| niche partitioning of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species. | the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi and the relapsing fever group species borrelia miyamotoi co-occur in the united states. we used species-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction to study both species in the blood and skin of peromyscus leucopus mice and host-seeking ixodes scapularis nymphs at a connecticut site. bacteremias with b. burgdorferi or b. miyamotoi were most prevalent during periods of greatest activity for nymphs or larvae, respectively. whereas b. burgdorferi ... | 2009 | 19996447 |
| the borrelial fibronectin-binding protein reva is an early antigen of human lyme disease. | previous studies using small numbers of serum samples from human patients and experimentally infected animals identified the frequent presence of antibodies recognizing reva, a borrelial fibronectin-binding outer surface protein. we now demonstrate that most examined lyme disease spirochetes from north america and europe contain genes encoding reva proteins, some with extensive regions of conservation and others with moderate diversity. line blot analyses using recombinant reva from two diverse ... | 2010 | 20032216 |
| identification of residues within ligand-binding domain 1 (lbd1) of the borrelia burgdorferi ospc protein required for function in the mammalian environment. | borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein c (ospc) is required for the establishment of infection in mammals. however, its precise function remains controversial. the biologically active form of ospc appears to be a homodimer. alpha helix 1 and 1' of the apposing monomers form a solvent-accessible pocket at the dimeric interface that presents a putative ligand-binding domain (lbd1). here we employ site-directed and allelic-exchange mutagenesis to test the hypothesis that lbd1 is a determinant o ... | 2010 | 20199597 |
| two novel salp15-like immunosuppressant genes from salivary glands of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick. | salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known for several suppressive activities against host immunity and critical functions for the transmission of lyme borrelia in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, the major vectors found in north america and western europe. salp15 inhibits the activation of cluster of differentiation (cd)4(+)t-cells through the repression of t-cell receptor (tcr)-triggered calcium fluxes and interleukin (il)-2 production. furthermore, salp15 adheres to the spiro ... | 2010 | 20201978 |
| bartonella spp. transmission by ticks not established. | bartonella spp. infect humans and many animal species. mainly because pcr studies have demonstrated bartonella dna in ticks, some healthcare providers believe that these microorganisms are transmitted by ticks. b. henselae, in particular, is regarded as being present in and transmissible by the ixodes scapularis tick. the presence of a microbial agent within a tick, however, does not imply that the tick might transmit it during the course of blood feeding and does not confer epidemiologic import ... | 2010 | 20202410 |
| blood meal analysis to identify reservoir hosts for amblyomma americanum ticks. | efforts to identify wildlife reservoirs for tick-borne pathogens are frequently limited by poor understanding of tick-host interactions and potentially transient infectivity of hosts under natural conditions. to identify reservoir hosts for lone star tick (amblyomma americanum)-associated pathogens, we used a novel technology. in field-collected ticks, we used pcr to amplify a portion of the 18s rrna gene in remnant blood meal dna. reverse line blot hybridization with host-specific probes was th ... | 2010 | 20202418 |
| rickettsia helvetica in patient with meningitis, sweden, 2006. | pathogenicity of rickettsia helvetica is relatively unknown. we isolated a spotted fever group rickettsial organism from a patient with subacute meningitis. nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna, ompb, and 17kda genes identified the isolate as r. helvetica. this organism may be associated with serious infections such as central nervous system disorders. | 2010 | 20202426 |
| first detection of the anaplasma phagocytophilum groel-a genotype in man. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum which is transmitted by ticks of the genus ixodes ricinus. for molecular detection of the pathogen by pcr, a conserved portion of the groel gene within the groesl operon is frequently used as a target. a single g/a polymorphism in this region allows to discriminate between two genotypes, groel-g and groel-a. | 2010 | 20036281 |
| [mapping of parasitological environmental data: the tick ixodes ricinus--a case of study]. | while the mapping of health data is not new for epidemiologists the incorporation of differentiated environmental factors, e.g., temperature, rainfall, humidity, elevation, vegetation type, host abundance and distribution, zoonotic reservoirs of infection can create a new opportunities for parasitologists. suitable tools for spatial modeling of health problems and pathogen occurrence in space and time are provided by geographic information system (gis). it is computer-based system which integrat ... | 2009 | 20209815 |
