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[abundance of larvae and nymphs of the taiga tick ixodes persuicatus (acari: ixodidae) on small mammals in the cut-over lands of the middle taiga subzone of karelia].data of long-term investigations (1998-2004) on the abundance of the taiga tick larvae and nymphs in the cut-over lands of different age in the middle taiga subzone of karelia (62 degrees 04's; 33 degrees 55'w) are presented. the investigation was carried out on three model cut-over lands of different age: 1) "young" cut-over land; age of cut-over in the beginning of investigation is 7 years; betula-deschampsia cespitosa-agrostis tenuis; 2) "middle" cut-over land; age of cut-over is 12 years; sa ...200919807045
the natural history of anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families rickettsiaceae and anaplasmataceae in the order rickettsiales. tick-borne fever (tbf), which is caused by the prototype of a. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in scotland. a similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first de ...201019811878
delineation of a new species of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, borrelia americana sp. nov.analysis of borrelia isolates collected from ticks, birds, and rodents from the southeastern united states revealed the presence of well-established populations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia bissettii, borrelia carolinensis, and borrelia sp. nov. multilocus sequence analysis of five genomic loci from seven samples representing borrelia sp. nov. isolated from nymphal ixodes minor collected in south carolina showed their close relatedness to california strains known as genomospec ...200919846628
variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus genome in the 5' noncoding region derived from ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in western siberia.we report the prevalence of siberian and far eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ixodes persulcatus and ix. pavlovskyi ticks collected in tomsk and its suburbs during 2006-2008. the tbev was detected in 5.7% ticks collected in the city, where ix. pavlovskyi ticks were dominated and 7.5% ticks from suburban foci with prevalence ix. persulcatus ticks. genotyping of the virus showed that siberian subtype (89.5%) is predominant in individual ticks of tomsk suburbs; however, t ...201019877811
detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum dna from haemaphysalis megaspinosa in hokkaido, japan.dna from 101 ticks, including haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, haemaphysalis flava, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, collected by flagging in a pasture in hidaka district (hokkaido, japan) was examined for infection with anaplasma bovis and a. phagocytophilum by species-specific nested pcr. of the 48 h. megaspinosa nymphs, examined, 1 (2.1%) and 6 (12.5%) were positive for a. bovis and a. phagocytophilum, respectively. one of the 6 positive nymphs was dual positive for bot ...201019897306
the tick ixodes pavlovskyi as a host of spirochetes pathogenic for humans and its possible role in the epizootiology and epidemiology of borrelioses.the tick ixodes pavlovskyi is taxonomically, morphologically, and ecologically close to the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, a major host and vector of borrelia spirochetes. the recent range of i. pavlovskyi is disjoined into the western siberian and far eastern parts, with this tick being almost always sympatric with i. persulcatus. a total of 56 unfed adult i. pavlovskyi ticks from the biotope where this species was absolutely dominant (within the city limits of tomsk, western siberia) and 50 i. ...201019929222
molecular identification of salp15, a key salivary gland protein in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes, from ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae).salp15 is a multifunctional protein, vital to the tick in its need to obtain vertebrate host blood without stimulating a host inflammatory and immune response. the salpl5 protein from both ixodes scapularis say and ixodes ricinus (l.), the principal vectors of the lyme disease spirochete in eastern north america and europe, respectively, have been well characterized and found to bind the murine cd4 receptor, dc-sign, and the ospc protein of borrelia burgdorferi. in the current study, we characte ...200919960697
niche partitioning of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species.the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi and the relapsing fever group species borrelia miyamotoi co-occur in the united states. we used species-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction to study both species in the blood and skin of peromyscus leucopus mice and host-seeking ixodes scapularis nymphs at a connecticut site. bacteremias with b. burgdorferi or b. miyamotoi were most prevalent during periods of greatest activity for nymphs or larvae, respectively. whereas b. burgdorferi ...200919996447
molecular and clinical evidence of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in cameroonian patients with undifferentiated febrile illness.in the u.s.a., human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme) caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis is an emerging tick-transmitted zoonosis. in cameroon, where e. canis, e. chaffeensis and e. ewingii have recently been detected in dogs and/or ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus), the potential exists for human infections. patients from the coastal region of cameroon who had acute fevers of unknown aetiology were therefore checked for ehrlichial infection, using a real-time pcr that amplifies part of a genus-spe ...200920030996
ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of china.this paper presents results of an investigation and listing of tick species found in china during a survey in all 28 provinces. this will be a step towards a definitive list of tick species and their distribution. to date, the tick fauna of this area consists of 117 species in the following families: argasidae-argas (7 species), carios (4 species) and ornithodoros (2 species); ixodidae-amblyomma (8 species), anomalohimalaya (2 species), dermacentor (12 species), haemaphysalis (44 species), hyalo ...201020101443
[estimation of the biological age in females of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus by changes in the body shape and surface of cuticle].a method of visual estimation of the biological age of living hungry tick females by visible changes in the depth of marginal groove and the structure of the alloscutum cuticle during natural ageing is developed. in recently activated individuals, the body is convex and the marginal groove is exposed, demonstrating distinctly visible cuticular microfolds (figs 1-4). in attenuated ticks, the body is flattened and marginal fold overlays the marginal groove, concealing cuticular microfolds (figs 5- ...200920198961
