Publications

a novel alpha-proteobacterium resides in the mitochondria of ovarian cells of the tick ixodes ricinus.	an intracellular bacterium from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in italy was characterized by electron microscopy (em), pcr sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, molecular phylogenetic analysis, and in situ hybridization (ish). this bacterium was shown by em to be present in the cytoplasm, as well as in the mitochondria of ovarian cells. when universal 16s rrna bacterial primers were used, pcr amplification of ovarian dna followed by cloning and sequencing resulted in the same sequence being found in ...	2004	15128508
detection of a rickettsia closely related to rickettsia aeschlimannii, "rickettsia heilongjiangensis," rickettsia sp. strain rpa4, and ehrlichia muris in ticks collected in russia and kazakhstan.	using pcr, we screened 411 ticks from four genera collected in russia and kazakhstan for the presence of rickettsiae and ehrlichiae. in russia, we detected "rickettsia heilongjiangensis," rickettsia sp. strain rpa4, and ehrlichia muris. in kazakhstan, we detected rickettsia sp. strain rpa4 and a rickettsia closely related to rickettsia aeschlimannii. these agents should be considered in a differential diagnosis of tick-borne infections in these areas.	2004	15131195
survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in japan: first detection of babesia microti-like parasites in ixodes ovatus.	babesia microti-like parasites were detected for the first time in ixodes ovatus in hyogo prefecture, japan, where two reported types of b. microti-like parasites were recognized in many rodents. of 80 adult i. ovatus ticks collected, 5 possessed the reported type and 1 possessed a new type of b. microti-like parasite.	2004	15131209
studies on the transovarial transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus.	the possibility of vertical transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 ticks was studied in the progeny of 20 females collected from the vegetation in an active focus of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses (itbb) located in the perm oblast, russia, where borrelia garinii and b. afzelii are circulating. the presence of borrelia dna was detected by the pcr method after feeding and egg laying in 16 engorged females (80.0%), as well as in 36.5 +/- 7.2% samples cont ...	2004	15139380
vectors of tick-borne diseases and epidemiological situation in latvia in 1993-2002.	during the period of 1993-2002 an increase and the remarkable changes in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and lyme borreliosis (lb) as well as annual activities of vector species were noticed. the highest increase of tbe morbidity in latvia has been observed in 1994 and 1995, and less expressed also in 1998 which was followed by a significant decrease during subsequent years. whereas the highest peak of lb morbidity has been noticed in 1998 with only a minor decrease during subsequ ...	2004	15146983
[population dynamics of ixodes persulcatus in a subzone of the south taiga of the middle urals].	the results of a 27-year follow-up of the size of the taiga tick in a subarea of the south taiga of the middle urals are summarized. the author has established the period of its activity, the change in the parameter of the activity by years, and the rise in the size of the vector in the past decade.	2004	15484981
[fine structure of tarsal sensilla in the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (ixodinae)].	the first tarsal segment of the taiga tick bears 4 general types of sensilla (except for sensilla forming the haller's sensory organ on the dorsal surface of the tarsus): tactile mechanoreceptor sensilla of 3 types, contact chemo-mechanoreceptor sensilla of 2 types, and double-walled pore sensilla. one of these types, the chemo-mechanoreceptor upper-pore sensilla, was found only in the ixodinae, and not found in the examined representatives of the amblyomminae. this type of sensilla was also fou ...	2004	15493282
[genetic identification of rickettsiae of the tick-borne spotted fever group, isolated in the foci of tick-borne rickettsiosis].	a total of 25 rickettsial cultures of the tick-borne spotted fever (tbsf) group from the collection of the research institute of infections in omsk, isolated from different sources in the territory of the russian federation (from the urals to the far east) during the period of 1954-2001) were studied by the methods of genetic analysis. the fragments of the gene coding the outer-membrane protein of 190 kd (ompa) and synthetase citrate (glta) of the rickettsiae under the study were sequenced. 23 i ...	2004	15554312
terrestrial distribution of the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in east asia.	lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne zoonosis and an important emerging infection in europe, north america, and far eastern countries. the geographical distribution of borrelia spp. and the relationship between borrelia spp. and tick spp. in east asian countries have been studied. in northern asian countries, ixodes persulcatus carries eurasian-type borrelia garinii (20047 type), borrelia afzelii, and asian-type b. garinii (variant nt29), whereas borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto h ...	2004	15623946
[methods for estimating the demographic structure of the taiga tick (ixodidae) based on results of standard parasitological observations].	a retrospective estimation of the abundance dynamics of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus in mixed coniferous and leaf-bearing forests of the udmurtia republic in the period 1957-1986 was carried out. a possibility to estimate the absolute number of all stages of i. persulcatus based on relative indices. females of i. persulcatus lay 20,250 eggs per 1 hectare, and this number of eggs gives birth to 15,000 larvae. from this number, 7870 larvae hibernate and 6550 individuals became fed. the number ...	2004	15656092
semi-nested pcr detection of bartonella henselae in ixodes persulcatus ticks from western siberia, russia.	questing adult ixodes persulcatus ticks from western siberia, russia were tested for infections with bartonella spp. using seminested pcr assay with primers specific to the groel gene. the proportion of ticks infected with bartonella spp. was 44% in 2002 (n = 50) and 38% in 2003 (n = 50). nucleotide sequences of a portion of the pcr products corresponded to bartonella henselae species.	2004	15671737
[possible types of tick-borne diseases and the predictive role of history data in their diagnosis (parasitological aspects of the problem)].	the paper discusses the proven and probable role of different tick-borne pathogens and their combinations in the occurrence of zoonotic diseases. the variants of coexistence of various combinations of 7 proved disease agents (3 species of borrelia, 2 species of ehrlichia, babesia, and tbe virus) with different, if might to be, disease agents, such as rickettsiae of two groups, which do not belong to the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group spirochetes, are analyzed. the difference of their deve ...	2004	15689134
