Publications

a comparative observation of ixodes persulcatus and ixodes nipponensis through scanning electron microscope.		1974	4466113
[radio-tagging of ticks of the ixodes persulcatus species].		1972	4666505
effect of photoperiod on the ovipositional patterns of haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes persulcatus (oxopdoidea: ixodidae).		1973	4718533
[species of the group ixodes persulcatus (parasitiformes, ixodidae). vii. paleogenesis of the southern branch of the group ixodes ricinus (l.)].		1973	4777805
[occurrence of fertilization in hungry female ixodes persulcatus p. sch. in nature].		1973	4805431
[sensitivity of ixodes persulcatus schulze ticks to acaricides].		1974	4842667
[determination of the physiological age of empty male ixodes persulcatus p. sch. in western sayan].		1972	5039303
[distribution and population density of ixodes persulcatus ticks in sakhalin].		1972	5042564
[supplementary methods of determining the physiological age of ixodid ticks (using ixodes persulcatus p. sch. of western saian as an example])].		1971	5087690
[necessity for prolonged residual action of acaricides for control of ixodes persulcatus].		1971	5134383
the public health importance of tick-borne encephalitis in europe.	after an historical survey establishing the distinction between russian spring-summer encephalitis, a serious disease with a high mortality rate caused by a virus spread by the tick ixodes persulcatus, and the milder central european encephalitis, which is spread by i. ricinus, the public health aspects of the latter disease are discussed. the factors affecting the incidence of the disease-tick population, role of rodents and insectivores, etc.-are considered. only a small proportion of those in ...	1967	5298542
[ixodid ticks of the kemerovo region. ii. seasonal changes in the activity of ixodes persulcatus ticks according to landscape].		1969	5373448
[the reaction of taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus p. sch) to carbon dioxide and several prospects for its use in field research].		1969	5400211
[distribution of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. ticks on the northern slope of the western sayan mountains and factors determining it. i. distribution of adult ixodes persulcatus].		1970	5469821
[a study of the survival of the virus of omsk hemorrhagic fever in ixodes persulcatus in conditions of their massive infection].		1970	5469822
[the distribution of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. ticks on the northern slope of western saian, and the factors determining it. ii. nourishment of the nymphs and larvae of i. persulcatus by small mammals].		1970	5511251
[infectability of ixodes persulcatus ticks and questions concerning transovarial transmission during dose regulated infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus].		1970	5518645
[some data on feeding habits of female ixodes persulcatus in the primorye region].		1967	5609963
[distribution of ixodes persulcatus ticks and their hosts in overgrowing cleared spaces and in fir-abies forest].		1967	5629256
[consumption of nutritional reserves by empty females of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. during the life cycle].		1968	5715115
[on the ecology of the ixodes persulcatus ticks. the incidence of ticks and their food providers in areas of entire wood-cutting in fir-abies forests].		1965	5869236
[production trials of some repellents against gnats and ixodes persulcatus ticks. ii].		1965	5877776
[isolation of tick-borne encephalitis strains from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected during the 1964 epidemic season].		1965	5896231
the epidemiological significance of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. males in russian spring-summer tick-borne encephalitis.		1966	5950909
[development of the ixodes ticks (ixodidae) in the reclaimed parts of forest in the novgorod region].	data of observations on the development of ixodes persulcatus, i. ricinus and dermocentor pictus in drained parts of small-leaved and coniferous forests with different types of soils are given. it has been established that microclimatic changes take place in sites of ticks development. the draining favours the improvement of ecological conditions of the development of ticks. in drained parts of the forest the survival of preimaginal phases is higher than that in undrained ones.	1983	6221226
[relation between the population count of taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus p. sch.) and their virophoricity in the tick-borne encephalitis foci of novgorod province].		1984	6232448
[sites of sucking attachment of the taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus, ixodidae) in children and adults].	in children and adults ixodes persulcatus adheres mostly often to axillary space, neck, anterior surface of the trunk and comparatively seldom to extremities in distal direction. rather often in children the tick adheres to the head; with age the strength of adhering to the axillary space increases. the topography of adherings of i. persulcatus is closely associated with the character of activities and clothes of the population, ecological characters of the tick, size, anatomical, hystological a ...	1984	6238270
[tick-borne encephalitis in europe (author's transl)].	tick-borne encephalitis is the major european arbovirosis. it is observed in soviet union, central and western europe and scandinavian countries. in france, natural foci have been detected in alsace (more specialy in illkirch forest, near strasbourg). in the united kingdom exists a sheep encephalomyelitis (loupingill) caused by an arbovirus not much different from the tick-born encephalitis virus. the tick-born encephalitis virus is a flavivirus transmitted by tick bites. tick is also a virus re ...	1980	6255281