| the role of deer as vehicles to move ticks, ixodes ricinus, between contrasting habitats. | in europe the most important hosts maintaining ixodes ricinus tick populations are deer. therefore, excluding deer by fencing or culling are potential tick management tools. here we test the hypothesis that deer act as vehicles for moving ticks between two distinct habitats: forest and open heather moorland. we utilised an ideal "natural experiment" whereby forests were either fenced or unfenced to prevent or allow deer to move between habitats. we aimed to test the hypothesis that deer cause a ... | 2010 | 20211625 |
| humoral immune response in dogs naturally infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and in dogs after immunization with a borrelia vaccine. | lyme arthritis in dogs can be induced under experimental and natural conditions. however, the veterinary relevance of canine borreliosis is still under extensive investigation. the prevalence of symptoms is clearly low, although the risk of tick exposure is high. current research focuses on case definitions, methods for diagnosing clinical disease in dogs, and discrimination between an immune response to a natural infection and an immune response to vaccination. in this experimental study, 23 do ... | 2010 | 20219882 |
| characterization of ferritin 2 for the control of tick infestations. | ixodes ricinus is one the most abundant tick species in europe and these ticks transmit pathogens causing human and animal diseases. the cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. development of vaccines directed against tick proteins may reduce tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. however, a limiting step in tick vaccine development has been the identification of tick protective antigens. he ... | 2010 | 20171306 |
| prevalence and seasonality of tick-borne pathogens in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from luxembourg. | in europe, ixodid ticks are important arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens, but comprehensive studies of the prevalence of all relevant pathogens in central europe are scarce. as a result of ecological changes, the incidences of tick-borne infections are expected to increase. in this study, 1,394 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks sampled monthly during the active season from 33 ecologically distinct collection sites throughout luxembourg were screened for all human tick-borne pat ... | 2010 | 20228110 |
| first report of lyme disease spirochetes in ticks from romania (sibiu county). | we examined 200 questing ixodes ricinus ticks (nymphs and adults) collected in three different sites in sibiu county, romania by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by reverse line blot (rlb) for borrelia burgdorferi s.l.. we detected the bacteria in 19% of the investigated ticks. the prevalence of infection was higher in nymphs (27%) than in adults (12%). two b. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies were detected: b. garinii (20%) and b. afzelii (80%). we did not detect any mixed infections i ... | 2010 | 20232115 |
| the protective effect of arsenic and derris dips against the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l. | | 1947 | 20266410 |
| biogeography of tick-borne bhanja virus (bunyaviridae) in europe. | bhanja virus (bhav) is pathogenic for young domestic ruminants and also for humans, causing fever and affections of the central nervous system. this generally neglected arbovirus of the family bunyaviridae is transmitted by metastriate ticks of the genera haemaphysalis, dermacentor, hyalomma, rhipicephalus, boophilus, and amblyomma. geographic distribution of bhav covers southern and central asia, africa, and southern (partially also central) europe. comparative biogeographic study of eight know ... | 2010 | 20182535 |
| abundance estimation of ixodes ticks (acari: ixodidae) on roe deer (capreolus capreolus). | despite the importance of roe deer as a host for ixodes ticks in central europe, estimates of total tick burden on roe deer are not available to date. we aimed at providing (1) estimates of life stage and sex specific (larvae, nymphs, males and females, hereafter referred to as tick life stages) total ixodes burden and (2) equations which can be used to predict the total life stage burden by counting the life stage on a selected body area. within a period of 1(1/2) years, we conducted whole body ... | 2010 | 20204470 |
| first case of human "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in a febrile patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | an immunocompromised patient presented with febrile episodes, an erysipelas-like rash, and thromboembolic complications. amplification of 16s rrna gene sequences from blood and sequence analysis revealed "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis." we report the first case of human disease caused by "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis." | 2010 | 20220155 |
| the feeding mechanism of ixodes ricinus l. | | 1946 | 20276054 |
| tick reservoirs for piroplasms in central and northern italy. | ticks, collected in central and northern italy from pets, livestock, wild animals and the environment (n=2107), were identified by microscopy and processed by molecular diagnostics to determine the species that act as a reservoir for piroplasms. a total of 11 ixodid tick species were identified, with five of them proving to be piroplasm positive. molecular diagnostics identified theileria equi and eight babesia species in 52 adult specimens, mostly (n=50) removed from piroplasm-free vertebrate h ... | 2010 | 20304560 |
