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human infection with candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, china.to identify candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis infection in northeastern china, we tested blood samples from 622 febrile patients. we identified in 7 infected patients and natural foci for this bacterium. field surveys showed that 1.6% of ticks and 3.8% of rodents collected from residences of patients were also infected.201223017728
association between anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs and distribution of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks in latvia.anaplasma phagocytophilum has been detected in ticks in latvia; however, this is the first study to investigate this pathogen in dogs in latvia. the aims of this study were: (i) to determine a. phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs, (ii) to correlate a. phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs with the geographic distribution of the tick species ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus, and (iii) to determine if seroprevalence for a. phagocytophilum is higher in dogs with clinical signs suggestive o ...201323043871
prevalence of lyme borrelia in ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area with a confirmed case of lyme disease.in this study, the prevalence of borrelia infections in ixodes ticks from a site in hokkaido, japan, with confirmed cases of lyme disease was determined by a pcr method capable of detecting and differentiating between strains of pathogenic borrelia, with particular emphasis on borrelia garinii (b. garinii) and borrelia afzelli (b. afzelli), using tick-derived dna extracts as template. a total of 338 ticks, inclusive of 284 ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus), were collected by flagging vegetatio ...201323047332
tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila.according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ...201223077630
[estimation of the biological age in males of the taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus: ixodinae) by fat reserves in the midgut].some criteria for the estimation of the biological and calendar age by the fat storage in midgut cells of ixodes persulcatus males were established on the basis of examination of ticks from the laboratory culture.201223082498
high prevalence of genetically diverse borrelia bavariensis-like strains in ixodes persulcatus from selenge aimag, mongolia.in mongolia, lyme borreliosis was first reported in 2003. to determine which borrelia species may contribute to the occurrence of lyme borreliosis in mongolia, real-time pcr was conducted on 372 adult ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in selenge aimag, the province with the highest incidence of human lyme borreliosis. 24.5% of ticks were identified to be positive for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna. species differentiation using an snp-based real-time pcr and multi-locus sequence analysis r ...201323084366
[ratio of the numbers of ixodes persulcatus imagoes in the near-baikal area with the use of different recording methods].the data of estimating the number of ixodes perculcatus by two methods (the number of ticks per flag-hour and that per flag-kilometer) in the near-baikal area were analyzed. according to these values, the abundance of taiga ticks in individual calculations ranged from 0 to 394. the association between the time of passage and the number of collected ticks was positive and high significant. the correction factors were calculated to obtain the abundance values expressed in per flag-kilometer units ...201223088149
close geographic association of human neoehrlichiosis and tick populations carrying "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" in eastern switzerland.neoehrlichiosis caused by "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" is an emerging zoonotic disease. in total, six patients have been described in europe, with the first case detected in 2007. in addition, seven patients from china were described in a report published in october 2012. in 2009, we diagnosed the first human case of "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in the zurich area (switzerland). here, we report two additional human cases from the same region, which were identified by broad-ran ...201323115262
analysis of an ordered, comprehensive stm mutant library in infectious borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for mouse infectivity.the identification of genes important in the pathogenesis of lyme disease borrelia has been hampered by exceedingly low transformation rates in low-passage, infectious organisms. using the infectious, moderately transformable b. burgdorferi derivative 5a18np1 and signature-tagged versions of the himar1 transposon vector pgkt, we have constructed a defined transposon library for the efficient genome-wide investigation of genes required for wild-type pathogenesis, in vitro growth, physiology, morp ...201223133514
genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain nmjw1, isolated from china.we announce the draft genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain nmjw1, isolated from ixodes persulcatus in northeastern china. the 902,789-bp linear chromosome (28.4% gc content) contains 813 open reading frames, 33 trnas, and 4 complete rrnas.201223144406
ixodes persulcatus, a major vector of alphaproteobacteria in russia.ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 (i. persulcatus) is distributed from the western to the eastern borders of russia where it is found in the taiga and in mixed forests of the european type. this tick is a known vector of viral (tick-borne encephalitis virus), spirochetal (borrelia spp.), and protozoan (babesia spp.) agents. in this work, we analyzed the phylogenetic position of i. persulcatus within the prostriata based on its 18s rrna gene. furthermore, we review the relationship of this tick wi ...201223182546
development of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of theileria annulata, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle.tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases that impose serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. a common feature of these diseases is that, following recovery from primary infection, animals become persistent carriers of the pathogen and continue to play a critical role in disease epidemiology, acting as reservoirs of infection. this study describes development and eva ...201223183165