first report on the coexistence and compatibility of seven tick-borne pathogens in unfed adult ixodes persulcatus schulze (acarina: ixodidae).		2004	15146991
evaluation of groel gene analysis for identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	the nucleotide sequences of the groel genes, the flagellin genes, and the 16s rrna genes from 22 reference strains of borrelia were compared. groel sequence analysis is useful not only in interspecies differentiation but also in intraspecies differentiation of borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii isolates.	2004	15004091
[microorganism "montezuma" of the order rickettsiales: the potential causative agent of tick-borne disease in the far east of russia].	a new microorganism, tentatively named "montezuma" was detected in ticks and in specimens (blood, bioptic specimens of the primary affect) taken from patients with an acute fever disease, etiologically linked with the bites of ixodes ticks in the far east of the russian federation. after sequencing the products of the amplification of dna isolated from ticks with wide-spectrum primers new primers were developed, highly specific to the unusual sequence thus obtained. the study revealed that ticks ...	2004	15024973
identification of three clinically relevant borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16s-23s ribosomal dna spacer amplicons.	we report the results of a study of the prevalences of three clinically relevant borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii) in 1,040 questing ixodes ticks from all regions of latvia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. the prevalences of borrelia in ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus were 22.6 and 27.9%, respectively. molecular typing of b. burgdorferi from infected ticks was performed by restriction fragment length ...	2004	15070987
mechanisms of immunity to ehrlichia muris: a model of monocytotropic ehrlichiosis.	ehrlichia species can cause life-threatening infections or chronic persistent infections. mechanisms of protective immunity were examined in an ehrlichia muris mouse model of monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. c57bl/6 mice possessed strong genetic resistance to e. muris of an undetermined mechanism. cd8 t lymphocytes were particularly important, as revealed by 81% fatalities for e. muris-infected, major histocompatibility complex class i gene knockout mice compared with no deaths for wild-type c3h mic ...	2004	14742542
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna in ixodes ticks (acari: ixodidae) from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal.	a total of 278 ixodes ticks, collected from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. six (4%) of 142 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in madeira island and 1 nymph and 1 male (2%) of 93 i. ventalloi collected in setubal district tested positive for a. phagocytophilum msp2 genes or rrs. infection was not detected among 43 i. ricinus on mainland portugal. all pcr products were confirmed by ...	2004	15498168
typing of borrelia relapsing fever group strains.	partial sequencing of the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer showed two to four genotypes each for borrelia hermsii and b. turicatae, both relapsing fever agents transmitted by argasid ticks, and for b. miyamotoi and b. lonestari, transmitted by ixodid ticks. field surveys of ixodes ticks in connecticut and sweden showed limited local diversity for b. miyamotoi.	2004	15498172
sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains.	the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was recently reclassified as anaplasma phagocytophilum, unifying previously described bacteria that cause disease in humans, horses, dogs, and ruminants. for the characterization of genetic heterogeneity in this species, the homologue of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 4 gene (msp4) was identified, and the coding region was pcr amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources, including 50 samples from the united states, germany, ...	2005	15750101
molecular identification and analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in lizards in the southeastern united states.	lyme borreliosis (lb) group spirochetes, collectively known as borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, are distributed worldwide. wild rodents are acknowledged as the most important reservoir hosts. ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in the eastern united states, and in the southeastern united states, the larvae and nymphs mostly parasitize certain species of lizards. the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether wild lizards in the southeastern united ...	2005	15870353
diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in russian far east.	thirty strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato have been isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks and from skin lesions of lyme disease patients in the russian far east from 1997 to 2003. we amplified full-length outer surface protein a (ospa) gene of all strains. blast search and following phylogenetic analysis showed that strains form four well-defined groups. four strains belong to borrelia afzelii species. other strains distributed into tree major groups, identified as borrelia garinii. ind ...	2005	15781992
[study on the coinfection of three tick-borne infectious diseases in china using polymerase chain reaction method].	to study the existence of ehrluichiosis, lyme disease and tick-borne spotted fever coinfection in some areas in china.	2005	15921584
identification of a new borrelia species among small mammals in areas of northern spain where lyme disease is endemic.	the role of small mammals as reservoir hosts for borrelia burgdorferi was investigated in several areas where lyme disease is endemic in northern spain. a low rate of infestation by ixodes ricinus nymphs was found in the small mammal populations studied that correlated with the near-absence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 184 animals tested and with the lack of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato to i. ricinus larvae that fed on them. in contrast, questing ticks collected at the same time ...	2005	15746336
detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco.	a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ...	2005	15750072
effects of anaplasma phagocytophilum on host cell ferritin mrna and protein levels.	ferritin is a major intracellular iron storage protein and also functions as a cytoprotectant by sequestering iron to minimize the formation of reactive oxygen species. anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that colonizes neutrophils. we have previously reported that human promyelocytic hl-60 cells infected with a. phagocytophilum demonstrate increased transcription of ferritin heavy chain and also that the bacte ...	2005	16239567