| the application of lambda-cyhalothrin in tick control. | in recent years, in urban areas of novi sad, unique ecological conditions, specific floristic and faunistic composition and poor habits of citizens in sense of public health, facilitate the development and maintenance of ticks. regarding the importance of ticks as vectors of severe human and animal diseases, complex and detailed studies are conducted with an aim to find the most efficient methods for tick control. two tick species, ixodes ricinus and dermacentor marginatus, were identified durin ... | 2010 | 20309723 |
| fucosylation enhances colonization of ticks by anaplasma phagocytophilum. | fucosylated structures participate in a wide range of pathological processes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. the impact of fucose on microbial pathogenesis, however, has been less appreciated in arthropods of medical relevance. thus, we used the tick-borne bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum- the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis to understand these processes. here we show that a. phagocytophilum uses alpha1,3-fucose to colonize ticks. we demonstrate that a. phagocytophilum modulates the e ... | 2010 | 20331643 |
| [tarsal gland of the ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus (ixodidae)]. | a complicated multicellular gland is situated in tarsi of all the legs, occupying one third to half of the segment. glandular cells form a single-layer sack; inner surface of the sack (gland cavity) is enveloped by a multilayer membrane. cuticular rods connecting muscles with the claw pass inside this cavity. glandular cells are characterized by the presence of numerous apical microvilli associated with accumulations of mitochondria, and secretory vacuoles enclosed in cellular membranes. the bas ... | 2010 | 20349634 |
| horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest. | the nymph of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) is an important bridging vector of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western united states. the previously unknown dispersal capabilities of this life stage were studied in relation to logs, tree trunks, and adjacent leaf-litter areas in a mixed hardwood forest using mark-release-recapture methods. in two spatially and temporally well-spaced trials involving logs, the estimated mean distances that ... | 2009 | 20352083 |
| potential role of ticks as vectors of bluetongue virus. | when the first outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv8) was recorded in north-west europe in august 2006 and renewed outbreaks occurred in the summer of 2007 and again in 2008, the question was raised how the virus survived the winter. since most adult culicoides vector midges are assumed not to survive the northern european winter, and transovarial transmission in culicoides is not recorded, we examined the potential vector role of ixodid and argasid ticks for bluetongue virus. four speci ... | 2010 | 20358393 |
| detection of babesia eu1 in ixodes ricinus ticks in northern italy. | babesia eu1, a potentially important emerging zoonotic pathogen, already detected in ticks and wild ruminants of different european countries, was found in three pools of ixodes ricinus nymphs in three different sites located in a single district of north-eastern italy. totally 356 ticks (60 pools) were collected from the environment during a surveillance activity in the year 2006. babesia eu1 estimated individual tick prevalence in the area is 0.85%. the finding that also in northern italy the ... | 2010 | 20363562 |
| the ecology of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l.; the infestations of hill sheep. | | 1947 | 20282358 |
| biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. | abstract: the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most widespread tick in the world and a well-recognized vector of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans. this tick can be found on dogs living in both urban and rural areas, being highly adapted to live within human dwellings and being active throughout the year not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in some temperate areas. depending on factors such as climate and host availability, rh. sanguineus can ... | 2010 | 20377860 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| ixodes ricinus tick saliva modulates tick-borne encephalitis virus infection of dendritic cells. | tick-borne encephalitis virus is an important human pathogen, naturally delivered into host skin via a tick bite. to examine the effects of the virus on dendritic cell biology, we cultured dendritic cells with two tick-borne encephalitis virus strains of different virulence in the presence of ixodes ricinus tick saliva. tick saliva treatment increased proportion of virus-infected cells, led to a decrease in virus-induced tnf-alpha and il-6 production and to reduced virus-induced apoptosis. our d ... | 2010 | 20381639 |
| cold storage and cryopreservation of tick cell lines. | abstract: | 2010 | 20388200 |