clusteron structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus populations.tick-borne encephalitis is a natural focal transmissible zooanthroponosis. the causative agent of the disease is a tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) belonging to the genus flavivirus of the family flaviviridae and is widespread in eurasia. current tbev classification based on molecular genetic data comprises three phylogenetically separate subtypes: far eastern, european and siberian (tbev-sib). further differentiation of tbev isn't developed, making it difficult to investigate the origins, d ...201323201042
borrelia miyamotoi infections among wild rodents show age and month independence and correlation with ixodes persulcatus larval attachment in hokkaido, japan.to clarify how borrelia miyamotoi is maintained in the environment in hokkaido, we examined ixodes persulcatus for its prevalence among wild rodents and its tick vector by detecting a portion of the borrelial flab gene in rodent urinary bladder and blood samples, and from whole ticks. we compared b. miyamotoi infection rates to borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii, which are human lyme disease pathogens also carried by wild rodents, and which are transmitted by the same vector tick. whereas b. ...201323210636
transovarial transmission of borrelia spirochetes by ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations.transovarial transmission (tot) of borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), the agent of lyme disease, by the ixodes persulcatus group of hard ticks (ixodidae) has frequently been reported in the literature since the discovery of lyme disease 1982. evidence for and against tot by b. burgdorferi has led to uncertainty and confusion in the literature, causing misconceptions that may have public health consequences. in this report, we review the published information implicating b. burgdorferi as a bacte ...201323238242
distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus ticks in southern karelia (russia).the northern boundary of the sympatric zone of ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus (acari: ixodidae) passes through karelia. studies carried out in the 1950s showed that these ixodes species were mostly found in southern karelia. i. ricinus inhabited the west of the region, i. persulcatus the east, with a zone of sympatry in the centre. here, we describe the present distribution of these species in southern karelia and provide a retrospective assessment of potential changes in the sympatric zone. ...201323246095
anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks: comparison of prevalences and partial 16s rrna gene variants in urban, pasture, and natural habitats.urban, natural, and pasture areas were investigated for prevalences and 16s rrna gene variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks. the prevalences differed significantly between habitat types, and year-to-year variations in prevalence and habitat-dependent occurrence of 16s rrna gene variants were detected.201223263964
a novel approach, based on blsoms (batch learning self-organizing maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks.ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, which are often zoonotic. the aim of this study was to identify diverse tick microbiomes, which may contain as-yet unidentified pathogens, using a metagenomic approach. dna prepared from bacteria/archaea-enriched fractions obtained from seven tick species, namely amblyomma testudinarium, amblyomma variegatum, haemaphysalis formosensis, haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes ovatus, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus, was subject ...201323303373
epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in europe and its prevention by available vaccines.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is caused by a flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in central and eastern europe and russia. today, tbe is endemic in 27 european countries, and has become an international public health problem. the epidemiology of tbe is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. vaccinat ...201323377671
differential tick burdens may explain differential borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii infection rates among four, wild, rodent species in hokkaido, japan.the ecologies of lyme disease borrelia spp. are very specific to location, as they are dependent upon the spirochete species and genotypes, the vectors and the host vertebrates present. in hokkaido, japan, where two human pathogenic, lyme disease borrelia spp. are present, and human cases are reported annually, the ecologies have been poorly studied. our goal was to determine whether variation in borrelial infection rates among rodent species sharing an environment, is due to immunological or ec ...201323391510
vaccination against lyme disease: past, present, and future.lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface a (ospa) lipoprotein of b. burgdorferi, led to its demise, ...201323407755
[immunomodulating effect of an ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick salivary gland extract on balb/c mice lymphocytes in an in vitro system].the immunomodulating effect of the components of an ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick salivary gland extract (sge) on balb/c mice lymphocytes was evaluated. sge of partially engorged ticks at a concentration of 50 microg/ml causes the maximum suppression oft- and b-lymphocyte subpopulations. sge of hungry ticks at the same concentration induces the suppression of only cd69+ t cells and tlr-2+ b cells, but produces no suppressive effect on cd69+ b lymphocytes, tlr-2+ t lymphocytes, and tlr-4+ t ...201223437721
ticks of poland. review of contemporary issues and latest research.the paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. in the polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: argas reflexus, argas polonicus, carios vespertilionis, ixodes trianguliceps, ixodes arboricola, ixodes crenulatus, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes li ...201223444797
development of simple and rapid assay to detect viral rna of tick-borne encephalitis virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a causative agent of acute central nervous system disease in humans. it has three subtypes, far eastern (fe), siberian (sib) and european (eu) subtypes, which are distributed over a wide area of europe and asia. the objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid assay for the detection of tbev rna by using reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method that can differentiate the three subtypes of tbev and can be us ...201323452322