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated in moscow province--a sympatric region for ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus.	the relationships between borrelia species and the vector ticks, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus were examined in a molecular epidemiological study. we conducted a survey in the moscow region which is a sympatric region for both species of tick. we examined 630 unfed i. ricinus and i. persulcatus, ticks collected from four different regions around moscow within an area of 250 km2. eighty-four ticks were culture positive (13.3%) and the prevalence rate varied in each region from 5.7% to 42. ...	2005	15715174
immunoglobulin-regulated expression of borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein a in vivo.	borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, down-regulates outer surface protein a (ospa), which is abundantly expressed in ticks, during infection of the mammalian host. in this study we examined the signals that may be responsible for maintaining the ospa-negative state of spirochetes during infection. transcription of ospa mrna was found in tissues of c3h-severe combined immunodeficient (c3h-scid) mice, but not immunocompetent c3h mice, inoculated with cultured b. burgdorferi, tick-borne ...	2005	15908357
the microbial rosetta stone database: a compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents.	thousands of different microorganisms affect the health, safety, and economic stability of populations. many different medical and governmental organizations have created lists of the pathogenic microorganisms relevant to their missions; however, the nomenclature for biological agents on these lists and pathogens described in the literature is inexact. this ambiguity can be a significant block to effective communication among the diverse communities that must deal with epidemics or bioterrorist ...	2005	15850481
babesia dna detection in canine blood and dermacentor reticulatus ticks in southwestern siberia, russia.	babesia infection was studied in 21 blood samples of dogs with symptoms of babesiosis and among 72 dermacentor reticulatus and 70 ixodes persulcatus ticks from southwestern siberia, russia. babesia dna was detected by hemi-nested pcr based on the 18s rrna gene with subsequent direct sequencing. all of the analyzed canine blood samples and three d. reticulatus, but none from i. persulcatus ticks studied were shown to contain babesia dna. nucleotide sequences of the babesia 18s rrna gene fragment ...	2005	16187898
tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts.	during most of the 20th century, the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsioses could be summarized as the occurrence of a single pathogenic rickettsia on each continent. an element of this paradigm suggested that the many other characterized and noncharacterized rickettsiae isolated from ticks were not pathogenic to humans. in this context, it was considered that relatively few tick-borne rickettsiae caused human disease. this concept was modified extensively from 1984 through 2005 by the identif ...	2005	16223955
possible tick-borne human enterovirus resulting in aseptic meningitis.	enterovirus-specific genetic sequences were isolated from two amblyomma americanum tick pools. identical genetic sequences were later obtained from cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with aseptic meningitis and a recent history of tick attachment. these observations suggest the possibility of an emerging tick-borne human enterovirus associated with aseptic meningitis.	2005	16000481
human granulocytic anaplasmosis and anaplasma phagocytophilum.	human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tickborne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. the human disease was first identified in 1990, although the pathogen was defined as a veterinary agent in 1932. since 1990, us cases have markedly increased, and infections are now recognized in europe. a high international seroprevalence suggests infection is widespread but unrecognized. the niche for a. phagocytophilum, the neutrophil, indicates that the pathogen has unique ...	2005	16485466
prevalence and incidence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi and to tick-borne encephalitis virus in agricultural and forestry workers from tuscany, italy.	the ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus are the main vectors of both borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus in eurasia. borrelia burgdorferi is the cause of lyme borreliosis, and tbe is a biphasic meningoencephalitis induced by an arbovirus belonging to the flavivirus family. the principal aims of the current investigation were (i) to determine the frequency of serological evidence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tbe infections in healthy agricultu ...	2005	15948001
borrelia burgdorferi, host-derived proteases, and the blood-brain barrier.	neurological manifestations of lyme disease in humans are attributed in part to penetration of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and invasion of the central nervous system (cns) by borrelia burgdorferi. however, how the spirochetes cross the bbb remains an unresolved issue. we examined the traversal of b. burgdorferi across the human bbb and systemic endothelial cell barriers using in vitro model systems constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmec) and ea.hy 926, a human umbilic ...	2005	15664945
innate immune responses in lyme borreliosis: enhanced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 in asymptomatic individuals in response to live spirochetes.	innate immunity is important for early defence against borrelia spirochetes and should play a role in the clinical outcome of the infection. in order to study early cytokine responses, in vitro differentiated dendritic cells (dcs) and whole blood cells from 21 patients with different clinical outcomes of lyme neuroborreliosis were stimulated with live borrelia spirochetes. the borrelia-induced secretion of interleukin (il)-4, il-10, il-12p70, interferon (ifn)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (tn ...	2005	15958074
[detection of a new species of rickettsiae in the ticks of ixodes persulcatus in russia].	genetic analyses (polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequence test) have been used to describe a new species of rickettsiae in the ticks ipersukarus in russia. this species is named as rzckettsia tarasevichiae after academician of the russian academy of medical sciences irma vladimirovna tarasevich, head of the laboratory of rickettsial ecology, n.f.gamaleya research institute of epidemiology and microbiology. a total of 317 ipersukatus imagoes were collected in the regions of the urals, w ...	2005	15984607
[monitoring of tick-borne encephalitis virus populations and etiological structure of morbidity over 60 years].	the siberian subtype of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is predominant in russia, constantly circulated in its eastern european regions in 1943-2003 and in the urals and west and east siberia in 1960-2003. this subtype is transmitted by two types of ticks: ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinis. changes were not found in the structure of viral populations at the peak and drop of the incidence of tbe. there was new evidence on the genetic heterogenicity of the siberian subtype: in ad ...	2005	16078427