| der-p2 ( dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergen-like protein from the hard tick ixodes ricinus - a novel member of ml (md-2-related lipid-recognition) domain protein family. | expression of the gene encoding der-p2 allergen-like protein in the castor bean tick ixodes ricinus is induced by blood intake. tick der-p2 allergen-like protein belongs to a diverse family of ml proteins that includes major allergens of house dust mites, human md-2 or similar proteins from drosophila melanogaster. in ticks, genes encoding proteins belonging to the ml protein family were identified, but their protein products have not been characterized yet. | 2010 | 20388233 |
| the seasonal activity of the tick, ixodes ricinus l., in wales. | | 1947 | 20282361 |
| the ecology of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l.; some further aspects of activity, seasonal and diurnal. | | 1947 | 20282357 |
| coexistence of borrelia spp. and babesia spp. in ixodes ricinus ticks in middle germany. | altogether, 430 nymphs and 570 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in 2006 (n = 506) and 2007 (n = 494) from a forest area in middle germany (thuringia). single ticks were investigated by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing for borrelia spp. (ospa gene) and babesia spp. (18s rrna gene). overall, 27.0% (270/1000) were infected with borrelia species. out of these, borrelia garinii was detected most frequently (133/270)-especially, ospa serotyp ... | 2010 | 20420533 |
| the first report of hepatozoon canis identified in vulpes vulpes and ticks from italy. | this is the first report on the presence of hepatozoon canis in vulpes vulpes in italy. during the years 2005 and 2006, a total of 119 foxes were collected and their spleen tissues were screened by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. in the same area, 290 ticks were picked off from dogs or collected from the environment. microscopy detected inclusion bodies regarded as belonging to the genus hepatozoon in four samples, whereas molecular diagnostics evidenced 16 foxes (13.4%) a ... | 2010 | 20420538 |
| prevalence and genotypes of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in ixodes ricinus ticks in southern norway. | from april to october 2007, host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from 4 locations in southern norway: farsund, mandal, søgne and tromøy. two hundred and ten larvae, 1130 nymphs and 449 adults were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the 16s rrna gene. the total percentage of b. burgdorferi s.l. in nymphal and adult ticks was determined to be 31.3% in farsund, 25.2% in mandal, 22.3% in søg ... | 2010 | 20429719 |
| homogeneity of powassan virus populations in naturally infected ixodes scapularis. | powassan virus (powv, flaviviridae: flavivirus) is the sole north american member of the tick-borne encephalitis complex and consists of two distinct lineages that are maintained in ecologically discrete enzootic transmission cycles. the underlying genetic mechanisms that lead to niche partitioning in arboviruses are poorly understood. therefore, intra- and interhost genetic diversity was analyzed to determine if powv exists as a quasispecies in nature and quantify selective pressures within and ... | 2010 | 20434750 |
| "candidatus anadelfobacter veles" and "candidatus cyrtobacter comes," two new rickettsiales species hosted by the protist ciliate euplotes harpa (ciliophora, spirotrichea). | the order rickettsiales (alphaproteobacteria) is a well-known group containing obligate endocellular prokaryotes. the order encompasses three families (rickettsiaceae, anaplasmataceae, and holosporaceae) and a fourth, family-level cluster, which includes only one candidate species, "candidatus midichloria mitochondrii," as well as several unnamed bacterial symbionts. the broad host range exhibited by the members of the "candidatus midichloria" clade suggests their eventual relevance for a better ... | 2010 | 20435776 |
| the neglected arboviral infections in mainland china. | the major arboviral diseases in mainland china include japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (also known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever), and tick-borne encephalitis. these and other newly found arbovirus infections due to banna virus and tahyna virus contribute to a large and relatively neglected disease burden in china. here we briefly review the literature regarding these arboviral infections in mainland china with emphasis on their epidemiology, primary vectors, ... | 2010 | 20436960 |
| high-throughput procedure for tick surveys of tick-borne encephalitis virus and its application in a national surveillance study in switzerland. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a viral infection of the central nervous system, is endemic in many eurasian countries. in switzerland, tbe risk areas have been characterized by geographic mapping of clinical cases. since mass vaccination should significantly decrease the number of tbe cases, alternative methods for exposure risk assessment are required. we established a new pcr-based test for the detection of tbe virus (tbev) in ticks. the protocol involves an automated, high-throughput nucleic ... | 2010 | 20453126 |
| ecological factors characterizing the prevalence of bacterial tick-borne pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in pastures and woodlands. | ecological changes are recognized as an important driver behind the emergence of infectious diseases. the prevalence of infection in ticks depends upon ecological factors that are rarely taken into account simultaneously. our objective was to investigate the influences of forest fragmentation, vegetation, adult tick hosts, and habitat on the infection prevalence of three tick-borne bacteria, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia sp. of the spotted fever group ... | 2010 | 20453131 |