[distribution and biological characteristics of ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) ticks in the health resort zone of leningrad].	the occurrence of an isolated population of i. persulcatus in the health resort zone of leningrad is due to a character of vegetation, soils, relief and availability of such food sources as birds, hares and elks. the seasonal dynamics of ticks abundance depends very little on temperature but depends on the amount of precipitations and on the number of days with precipitations; long fluctuations in the ticks abundance are stimulated, in general, by temperature. annual mechanical collections of ti ...	1981	6459559
[dependence of larval and nymphal feeding of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus p. sch. on the number of small mammals in the forests of the western sayan].		1984	6482836
seasonal activity of adult ticks ixodes persulcatus p. sch. in the eastern part of the russian plain.	in the tbe focal region in the eastern part of the russian plain the beginning of the adult i. persulcatus activity is usually registered in the last ten days of april, when the upper soil layers get warmed thoroughly up to +5 or 10 degrees c. the period of activity is dissimilar in different years, varying between 65 and 95 days. the duration of the activity period is associated with the tick number and weather of the season. the most favourable years for the activity of adult i. persulcatus ar ...	1984	6541178
tick bite: two cases studied by scanning electron microscopy.	the attachment of ticks to human skin has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. intact specimens of ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus were examined, and we also studied the skin of two patients who had been bitten by these two species. in the first case, the remains of the tick were visible and a homogeneous cement-like substance was observed on the dorsal hypostome and in the dermis, suggesting that the tick attaches itself to the host skin by a secretion. in the second case, the api ...	1984	6696839
biological properties of strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated in the natural foci of the eastern part of the russian plain.	strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated in the natural foci of infection in the eastern part of the russian plain (the kirov region) were examined for their biological properties. the strains examined were 69 strains isolated from ticks ixodes persulcatus, 62 strains obtained from patients with the clinically manifest form of tick-borne encephalitis and 56 strains isolated from the blood of patients with the inapparent form of infection. comparative studies on laboratory animals (albin ...	1984	6715874
consistent patterns in the contact of domestic animals with tick-borne encephalitis virus in the eastern part of the russian plain.	hemagglutination inhibition test (hit), neutralization test (nt) and complement fixation test (cft) were used to serologically examine goats and cows in the southern area of the kirov region and in the udmurt assr. a total of 1641 sera of goats and 1414 sera of cows were examined for the presence on antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus. the tests showed a relatively intensive contact of goats and cows with tbe virus in the forests of the eastern part of the russian plain: hit was pos ...	1984	6715878
[viral titers in ixodes persulcatus ticks from various parts of a tick-borne encephalitis infected area].		1984	6717384
[tick-borne encephalitis viral titers of engorged adult ixodes persulcatus ticks].	the results of titration of adult virus infected ticks of ixodes persulcatus are given. the ticks were collected in various natural nidi of tick-borne encephalitis and individually fed on laboratory animals. the results of titration of ticks of the same species primarily infected on laboratory animals during virusemia are given as well. changes of the virus titer in engorged ticks were observed till the egg production. a role of the presence of virus in engorged ticks for the process of the agen ...	1984	6728510
[sexual transmission of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks (ixodidae)].	sexual transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus from infected ixodid males to noninfected females is shown: in ixodes persulcatus in 50% (6 of 12) and in hyalomma anatolicum in 6.2% (1 of 16). the sexual transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus is shown to provide a transmissible transfer of the virus into eggs in ixodid ticks. electron microscope studies of the sexual system of ixodid males infected with the virus have revealed numerous morphologically mature virus particles in lumens ...	1983	6877862
[duration of the active life of ixodes persulcatus imagoes of different generations and the seasonal changes in their population makeup].		1983	6888329
[experimental study of the effect of taiga tick larvae on murine rodents].		1980	6993906
[experimental characteristics of the taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus, schulze 1930) as a vector of the tick-borne encephalitis virus].		1981	7010108
[differences between murine rodent species as food hosts for ixodid tick larvae (ixodidae)].	tests on the feeding of larvae of ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus on five species of muridae have shown that forest and common voles have congenital protective reactions limiting the number of successfully fed parasites. such congenital resistance is practically absent in common field mice and does not arise during the following parasitism of ixodid larvae. the congenital resistance is absent from steppe lemmings too but protective reactions limiting the number of successfully fed larvae arise ...	1981	7027147