[gradual variability of the parasitic system of tick-borne encephalitis].	it has been shown that the temperature conditions of hibernation in the major vectors of tick-borne encephalitis viruses (tbev) the ticks ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus occupy a special place among a lot of factors that determine the spatial distribution and the specific features of functioning of the parasitic system of tick-borne encephalitis. these conditions determine the borders of distribution of the major vectors of tbev, their sympatric zone, and the physiological features of indi ...	2005	16078435
[the peculiarities of the biology of ticks inhabiting the environs of tomsk city].	the presence of ticks ixodes persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi occidentalis is revealed in urban parks and the forests directly adjoined to buildings. i. pavlovskyi occidentalis is found to be the dominant species nearby the city. the both species are occurred almost simultaneously, and the peak of their abundance usually falls on 2nd or 3rd ten-day period of may. in the city the ticks species ceased occurring in registers in the end of may, and in the adjacent forests they disappeared in the end of ...	2005	16316054
tickborne pathogen detection, western siberia, russia.	ixodes persulcatus (n = 125) and dermacentor reticulatus (n = 84) ticks from western siberia, russia, were tested for infection with borrelia, anaplasma/ehrlichia, bartonella, and babesia spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays with subsequent sequencing. i. persulcatus ticks were infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (37.6% +/- 4.3% [standard deviation]), anaplasma phagocytophilum (2.4% +/- 1.4%), ehrlichia muris (8.8% +/- 2.5%), and bartonella spp. (37.6% +/- 4.3%). d. re ...	2005	16318722
anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected ticks, japan.	we report anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus ticks in japan. unique p44/msp2 paralogs (and/or 16s rrna genes) were detected in tick tissues, salivary glands, and spleens of experimentally infected mice. these findings indicate the public health threat of anaplasmosis in japan.	2005	16318739
[ixodidae ticks in bishkek].	the fauna of ixodidae ticks was studied in bishkek in 1998-2004. the city is situated in the center of the chuisk valley, at the foot of the kirghiz ridge, at the boundary of a submountain-plain-arid region and a plain-piedmont-semiarid one with steppe fragments. the ticks were gathered on a flag from small mammalians caught by gero traps, from birds, domestic and agricultural animals. a total of 648 animals of 13 species were examined. the bites of ticks were registered in 98 persons in the cit ...	2005	16445237
novel genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, anaplasma centrale, and a novel ehrlichia sp. in wild deer and ticks on two major islands in japan.	wild deer are one of the important natural reservoir hosts of several species of ehrlichia and anaplasma that cause human ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis in the united states and europe. the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether and what species of ehrlichia and anaplasma naturally infect deer in japan. blood samples obtained from wild deer on two major japanese islands, hokkaido and honshu, were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by pcr assays and sequencing of ...	2006	16461655
prevalence of bacterial agents in ixodes persulcatus ticks from the vologda province of russia.	the prevalence of rickettsiae, ehrlichiae, and the rickettsia-like endosymbiont called montezuma relative to that of borrelia was determined in questing ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus) ticks collected in 2002-2003 from vologda province, russia. ehrlichia muris, anaplasma phagocytophilum, montezuma, and new spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the first time in this area. the rickettsiae were all candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae, the furthest ...	2006	17114724
[investigation on borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents collected in da xing-an mountains forest areas of china].	to detect and study the types of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents from da xing-an mountains forest areas of china.	2006	17172108
[ultrastructural aspects of saliva production by the granule-secreting acini of the tick ixodes persulcatus females].	fine structure of salivary glands was investigated in the tick ixodes persulcatus females. ultrastructure of ii and iii acini in unfed and feeding females is described. changes in size and structure of the secretory products during feeding are demonstrated.	2006	17144404
clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis.	tick-borne rickettsiae in the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma are intracellular bacteria that infect wild and domestic mammals and, more recently, man. the increased desire of humans for recreational activities outdoors has increased the exposure to potential human pathogens that previously cycled almost exclusively within natural, nonhuman enzootic hosts. anaplasma phagocytophilum causes an acute, nonspecific febrile illness of humans previously known as human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hge ...	2006	17114714
molecular identification of a collection of spotted fever group rickettsiae obtained from patients and ticks from russia.	thirty-one rickettsial isolates from ticks or patients in north asian tick typhus (natt) foci from the ural region to the russian far east were obtained at the omsk research institute of natural foci infections between 1954 and 2001. using citrate synthase (glta) and outermenbrane protein a (ompa) gene sequencing, we identified these isolates as rickettsia sibirica sensu stricto (25 isolates), r. sibirica strain bj-90 (2 isolates), r. slovaca (1 isolate), and r. heilongjiangensis (3 isolates). w ...	2006	16525104
natural tick-borne encephalitis virus infection among wild small mammals in the southeastern part of western siberia, russia.	infestation of small mammals, including common shrews sorex araneus l., field mice apodemus agrarius pallas, and red voles clethrionomus rutilus schreber, with immature ixodes persulcatus ticks and their infection with tickborne encephalitis virus (tbev) were studied in the forest-steppe habitat in the vicinity of novosibirsk, russia. larval ticks parasitize all three host species, but virtually all nymphs were found only on field mice and red voles. detection of the viral rna using reverse tran ...	2006	16584325
[study on the coinfection status of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and spotted fever group rickettsia in ticks from hunchun, jilin province].	to understand the coinfection status of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b.b.s.l) and spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) in hunchun of jilin province, china.	2006	16981329
natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ticks and rodents from a forest area of jilin province, china.	polymerase chain reaction integrated with sequence analysis was carried out to investigate the natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks and rodents from a forest area of jilin province, china. four (4.0%) of 100 ixodes persulcatus and 2 (0.7%) of 286 dermacentor silvarum ticks collected by flagging vegetation were positive. nine (8.8%) of 102 rodents were infected, as well as 2 (2.8%) of 71 i. persulcatus parasitizing on 25 rodents. the nucleotide sequences of 1442-bp a. phagocytophi ...	2006	17038691
[morphofunctional changes in the midgut of the ixodes females (acari: ixodidae) during the immunizing feedings].	the changes of the midgut in the females of the tick species ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus during the second and third immunizing feeding on rabbits were studied by the histological technics. the alternation of one generation of the digestive cells of nymphal stage and two generations of the digestive cells of adult stage was observed. the generation of secretory cells is absent. the tick completes feeding and drop off when the last generation of the digestive cells is on the initial activit ...	2006	17042279
[the abundance and distribution of the ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) near its northern spreading limit in the ural mountains].	a count of the tick species ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 was carried out in the "denezhkin kamen" nature reserve and adjacent territories (the severoural'sk and ivdel' districts of the sverdlovsk region, the northern urals geographical province) in the 2005. the abundance and distribution of unengorged adults has been evaluated on an area of 22.5 square kilometers (n 60 degrees 27'-60 degrees 30' e 059 degrees 38'-059 degrees 42'). the area includes proportionally main landscape and vegetati ...	2006	17042282
[detection of dna of borrelia circulating in novosibirsk region].	detection of dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was performed by pcr in taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus, in blood samples and skin bioptates of small forest mammals, and in blood and urine samples of humans after attaching of ticks events. in novosibirsk region both in natural reservoir and in patients with ixodes ticks-borne borreliosis dna of borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii are detected. dna of these borrelia were detected in 8 from 72 of taiga ticks, in 36 from 298 of blood and skin ...	2006	17297875
far eastern tick-borne rickettsiosis: identification of two new cases and tick vector.	we recently reported the first documented cases of a new rickettsial disease caused by rickettsia heilongjiangensis in the russian far east (far eastern tick-borne rickettsiosis). here we report the amplification of dna of r. heilongjiangensis from both the skin biopsy of an acutely ill patient and the tick removed from him prior to the disease development. the tick has been identified as haemaphysalis spp. the clinical picture was that of a spotted fever group rickettsiosis and a seroconversion ...	2006	17114683
siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus, finland.	we isolated 11 siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains from ixodes persulcatus ticks from a tbev-endemic focus in the kokkola archipelago, western finland. thus i. persulcatus and the siberian tbev are reported in a focus considerably northwest of their previously known range in eastern europe and siberia.	2006	17176574
the emerging diversity of rickettsia.	the best-known members of the bacterial genus rickettsia are associates of blood-feeding arthropods that are pathogenic when transmitted to vertebrates. these species include the agents of acute human disease such as typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever. however, many other rickettsia have been uncovered in recent surveys of bacteria associated with arthropods and other invertebrates; the hosts of these bacteria have no relationship with vertebrates. it is therefore perhaps more appropriate t ...	2006	16901827
confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to ixodes calreticulin salivary protein.	ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. people who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. in order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne i ...	2006	16928887
tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in ticks and small mammals in korea.	in order to investigate the prevalence of tick-borne infectious agents among ticks, ticks comprising five species from two genera (hemaphysalis spp. and ixodes spp.) were screened using molecular techniques. ticks (3,135) were collected from small wild-caught mammals or by dragging/flagging in the republic of korea (rok) and were pooled into a total of 1,638 samples (1 to 27 ticks per pool). from the 1,638 tick samples, species-specific fragments of anaplasma phagocytophilum (1 sample), anaplasm ...	2006	16957192
physiological age of field-collected female taiga ticks, ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae), and their infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	in some studies the prevalence of tick infection (infection rate) and the intensity of infection are negatively correlated with unfed tick age (in the broad sense of this term). however, no special research has been carried out to consider the phenomenon thoroughly. the infection indices of the female taiga ticks, ixodes persulcatus, infected with borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were related to tick physiological age, an index that more precisely reflects tick physiological state than the time of tick ...	2006	16596353
high-resolution genetic fingerprinting of european strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum by use of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is a widely distributed tick-borne pathogen of humans, livestock, and companion animals. we used in silico methods to identify 10 variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci within the genome sequence of the a. phagocytophilum hz strain and used these data to develop a multilocus vntr-based typing scheme for the species. having confirmed the stability of four of the loci in replicates of the a. phagocytophilum strain that had been subjected to different numbers of passage ...	2007	17442796
anaplasma phagocytophilum-borrelia burgdorferi coinfection enhances chemokine, cytokine, and matrix metalloprotease expression by human brain microvascular endothelial cells.	borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum coinfect and are transmitted by ixodes species ticks. clinical indicators suggest that a. phagocytophilum coinfection contributes to the severity, dissemination, and, possibly, sequelae of lyme disease. previous in vitro studies showed that spirochete penetration through human brain microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier is facilitated by endothelial cell-derived matrix metalloproteases (mmps). a. phagocytophilum-infected neu ...	2007	17898182