| seasonal dynamics of ixodes ricinus in a 3-year period in northern spain: first survey on the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. | no cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in humans have ever been diagnosed in spain. however, it is not clear if the necessary conditions for tbe virus (tbev) persistence and transmission exist there, particularly synchrony in larval and nymphal activity, which has been related to the appearance of tbe in several countries. this synchrony allows ticks to cofeed on the same rodent host, facilitating transmission of tbev between tick stages. from march 2006 to october 2008, 182 tick samplings we ... | 2010 | 20455780 |
| potential infectivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in ixodes ricinus ticks from serbia. | anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from different geographical regions are characterised by diverse potential infectivity for humans and domesticated animals. we investigated the potential pathogenicity of a. phagocytophilum strains in ixodes ricinus ticks from 11 geographically different localities in serbia. sequences obtained in this study showed a high variability of p44 paralogues. some of them, however, formed groups with similarities greater than 86% ('similarity groups'). previous studies ... | 2010 | 20460222 |
| role of sand lizards in the ecology of lyme and other tick-borne diseases in the netherlands. | abstract: | 2010 | 20470386 |
| uncoordinated phylogeography of borrelia burgdorferi and its tick vector, ixodes scapularis. | vector-borne microbes necessarily co-occur with their hosts and vectors, but the degree to which they share common evolutionary or biogeographic histories remains unexplored. we examine the congruity of the evolutionary and biogeographic histories of the bacterium and vector of the lyme disease system, the most prevalent vector-borne disease in north america. in the eastern and midwestern us, ixodes scapularis ticks are the primary vectors of borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes lyme ... | 2010 | 20394659 |
| transmission dynamics of borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia afzelii among ixodes ricinus, lizards, and mice in tuscany, central italy. | to estimate the basic reproduction number (r(0)) of borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia afzelii, we formulated a mathematical model considering the interactions among the tick vector, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens in a 500-ha enclosed natural reserve on le cerbaie hills, tuscany, central italy. in the study area, ixodes ricinus were abundant and were found infected by b. lusitaniae and b. afzelii. lizards (podarcis spp.) and mice (apodemus spp.), respectively, are the reservoir hosts of these two ... | 2011 | 20482342 |
| persistence of buggy creek virus (togaviridae, alphavirus) for two years in unfed swallow bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae: oeciacus vicarius). | alphaviruses (togaviridae) have rarely been found to persist for long in the adult insects that serve as their vectors. the ectoparasitic swallow bug (hemiptera: cimicidae: oeciacus vicarius horvath), the vector for buggy creek virus (bcrv; togaviridae, alphavirus), lives year-round in the mud nests of its host, the cliff swallow (petrochelidon pyrrhonota vieillot). we measured the prevalence of bcrv in swallow bugs at sites with cliff swallows present and at the same sites after cliff swallows ... | 2010 | 20496591 |
| genotypic variation and mixtures of lyme borrelia in ixodes ticks from north america and europe. | lyme disease, caused by various species of borrelia, is transmitted by ixodes ticks in north america and europe. studies have shown the genotype of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) or the species of b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) affects the ability of the bacteria to cause local or disseminated infection in humans. | 2010 | 20498837 |
| human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. | human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ... | 2010 | 20513551 |
| lyme disease. | lyme disease, caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the united states. the clinical presentation varies depending on the stage of the illness: early disease includes erthyma migrans, early disseminated disease includes multiple erythema migrans, meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, and carditis; late disease is primarily arthritis. the symptoms and signs of infection resolve in most patients after treatment with appropriate antimicrobials for 2 t ... | 2010 | 20513553 |
| transmission cycles of borrelia burgdorferi and b. bissettii in relation to habitat type in northwestern california. | this study was undertaken to determine which rodent species serve as primary reservoirs for the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in commonly occurring woodland types in inland areas of northwestern california, and to examine whether chaparral or grassland serve as source habitats for dispersal of b. burgdorferi- or b. bissettii-infected rodents into adjacent woodlands. the western gray squirrel (sciurus griseus) was commonly infected with b. burgdorferi in oak woodlands, whereas exam ... | 2009 | 20514140 |