[absolute count of hungry adult ixodes persulcatus ticks (ixodidae) by the sample area method].	the paper presents results of approbation of the use of experimental areas (100 m2 in size) for characteristics of the populational density of adult hungry ixodes persulcatus. data of a single catch (during the seasonal peak of abundance) of the ticks in these areas are used. the obtained results are suitable for characteristics of the abundance and spread of ticks inside the population. correlations between indices of a relative and absolute estimation are given. it was concluded that the numbe ...	1982	7099707
[abundance levels of populations of the virus carriers and vectors in a focus of tick-borne encephalitis].	in 10 altitude-belt complexes of dzhoysky ridge (west sajans) during the summer period of 14-17 years the abundance of small mammals and imago of the taiga tick and the abundance of engorged larvae and nymphs of i. persulcatus was studied. the obtained results have shown that fluctuations in abundance of mammals and imago of ticks are not, as a rule, beyond the limits of a range of critical levels of abundance, which is defined as ee = 15.15. fluctuations in the abundance of nymphs can cover two ...	1982	7145467
[redescription of ixodiphagus hirtus (hymenoptera, encyrtidae), a parasite of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus in the far east of the ussr].		1982	7155628
[experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of dilor, etafos and 3 ddt analogs as agents for eradicating the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus p. sch].		1982	7177053
[activation of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks with a varying developmental character in the nymph phase].		1981	7207395
[cultivation of ixodes persulcatus under field conditions].		1981	7254139
[evaluation of the results of a single count of ixodes persulcatus ticks in sample areas and the ecological problems of this species (ixodidae)].		1981	7290739
[attempt to establish the population and ecological characteristics of ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) by the change in the physiological age of the ticks in the course of a season of activity].	certain peculiarities of the senescence of ixodes persulcatus population were established according to the changes in the age composition of hungry adult ticks belonging to different groups. it was found that the expenditure of reserve nutrients is irregular, this irregularity being greater in males than in females. early in season younger ticks become active while in the second half of the season--older ones. maximum life span of females in fir forests of western sajans is 70 to 80 days, that o ...	1980	7375135
[completeness of the count of ixodes persulcatus depending on their capture frequency rate in registration areas (ixodidae)].		1980	7383703
[body sizes of the taiga tick in different parts of its geographic range (ixodidae)].	912 hungry females of ixodes persulcatus from 19 sites of their distribution area (from estonia to the kuril islands) were measured. the length of the body and that of the dorsal shield reach their maximum in the primorje and in the south of khabarovsk territories. northwards and westwards and on the islands of the pacific ticks are smaller.	1980	7422347
[changes in the physiological age and abundance of ixodes persulcatus ticks during their activity season (ixodidae)].	analysis of the regularity of seasonal changes in physiological age of adult ticks of i. persulcatus has shown that this regularity is described quite satisfactorily by the asymptotic function, by means of which age can be estimated during season for any time. changes in the age composition of active ticks are associated with the seasonal fluctuations in their abundance. due to this connection fluctuations in the seasonal abundance of active individuals can be foreseen and evaluated retrospectiv ...	1980	7465242
bacteriocidal qualities of ixodid tick (acarina: ixodidae) salivary cement plugs and their changes under the influence of a viral tick-borne pathogen.	the abundance of bacteriocidal compounds contained in the salivary cement plug of ixodid ticks was changed because of the reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in their bodies. the size of tbev-infected ixodes persulcatus shulze lytic zone surrounding the cement plug enlarged to that of naive ticks, whereas micrococcus lysodeikticus (cohn) lytic zones induced by the cement plugs of tbev-infected amblyomma hebraeum koch nymphs or rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann females were re ...	1995	7473610
[the presence of borrelia in the intestines and salivary glands of spontaneously infected adult ixodes persulcatus schulze ticks during bloodsucking].	a direct microscopic analysis of fixed smears and live preparations was used to reveal whether spirochetes are present in the gut and salivary glands of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks spontaneously infected with borrelia garinii and b. afzelii. unfed ticks collected from a vegetation, partially fed ticks removed from human bodies, and ticks deliberately fed on laboratory animals were studied. in each preparation, all spirochetes were counted in 250 microscopic fields, and their concentration per ...	1995	7476674