[identification of ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi occidentalis (ixodidae) by the analysis of the gene fragment coxi (cytochrome oxidase subunit i)].ticks of the genus ixodes were collected in 2010 in the lowland part of toguchinsk district of novosibirsk province (russia) and in the forest-park area of novosibirsk scientific centre and its outskirts (sovetskiy district of novosibirsk), and identified as ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) (18 females and 13 males) and ixodes pavlovskyi (13 females and 10 males). ten specimens of each sex from each collecting site were examined. the following nine characters were used: the length and width of ...201223458013
[changes in the ranges of pasture ixodid ticks of the genus ixodes latr., 1795 (parasitiformes, ixodinae) in western siberia].the character of distribution of two species from the genus ixodes, the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in the plain part of western siberia is analyzed. the northern border of the range of i. persulcatus in hmao-ugra was clarified on the basis of long-term data on the population density of adult and immature ticks (1960-2011). the shift of the southern border of the species range in western siberia at the background of anthropogenic transformation (forest restoring activity, ...201223458015
human granulocytic anaplasmosis, japan.we retrospectively confirmed 2 cases of human anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. patient blood samples contained unique p44/msp2 for the pathogen, and antibodies bound to a. phagocytophilum antigens propagated in thp-1 rather than hl60 cells. unless both cell lines are used for serodiagnosis of rickettsiosis-like infections, cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis could go undetected.023460988
molecular survey of hard ticks in endemic areas of tick-borne diseases in china.over the past several years, there was a substantial increase in the number of cases of known and novel tick-borne infections in humans in china. to better understand the ticks associated with these infections, we collected hard ticks from animals or around livestock shelters in 29 localities in 5 provinces (beijing, henan, hubei, inner mongolia, and zhejiang) where cases of tick-borne illness were reported. we collected 2950 hard ticks representing 7 species of 4 genera (dermacentor sinicus, ha ...201323538111
serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in recaptured white-footed mice.a mark-release-recapture study was conducted during 2007 through 2010 in six, tick-infested sites in connecticut, united states to measure changes in antibody titers for borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice). there was an overall recapture rate of 40%, but only four tagged mice were caught in ≥2 yr. sera from 561 mice were analyzed for total antibodies to b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum by using whole-c ...201323568904
distribution of tick-borne diseases in china.as an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in china, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. the most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in china include lyme borreliosis (known as lyme disease in china), tick-borne encephalitis (known as forest encephalitis in china), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in china), q-f ...201323617899
complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) represents a species complex.ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of rhipicephalus sanguineus from china (rsc) and compared with that of r. sanguineus from usa (rsu). nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between rsc and rsu. for the 13 protein-coding genes, compari ...201323630448
detection and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in baltic countries and eastern poland.ticks were collected from the vegetation in the baltic countries estonia, latvia, lithuania and eastern poland and analyzed for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) by amplification of the partial e and ns3 genes. in estonia we found statistically significant differences in the tbev prevalence between i. persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks (4.23% and 0.42%, respectively). in latvia, the difference in tbev prevalence between the two species was not statistically significant (1.02% fo ...201323650497
heterogeneity of 3'-untraslated region of genome rna of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains isolated from ticks in the western siberia, russia.the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains have been isolated from unfed adult ticks ixodes persulcatus schulze in novosibirsk region (south-western siberia, russia) beginning from 1980 till 2006. the tbev 3'-untraslated region (3'utr) variable fragment was amplified with primers corresponding to conserved flanking areas. the rt-pcr product lengths varied in range from 100 to 400 bp. comparative analysis of 3'utr nucleotide sequences revealed a few groups of the tbev strains within siberia ...023675045
lyme borreliosis and skin.lyme disease is a multisystem illness which is caused by the strains of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the tick, ixodes. though very commonly reported from the temperate regions of the world, the incidence has increased worldwide due to increasing travel and changing habitats of the vector. few cases have been reported from the indian subcontinent too. skin manifestations are the earliest to occur, and diagnosing these lesions followed by appropriate treatment, can ...201323723463
tick-borne encephalitis virus, zealand, denmark, 2011. 023764123
[concerning the problem of the northern limit of ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) distribution in karelia].the influence of changes in climate conditions on the abundance and formation of the northern limit of ixodes persulcatus distribution in karelia has been studied. it has been demonstrated that the territory in which the heat provision is sufficient for the development of ixodid ticks significantly increased during 2000-2007. thus, it favored an increase in the abundance and enhanced distribution of i. persulcatus.201623789430
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in tick populations in estonia.estonia is located in a unique area of co-distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus, which are the main tick vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in the last decade, the incidence rate of lyme borreliosis in estonia has increased dramatically up to 115.4 per 100,000 in 2012. here we present the first survey of the presence, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of b. burgdorferi s.l. complex spirochetes in the tick population in estonia.201323837798
anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies.the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (tbf) in domestic ruminants in ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern europe. in recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. a. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. however, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal ...201323885337
community-level phenological response to climate change.climate change may disrupt interspecies phenological synchrony, with adverse consequences to ecosystem functioning. we present here a 40-y-long time series on 10,425 dates that were systematically collected in a single russian locality for 97 plant, 78 bird, 10 herptile, 19 insect, and 9 fungal phenological events, as well as for 77 climatic events related to temperature, precipitation, snow, ice, and frost. we show that species are shifting their phenologies at dissimilar rates, partly because ...201323901098
[investigation on the endemic foci of new emerged tick-borne encephalitis in charles hilary, xinjiang].to investigate the recent emerged endemic region of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) regarding its natural reserves, in charles hilary, northern xinjiang and to isolate and characterize the viral geographic strain.201324016430
transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds.birds, particularly passerines, can be parasitized by ixodid ticks, which may be infected with tick-borne pathogens, like borrelia spp., babesia spp., anaplasma, rickettsia/coxiella, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. the prevalence of ticks on birds varies over years, season, locality and different bird species. the prevalence of ticks on different species depends mainly on the degree of feeding on the ground. in europe, the turdus spp., especially the blackbird, turdus merula, appears to be mo ...201324058903
scanning electron microscope study of a snake tick, amblyomma gervaisi (acari: ixodidae).the scanning electron microscope (sem) studies on both male and female tick, amblyomma gervaisi (lucas 1847) inhabiting the snake naja naja were made. detail of the surface structures as seen under sem exhibit sexual dimorphism and were compared with other tick species as reported. sem observations show characteristic alloscutal ornamentation, inornate festoons, triangular licking organ, size of the hypostome, round haller's organ, genital plate oval in male and slit-like in female, and prominen ...201224082536
update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach.tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus rickettsia. these zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. however, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that wer ...024092850
coevolutionary analyses of the relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts.host-parasite coevolution is a key driver of biological diversity. to examine the evolutionary relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts, we calculated the molecular clock and conducted phylogenetic analyses of both groups. based on our results, we conclude that the divergence time of piroplasmids (∼56 mya) is later than divergence time of their hard tick hosts (∼86 mya). from analyses of the evolution of both piroplasmid and vector lineages and their association, we know that ...201324101988
quantitative pcr for detection of babesia microti in ixodes scapularis ticks and in human blood.babesia microti, the primary cause of human babesiosis in the united states, is transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks; transmission may also occur through blood transfusion and transplacentally. most infected people experience a viral-like illness that resolves without complication, but those who are immunocompromised may develop a serious and prolonged illness that is sometimes fatal. the geographic expansion and increasing incidence of human babesiosis in the northeastern and midwestern unite ...201324107203
serological detection of lyme borreliosis agents in patients from korea, 2005-2009.laboratory tests are now being used to identify seropositive cases in patients suspected of having a lyme borreliosis (lb) infection. from 2005 to 2009, we analyzed the serological and epidemiological characteristics of 53 lb positive cases in korea using immunoblot assay.201124159447
prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks collected from the republic of korea during 2011-2012.in this study, we demonstrated that tbev-infected ticks have been distributed in the rok, combined with our previous results. these results suggest that tbev may exist in the rok, and h. longicornis, h. flava, and i. nipponensis may be potential vectors of tbev. in addition, these results emphasize the need for further epidemiological research of tbev.201224159517
autochthonous lyme borreliosis in humans and ticks in korea.this study aimed at finding epidemiological and clinical features of autochthonous lyme borreliosis in humans through epidemiological investigations and identifying its vectors and pathogens through analysis of ticks.201324159530
molecular characterization of msp2/p44 of anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from infected patients and haemaphysalis longicornis in laizhou bay, shandong province, china.molecular characterization of the msp2/p44 protein of anaplasma phagocytophilum may determine not only if the bacterium is capable of invading hosts but also whether it generates antigenic variation for the purpose of escaping the host immune response, resulting in various pathologic injuries and serious clinical outcomes. chinese anaplasmosis patients usually present with serious manifestations, and the fatality rate is as high as 26.5%. in this study, we amplified, cloned and sequenced the msp ...201324167608
molecular epidemiology of the emerging zoonosis agent anaplasma phagocytophilum (foggie, 1949) in dogs and ixodid ticks in brazil.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, dogs and other animals, and it is transmitted by ixodid ticks. the objective of the current study was a) detect a. phagocytophilum in dogs and ixodid ticks using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr); and b) determine important variables associated to host, environment and potential tick vectors that are related to the presence of a. phagocytophilum in dogs domiciled in rio de janeiro, brazil.201324330631
molecular and serological evidence for the circulation of the tick symbiont midichloria (rickettsiales: midichloriaceae) in different mammalian species.the midichloriaceae is a novel family of the order rickettsiales, that encompasses intracellular bacteria associated with hard ticks (ixodidae) and other arthropods. the most intensively investigated member of this family is midichloria mitochondrii, a symbiotic bacterium of the sheep tick ixodes ricinus, characterized by the capacity of multiplying inside the mitochondria. a recent study suggested that these bacteria might be inoculated into the human host during the tick bite. the purpose of t ...201324330701