| the development of a qpcr assay to detect tick (ixodida) dna and its implementation for the study of tick-borne pathogen transmission. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis is regularly used to detect pathogens within arthropod vectors, but has also been applied to investigate vector dna. this study details a novel highly sensitive quantitative pcr (qpcr) which detects and quantifies dna from ixodes ricinus, the european vector of anaplasma phagocytophilum. by pairing this with a qpcr to detect a. phagocytophilum, valid comparisons of pathogen load can be made between different sized tick-tissue samples. these qpcrs were val ... | 2010 | 20515685 |
| detection of "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" in two patients with severe febrile illnesses: evidence for a european sequence variant. | recently, a new genus of anaplasmataceae termed "candidatus neoehrlichia" was discovered in ticks and rodents. here, we report on two patients who suffered from febrile bacteremia due to "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" associated with thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. 16s rrna and groel gene sequencing provided evidence of three groups of sequence variants. | 2010 | 20519481 |
| anaplasma spp. in wild mammals and ixodes ricinus from the north of spain. | our objectives were to investigate the presence of anaplasma spp. infection in red deer, wild boars, and ixodes ricinus removed from deer surveyed in la rioja, as well as to analyze the presence of anaplasma spp. in i. ricinus from different spanish regions--ours included. a total of 21 deer and 13 wild boar blood samples as well as 295 i. ricinus removed from deer, vegetation, or asymptomatic people were tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting anaplasma spp. 16s rrna gene and groesl heat ... | 2011 | 20528172 |
| introduced siberian chipmunks are more heavily infested by ixodid ticks than are native bank voles in a suburban forest in france. | by serving as hosts for native vectors, introduced species can surpass native hosts in their role as major reservoirs of local pathogens. during a 4-year longitudinal study, we investigated factors that affected infestation by ixodid ticks on both introduced siberian chipmunks tamias sibiricus barberi and native bank voles myodes glareolus in a suburban forest (forêt de sénart, ile-de-france). ticks were counted on adult bank voles and on adult and young chipmunks using regular monthly trapping ... | 2010 | 20406644 |
| ticks and lyme borreliosis in an alpine area in northeast italy. | a 2-year study was conducted in a mountainous area of northeast italy to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of ticks, as well as to assess the prevalence of the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. all ticks collected were ixodes ricinus l. (parasitiformes: ixodidae). in general, most nymphs and adult ticks were collected from april to july. tick density was highly variable among sites; however, two areas with different infestation levels were recognized. prevalences of b. burgdorf ... | 2010 | 20534008 |
| prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks in sicily. | the prevalence of anaplasma, ehrlichia, rickettsia and babesia/theileria species was analysed in questing and feeding adult ticks in sicily. a total of 678 ticks were collected and analysed in this study. of these, 29 were questing ticks and 649 were collected from infested cattle, sheep, goats or dogs. tick species analysed included rhipicephalus bursa, r. turanicus, r. sanguineus, hyalomma lusitanicum, h. marginatum, dermacentor marginatus, ixodes ricinus, r. (boophilus) annulatus and haemaphy ... | 2010 | 20537102 |
| static and dynamic systems in rickettsia slovaca life cycle evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. | quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize the growth of rickettsia slovaca, a tick-borne pathogen transmitted by dermacentor reticulatus and d. marginatus ticks, in static (l929 and vero cells) and dynamic (d. marginatus and ixodes ricinus ticks) cultivation systems. the highest points of bacterial multiplication and the time-spans between the inoculum and the maximum of rickettsial copies were increased in consecutive order from eukaryotic cells, i. ricinus to d. ... | 2010 | 20537110 |
| [genotyping some borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ixodes ricinus ticks in russia and ukraine]. | the 4 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates obtained from 1. ricinus ticks collected in the natural foci in russia and ukraine, having an unusual rflp msel-pattern, were studied using sequencing rrfa-rrlb spacer and rrs gene. the ir-5215 isolate from the tick collected in southern ukraine represented recently described genospecies b. spielmanii pathogenic for humans. the three atypical isolates ir-3519, ir-4721, and ir-4812 had 100% identity with the sequence of the atypical european b. burgd ... | 2010 | 20364477 |