[the reaction of taiga ticks to an attractant. 1. the experimental contact of nymphs with attractant-acaricidal granules].	four experimental variants used the following: 1) granules only from a filler (control); 2) those from a filler and an attractant; 3) and 4) those from a filler, an attractant, and a toxicant (permethrin or lambda cigalothrin, respectively). each experiment used 20 nymphs of the first laboratory generation. 90 and 25% were in contact with attractive and control granules, respectively. out of the nymphs in experiments 3 and 4 granules, 94 and 100% died. the contacts of 4 sec or more duration led ...	2013	7476685
genetic and phenotypic analysis of borrelia miyamotoi sp. nov., isolated from the ixodid tick ixodes persulcatus, the vector for lyme disease in japan.	the ixodid tick ixodes persulcatus is the most important vector of lyme disease in japan. most spirochete isolates obtained from i. persulcatus ticks have been classified as borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato because of their genetic, biological, and immunological characteristics. however, we found that a small number of isolates obtained from i. persulcatus contained a smaller 38-kda endoflagellar protein and single 23s-5s rrna gene unit. representative isolate ht31t (t = type strain) had the same ...	1995	7547303
[the photoperiodic regulation of the development and diapause of the nymphs of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae)].	development and diapause in nymphs of ixodes persulcatus at the age of 12 months are regulated at 18 degrees c by day-length according to the long-day photoperiodic reaction, and regimens of engorged nymphs are of main importance. long-day photoperiods (ld 20:4) have stimulated non-diapause development in 97-100% specimens (moulting of 50% nymphs in 67-69 days after feeding), but short-day photoperiods (ld 12:12) have induced diapause (a delay of development over than 6 months) in 75% specimens.	1995	7567073
[the correlation of light and hygrothermal factors in the determination of the morphogenetic diapause of the larvae and nymphs of the taiga tick in the northwestern spurs of the eastern sayan].	in the taiga of the region in question at the latitude 56 degrees n the photoperiod regimens of 25 june and 21 july determine 50% diapause in engorged larvae and nymphs of ixodes persulcatus. the durations of the day time on these dates are 17 h 34 min and 16 h 45 min respectively. seasonal fluctuations of temperature and precipitation in may-june are the main reasons for the modification of the critical photoperiod. in some years the critical dates for larvae and nymphs vary under these factors ...	1995	7567074
differences in borrelia infections in adult ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in populations of north-western russia.	dark-field microscopy was used to determine the number of borrelia spirochetes in 630 standard preparations obtained from adult ixodid ticks (344 ixodes persulcatus and 286 i. ricinus) collected in 1989-92 in the leningrad region of russia. the average numbers of borrelia in i. persulcatus and i. ricinus preparations were 34.7 and 23.3 per 100 microscopic fields, respectively. the maximal individual values registered each year for ticks of both species were several hundred times greater than the ...	1995	7621710
ability of successful attack in two species of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) as a manifestation of their aggressiveness.	patterns of attacking hosts by two closely related species of ixodid ticks (ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus) were compared in parallel field tests. the ability of active unfed adults of both sexes to adhere to a flannel flag dragged over grass vegetation and to remain on the flag during this process were estimated. the tests were conducted under two temperature conditions, 6-10 degrees c and 17-22 degrees c. in all test versions, adults of i. persulcatus were more successful both in adhering t ...	1993	7628239
susceptibility of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus schulze to pyrethroids.	the susceptibility of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus schulze to 15 pyrethroids has been evaluated. the knockdown time after exposure of ticks to pyrethroids tested was quite similar. it was revealed that the lethal doses of type i pyrethroids (permethrin-like) induced the rapid attachment of ticks to host. in contrast, the fatal poisoning with type ii pyrethroids (alpha-cn-pyrethroids) made the ticks unable to attach completely. possible mechanisms of the acceleration and the prevention of at ...	1994	7628245
[changes in the bactericidal activity of the cementing fraction in ixodid tick saliva under the influence of the presence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus].	it is demonstrated that the abundance of bactericidal compounds in the salivary cement plug of ixodid ticks is changing under the influence of virulent tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) reproduction in their bodies. tbev infected ixodes persulcatus cement plug-forming lytic zone size enlarged in comparison with the naive tick one whereas micrococcus lysodeikticus lytic zones induced by the cement plug of tbev infected amblyomma hebraeum nymphs or rhipicephalus appendiculatus females reduced c ...	1994	7715548
identification of borrelia burgdorferi isolated in korea using outer surface protein a (ospa) serotyping system.	two characteristic strains (935t, 934u) of b. burgdorferi isolated from ixodes persulcatus and a wild rodent (apodemus agrarius) in korea were selected and analyzed by an immunoblot method using the monoclonal antibodies directed to different epitopes of outer surface protein a (ospa). the reactive pattern of strain 934u with these monoclonal antibodies was identical to that of strains belonging to b. afzelii and that of strain 935t was different from other isolates. monoclonal antibody (5tee3) ...	1994	7723693