comparison of tick-borne microorganism communities in ixodes spp. of the ixodes ricinus species complex at distinct geographical regions.characterizing the tick-borne microorganism communities of ixodes ricinus (sheep tick) and ixodes persulcatus (taiga tick) from the i. ricinus species complex in distinct geographical regions of eastern europe and european russia, we demonstrated differences between the two ticks. taiga ticks were more frequently mono- and co-infected than sheep ticks: 24.4 % (45/184 tested ticks) versus 17.5 % (52/297) and 4.3 % (8/184) versus 3.4 % (10/297), respectively. ginsberg co-infection index values wer ...201424356921
surveillance of tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild birds and ticks in tomsk city and its suburbs (western siberia).to study the role of wild birds in the transmission of tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev), we investigated randomly captured wild birds bearing ixodid ticks in a very highly endemic tbe region located in tomsk city and its suburbs in the south of western siberia, russia. the 779 wild birds representing 60 species were captured carrying a total of 841 ticks, ixodes pavlovskyi pom., 1946 (n=531), ixodes persulcatus p. sch., 1930 (n=244), and ixodes plumbeus leach. 1815 (n=66). the highest averag ...201424380691
laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites.the collection, handling, identification, and reporting of ectoparasitic arthropods in clinical and reference diagnostic laboratories are discussed in this review. included are data on ticks, mites, lice, fleas, myiasis-causing flies, and bed bugs. the public health importance of these organisms is briefly discussed. the focus is on the morphological identification and proper handling and reporting of cases involving arthropod ectoparasites, particularly those encountered in the united states. o ...201424396136
sensitivity to permethrin in a dermacentor reticulatus population from eastern poland in laboratory study.the action of chemical compounds on the palaearctic tick d. reticulatus (fabricius) (acari: amblyomminae) has been poorly investigated so far. therefore, the effects of application of permethrin on engorged d. reticulatus females have been assessed, and the survival rate for the different developmental stages of the tick species in its non-parasitic phase of the life cycle was determined upon application of the pyrethroid.201424405550
pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes persulcatus ticks in mongolia.a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to identify the tick-borne disease agents anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in selenge province, mongolia. the survey was in response to a suspected a. phagocytophilum infection in a patient. in 2012, a total of 129 questing ixodes persulcatus adult ticks were sampled by flagging vegetation. a. phagocytophilum and borrelia spp. were detected by pcr, targeting the 16s rdna (rrs) and 5s-23s intergenic spacer region, respe ...201424451102
on the potential roles of ticks and migrating birds in the ecology of west nile virus.mosquitoes are the primary vectors of west nile virus (wnv). ticks have, however, been suggested to be potential reservoirs of wnv. in order to investigate their role in the spread of the virus, ticks, which had been collected from birds migrating northwards from africa to europe, were analyzed for the potential presence of wnv-rna.201424455105
[studies of the biological age in adult taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus (ixodinae)].the history of studies of the biological age in ixodid ticks is discussed. a method of estimation of the biological age in adult ticks of the genus ixodes by the degree of fat inclusions in midgut cells and in the fat body is developed. an "age scale" for the determination of the calendar age was assumed.201424455906
full-genome characterisation of orungo, lebombo and changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors.the complete genomes of orungo virus (oruv), lebombo virus (lebv) and changuinola virus (cglv) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (vp1-vp7 and ns1-ns4). phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (oc1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: vp2(oc1), in which oc1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; vp3(oc1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; ...201424475112
natural history of zoonotic babesia: role of wildlife reservoirs.babesiosis is an emerging zoonotic disease on all inhabited continents and various wildlife species are the principal reservoir hosts for zoonotic babesia species. the primary vectors of babesia are ixodid ticks, with the majority of zoonotic species being transmitted by species in the genus ixodes. species of babesia vary in their infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity for people. various factors (e.g., increased interactions between people and the environment, increased immunosuppression, ch ...201224533312
detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central italy.tick species characterization and molecular studies were performed within ornithological surveys conducted during 2010 and 2011 in the lazio region of central italy. a total of 137 ticks were collected from 41 migratory birds belonging to 17 species (four partial migrants and 13 long-distance migrants). most ticks were nymphs, with a predominance of hyalomma marginatum marginatum and h. m. rufipes, and a small portion of ixodes and amblyomma species. all tick species analyzed were infected, and ...201424576218
comparative bioinformatics, temporal and spatial expression analyses of ixodes scapularis organic anion transporting polypeptides.organic anion-transporting polypeptides (oatps) are an integral part of the detoxification mechanism in vertebrates and invertebrates. these cell surface proteins are involved in mediating the sodium-independent uptake and/or distribution of a broad array of organic amphipathic compounds and xenobiotic drugs. this study describes bioinformatics and biological characterization of 9 oatp sequences in the ixodes scapularis genome. these sequences have been annotated on the basis of 12 transmembrane ...201424582512