| detection of babesia sp. eu1 and members of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected from migratory birds at curonian spit, north-western russia. | to reveal the prevalence of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae and babesia sp. in ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks from migratory birds, 236 specimens represented 8 species of passeriformes and were collected at curonian spit in kaliningrad enclave of north-western russia. the ticks (total 126) being detached from four bird species, turdus philomelos, fringilla coelebs, parus major, and sturnus vulgaris, were investigated by pcr using the primers rp cs.877p/rp cs.1258n for the detection of rickettsi ... | 2011 | 20553110 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus delays interferon induction and hides its double-stranded rna in intracellular membrane vesicles. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus) accounts for approximately 10,000 annual cases of severe encephalitis in europe and asia. here, we investigated the induction of the antiviral type i interferons (ifns) (alpha/beta ifn [ifn-alpha/beta]) by tbev. using strains neudörfl, hypr, and absettarov, we demonstrate that levels of ifn-beta transcripts and viral rna are strictly correlated. moreover, ifn induction by tbev was dependent on the transcription factor i ... | 2010 | 20554782 |
| comparative efficacy of two fipronil spot-on formulations against experimental tick infestations (ixodes ricinus) in dogs. | a parallel-group-design, randomized, unicentre and blinded controlled study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of a new fipronil-based spot-on formulation applied once to dogs against experimental ixodes ricinus infestations. six dogs served as negative controls (group 1), six dogs served as positive controls (group 2) receiving the original fipronil spot-on (frontline(r) spot-on dog, merial) at a dosage of 0.67 ml for a dog weighing from 2 to 10 kg and 1.34 ml for a dog weighing from 10.1 to ... | 2010 | 20556429 |
| a spatially-explicit model of acarological risk of exposure to borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes pacificus nymphs in northwestern california based on woodland type, temperature, and water vapor. | in the far-western united states, the nymphal stage of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, has been implicated as the primary vector to humans of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (hereinafter referred to as b. burgdorferi), the causative agent of lyme borreliosis in north america. in the present study, we sought to determine if infection prevalence with b. burgdorferi in i. pacificus nymphs and the density of infected nymphs differ between dense-woodland types within mendocino cou ... | 2010 | 20532183 |
| prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in fallow deer (dama dama) and feeding ticks from an italy preserve. | up to date, information concerning the anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer is scant, therefore, to verify its prevalence in these ungulates serological and pcr screenings were performed on blood of 72 fallow deer hunted in a central-northern italian preserve. molecular analyses were also performed on 90 ticks removed from the animals. a. phagocytophilum infection in fallow deer was confirmed in 20 out 72 by ifa assay and in 11 out 72 by pcr. the sequence obtained revealed a comple ... | 2011 | 20561656 |
| niaid workshop on flavivirus immunity. | on september 16, 2009, the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases (niaid), part of the u.s. national institutes of health, convened a workshop to discuss current knowledge of t- and b-cell immune epitopes for members of the flavivirus genus (family flaviviridae), and how this information could be used to increase our basic understanding of host-pathogen interactions and/or advance the development of new or improved vaccines and diagnostics for these pathogens. b-cell and t-cell re ... | 2010 | 20565288 |
| a morphological and molecular study of anaplasma phagocytophilum transmission events at the time of ixodes ricinus tick bite. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) in humans and tick-borne fever (tbf) in ruminants. the bacterium invades and replicates in phagocytes, especially in polymorphonuclear granulocytes. | 2010 | 20565721 |
| exotic rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus: fact or artifact? | abstract: several pathogenic rickettsia species can be transmitted via ixodes ricinus ticks to humans and animals. surveys of i. ricinus for the presence of rickettsiae using part of its 16s rrna gene yield a plethora of new and different rickettsia sequences. interpreting these data is sometimes difficult and presenting these findings as new or potentially pathogenic rickettsiae should be done with caution: a recent report suggested presence of a known human pathogen, r. australis, in questing ... | 2010 | 20569494 |
| first molecular evidence of potentially zoonotic babesia microti and babesia sp. eu1 in ixodes ricinus ticks in belgium. | we report the first molecular evidence of the presence of babesia sp. eu1 and babesia microti in ixodes ricinus ticks in belgium. a 1-year national survey collected 1005 ticks from cats and dogs. a polymerase chain reaction technique amplifying a part of the 18s rrna gene detected babesia spp. in 11 out of 841 selected and validated tick extracts. subsequent sequencing identified ba. microti (n=3) and babesia sp. eu1 (n=6). this study has demonstrated a low infection rate (1.31% with 95% ci: 0.6 ... | 2011 | 20575647 |