polymerase chain reaction analysis of borrelia species isolated in japan.	primer reactivities of 25 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from the ticks, ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus, in japan and 10 isolates in europe and north america were investigated. the methods used in this study were the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on the flagellin structural gene (fla), the outer surface protein a gene (osp a) and the outer surface protein b gene (osp b), and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of pcr products from osp a and osp b. the flage ...	1994	7799831
[the rate of infection of the taiga tick with borrelia in the western sayan].	the paper provides microscopic findings of taiga ticks collected for the causative agent of lyme's disease in may to july 1993 in the west sayan . a total of 1,016 specimens were examined, among them 124 (12.2%) were found to have borreliae. the areas were demonstrated to vary greatly with their epidemiological risk. the number of ticks and hence the epidemiological risk were the most in the low-mountain and chern taiga areas.	1994	7799847
[the absolute and relative abundance of imagoes of the taiga tick (ixodidae) in the dark coniferous-deciduous valley forests of the northwestern spurs of the eastern sayan].	additions to the method of estimating the absolute and relative numbers of the pasture ticks in test areas are proposed. additions take in attention the influence of ticks immigrating to the test area in dependence upon the isolation rate of that area. it has been stated that in the period 1987-1991 the mean relative number of i. persulcatus (mean tick number per 1 flag-kilometer of three decades) was 48, 27, 57, 29 and 38; the absolute tick number on test area (tick number per 1 hectare)--1590, ...	1994	7824285
lyme disease spirochetes in japan: enzootic transmission cycles in birds, rodents, and ixodes persulcatus ticks.	the ixodid tick, ixodes persulcatus, serves as a vector of borrelia species associated with lyme disease in hokkaido, japan. the migratory birds of genera emberiza and turdus and the woodland rodents of genera apodemus and clethrionomys are the wildlife reservoirs. to systemize the enzootic transmission cycles, borreliae isolates were classified by ribosomal rna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. most (> 60%) isolates from the bird-feeding i. persulcatus larvae belong ...	1994	7930730
lyme disease spirochetes in a wild fox (vulpes vulpes schrencki) and in ticks.	lyme disease spirochetes were demonstrated in a wild female fox (vulpes vulpes schrencki) and in ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from the fox on sapporo, hokkaido, japan. spirochetes were detected in i. persulcatus, as well as skin lesions, brain, heart, kidney, and liver of the fox. five of seven isolates reacted with a monoclonal antibody against borrelia afzelii specific osp b. deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) relatedness of a brain isolate was 89% to b. afzelii, and ranged from 50 to 67% to th ...	1994	7933292
in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of borrelia isolates from erythema migrans lesion of lyme disease patients in japan.	antibiotic susceptibilities of twelve borrelial isolates from skin of patients with erythema migrans (em) and ticks (ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus) in japan were examined by in vitro microdilution mic method and macrodilution mbc method. nine em isolates and 3 tick isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, erythromycin, and minocycline. mics for japanese isolates were 0.038-0.30 microgram/ml, < 0.012 microgram/ml, and < 0.012-0.05 microgram/ml, respectively. mbcs were as follows: 0.038-0.88 m ...	1994	7935067
[the acaricidal activity of pyrethroids against ixodes persulcatus p. sch. nymphs].	the efficiency of 9 drugs based on cipermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambdacigalothrin, ciphenothrin, phenothrin against hungry i. persulcatus nymphs was studied in the laboratory setting. the values ld50 and ld99 (in g of an active ingredient per m2) were found when the nymphs got into contacts with the treated filter paper for 10 sec and 1 min. the paper discusses whether the pyrethroids as part of attractant-acaricidal granules can be used to suppress the size of ticks in the tick-borne ...	1994	7935189
comparative studies on borrelia afzelii isolated from a patient of lyme disease, ixodes persulcatus ticks, and apodemus speciosus rodents in japan.	the genospecies borrelia afzelii was isolated from a patient of lyme disease in hokkaido, japan, for the first time, by culturing the minced erythema lesion in bsk ii medium. two analytical methods, rrna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using the specific primer set to amplify the 16s rrna gene, revealed that this clinical isolate belongs to the group of b. afzelii. in our culture collection of spirochetes, part of the isolates from ixodes ...	1994	7968670
[the preliminary results of an ecological epidemiological study of lyme disease in western siberia].	studies of ixodes persulcatus ticks in omsk, kurgan, and novosibirsk regions revealed natural foci of lyme's disease. vector infection rate varied from 21 to 23.5% in the omsk region, from 30 to 52.9% in the kurgan region, and from 15 to 58.3% in the novosibirsk region. serologic screening of inpatients hospitalized during the epidemic season of 1991 with suspected tick-borne encephalitis and lyme's disease confirmed the latter condition in 10.8% of the examinees in the omsk and in 10% in the ku ...	1993	7968805