coinfection of tick cell lines has variable effects on replication of intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens.ticks transmit various human and animal microbial pathogens and may harbour more than one pathogen simultaneously. both viruses and bacteria can trigger, and may subsequently suppress, vertebrate host and arthropod vector anti-microbial responses. microbial coinfection of ticks could lead to an advantage or disadvantage for one or more of the microorganisms. in this preliminary study, cell lines derived from the ticks ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus were infected sequentially with 2 arthrop ...201424685441
reprolysin metalloproteases from ixodes persulcatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus microplus ticks.metalloproteases (mps) have been considered essential for blood feeding and other physiological functions in several hematophagous animals, including ticks. we report the characterization of mp sequences of three important ticks from asia, africa and america: ixodes persulcatus (ip-mps), rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs-mps) and r. microplus (brrm-mps). amino acid sequence identity between r. microplus and r. sanguineus mps ranged from 76 to 100 %, and identities among i. persulcatus, i. ricinus and ...201424687173
suppressive effects of neutrophil by salp16-like salivary gland proteins from ixodes persulcatus schulze tick.salp16, a 16-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known to be the molecule involved in the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular pathogen causing zoonotic anaplasmosis, from its mammalian hosts to ixodes scapularis. recently, the presence of a. phagocytophilum was documented in japan and ixodes persulcatus was identified as one of its vectors. the purpose of this study was to identify salp16 genes in i. persulcatus and characterize their function. two cdna clones en ...201424698498
genetic diversity of salp15 in the ixodes ricinus complex (acari: ixodidae).salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is both essential for ticks to successfully obtain host blood and also facilitates transmission of lyme borreliosis. to determine whether the salp15 gene is expressed in ixodes persulcatus and ixodes sinensis, principle vectors of lyme borreliosis in china, we studied transcriptions of this gene in semi-engorged larvae, nymph and adults of these two species. a total of eight salp15 homologues, five in i. persulcatus and three in i. sinensis, were ide ...201424714063
the prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi infection, and co-infections with other borrelia spp. in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in canada.blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis are vectors of the tick-borne pathogens borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti. recently, the i. scapularis-borne bacterium borrelia miyamotoi has been linked to human illness in north america. the range of this tick is expanding in canada which may increase the potential for human exposure to these agents.201424731287
natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks from a forest area of selenge province, mongolia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic agent of public health importance, infecting both humans and animals. an investigation of the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum as well as anaplasma platys was conducted in a forest area of selenge province, mongolia, where ticks are widely distributed and tick-borne diseases are highly endemic. ticks were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction based on groel methodology. anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 14 (6%) of ixodes persulc ...201424734213
human infections with rickettsia raoultii, china.we used molecular methods to identify rickettsia raoultii infections in 2 persons in china. these persons had localized rashes around sites of tick bites. r. raoultii dna was detected in 4% of dermacentor silvarum ticks collected in the same area of china and in 1 feeding tick detached from 1 patient.201424750663
phylogeny of a relapsing fever borrelia species transmitted by the hard tick ixodes scapularis.the discovery of borrelia species that were related to the agents of relapsing fever but were transmitted by hard ticks rather than soft ticks challenged previous taxonomies based largely on microbe-host specificities and geographic considerations. one of these newly-identified organisms is the borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato strain lb-2001 from north america and transmitted by ixodes scapularis. this or related strains have been identified as the cause of human disease, but comparatively little i ...201424813576
first report of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in rodents in finland.tick-borne diseases pose an increasingly important public health problem in europe. rodents are the reservoir host for many tick-transmitted pathogens, including anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, which can cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis, respectively. to estimate the presence of these pathogens in rodents in finland, we examined blood samples from 151 bank voles (myodes glareolus) and demonstrate, for the first time, that a. phagocytophilum and b. microti commo ...201424848684
rural residents in china are at increased risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis.as emerging tick born rickettsial diseases caused by a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis have become a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the world. in particular, in china, an unusual transmission of nosocomial cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis occurred in anhui province in 2006 and more recent coinfection case of a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis was documented in shandong province. although the seroprevalence of human granulocytic ...201424877080
first detection of kemerovo virus in ixodes pavlovskyi and ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in novosibirsk region, russia.kemerovo group viruses are tick-transmitted members of orbivirus genus of the reoviridae family that can cause infections of the central nervous system of humans. in this work, kemerovo virus (kemv) rna was detected for the first time in novosibirsk region of western siberia, russia, in ixodes pavlovskyi and ixodes persulcatus ticks.201424880473
changes in the activity of adult stages of dermacentor reticulatus (ixodida: amblyommidae) induced by weather factors in eastern poland.the host-seeking activity in dermacentor reticulatus ticks undergoes rhythmical changes correlated with environmental conditions. therefore, this study is focused on investigating the activity of adult stages of the species during weather changes occurring in winter months in eastern poland, i.e. a period of tick diapause.201424885216