two novel salp15-like immunosuppressant genes from salivary glands of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick.salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known for several suppressive activities against host immunity and critical functions for the transmission of lyme borrelia in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, the major vectors found in north america and western europe. salp15 inhibits the activation of cluster of differentiation (cd)4(+)t-cells through the repression of t-cell receptor (tcr)-triggered calcium fluxes and interleukin (il)-2 production. furthermore, salp15 adheres to the spiro ...201020201978
[tarsal gland of the ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus (ixodidae)].a complicated multicellular gland is situated in tarsi of all the legs, occupying one third to half of the segment. glandular cells form a single-layer sack; inner surface of the sack (gland cavity) is enveloped by a multilayer membrane. cuticular rods connecting muscles with the claw pass inside this cavity. glandular cells are characterized by the presence of numerous apical microvilli associated with accumulations of mitochondria, and secretory vacuoles enclosed in cellular membranes. the bas ...201020349634
horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest.the nymph of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) is an important bridging vector of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western united states. the previously unknown dispersal capabilities of this life stage were studied in relation to logs, tree trunks, and adjacent leaf-litter areas in a mixed hardwood forest using mark-release-recapture methods. in two spatially and temporally well-spaced trials involving logs, the estimated mean distances that ...200920352083
[the ixodes tick fauna in orenburg region].a total of 2665 ticks were collected in 26 administrative districts of the orenburg region, which belonged to 4 genera and 5 species. the proportions of the species dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulates, hyalomma detrium, rhipicephalus rossicus, and ixodes persulcatus were 60.8, 21.6, 15.6, 1, and 1%, respectively. information is given on the species-specific composition and biodiversity of ixodidae in different landscape and geographical zones.201020361636
[tick-bite in penile skin : a case report].a 42-year-old man who had no local or systemic symptoms presented with a yellowish tumor in the foreskin of his penis. he had travelled to hokkaido to harvest insects, and recognized this tumor after returning home. since it did not disappear after several days, he visited our hospital. the tumor was suspected to be due to an arthropod. en bloc resection including the arthropod was performed. pathological findings demonstrated that the arthropod was ixodes persulcatus. there were no symptoms aft ...201020372050
emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration.abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ...201020377873
"candidatus anadelfobacter veles" and "candidatus cyrtobacter comes," two new rickettsiales species hosted by the protist ciliate euplotes harpa (ciliophora, spirotrichea).the order rickettsiales (alphaproteobacteria) is a well-known group containing obligate endocellular prokaryotes. the order encompasses three families (rickettsiaceae, anaplasmataceae, and holosporaceae) and a fourth, family-level cluster, which includes only one candidate species, "candidatus midichloria mitochondrii," as well as several unnamed bacterial symbionts. the broad host range exhibited by the members of the "candidatus midichloria" clade suggests their eventual relevance for a better ...201020435776
human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ...201020513551
lyme disease.lyme disease, caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the united states. the clinical presentation varies depending on the stage of the illness: early disease includes erthyma migrans, early disseminated disease includes multiple erythema migrans, meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, and carditis; late disease is primarily arthritis. the symptoms and signs of infection resolve in most patients after treatment with appropriate antimicrobials for 2 t ...201020513553
quantum of infection of francisella tularensis tularensis in host-seeking dermacentor variabilis.the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis, is fundamental to the perpetuation of francisella tularensis tularensis on martha's vineyard, massachusetts, u.s.a. although infected ticks are relatively common on the island, human cases deriving from tick bite are rare. it may be that the quantum of bacteria within these naturally infected ticks is frequently too small to cause disease. accordingly, we quantified the amount of f.t. tularensis bacteria in host-seeking ticks from the island. contra ...201020563231
tertiary structure-related activity of tick defensin (persulcatusin) in the taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus.defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins found in both vertebrates and invertebrates constituting the front line of host innate immunity. to examine the importance of the tertiary structure of tick defensin in its antimicrobial activity, we synthesized two types of the peptides with tertiary structure or primary one on basis of the information of the sequence in the defensin originated from the taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus. chemically synthesized peptides were used to investigate th ...201120596886
[search for protective antigens in ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) salivary gland extracts].rt-pcr evaluation of the activity of eight ixodes persulcatus salivary gland genes shows clear distinctions in their expression depending of the stage of tick feeding. out of them, only salp 10 and salp 15 proteins may be regarded as candidates for protective antigens to develop anti-tick and anti-borrelia vaccines. firstly they play an important role in feeding a tick and modifying a host's immune response. secondly, the increasing expression of the salp 10 and salp 10 genes begins at early tic ...201020608183
tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in finland, russian karelia and buryatia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a central nervous system infection caused by a flavivirus [tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev)], transmitted by ixodes ticks and endemic in a large region in eurasia. we collected 2411 ticks from finland and russia in 2003-2008, screened them for tbev by rt-pcr and isolated and analysed eight strains belonging to all three tbev subtypes; in addition, we obtained two european-subtype strains from human serum samples. tbev rna prevalence in unengorged ticks was ap ...201020660147
[detection of borrelia miyamotoi in ticks ixodes persulcatus from russia].unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks from five regions of russia were examined to analyze the distribution and diversity of borrelia miyamotoi. dna of b. miyamotoi was found in 1.8% of ticks from leningrad oblast, 2.9% from sverdlovsk, 4.5% from novosibirsk, 2.3% from irkutsk oblast, and 2.5% from khabarovsk krai. the molecular typing of the b. miyamotoi dna was based on the partial sequencing of the 16s rrna, p66, and glpq genes. the only genetic variant of b. miyamotoi was detected in all samp ...201020795483
genetic diversity of babesia in ixodes persulcatus and small mammals from north ural and west siberia, russia.the aim of this work was to study the prevalence and genetic diversity of babesia in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals from ural and siberia in russia.201120800011
[detection of babesia spp. dna in small mammals and ixodic ticks on the territory of north ural, west siberia and far east of russia].totally, 932 small mammals and 458 questing adult ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk and novosibirsk regions and khabarovsk territory, as well as 128 haemaphysalis japonica, 34 h. concinna and 29 dermacentor silvarum from khabarovsk territory were examined for the presence of babesia by nested pcr based on the 18s rrna gene. babesia microti dna was found in samples of small mammals from all the studied regions--in 36.2% of samples from sverdlovsk region, 5.3% of samples from novosibirsk region, ...201020886686
the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas.the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ...201020969792
differentiation of medically important euro-asian tick species ixodes ricinus, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes hexagonus, and dermacentor reticulatus by polymerase chain reaction.abstract understanding epidemiology of the tick-borne pathogens requires the accurate identification of the vector ticks. morphological analysis of ticks is difficult and often leads to misidentification. molecular techniques offer an alternative approach of tick identification. to date, no practical and reliable molecular assays for discrimination of euro-asian ticks are available. our aim was to develop such an assay for discrimination between four euro-asian tick species of high medical impor ...201021028959
molecular identification and expression analysis of lipocalins from blood feeding taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus schulze.lipocalins have been known for their several biological activities in blood-sucking arthropods. recently, the identification and characterization of lipocalins from ixodes ricinus (lirs) have been reported and functions of lipocalins are well documented. in this study, we have characterized four ixodes persulcatus lipocalins that were discovered while analyzing i. persulcatus tick salivary gland est library. we show that the four i. persulcatus lipocalins, here after named lipers (lipocalin from ...201021036169
[estimation of the biological age in taiga tick females (ixodes persulcatus:ixodidae) by the fat reserves in organism].the method of estimation of the biological age in non-feeding tick females by the level of adipose inclusions in the cells of the midgut and fat body is developed. in order to estimate the fat reserves in non-feeding females, alive ticks were dissected and fragments of their internal were vitally stained with the pregnant solution of sudan iii in 70 % ethanol. three age-specific groups were established: i, young females whose intestines and fat body were filled with fat inclusions; ii, mature fe ...201021061588
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.we genotyped 102 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from ticks, animals, and patients in 11 provinces in china by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) amplification of 5s (rrf)-23s (rrl) rrna gene spacer amplicons and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa). the results showed that borrelia garinii was the main genotype in china (65/102) and that it was distributed mainly in northern china. borrelia afzelii was the second most frequently found species (22/102), and i ...201021106783
chimeric tick-borne encephalitis/dengue virus is attenuated in ixodes scapularis ticks and aedes aegypti mosquitoes.abstract in an effort to derive an efficacious live attenuated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis, we generated a chimeric virus bearing the structural protein genes of a far eastern subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) on the genetic background of recombinant dengue 4 (den4) virus. introduction of attenuating mutations into the tbev envelope protein gene, as well as the den4 ns5 protein gene and 3' noncoding region in the chimeric genome, results in decreased neurovirulence and ...201021142950
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china.thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ...201021142958
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle and ixodes persulcatus ticks.the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum), the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), is increasingly becoming a public health concern as an aetiological agent for emerging infectious disease. we found a. phagocytophilum infection in a pooled sample of field-collected ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus) ticks from one district in hokkaido, japan. thus, to further investigate the prevalence in field-collected ticks, we used pcr assays targeting the ...201021146335
multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia bissettii strains from north america reveals a new borrelia species, borrelia kurtenbachii.using multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa), we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of spirochaete strains from north america previously assigned to the genospecies borrelia bissettii. we amplified internal fragments of 8 housekeeping genes (clpa, clpx, nifs, pepx, pyrg, recg, rplb, and uvra) located on the main linear chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 8 loci showed that the b. bissettii clade consisted of 4 closely related clust ...201021157575
tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild rodents in winter, finland, 2008-2009.rodents might maintain tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in nature through latent persistent infections. during 2 subsequent winters, 2008 and 2009, in finland, we detected rna of european and siberian subtypes of tbev in microtus agrestis and myodes glareolus voles, respectively. persistence in rodent reservoirs may contribute to virus overwintering.201121192857
a functional toll-like receptor 3 gene (tlr3) may be a risk factor for tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) infection.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) infections may be asymptomatic or cause severe symptoms in the central nervous system. a mutation in the chemokine receptor 5 gene has been associated with increased risk of tbe but explains only a limited number of cases. investigations of further risk factors are needed.201121216866
[isolation and identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from ticks in six provinces in china.]objective: to understand the carrying status of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks from the mountain areas from six representative provinces, including jilin, shanxi, gansu, qinghai, guizhou and hunan in china. methods: flagging and trapping methods were used to collect ticks in forest area and culture medium was used to isolate the pathogen. nested-pcr was used to detect the germ-carrying rate of ticks. results: more than 2200 ticks from six representative provinces were collected and 1000 ticks wer ...201021223661
transfusion-transmitted babesia spp.: bull's-eye on babesia microti.babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of animals and humans that cause babesiosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted primarily by tick vectors. although a variety of species or types of babesia have been described in the literature as causing infection in humans, the rodent parasite babesia microti has emerged as the focal point of human disease, especially in the united states. not only has b. microti become established as a public health concern, this agent is increasingly being ...201121233506
european subtype tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes persulcatus ticks. 201121291624
differences in prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma spp. infection among host-seeking dermacentor occidentalis, ixodes pacificus, and ornithodoros coriaceus ticks in northwestern california.previous studies revealed that the pacific coast tick (dermacentor occidentalis) is infected occasionally with the agents of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) or human granulocytic anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) and that it is an inefficient experimental vector of b. burgdorferi. the relationship of the pajahuello tick (ornithodoros coriaceus) to each of these bacterial zoonotic agents has not been reported. the primary bridging vector of both bacterial zoonotic agents to humans is t ...201021359090
detection and characterization of babesia species in ixodes ticks in estonia.the presence of babesia spp. was studied in 2603 ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks collected at seven sites in estonia. by reverse line blot screening, babesia spp. was detected in 36 (1.4%) ticks, among them 18 (0.7%) were further recognized by a babesia microti probe, 3 (0.1%) by a babesia divergens probe, and the other 15 (0.6%) were recognized only by the universal babesia spp. "catch all" probe. sequence analyses of 6 of these 15 samples revealed that all of them belonged to babes ...201121395407
molecular survey of anaplasma and ehrlichia infections of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan.infection by anaplasma and ehrlichia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan, was examined by molecular methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen for anaplasmataceae, based on 16s rrna, showed that 38 (5.4%) of 699 raccoons examined were positive. these 38 positive samples were examined for anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis infection by species-specific nested pcr. nested pcr results indicated that 36 of the 38 samples wer ...201121395415
[pcr detection of the causative agents of infections transmitted by ticks on the kamchatka peninsula].there has been recently a rise in referrals for ixodes tick bites in the spring and summer periods in the kamchatka territory. among the dominant tick species, there has been the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus habiting the extensive areas of the southern and central parts of the peninsula. examination of 84 i. persulcatus females collected from human beings and domestic animals in 2003 to 2007 detected dna of the pathogens of tick-borne borreliosis (b. burgdorferi sensu lato), rickettsiasis (r. t ...201021400710
multilocus sequence typing implicates rodents as the main reservoir host of human-pathogenic borrelia garinii in japan.multilocus sequence typing of borrelia garinii isolates from humans and comparison with rodent and tick isolates were performed. fifty-nine isolates were divided into two phylogenetic groups, and an association was detected between clinical and rodent isolates, suggesting that, in japan, human-pathogenic b. garinii comes from rodents via ticks.201121411595
[study on the infection of taiga ticks with borrelia in the territory of novosibirsk scientific center sb pas].in our study, borrelia were revealed in the taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus collected on vegetation by flagging, as well as in the ticks removed from the people who asked for help in the vaccination center located in the novosibirsk scientific center of the siberian branch of russian academy of science (ns sb ras). by the isolation of borrelia on bsk-h medum, the occurrence of b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. miyamotoi was established in the territory of nsc. b. miyamotoi isolates were unstable and ...201021427963
correlation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the western palearctic.this meta-analysis of reports examining ticks throughout the western palearctic region indicates a distinct geographic pattern for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the greatest prevalence was reported between the 5°e and 25°e longitudes based on an analysis of 123 collection points with 37,940 nymphal tick specimens (87.43% of total nymphs; 56.35% of total ticks in the set of reports over the target area). climatic traits, such as temperature a ...201121498767
detection and differentiation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from sheep and cattle in china.abstract:201121529349