canine lyme disease: clinical and serological evaluations in 21 dogs in japan.	of 21 dogs from sapporo, hokkaido that had been recognised as having been bitten by ticks, 16 were seropositive to borrelia burgdorferi by elisa. thirteen of the seropositive dogs showed signs such as fever, astasia, convulsions, anorexia, fatigue, abnormal gait, nervous signs, diarrhoea, corneal opacity and conjunctivitis. these signs subsided as a result of antibiotic treatment within five days. the plasma concentrations of creatinine in the 21 dogs were higher than in control dogs. seven tick ...	1994	8009799
susceptibility of ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus (acari: ixodidae) to lyme disease spirochetes isolated from humans in japan.	susceptibility of ixodes persulcatus schulze and ixodes ovatus neumann to lyme disease spirochetes isolated from humans was studied under laboratory conditions. six isolates (jem3, jem4, jem5, jem6, jem7, and jem8) from patients in japan were used for the study. mongolian jirds were inoculated intraperitoneally with each of the isolates. larval ticks of either i. persulcatus or i. ovatus were allowed to feed on the jirds and reared for development into nymphs. in all human isolates examined, the ...	1994	8057322
prevalence of lyme borrelia in ticks, especially ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae), in central and western japan.	prevalence of lyme borrelia in unfed ticks was surveyed in central and western japan during spring from 1991 to 1993. the tick fauna was diverse; ticks obtained consisted of four genera and more than 12 identified species, and both southern and northern species coexist with altitudinal separation. midguts of ticks were cultured in bsk medium for spirochetal isolation. borrelia-positive rates for adults of both a common species, ixodes ovatus neumann, and a northern species, ixodes persulcatus sc ...	1994	8057323
[the significance of the species classification of ixodid ticks and their hosts in the development of antitick immunity].	larvae of ixodes persulcatus and hyalomma asiaticum were feeding permanently on hosts attacking them daily by groups of 5-20 ticks, and also fed by groups of 30-40 and 100 ticks with the interval 20 days. the factor of the host species in the case of 1-st feeding of ticks did not influence significantly on the weight of engorged ticks and also on the percent of larvae, which had finished the feeding and moulted to nymphs. in the cases of 2-nd and 3-rd feedings the significant part of ticks died ...	1993	8152842
[the characteristics of the distribution of the causative agent of lyme disease and of the behavior of infected ticks of the genus ixodes].	it is demonstrated that in the regions, where ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus are sympatric, the incidence and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi among the latter tick species is higher. in areas, where the ixodes persulcatus population infected with borrelia were met, the percent of infected i. ricinus was 3-4 times more and the number of detection of borrelia-infected specimens was 9 times higher than in the regions, where i. persulcatus was absent. the hypothesis is proposed, that the tick ...	1993	8152845
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi specific antibody among patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in korea.	lyme disease, a multi-systemic infection occurring worldwide, has yet to be reported in korea, although the spirochete b. burgdorferi, known as the causative organism of the disease, has recently been isolated from the vector tick ixodes persulcatus in the region. to contribute to revealing whether lyme disease exists in korea or not, b. burgdorferi specific antibodies (igg, igm, and/or iga) were measured by three individual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) utilizing different antigens ...	1993	8179828
[ultrastructural characteristics of lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi) isolated from ixodes persulcatus in china].	this paper analyzed morphological characteristics of lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi), isolated from ixodes persulcatus from different areas of china, with scanning and transmissive electron microscopies. cells of 8 strains were 8.4-36.0 microns long and 0.12-0.35 micron wide. there were 1-9 left-handed spires with wavelength of 1.09-4.30 microns and amplitude of 0.38-2.10 microns. ends of the cells were pointed or spindle. 7, 8 or 9 flagella were inserted subterminally at each en ...	1993	8236953
[the finding of larvae of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (parasitiformes: ixodidae) on necrophagous piophilid flies (diptera: piophilidae) in the southern yamal].	in course of mass collecting of necrophilous flies by means of cage traps with a bites of dead small mammals in south yamal, at latitude 67 north, 3400 dipterans were caught and examined on mite phoresy. among them two piophilid specimens with two attached ixodes persulcatus larvae have been recovered.	1993	8265213
preliminary observations on ultrastructure of borreliae in tissues of ixodes persulcatus.	we observed lyme borrelia by electron microscopy in the tissues of the ticks, ixodes persulcatus, which were indicated positive for borreliae by bsk cultures of their internal organs. borreliae (0.25 micron in diameter) were found only in the lumen of the midgut. they were closely associated with the microvilli on the midgut epithelium but never penetrated into the epithelial cells. ultrastructural features common to lyme borreliae., i.e., the three-layered membranes surrounding the cytoplasm an ...	1993	8295569