asymptomatic "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" infections in immunocompetent humans.in europe, human infections with "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" have mainly been restricted to immunocompromised patients. we report here the first cases of asymptomatic "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in immunocompetent humans (5/316 [1.6%] were infected). due to the potential threats of infections with "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" in healthy persons to the safety of the blood supply, further study of this phenomenon is required.201424899023
the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis.culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ...201424949243
survey of selected tick-borne diseases in dogs in finland.due to climate changes during the last decades, ticks have progressively spread into higher latitudes in northern europe. although some tick borne diseases are known to be endemic in finland, to date there is limited information with regard to the prevalence of these infections in companion animals. we determined the antibody and dna prevalence of the following organisms in randomly selected client-owned and clinically healthy hunting dogs living in finland: ehrlichia canis (ec), anaplasma phago ...201424957468
borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato seroreactivity and seroprevalence in the northeastern united states.borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato, a relapsing fever borrelia sp., is transmitted by the same ticks that transmit b. burgdorferi (the lyme disease pathogen) and occurs in all lyme disease-endemic areas of the united states. to determine the seroprevalence of igg against b. miyamotoi sensu lato in the northeastern united states and assess whether serum from b. miyamotoi sensu lato-infected persons is reactive to b. burgdorferi antigens, we tested archived serum samples from area residents during 1991 ...201424960072
a 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome.multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. the objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. the 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cdna expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibo ...201424962723
human exposure to tickborne relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi, the netherlands. 024963562
prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, poland.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a human infection involving the central nervous system. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where it is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in circulation of tbev. however, the current knowledge of d. reticulatus importance in tbe epidemiology is s ...201425047961
irspi, a tick serine protease inhibitor involved in tick feeding and bartonella henselae infection.ixodes ricinus is the most widespread and abundant tick in europe, frequently bites humans, and is the vector of several pathogens including those responsible for lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and bartonellosis. these tick-borne pathogens are transmitted to vertebrate hosts via tick saliva during blood feeding, and tick salivary gland (sg) factors are likely implicated in transmission. in order to identify such tick factors, we characterized the transcriptome of ...201425057911
human infections with borrelia miyamotoi, japan.we confirmed infection of 2 patients with borrelia miyamotoi in japan by retrospective surveillance of lyme disease patients and detection of b. miyamotoi dna in serum samples. one patient also showed seroconversion for antibody against recombinant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase of b. miyamotoi. indigenous relapsing fever should be considered a health concern in japan.025061761
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans, south korea, 2013.we investigated the infection rate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) among ticks collected from humans during may-october 2013 in south korea. haemaphysalis longicornis ticks have been considered the sftsv vector. however, we detected the virus in h. longicornis, amblyomma testudinarium, and ixodes nipponensis ticks, indicating additional potential sftsv vectors.025061851
sika deer carrying babesia parasites closely related to b. divergens, japan. 025061853
prevalence of kemerovo virus in ixodid ticks from the russian federation.the prevalence of kemerovo virus in ixodid ticks collected in 2008-2012 from 11 regions of the russian federation was investigated by real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rt-pcr). the presence of kemerovo virus in ixodes persulcatus, ixodes ricinus, and dermacentor reticulatus was confirmed. virus prevalence depended on the region and varied from zero to 10.1%.201425073856
tick-borne encephalitis virus habitats in north east germany: reemergence of tbev in ticks after 15 years of inactivity.the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis has risen in europe since 1990 and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) has been documented to be spreading into regions where it was not previously endemic. in mecklenburg-west pomerania, a federal state in northern germany, tbev was not detectable in over 16,000 collected ticks between 1992 and 2004. until 2004, the last human case of tbe in the region was reported in 1985. following the occurrence of three autochthonous human cases of tbe after 200 ...201425110671
tick surveillance for relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi in hokkaido, japan.during 2012-2013, a total of 4325 host-seeking adult ticks belonging to the genus ixodes were collected from various localities of hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. tick lysates were subjected to real-time pcr assay to detect borrelial infection. the assay was designed for specific detection of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi and for unspecific detection of lyme disease-related spirochetes. overall prevalence of b. miyamotoi was 2% (71/3532) in ixodes persulcatus, 4.3 ...201425111141
genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and voles from ixodes persulcatus/ixodes trianguliceps sympatric areas from western siberia, russia.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in different mammals. the presence of a. phagocytophilum was assayed in ixodes persulcatus, ixodes trianguliceps ticks and myodes spp. voles from two i. persulcatus/i. trianguliceps sympatric areas in the omsk region (western siberia, russia). in total, a. phagocytophilum was found in 42/108 (38.9%) of vole blood samples, 13/34 (38.2%) of i. trianguliceps ticks removed from voles, 1/12 (8.3%) of i. persulcatus removed fr ...201425113979