tick-borne encephalitis virus, kyrgyzstan.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is an emerging pathogen in europe and asia. we investigated tbev in kyrgyzstan by collecting small mammals and ticks from diverse localities and analyzing them for evidence of tbev infection. we found tbev circulating in kyrgyzstan much farther south and at higher altitudes than previously reported.201121529400
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, china-russia border.to the editor: anaplasma phagocytophilum, an emerging human pathogen of public health importance, is transmitted to humans most commonly by tick bites (1). the agent has been detected in various species of ixodes ticks around the world (2) and in dermacentor silvarum ticks in northeastern people's republic of china (3), where 3 a. phagocytophilum strains were isolated from wild and domestic animals (4). in the asiatic region of russia adjacent to china, a. phagocytophilum was identified in ixode ...201121529418
[interaction of the siberian and far eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus in mammals with mixed infection. i. factors influencing the type of interaction].polytypic strains containing the fragments of genes of siberian and far eastern tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus subtypes were isolated from the brain of fatal tbe patients, the blood of tbe patients, and ixodes persulcatus ticks in the foci of concomitant circulation of the two subtypes. the interaction of the siberian and far eastern tbe virus subtypes was studied in the neural phase of the infection of albino mice and syrian hamsters in order to understand conditions for formation of these ...201121545035
rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus.abstract introduction: tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes one of the most important flavivirus infections of the central nervous system, affecting humans in europe and asia. it is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected tick and circulates among them and their vertebrate hosts. until now, tbe risk analysis in germany has been based on the incidence of human cases. because of an increasing vaccination rate, this approach might be misleading, especially in regions of low virus circu ...201121548766
the current perspective on tick-borne encephalitis awareness and prevention in six central and eastern european countries: report from a meeting of experts convened to discuss tbe in their region.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a potentially life-threatening disease in humans and is caused by a flavivirus spread by infected ticks (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus). tbe is endemic across much of central and eastern europe and the incidence is increasing, with numbers estimated to be as many as 8755 cases per year. the reasons for this increase are multi-faceted and may involve improvements in diagnosis and reporting of tbe cases, increases in recreational activities in areas inhabit ...201121549781
[the infection of ixodid ticks collected from humans with the tick-borne encephalitis virus in tomsk city and its suburbs].the ticks ixodes persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi collected from people visited gardens and suburban forests have been examined by the ifa methods on the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tev). it was established, that the most part of ticks collected from humans belongs to i. persulcatus, despite the fact that i. pavlovskyi dominates on the territory of the city and its suburbs. tev infection was registered more often in fed ticks, in comparison with those without signs of preceding feedi ...201121598663
[formalin fixation in the method of the ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) age estimation by the state of fat reserves].formalin fixation is proved to be the useful tool in the method of age estimation for the taiga ticks collected in field. formalin does not deform fixed material and does not dissolve fat; hence, it is the best fixing fluid when tick age is estimated by the state of fat reserves in its organism. the ticks preserved in 9% formalin were shown to be suitable for age estimation 1.5-2 months after fixation.201121598671
genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals in the asian part of russia.abstract the specimens of 3552 questing adult ixodes persulcatus and 1698 blood/tissue samples of small mammals collected in ural, siberia, and far east of russia were assayed for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. totally, a. phagocytophilum was detected in 112 tick and 88 mammalian samples. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and groesl operon (1244-1295 bp) were determined for a. phagocytophilum samples from 65 ticks and 25 small mamm ...201121612528
the ecology of tick-transmitted infections in the redwood chipmunk (tamias ochrogenys).the redwood chipmunk contributes to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases in northern california. the range of redwood chipmunks overlaps that of western black-legged ticks and tick-borne disease, including granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis. chipmunks have high anaplasma phagocytophilum pcr- and seroprevalence, are infested with a diversity of ixodes spp. ticks, and are reservoir competent for borrelia burgdorferi. we hypothesized that chipmunks could maintain tick-borne disease on ...201121643481
prevalence of ehrlichia muris in wisconsin deer ticks collected during the mid 1990s.human ehrlichiosis is due to infection by tick transmitted bacteria of the genus ehrlichia. based on a hypothesis for the biogeography of deer tick transmitted infections, we undertook a focused search for the eurasian e. muris in north american deer ticks. the search was stimulated by anecdotal reports of e. muris-like infection in human ehrlichiosis patients from wisconsin. we analyzed archived adult deer ticks collected in northern wisconsin during the 1990s by specific polymerase chain react ...201121643499
rickettsia monteiroi sp. nov., infecting the tick amblyomma incisum in brazil.free-living adult amblyomma incisum ticks were collected in an atlantic rainforest area at intervales state park, state of s+úo paulo, brazil. from an a. incisum specimen, rickettsiae were successfully isolated in vero cell culture by the shell vial technique. rickettsial isolation was confirmed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and pcrs targeting portions of the rickettsial genes glta, htra, rrs, and sca1 on infected cells. fragments of 1,089, 457, 1,362, and 443 nucleoti ...201121685169