prevalence of tick-borne rickettsia and ehrlichia in ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ovatus in tokachi district, eastern hokkaido, japan.	dna from 111 ticks collected by flagging in tokachi district, eastern hokkaido, japan were examined for infection with rickettsia and ehrlichia, by pcr and sequencing methodology. for rickettsia, analysis of the partial sequence of the citrate synthase gene was successfully performed on 11 dna samples from i. persulcatus, and 7 of them showed 99.8% identical with rickettsia helvetica while the other 4 showed 99.8% identical with ;candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae'. for ehrlichia, a partial seq ...	2007	17611367
status of haemaphysalis tick infestation in domestic ruminants in iran.	the geographical distribution and ecological preferences of haemaphysalis in domestic animals in iran were studied 4 times a year from april 2003 to march 2005. a total of 1,622 ixodid tick specimens were collected from 3 different zones. among them, 108 (6.7%) haemaphysalis ticks, consisting of 6 species, were identified; h. punctata (3.4%), h. parva (0.5%), h. sulcata (0.6%), h. choldokovskyi (1.7%), h. concinna (0.06%) and haemaphysalis sp. (0.6%). h. punctata was the most abundant species, w ...	2007	17570976
[investigation on the vectors of borrella burgdorferi and on the identification of the isolates along china-russia border in eastern heilongjiang province, china].	to explore the fact that the east border of heilongjiang had been a lyme disease natural focus,we investigated the species and distribution of ticks and isolated bacteria from ticks and identified genomic species of borrelia burdorferi sensu lato. this study provided evidence for prevention and control of lyme disease.	2007	17575937
detection of "rickettsia sp. strain uilenbergi" and "rickettsia sp. strain davousti" in amblyomma tholloni ticks from elephants in africa.	to date, 6 tick-borne rickettsiae pathogenic for humans are known to occur in africa and 4 of them were first identified in ticks before being recognized as human pathogens.	2007	17683629
detection and identification of bacterial agents in ixodes persulcatus schulze ticks from the north western region of russia.	ixodes persulcatus schultze ticks are traditionally associated with transmission of lyme disease, babesiosis, and tick-borne encephalitis. here we compared the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsial and ehrlichial agents in i. persulcatus ticks collected in different locations of the north western administrative region of russia. altogether, 27.7% of ticks were infected with at least one organism, while the dna of two or more bacteria was found in 11.8% of ticks teste ...	2007	17767409
[evolution of tick-borne encephalitis and a problem of evolution of its causative agent].	the evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is marked by the expanded nosological area, the transformation of landscapes, the formation of anthropurgic foci, the change of environmental systems, the increase of mortality rate mainly among urban dwellers, as well as pathomorphism. the evolution of natural tbe virus (tbev) populations was studied in eastern and western siberia, middle urals, and the european part of the nosological area. the paper first describes the types of evolutionary trans ...	2007	18041219
case report: borrelia valaisiana infection in a japanese man associated with traveling to foreign countries.	a 78-year-old japanese man who had clinical symptoms and a flu-like illness with fever, chills, diarrhea, and arthralgia had traveled to cambodia and khabarovsk, russia, before the onset of symptoms and illness. he had been bitten by an ixodes persulcatus tick in which the dna of borrelia valaisiana was detected. the patient's symptoms improved rapidly after treatment with minocycline. serologic examination detected antibodies to lyme disease borrelia. an flab polymerase chain reaction with the ...	2007	18165534
ultrastructural evidence of the ehrlichial developmental cycle in naturally infected ixodes persulcatus ticks in the course of coinfection with rickettsia, borrelia, and a flavivirus.	ehrlichiae are small gram-negative obligately intracellular bacteria that multiply within vacuoles of their host cells and are associated for a part of their life cycle with ticks, which serve as vectors for vertebrate hosts. two morphologically and physiologically different ehrlichial cell types, reticulate cells (rc) and dense-cored cells (dc), are observed during experimental infection of cell cultures, mice, and ticks. dense-cored cells and reticulate cells in vertebrate cell lines alternate ...	2007	18171109
detection of borrelia garinii, borrelia tanukii and borrelia sp. closely related to borrelia valaisiana in ixodes ticks removed from dogs and cats in japan.	ticks removed from 1136 dogs and 134 cats all over japan were examined for borrelia infection by pcr and sequencing. the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer of borrelia was detected from two ixodes persulcatus ticks from two dogs and two unidentified ixodes spp. from another two dogs in hokkaido, and two ixodes granulatus ticks from two cats in okinawa. additional 2 i. granulatus from the same cats also showed positive. sequence analysis of the pcr products revealed that the one from hokkaido was simi ...	2007	17049744
outer surface protein b is critical for borrelia burgdorferi adherence and survival within ixodes ticks.	survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and mammals is facilitated, at least in part, by the selective expression of lipoproteins. outer surface protein (osp) a participates in spirochete adherence to the tick gut. as ospb is expressed on a bicistronic operon with ospa, we have now investigated the role of ospb by generating an ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi and examining its phenotype throughout the spirochete life cycle. similar to wild-type isolates, the ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi were ab ...	2007	17352535
the complete mitochondrial genome of pseudocellus pearsei (chelicerata: ricinulei) and a comparison of mitochondrial gene rearrangements in arachnida.	mitochondrial genomes are widely utilized for phylogenetic and population genetic analyses among animals. in addition to sequence data the mitochondrial gene order and rna secondary structure data are used in phylogenetic analyses. arachnid phylogeny is still highly debated and there is a lack of sufficient sequence data for many taxa. ricinulei (hooded tickspiders) are a morphologically distinct clade of arachnids with uncertain phylogenetic affinities.	2007	17961221
insight into the sialome of the castor bean tick, ixodes ricinus.	in recent years, there have been several sialome projects revealing transcripts expressed in the salivary glands of ticks, which are important vectors of several human diseases. here, we focused on the sialome of the european vector of lyme disease, ixodes ricinus.	2008	18489795
rnai-mediated gene silencing in tick synganglia: a proof of concept study.	progress in generating comprehensive est libraries and genome sequencing is setting the stage for reverse genetic approaches to gene function studies in the blacklegged tick (ixodes scapularis). however, proving that rnai can work in nervous tissue has been problematic. developing an ability to manipulate gene expression in the tick synganglia likely would accelerate understanding of tick neurobiology. here, we assess gene silencing by rna interference in the adult female black-legged tick synga ...	2008	18366768
