed are personal protective measures, tick reduction, reservoir reduction, and vaccination. additionally, new preventative measures that are in development-including new lyme disease vaccines, antitick vaccines, and reservoir-targeted vaccination-are discussed. | 2008 | 18755380 |
| serological detection of lyme borreliosis agents in patients from korea, 2005-2009. | laboratory tests are now being used to identify seropositive cases in patients suspected of having a lyme borreliosis (lb) infection. from 2005 to 2009, we analyzed the serological and epidemiological characteristics of 53 lb positive cases in korea using immunoblot assay. | 2011 | 24159447 |
| prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks collected from the republic of korea during 2011-2012. | in this study, we demonstrated that tbev-infected ticks have been distributed in the rok, combined with our previous results. these results suggest that tbev may exist in the rok, and h. longicornis, h. flava, and i. nipponensis may be potential vectors of tbev. in addition, these results emphasize the need for further epidemiological research of tbev. | 2012 | 24159517 |
| genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain nmjw1, isolated from china. | we announce the draft genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain nmjw1, isolated from ixodes persulcatus in northeastern china. the 902,789-bp linear chromosome (28.4% gc content) contains 813 open reading frames, 33 trnas, and 4 complete rrnas. | 2012 | 23144406 |
| natural history of zoonotic babesia: role of wildlife reservoirs. | babesiosis is an emerging zoonotic disease on all inhabited continents and various wildlife species are the principal reservoir hosts for zoonotic babesia species. the primary vectors of babesia are ixodid ticks, with the majority of zoonotic species being transmitted by species in the genus ixodes. species of babesia vary in their infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity for people. various factors (e.g., increased interactions between people and the environment, increased immunosuppression, ch ... | 2012 | 24533312 |
| analysis of an ordered, comprehensive stm mutant library in infectious borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for mouse infectivity. | the identification of genes important in the pathogenesis of lyme disease borrelia has been hampered by exceedingly low transformation rates in low-passage, infectious organisms. using the infectious, moderately transformable b. burgdorferi derivative 5a18np1 and signature-tagged versions of the himar1 transposon vector pgkt, we have constructed a defined transposon library for the efficient genome-wide investigation of genes required for wild-type pathogenesis, in vitro growth, physiology, morp ... | 2012 | 23133514 |
| human infection with candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, china. | to identify candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis infection in northeastern china, we tested blood samples from 622 febrile patients. we identified in 7 infected patients and natural foci for this bacterium. field surveys showed that 1.6% of ticks and 3.8% of rodents collected from residences of patients were also infected. | 2012 | 23017728 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses and ticks in tunisia. | anaplasma phagocytophilum , the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, affects several species of wild and domesticated mammals, including horses. we used direct and indirect methods to compare and evaluate exposure to a. phagocytophilum in horses in northern tunisia. | 2012 | 22935132 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infections in the united states. | it is becoming increasingly evident that the clinical presentation of infection with borrelia burgdorferi varies greatly between different parts of the world. a growing number of european and asian isolates of lyme borreliae, differing from the american strain of borrelia burgdorferi, have been identified in several different disorders. in light of the increasing number of reports describing an association between various cutaneous disorders and infection with borrelia burgdorferi and the contro ... | 2012 | 22916311 |
| molecular and serological evidence for the circulation of the tick symbiont midichloria (rickettsiales: midichloriaceae) in different mammalian species. | the midichloriaceae is a novel family of the order rickettsiales, that encompasses intracellular bacteria associated with hard ticks (ixodidae) and other arthropods. the most intensively investigated member of this family is midichloria mitochondrii, a symbiotic bacterium of the sheep tick ixodes ricinus, characterized by the capacity of multiplying inside the mitochondria. a recent study suggested that these bacteria might be inoculated into the human host during the tick bite. the purpose of t ... | 2013 | 24330701 |
| quantitative pcr for detection of babesia microti in ixodes scapularis ticks and in human blood. | babesia microti, the primary cause of human babesiosis in the united states, is transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks; transmission may also occur through blood transfusion and transplacentally. most infected people experience a viral-like illness that resolves without complication, but those who are immunocompromised may develop a serious and prolonged illness that is sometimes fatal. the geographic expansion and increasing incidence of human babesiosis in the northeastern and midwestern unite ... | 2013 | 24107203 |
| transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds. | birds, particularly passerines, can be parasitized by ixodid ticks, which may be infected with tick-borne pathogens, like borrelia spp., babesia spp., anaplasma, rickettsia/coxiella, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. the prevalence of ticks on birds varies over years, season, locality and different bird species. the prevalence of ticks on different species depends mainly on the degree of feeding on the ground. in europe, the turdus spp., especially the blackbird, turdus merula, appears to be mo ... | 2013 | 24058903 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in tick populations in estonia. | estonia is located in a unique area of co-distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus, which are the main tick vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in the last decade, the incidence rate of lyme borreliosis in estonia has increased dramatically up to 115.4 per 100,000 in 2012. here we present the first survey of the presence, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of b. burgdorferi s.l. complex spirochetes in the tick population in estonia. | 2013 | 23837798 |