high-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in europe.due to increased travel, climatic, and environmental changes, the incidence of tick-borne disease in both humans and animals is increasing throughout europe. therefore, extended surveillance tools are desirable. to accurately screen tick-borne pathogens (tbps), a large scale epidemiological study was conducted on 7050 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from france, denmark, and the netherlands using a powerful new high-throughput approach. this advanced methodology permitted the simultaneous detect ...201425120960
the composition and transmission of microbiome in hard tick, ixodes persulcatus, during blood meal.the tick ixodes persulcatus is the predominant tick species in northeastern china, and it is a major vector in transmission of tick-borne diseases. by 16s rrna illumina sequencing, we investigated the microbiome of i. persulcatus and assessed the variation of the microbiome before and after blood feeding. the prolonged blood meal dramatically altered the composition of the microbiome but did not influence the bacterial diversity. overall, 373 and 289 bacterial genera were assigned to unfed and f ...201425150725
the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi is cultivable in a modified kelly-pettenkofer medium, and is resistant to human complement.borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete found in ixodes ticks in north america, europe, and asia, and has recently been found to be invasive in humans. cultivation of this spirochete has not yet been described, but is important for patient diagnostics and scientific purposes. host specificity of borrelia species is dependent on resistance to host complement (serum resistance), and since b. miyamotoi has been identified as a human pathogen we were interested whether b. miyamotoi is res ...201425189195
[genetic diversity of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes persulcatus ticks in northeastern european russia].the genetic diversity of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in the pcr-positive taiga ticks collected in the republic of komi in 2010 was evaluated. the analyses of nucleotide sequences of the 5'-ncr fragments of viral genome from ticks had shown that 13 isolates of tbev from 16 sequencing variants were represented by the highly pathogenic far eastern genotype of the tbev and only 3 isolates were identified as the siberian genotype of tbev. the nucleotide sequences of 5'-ncr of viral genom ...201425272463
co-feeding transmission in lyme disease pathogens.this review examines the phenomenon of co-feeding transmission in tick-borne pathogens. this mode of transmission is critical for the epidemiology of several tick-borne viruses but its importance for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agents of lyme borreliosis, is still controversial. the molecular mechanisms and ecological factors that facilitate co-feeding transmission are therefore examined with particular emphasis on borrelia pathogens. comparison of climate, tick ecology and ex ...201425295405
large scale spatial risk and comparative prevalence of borrelia miyamotoi and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes pacificus.borrelia miyamotoi is a newly described emerging pathogen transmitted to people by ixodes species ticks and found in temperate regions of north america, europe, and asia. there is limited understanding of large scale entomological risk patterns of b. miyamotoi and of borreila burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), the agent of lyme disease, in western north america. in this study, b. miyamotoi, a relapsing fever spirochete, was detected in adult (n=70) and nymphal (n=36) ixodes pacificus ticks collecte ...201425333277
high seroprevalence of borrelia miyamotoi antibodies in forestry workers and individuals suspected of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the netherlands.substantial exposure to borrelia miyamotoi occurs through bites from ixodes ricinus ticks in the netherlands, which also transmit borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum. direct evidence for b. miyamotoi infection in european populations is scarce. a flu-like illness with high fever, resembling human granulocytic anaplasmosis, has been attributed to b. miyamotoi infections in relatively small groups. borrelia miyamotoi infections associated with chronic meningoencephalitis ...201425356364
antihistamine response: a dynamically refined function at the host-tick interface.ticks counteract host inflammatory responses by secreting proteins from their saliva that compete for histamine binding. among these tick salivary proteins are lipocalins, antiparallel beta-barrel proteins that sequester small molecules. a tick salivary lipocalin has been structurally resolved and experimentally shown to efficiently compete for histamine with its native receptor (e.g., h1 histamine receptor). to date, molecular dynamics simulations focus on protein-protein and protein-ligand int ...201425358914
human babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease in the people's republic of china.babesiosis is a typical zoonotic, emerging disease caused by a tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan of babesia spp. that also can be transmitted by blood transfusion. babesiosis imposes an increasing public-health threat. we reviewed and mapped epidemiological studies on babesia in vectors and/or rodents in the people's republic of china (p.r. china) and found that b. microti was the predominant species detected in the investigated regions such as heilongjiang, zhejiang, fujian provinces and t ...201425403908
vector competence of the tick ixodes sinensis (acari: ixodidae) for rickettsia monacensis.cases of mediterranean spotted fever like rickettsioses, caused by rickettsia monacensis, have become more common in the last 10 years. in china, natural infection of r. monacensis in various tick species has been confirmed but the vector(s) of r. monacensis have not been recorded.201425406413
[life cycle of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus in taiga forests of the eastern sayan plateau].the ixodes persulcatus life cycle has been studied in natural environments of taiga fo- rests in the eastern sayan plateau (56 10' n, 91 30' e). engorged larvae and nymphs de- velop with a morphogenetic diapause or without diapause, with ratio of these two ways of development for larvae and nymphs 77.25/22.75% and 43.43/56.57%, respectively. the hypothetic season hemipopulation consists of 34.5 +/- 4.5, 50.1 +/- 1.3, 13.2 +/- 4.0 n 2.2% of unfed imagoes, completing 3-year, 4-year, 5-year, and 6- ...201425434236
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