greek goat encephalitis virus strain isolated from ixodes ricinus, greece.	a strain of greek goat encephaltitis virus was isolated from engorged ixodes ricinus ticks that had fed on goats in northern greece. the strain was almost identical to the prototype strain isolated 35 years ago.	2008	18258134
rickettsia felis in fleas, germany.	among 310 fleas collected from dogs and cats in germany, rickettsia felis was detected in all specimens (34) of archaeopsylla erinacei (hedgehog flea) and in 9% (24/226) of ctenocephalides felis felis (cat flea). r. helvetica was detected in 1 ceratophyllus gallinae (hen flea).	2008	18680660
[spatial and temporal variability of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus infection with the lyme disease agent in moscow region].	analysis of long-term data on the infection rated of the taxonomic complex borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus from moscow region is carried out. more than 14 000 tick specimens were examined by dark-field microscopy and 704 specimens were investigated by pcr. two borrelia genospicies, b. afzelii (6.3%) and b. garinii (20%) proved the most prevalent. the genospecies could form a mixtinfection (11%). borrelia miyamotoi, b. valaisiana, and b. burgdorferi s. s. were also ...	2008	19198169
evaluation of the recombinant vlse-based liaison chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of borrelia burgdorferi and diagnosis of lyme disease.	recent efforts to improve the serologic diagnosis of lyme disease have included the use of a synthetic peptide (c6) that reproduces the sequence of invariable region 6 of vlse, the variable surface antigen of borrelia burgdorferi. in the present study, the diagnostic performance of diasorin's recombinant vlse-based chemiluminescence immunoassay in 1,947 human serum samples was evaluated. sensitivity was determined using two serum panels from the cdc. for panel i, we observed sensitivities of 68. ...	2008	18945880
characterization of 'candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris' (family anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (procyon lotor).	recently, a novel ehrlichial organism was isolated from a raccoon (procyon lotor) and the isolate (rac413) was infectious to two naïve raccoons but not laboratory mice, rats or rabbits. in this study, amplification and sequencing of four gene targets (16s rrna gene, groesl, glta and rpob) confirmed that the novel ehrlichial organism was a member of the family anaplasmataceae and was most closely related to, but distinct from, 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' tk4456(r) and is58. rac413 shared ...	2008	19060060
[detection of the west nile virus and its genetic typing in ixodid ticks (parasitiformes: ixodidae) in tomsk city and its suburbs].	four tick species, ixodes persulcatus, i. pavlovskyi, i. trianguliceps, and dermacentor reticulatus, were found in tomsk and its suburbs in 2006. the species i. pavlovskyi was found to be dominant in the localities situated in tomsk city, and i. persulcatus was dominant in its suburbs. viral rna and viral antigen of the west nile virus (wnv) were detected in the ticks i. pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus collected in the city and its suburbs by the rt pcr method and enzyme immunoassay with monoclona ...	2008	18727366
[microorganisms of the order rickettsiales in taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus sch.) from the pre-ural region].	the pcr and sequence analysis revealed dna ehrlichia muris, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. in the i. persulcatus ticks and blood samples from a patients with acute febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, registered in the seasonal peak of the tick activity of one of the highly endemic areas of russia (perm region). these data confirmed the validity a diagnosis of hme and hga, which were made earlier on the basis of the clinical-serologic survey. in 10.0% of the tested taiga ...	2008	18756787
[current characteristics of natural nidality of tick-borne encephalitis: new or well forgotten?].	a number specialists' opinion as to which the rise in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis at the turn of the centuries is due to the new features of the epidemiology of this infection and to global climatic changes is analyzed. there are no objective evidence suggesting the ongoing expansion of a natural habitat of the major vectors--taiga (ixodes persulcatus) and wood (i. ricinis) ticks and the noticeable increase in their size and virus infection rates. the notion of the recent penetratio ...	2008	18822502
[variability of the life cycle duration in the taiga tick from mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the udmurt republic].	seasonal cohorts of the unfed ixodes persulcatus imago in the study area were found to consist of the ticks passed through three-, four-, and five-year life cycles, in the ratio 72.6, 26.4, and 2.0% respectively, on the base of mean long-term values. such ratio is established if 91.7% of larvae and 79.9% of nymphs develop without diapause, while the rest of larvae and nymphs develop with diapause. mean duration of the tick generation is 3.3 years, with the fluctuations in certain of the years wi ...	2008	18825917
[organization of acaricidal treatments in two districts of the irkutsk region].	in the irkutsk suburbs (a relatively southern area of the irkutsk region of the nosoarea of a natural tick-borne encephalitis focus), ixodes persulcatus imagoes begin its activity in the first 10 days of april and usually finishes it in september. in 1996-2006, there was a trend for an increase in the number of the tick's bites in human beings, as well as three-year cycles of fluctuation of this index. in the bratsk suburbs (a relatively northern area), the imago becomes active only in late apri ...	2008	18368717
rickettsial seroepidemiology among farm workers, tianjin, people's republic of china.	high seroprevalence rates for anaplasma phagocytophilum (8.8%), coxiella burnetii (6.4%), bartonella henselae (9.6%), and rickettsia typhi (4.1%) in 365 farm workers near tianjin, people's republic of china, suggest that human infections with these zoonotic bacteria are frequent and largely unrecognized. demographic features of seropositive persons suggest distinct epidemiology, ecology, and risks.	2008	18507907
[characteristic analysis of e protein genes of new strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated from china].	in order to determine the characteristics and genotypes of e protein genes of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus strains dxal-5, 12,13,16,18, 21 isolated from ixodes persulcatus in the northeast of china, cdna synthesis of e protein genes of the six dxal strains was performed using rt-pcr, and the e protein genes were cloned and sequenced. the results showed that the nucleotide sequence of e protein gene of the six dxal strains was 1488 bp in length respectively and the length of predicted prot ...	2008	18683557