| lyme borreliosis and skin. | lyme disease is a multisystem illness which is caused by the strains of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the tick, ixodes. though very commonly reported from the temperate regions of the world, the incidence has increased worldwide due to increasing travel and changing habitats of the vector. few cases have been reported from the indian subcontinent too. skin manifestations are the earliest to occur, and diagnosing these lesions followed by appropriate treatment, can ... | 2013 | 23723463 |
| distribution of tick-borne diseases in china. | as an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in china, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. the most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in china include lyme borreliosis (known as lyme disease in china), tick-borne encephalitis (known as forest encephalitis in china), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in china), q-f ... | 2013 | 23617899 |
| serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in recaptured white-footed mice. | a mark-release-recapture study was conducted during 2007 through 2010 in six, tick-infested sites in connecticut, united states to measure changes in antibody titers for borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice). there was an overall recapture rate of 40%, but only four tagged mice were caught in ≥2 yr. sera from 561 mice were analyzed for total antibodies to b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum by using whole-c ... | 2013 | 23568904 |
| vaccination against lyme disease: past, present, and future. | lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface a (ospa) lipoprotein of b. burgdorferi, led to its demise, ... | 2013 | 23407755 |
| autochthonous lyme borreliosis in humans and ticks in korea. | this study aimed at finding epidemiological and clinical features of autochthonous lyme borreliosis in humans through epidemiological investigations and identifying its vectors and pathogens through analysis of ticks. | 2013 | 24159530 |
| a novel approach, based on blsoms (batch learning self-organizing maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks. | ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, which are often zoonotic. the aim of this study was to identify diverse tick microbiomes, which may contain as-yet unidentified pathogens, using a metagenomic approach. dna prepared from bacteria/archaea-enriched fractions obtained from seven tick species, namely amblyomma testudinarium, amblyomma variegatum, haemaphysalis formosensis, haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes ovatus, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus, was subject ... | 2013 | 23303373 |
| close geographic association of human neoehrlichiosis and tick populations carrying "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" in eastern switzerland. | neoehrlichiosis caused by "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" is an emerging zoonotic disease. in total, six patients have been described in europe, with the first case detected in 2007. in addition, seven patients from china were described in a report published in october 2012. in 2009, we diagnosed the first human case of "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in the zurich area (switzerland). here, we report two additional human cases from the same region, which were identified by broad-ran ... | 2013 | 23115262 |
| complete genome sequencing of borrelia valaisiana and borrelia afzelii isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia. | lyme disease, caused by bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is the most frequent tick-borne infection in eurasia. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the borrelia valaisiana tom 4006 and borrelia afzelii tom 3107 strains isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia. | 2014 | 25540343 |
| whole-genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain 935t isolated from ixodes persulcatus in south korea. | we report here the genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain 935t isolated from ixodes persulcatus in south korea. the 1,176,739 bp (g+c content, 27.73%) genome consists of 1,194 coding regions, 4 rrna genes, and 33 aminoacyl-trna synthetase genes. this is the first whole-genome report of a korean borrelia species isolate. | 2014 | 25540341 |
| lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment. | lyme borreliosis is increasing rapidly in many parts of the world and is the most commonly occurring vector-borne disease in europe and the usa. the disease is transmitted by ticks of the genus ixodes. they require a blood meal at each stage of their life cycle and feed on a wide variety of wild and domestic animals as well as birds and reptiles. transmission to humans is incidental and can occur during visits to a vector habitat, when host mammals and their associated ticks migrate into the urb ... | 2014 | 25565881 |
| pathogens in ticks collected from dogs in berlin/brandenburg, germany. | tick-borne diseases are a major health risk for humans and dogs. in addition to collection and analysis of questing ticks, analysis of host-associated ticks for the presence of pathogens is a valuable method to gain insight into transmission patterns of tick-borne diseases. | 2014 | 25441762 |
| borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease). | | 2014 | 25452659 |
| vector competence of the tick ixodes sinensis (acari: ixodidae) for rickettsia monacensis. | cases of mediterranean spotted fever like rickettsioses, caused by rickettsia monacensis, have become more common in the last 10 years. in china, natural infection of r. monacensis in various tick species has been confirmed but the vector(s) of r. monacensis have not been recorded. | 2014 | 25406413 |