[trial results with dilor in controlling the taiga tick].	laboratory and field trials of dilor (beta-dihydroheptachlorine) have demonstrated its high acaricidal characteristics, but this pesticide is not recommended as a means for extermination of ixodes persulcatus, tick-borne encephalitis virus vectors. the tested compound is characterized by a high persistence, superior even to that of ddt. dilor metabolites retain their toxicity in the forest up to 4-5 years.	1993	8336644
neurologic abnormalities in two dogs suspected lyme disease.	a 2-year-old mongrel dog developed neurological signs following tick bite. these included astasia, persistent tonic convulsions and hyper-reflexia. both serum igg and igm antibody titers against borrelia burgdorferi were positive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the neurological signs subsided after high-dose penicillin and streptomycin treatment. a strain of spirochetes (p427a) was isolated from the midgut of ixodes persulcatus feeding on the dog. morphological characteristic, immu ...	1993	8350773
advances in investigations of lyme borreliosis in the territory of the former ussr.	whereas late manifestations of lyme borreliosis were described in russia more than 100 years ago, early manifestations were described as different disease entities such as tick-borne erythema, etc. in 1985 lyme borreliosis was first verified serologically and the agent was first identified in 1986. by the beginning of 1992 lyme borreliosis was serologically confirmed in patients from the baltics to the far east. their geographical patterns in russia are closely related to areas of the hard ticks ...	1993	8472805
protective activity of antisera against isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from various geographical origins.	antisera from rabbits immunized with two japanese strains of borrelia burgdorferi, hp3 an isolate from ixodes persulcatus and ho14 an isolate from i. ovatus, or the european strain p/bi isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid (csf) did not passively protect hamsters from challenge with the infectious strain 297, a north american isolate from patient csf. antisera to strains 297 and b31, a north american isolate from i. dammini, however, provided protective effect to challenge with strain 297. im ...	1993	8474362
antigenic and genetic characterization of borrelia species isolated from ixodes persulcatus in hokkaido, japan.	ten characteristic strains of spirochetes (ht2, ht7, ht10, ht15, ht17, ht19, ht20, ht22, ht32, and ht59) isolated from ixodes persulcatus adult ticks in hokkaido, japan, were selected and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the protein profiles of the borrelial isolates were variable and markedly different from that of the type strain borrelia burgdorferi b31. the 41-kda flagellin protein was present ...	1993	8501250
[the frequency of generalized infection in adult fasting ticks of the genus ixodes in foci of borreliosis in russia and the usa].	a total of 740 adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from the vegetation by flagging in russian foci where borrelia afzelii and b. garinii circulate, and 156 i. dammini ticks were collected in northwestern usa regions in foci with b. burgdorferi s.str. circulation. smears prepared from the internal organs of ticks were stained according to romanovsky-giemsa and analyzed under a microscope at a x 1125 magnification. all borreliae in 250 microscopic fields were counted, and concentration o ...	1995	8524615
physiological age of ixodid ticks: aspects of its determination and application.	this review analyzes 30 yr of data concerning physiological age of ixodid ticks. the level and state of nutritional reserves in unfed ticks has been proposed as an index of tick physiological age. the dynamics of the use of these substances reflect tick aging. thus, physiological age of ixodid ticks is determined by estimating the irreversible changes caused by natural vital activity in the body of unfed ticks, which inevitably raises the probability of tick death. the 4 age groups used in most ...	1995	8551497
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in female cement plug of ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari, ixodidae).	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in one out of five cement plugs of female ixodes persulcatus ticks. the spirochetes were found by dark field microscopy as early as 18 h after attachment of the ticks to the skin of a white mouse. the relevance of this finding is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of lyme borreliosis.	1995	8575271
a case of abnormal size in eggs and larvae of the taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae).	egg batches laid by females of ixodes persulcatus (maintained under a photoperiod of l:d 20:4 before feeding) contained eggs of two sizes: numerous normal eggs of 0.578 x 0.421 mm and some giant eggs of 0.776 x 0.515 mm. giant eggs were 32-34% greater in length and 22-24% greater in width than normal eggs. females maintained under a short-day photoperiod (l:d 12:12) laid only normal eggs (0.588 x 0.417 mm). there were no differences between these eggs in viability and developmental time, but lar ...	1995	8575272
analyses of mammalian sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with different strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	blood samples were collected from cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus), raccoons (procyon lotor), white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) between 1977 and 1991 in southern connecticut and new york state (usa) and were tested for antibodies against eight strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. among these spirochetes were six strains of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, one strain of b. garinii (=ip90) and ...	1995	8583632