[fatal tick-borne encephalitis].the number of cases with tick-borne encephalitis in europe has increased particularly in the 1990's, and new regions have become endemic. ixodes persulcatus, i.e. the taiga tick, is found on the west coast of finland along the n+ñrpi+â-simo axis. this tick has not been encountered in other parts of western europe. in kokkola archipelago it transmits the siberian subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus. we describe the first and fatal case of tick-borne encephalitis transmitted by the "taiga tic ...201121696004
genetic diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia in the asian part of russia.totally, 2590 questing adult ixodes persulcatus ticks and 1458 small mammals from ural, siberia, and the far east as well as 53 haemaphysalis concinna, 136 haem. japonica, and 43 dermacentor silvarum ticks--exclusively adults--from the far east were examined for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris were found in i. persulcatus and small mammals from all the studied regions. myodes spp., microtus spp., ...201021771512
[genetic features of borrelia miyamotoi transmitted by ixodes persulcatus].the definition and molecular typing of borrelia miyamotoi transmitted by the ixodes persuccatus ticks was based on the partial sequencing of the 16s rrna, p66, and glpq genes. all the b. miyamotoi analyzed sequences of the 16s rrna, glpq, and p66 gene fragments from i. persulcatus were identical and had 99.9-100% similarity to corresponding genes of the b. miyamotoi strain fr64b isolated in japan. the analyzed amino acid sequences revealed that the 66 protein b. miyamotoi in the site correspondi ...201121786631
[study of the heterogeneity of 16s rrna gene and groesl operone in the dna samples of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" determined in the ixodes persulcatus ticks in the area of urals, siberia, and far east of russia].a total of 3552 ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk, chelyabinsk, novosibirsk, irkutsk regions and khabarovsk territory were examined on the ehrlichia and anaplasma presence by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris dna were found in i. persulcatus in all studied regions. a. phagocytophilum was detected in 1.3-6.3% of ticks and e. muris - in 2.0-14.1% of ticks. moreover, "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" dna was found in 8 ticks collected in n ...201121786632
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum from wild boars and deer in japan.this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in wild deer and boars in japan. we analyzed the blood samples of the study animals using pcr-targeting the 16s rdna followed by dna sequencing. wild deer infected with anaplasma spp., including anaplasma bovis and anaplasma centrale were detected in the region from hokkaido to kyushu. the infection rates of a. phagocytophilum, a. ...201121788712
evolution of symbiotic organs and endosymbionts in lygaeid stinkbugs.we investigated seed bugs of the genus nysius (insecta: hemiptera: lygaeidae) for their symbiotic bacteria. from all the samples representing 4 species, 18 populations and 281 individuals, specific bacterial 16s rrna gene sequences were consistently identified, which formed a distinct clade in the gammaproteobacteria. in situ hybridization showed that the bacterium was endocellularly localized in a pair of large bacteriomes that were amorphous in shape, deep red in color, and in association with ...201121814289
population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.in order to understand the population structure and dynamics of bacterial microorganisms, typing systems that accurately reflect the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of the agents are required. over the past 15years multilocus sequence typing schemes have replaced single locus approaches, giving novel insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of many bacterial species and facilitating taxonomy. since 2004, several schemes using multiple loci have been developed to bette ...201121843658
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china.thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ...201121870355
[characteristics of the distribution of ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi at the border between the forest and forest-steppe zones in the territory near ob river].field investigations performed in 2009 and 2010 in the novosibirskiy, toguchinskiy, and sovetskiy districts of novosibirsk province showed, that at present, ixodes persulcatus, i. pavlovskyi (subspecies i. pavlovskyi occidentals filippova et panova, 1998), and dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) permanently cohabitate in the woodland park of the novosibirsk akademgorodok, and i. pavlovskyi is the dominating species there. the highest abundance of i. pavlovskyi was recorded in pine forests ...201121874842
Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ...201121918026
[Spread of Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. in the south and central areas of the Republic of Komi]. 201121936090
tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses.abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ...201121955214
humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi, russia.borrelia miyamotoi is distantly related to b. burgdorferi and transmitted by the same hard-body tick species. we report 46 cases of b. miyamotoi infection in humans and compare the frequency and clinical manifestations of this infection with those caused by b. garinii and b. burgdorferi infection. all 46 patients lived in russia and had influenza-like illness with fever as high as 39.5°c; relapsing febrile illness occurred in 5 (11%) and erythema migrans in 4 (9%). in russia, the rate of b. miya ...201122000350
The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia.The increase in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence is observed in recent decades in a number of subarctic countries. The reasons of it are widely discussed in scientific publications. The objective of this study was to understand if the climate change in Arkhangelsk Oblast (AO) situated in the north of European subarctic zone of Russia has real impact on the northward expansion of Ixodid ticks and stipulates the increase in TBE incidence.201122028678
ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009.a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ...201122072840
[etiological structure of complex ixodes tickborne borreliosis natural foci of southern taiga].89 primary isolates of b. garinii and 72 b. afzelii from different developmental phases of i. persulcatus, i. trianguliceps and form small mammalian hosts of borrelia were obtained at an area of ca. 30 km2 located in low-mountain southern taiga forests (perm region). the area provides home for two borrelia species (b. garinii and b. afzeli) and their natural carrier ixodes persulcatus. 23 isolate of b.garnii were obtained from skin biopsies and blood samples taken in patients with borreliosis. t ...201122168033