babesia microti-like rodent parasites isolated from ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in heilongjiang province, china.	a babesia microti-like rodent parasite was isolated from the tick, ixodes persulcatus, collected from the northern forest area of heilongjiang province, china. the collected i. persulcatus were allowed to feed on specific pathogen-free scid mice and red blood cells from the mice were used to isolate babesia spp. with the microareophilous stationary-phase culture technique. paired and tetrad forms of merozoites were observed by light microscope in red blood cells of scid mice. in vitro growth of ...	2008	18718720
detection of francisella tularensis in ticks and identification of their genotypes using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.	tularemia was reported in china over 50 years ago, however, many epidemical characteristics remain unclear. in the present study, the prevalence of francisella tularensis in ticks was investigated during an epidemiological surveillance in china and then we measured their genetic diversity by conducting multiple-locus variable- number tandem repeat analysis (mlva).	2008	18798995
competitive exclusion between piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis agents within cattle.		2008	18225951
establishment of a laboratory colony of taiga tick ixodes persulcatus for tick-borne pathogen transmission studies.	ixodes persulcatus schulze (i. persulcatus) is distributed in russia and far east asia including japan, and has been implicated as the vector of several human pathogens. in particular, i. persulcatus acts as the only tick vector for human lyme borreliosis in japan. in order to elucidate the mechanism of transmission of i. persulcatus-borne pathogens, we developed a laboratory colony of i. persulcatus. ticks were fed on syrian hamster and engorged ticks that had dropped off the animals were colle ...	2008	18318110
transmission of bartonella henselae by ixodes ricinus.	bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria associated with several emerging diseases in humans and animals. b. henselae causes cat-scratch disease and is increasingly associated with several other syndromes, particularly ocular infections and endocarditis. cats are the main reservoir for b. henselae and the bacteria are transmitted to cats by cat fleas. however, new potential vectors are suspected of transmitting b. henselae, in particular, ixodes ricinus, the most abundant ixodid ti ...	2008	18598628
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its coinfection with borrelia afzelii in ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks inhabiting tver province (russia) - a sympatric region for both tick species.	human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are tick-borne infectious diseases caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, respectively. in this study, p44/msp2 paralogues specific to a. phagocytophilum and 5s-23s rrna gene-intergenic spacers specific to b. burgdorferi sensu lato species were detected by pcr in ticks collected in two regions, tver (kalinin) and konakovo, of the tver (kalinin) province located 150 km north-west of moscow. t ...	2008	18628500
phylogenetic analysis of the species theilovirus: emerging murine and human pathogens.	the cardiovirus genus of the family picornaviridae includes two distinct species, encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus. we now report the complete nucleotide sequences of three theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) strains (to yale, tob15, and vie 415htr) and of vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus (vhev). this information, together with the recently reported sequences of divergent theiloviruses (theiler's-like rat virus [trv] and saffold viruses 1 and 2 [safv-1 and safv-2]), e ...	2008	18815294
prevention of lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.	prevention is the best method for avoiding potentially serious complications of lyme and other tick-borne diseases. in this article, we discuss preventative measures that can be used by individuals or communities. among the topics discussed are personal protective measures, tick reduction, reservoir reduction, and vaccination. additionally, new preventative measures that are in development-including new lyme disease vaccines, antitick vaccines, and reservoir-targeted vaccination-are discussed.	2008	18755380
delineation of a new species of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, borrelia americana sp. nov.	analysis of borrelia isolates collected from ticks, birds, and rodents from the southeastern united states revealed the presence of well-established populations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia bissettii, borrelia carolinensis, and borrelia sp. nov. multilocus sequence analysis of five genomic loci from seven samples representing borrelia sp. nov. isolated from nymphal ixodes minor collected in south carolina showed their close relatedness to california strains known as genomospec ...	2009	19846628
molecular identification of salp15, a key salivary gland protein in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes, from ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae).	salp15 is a multifunctional protein, vital to the tick in its need to obtain vertebrate host blood without stimulating a host inflammatory and immune response. the salpl5 protein from both ixodes scapularis say and ixodes ricinus (l.), the principal vectors of the lyme disease spirochete in eastern north america and europe, respectively, have been well characterized and found to bind the murine cd4 receptor, dc-sign, and the ospc protein of borrelia burgdorferi. in the current study, we characte ...	2009	19960697
niche partitioning of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species.	the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi and the relapsing fever group species borrelia miyamotoi co-occur in the united states. we used species-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction to study both species in the blood and skin of peromyscus leucopus mice and host-seeking ixodes scapularis nymphs at a connecticut site. bacteremias with b. burgdorferi or b. miyamotoi were most prevalent during periods of greatest activity for nymphs or larvae, respectively. whereas b. burgdorferi ...	2009	19996447
molecular and clinical evidence of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in cameroonian patients with undifferentiated febrile illness.	in the u.s.a., human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme) caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis is an emerging tick-transmitted zoonosis. in cameroon, where e. canis, e. chaffeensis and e. ewingii have recently been detected in dogs and/or ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus), the potential exists for human infections. patients from the coastal region of cameroon who had acute fevers of unknown aetiology were therefore checked for ehrlichial infection, using a real-time pcr that amplifies part of a genus-spe ...	2009	20030996