in vitro and in vivo antibiotic susceptibility of lyme disease borrelia isolated from the ixodid tick in japan.	antimicrobial susceptibility of the lyme disease borrelia, strain hp1 vi, isolated from the tick ixodes persulcatus in hokkaido, japan, was determined in vitro and in vivo. a broth dilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimum borreliacidal concentrations (mbcs) of five antimicrobial agents. strain hp1 vi was most susceptible to minocycline (mbc, 0.2 micrograms/ml). the other antimicrobial agents tested, aspoxicillin, cefmetazole sodium, imipen ...	1995	8648001
exchange of borrelia burgdorferi between ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae:acarina) sexual partners.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection rate in ixodes persulcatus schulze maintained at different relative humidity gradients in male and females pairs, separated by sex, and in ticks of both sexes having either normal or abnormal exoskeleton were compared. ticks were collected in the st. petersburg region of russia during 1992 and 1994. we observed that the infection rate among the ticks maintained as sexual pairs was 1.75-2.00 times higher than that among ticks maintained singles, indicatin ...	1996	8667380
venereal and cannibalistic ways of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato exchange between males and females of ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae, acarina).	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) infection rate in ixodes persulcatus shulze maintained in different relative humidity gradient in male and female pairs and separately by sex were compared. ticks collected in the st. petersburg region of russia during 1992-1994 temperate and 1995 hot seasons. we observed that the infection rate among specimens maintained as sexual pairs were 1.2-2.5 times higher than among ticks maintained separately. rate of borrelia infection in tick couples was a bit h ...	1996	8673793
[tick-borne encephalitis in central and eastern europe].	the tick-borne encephalitis virus, a major arbovirus, is endemic in central and eastern europe. since the first case of tick-borne encephalitis observed in alsace in 1968, there have been approximately 30 cases reported in eastern france. the tick ixodes persulcatus (and the western subtype i. ricinus) is both the main reservoir and vector of the disease. early clinical signs of infection are followed by a second phase complicated with meningoencephalitis. the geographical distribution of the di ...	1996	8685190
[vergina-like strains of tick-borne encephalitis in russia].	the greek strain vergina representing an individual third serotype of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus has been compared with 13 tbe strains isolated on the territory of russia and central asia (in kirghizia). a kit of deoxyoligonucleotide probes complementary to genome sites of neudorfle strain of the tbe central european subtype (protein c and prm genes) and of strain sofyin of the eastern subtype (protein e, c, m, prm, ns 1, ns 2b, ns 4b genes) was used in molecular hybridization of nuclei ...	1995	8686262
refeeding activity of immature ticks of ixodes persulcatus and transmission of lyme disease spirochete by partially fed larvae.	the refeeding activity of immature ticks of ixodes persulcatus was studied under laboratory conditions. balb/c mice were used as blood sources. feeding larvae and nymphs spontaneously detached themselves from parasitized mice when the mice were killed 1 or 2 days after tick exposure. partially fed ticks were reexposed on other mice. both larvae and nymphs were able to refeed on mice. the resultant engorged ticks normally molted to the next developmental stages. we also examined the transmission ...	1996	8691387
distribution of borrelia species associated with lyme disease in the subalpine forests of nagano prefecture, japan.	we surveyed the natural distribution of borrelia species associated with lyme disease in the subalpine forests of nagano prefecture, japan, during 1993-94. tick-derived isolates (n = 112) from ixodes persulcatus and rodent-derived isolates (n = 55) from apodemus argenteus, apodemus speciosus, eothenomys andersoni, eothenomys smithii, and microtus montebelli were classified by rrna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (rflp ribotyping). ribotype group iv (an intraspecific varian ...	1996	8709867
prevention of borreliosis in persons bitten by infected ticks.	a study on prevention of borreliosis in humans bitten by infected ticks was performed in 1992-1994 in the perm' region of russia. adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were removed from the study subjects, and live preparations made from the material obtained from the gut of each tick were microscopically analyzed (up to 250 microscopic fields per preparation). persons were divided into experimental and control groups (261 and 97 persons, respectively). the experimental group received doxycycline (100 ...	1996	8740120
variation in parameters affecting risk of human disease due to tbe virus.	to rank variables affecting risk of human disease due to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus in the russian far east, we compared annual changes in (1) frequency of human contact with vector ticks, (2) prevalence of infection in the tick population and (3) quantity of virus present infected ticks. sites were sampled uniformly over a 4-year period in a forested region where ixodes persulcatus serves as the principle vector. the questing density of ticks on vegetation remained relatively constant ...	1995	8774782