towards structuring unstructured genbank metadata for enhancing comparative biological studies.within large sequence repositories such as genbank there is a wealth of metadata providing contextual information that may enhance search and retrieval of relevant sequences for a range of subsequent analyses. one challenge is the use of free-text in these metadata fields where approaches are needed to extract, structure, and encode essential information. the goal of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using a combination of existing resources for annotating unstructured genbank ...201122211174
rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ...201222219660
of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes.in little more than 30 years, lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a prototype of an emerging infection. during this period, there has been an extraordinary accumulation of knowledge on the phylogenetic diversity, molecular biology, genetics and host interactions of b. burgdorferi. in this review, we integrate this large body of information into a cohesive picture of the molecular and ...201222230951
molecular detection and characterization of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains.the zoonotic rickettsial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum has a broad geographic distribution and a high degree of biological and clinical diversity. to investigate the genetic diversity of a. phagocytophilum strains in the baltic region and norway, three species of ixodidae ticks were examined for a. phagocytophilum infection, and two genes of the pathogen genome were analyzed. analysis of partial 16s rrna and partial major surface protein (msp4) gene sequences was accomplished through nested ...201222305337
[pcr identification of dna of hosts of the taiga tick nymphs (ixodes persulcatus: ixodinae) in st. petersburg and its suburbs].pcr identification of host dna in unfed females and males of taiga tick ixodes persulcatus was performed. amplification of each sample was done using primers species-specific by 12s rdna mitochondrial gene. four species of small mammals (apodemus uralensis, clethrionomys glareolus, microtus arvalis, and sorex araneus) and two passeriform bird species (fringilla coelebs and parus major) were analysed. for one third of tick samples, hosts of previous stages were established using this method. in f ...201222384683
detection of two zoonotic babesia microti lineages, the hobetsu and u.s. lineages, in two sympatric tick species, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, respectively, in japan.the species babesia microti, commonly found in rodents, demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity. three lineages, u.s., kobe, and hobetsu, are known to have zoonotic potential, but their tick vector(s) in japan remains to be elucidated. we conducted a field investigation at nemuro on hokkaido island and at sumoto on awaji island, where up to two of the three lineages occur with similar frequencies in reservoirs. by flagging vegetation at these spots and surrounding areas, 4,010 ticks, com ...201222389378
identification of trospa homologue in ixodes persulcatus schulze, the specific vector for human lyme borreliosis in japan.the tick receptor for outer surface protein a (trospa) is an ixodes scapularis (i. scapularis) receptor for borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), the causative agent of lyme disease in north america. the blockade of trospa has been shown to reduce b. burgdorferi adherence to the i. scapularis gut in vivo. thus, trospa is one of the potential targets for the development of vector-antigen-based vaccines to prevent the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the aim of this study is to identify the trospa ...201222445928
the correlation between tick (ixodes persulcatus sch.) questing behaviour and synganglion neuronal responses to odours.we examined the behavioural and electrophysiological responses of taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus) to several olfactory stimuli: osmopherone® (5-a-androst-16-en-3-ol), osmopherine® (butanoic and 3-methylbutanoic acids), deet® (n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide), ethanol (96%), and water (control stimulus). to study individual tick behavioural reactions to these stimuli, we used a y-shaped glass maze (n=50). to study the electrophysiological reactions of the ticks' synganglia to these olfactory stimuli, ...201222497860
investigation of borrelia spp. in ticks (acari: ixodidae) at the border crossings between china and russia in heilongjiang province, china.to investigate the precise species of tick vector and the borrelia spirochete pathogen at the heilongjiang province international border with russia.201222575978
phylogeographical structure of the tick ixodes persulcatus: a novel view.the tick ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930, has a wide distribution from the baltic to the far east and is a vector of a number of human pathogens. thus, the study of the genetic structure and evolution of this species is of great epidemiological importance. rrna genes were used as genetic markers to identify the phylogeographical structure of the ticks. the sequences of gene fragments of 28s (expansion segment d3) and mitochondrial 12s rrna for 25 and 76 ticks, respectively, that had been collec ...201222652512
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic animals in ten provinces/cities of china.a nationwide epidemiologic investigation of domestic animal infections has been conducted in nine provinces and one city during 2007-2010. serum samples from a total of 707 goats, 433 cattle, and 219 dogs were collected for detecting anaplasma phagocytophilum igg antibody by immunofluorescence assays and the average seroprevalences were 10.05% for dogs, 3.82% for goats, and 0.69% for cattle, respectively. a total of 472 goats, 201 cattle, 102 dog blood clots, and 1,580 ticks were collected for p ...022764312
rickettsia raoultii, the predominant rickettsia found in mongolian dermacentor nuttalli.since the year 2005, clinical patterns resembling tick-borne rickettsioses have been noticed in mongolia. epidemiological data regarding species of the aetiological agent, tick vector, prevalence, and distribution as well as incidence of human cases throughout mongolia are still sparse to date. in order to identify rickettsia species occurring in mongolia, we investigated dermacentor nuttalli (n=179) and ixodes persulcatus (n=374) collected in 4 selected provinces. rickettsia raoultii was the pr ...201222784401
morphometric study on male specimens of hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) in west of iran.hyalomma anatolicum is the well-known hard tick, which is one of the most important livestock and human pathogens vector, wide range in host and distributed in all over the hyalomma geographic fauna as well as in iran. taxonomy of the hyalomma ssp. is debatable whereas their identification is a problematic work. the reasons for this claim is time consuming delpy's researches in iran also schulze school, feldman-muhsam and the russian tick workers. we would like to understand morphometric variati ...201122808415
dual presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its closely related anaplasma sp. in ixodid ticks in hokkaido, japan, and their specific molecular detection.anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and tick-borne fever in ruminants. a closely related and potentially novel anaplasma sp. in japan was recently characterized. the aims of the study were to provide molecular evidence for the presence of these 2 species in japan, and to develop a reliable pcr method based on the nucleotide differences within the citrate synthase (glta) gene. dna samples from 182 ixodid ticks (134 ixodes persulcatus, 35 haemaphysalis douglasii ...201222813904
genetic diversity of theileria orientalis in tick vectors detected in hokkaido and okinawa, japan.in the present study, we investigated the possible tick vectors that can transmit theileria orientalis in eastern hokkaido, japan. questing ticks collected from three different districts, taiki, otofuke, and shin-hidaka, of hokkaido included ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, and ixodes ovatus, while all the ticks collected from yonaguni island of okinawa were identified as haemaphysalis longicornis. when the ticks were screened by polymerase chain reaction (p ...201222824416
[demography and population models of ticks of the genus ixodes with long-term life cycles].the most important parameters necessary for the creation of population models for threehost species with long-term life cycles are discussed with an example of ticks ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus. in these species, specimens of the same biological age may belong to different age cohorts and their calendar age may differ by several months or even years. accurate estimation of the calendar age of separate individuals is dofficult; it is based on the extrapolation by its possible biological age ...201222834345
isolation, preliminary characterization, and full-genome analyses of tick-borne encephalitis virus from mongolia.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes one of the most important inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, namely severe encephalitis in europe and asia. since the 1980s tick-borne encephalitis is known in mongolia with increasing numbers of human cases reported during the last years. so far, however, data on tbev strains are still sparse. we herein report the isolation of a tbev strain from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in mongolia in 2010. phylogenetic analysis of the e-ge ...201222847274
antigen variability in anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted, bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals. in order to evade host immunity during the course of infection, a. phagocytophilum utilizes gene conversion to shuffle approximately 100 functional pseudogenes into a single expression cassette of the msp2(p44) gene, which encodes the major surface antigen, major surface protein 2 (msp2). the role and extent of msp2(p44) recombination in a reservoir host for a. phagocytophi ...201222859615
[dynamic investigation on the co-infection status of two pathogens in ticks from tourist point in heilongjiang province].to monitor the co-infection status of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b.b.s.l) and spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) in tourist areas of heilongjiang province.201222883181
[polytypic strains in the genofund of tick-borne encephalitis virus].eighteen polytypic tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains containing the fragments of e and ns1 protein genes of siberian and far eastern, occasionally siberian and european subtypes were isolated in the european and asian parts of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) area. they were identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, hybridization-fluorescence detection with genotype-specific probes, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and e protein sequencing. the polytypic ...201622905425
borrelia burgdorferi infections in the united states.it is becoming increasingly evident that the clinical presentation of infection with borrelia burgdorferi varies greatly between different parts of the world. a growing number of european and asian isolates of lyme borreliae, differing from the american strain of borrelia burgdorferi, have been identified in several different disorders. in light of the increasing number of reports describing an association between various cutaneous disorders and infection with borrelia burgdorferi and the contro ...201222916311
the emergence and maintenance of vector-borne diseases in the khyber pakhtunkhwa province, and the federally administered tribal areas of pakistan.human populations throughout much of the world are experiencing unprecedented changes in their relationship to the environment and their interactions with the animals with which so many humans are intimately dependent upon. these changes result not only from human induced changes in the climate, but also from population demographic changes due to wars, social unrest, behavioral changes resulting from cultural mixing, and large changes in land-use practices. each of these social shifts can affect ...201222934007
anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses and ticks in tunisia.anaplasma phagocytophilum , the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, affects several species of wild and domesticated mammals, including horses. we used direct and indirect methods to compare and evaluate exposure to a. phagocytophilum in horses in northern tunisia.201222935132
whole-genome sequencing of borrelia garinii bgvir, isolated from taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus).most lyme borreliosis cases in russia result from borrelia garinii nt29 group infection. borrelias of this group circulate exclusively in ixodes persulcatus ticks, which are seldom found beyond russia and the far east. here we report the whole-genome sequence of borrelia garinii bgvir isolated from an i. persulcatus female.023012288
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