| potential influence of climate change on vector-borne and zoonotic diseases: a review and proposed research plan. | because of complex interactions of climate variables at the levels of the pathogen, vector, and host, the potential influence of climate change on vector-borne and zoonotic diseases (vbzds) is poorly understood and difficult to predict. climate effects on the nonvector-borne zoonotic diseases are especially obscure and have received scant treatment. | 2010 | 20576580 |
| the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks in norway. | | 2009 | 20584162 |
| the crystal structures of two salivary cystatins from the tick ixodes scapularis and the effect of these inhibitors on the establishment of borrelia burgdorferi infection in a murine model. | we have previously demonstrated that two salivary cysteine protease inhibitors from the borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease) vector ixodes scapularis- namely sialostatins l and l2 - play an important role in tick biology, as demonstrated by the fact that silencing of both sialostatins in tandem results in severe feeding defects. here we show that sialostatin l2 - but not sialostatin l - facilitates the growth of b. burgdorferi in murine skin. to examine the structural basis underlying these diffe ... | 2010 | 20545851 |
| survey for tick-borne zoonoses in the state of espirito santo, southeastern brazil. | blood samples collected from 201 humans, 92 dogs, and 27 horses in the state of espirito santo, brazil, were tested by polymerase chain reaction, indirect immunofluorescence assays, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tick-borne diseases (rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, borreliosis, babesiosis). our results indicated that the surveyed counties are endemic for spotted fever group rickettsiosis because sera from 70 (34.8%) humans, 7 (7.6%) dogs, and 7 (25.9%) horses were ... | 2010 | 20595502 |
| [seroprevalance of babesia microti in humans living in rural areas of the sinop region.]. | babesia species are blood parasites which transmitted by ticks and located in erythrocytes. babesia divergens in europe and babesia microti in america are the most significant etiologic agents of human babesiosis cases. the aim of this study was to determine serologically whether people living in sinop where ixodes ricinus ticks are commonly seen have been exposed to b. microti or not. for this purpose, during may and june of 2006-2007, blood specimens were obtained from 273 individuals who live ... | 2010 | 20597050 |
| wahlund effects and sex-biased dispersal in ixodes ricinus, the european vector of lyme borreliosis: new tools for old data. | population genetics can help us better understand species microevolution and population biology, but inferences made from the genetic polymorphisms of field-collected organisms critically rely on sampling design. the population structure of the tick ixodes ricinus l. (acari, ixodidae), a commonly encountered ectoparasite and the principal vector of human lyme disease in europe, has been the focus of some study, but many ecological aspects of this species remain poorly understood. here, we apply ... | 2010 | 20601167 |
| genetic characterization of ticks from southwestern romania by sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and nad5 genes. | in the present study, samples representing three hard tick species and one soft tick species, namely dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes ricinus and argas persicus from southwestern romania, and one hard tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, from china were characterized genetically by a portion of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (pcox1) and a portion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (pnad5). the pcox1 and pnad5 were amplified sepa ... | 2010 | 20473707 |
| a novel obligate intracellular gamma-proteobacterium associated with ixodid ticks, diplorickettsia massiliensis, gen. nov., sp. nov. | obligate intracellular bacteria of arthropods often exhibit a significant role in either human health or arthropod ecology. | 2010 | 20644718 |
| bm86 homologues and novel ataq proteins with multiple epidermal growth factor (egf)-like domains from hard and soft ticks. | tick control on livestock relies principally on the use of acaricides but the development of acaricide resistance and concerns for environmental pollution underscore the need for alternative control methods, for instance through the use of anti-tick vaccines. two commercial vaccines based on the recombinant bm86 protein from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks were developed. partial protection of the bm86 vaccine against other rhipicephalus (boophilus) and hyalomma tick species suggests t ... | 2010 | 20647015 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in finland, russian karelia and buryatia. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a central nervous system infection caused by a flavivirus [tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev)], transmitted by ixodes ticks and endemic in a large region in eurasia. we collected 2411 ticks from finland and russia in 2003-2008, screened them for tbev by rt-pcr and isolated and analysed eight strains belonging to all three tbev subtypes; in addition, we obtained two european-subtype strains from human serum samples. tbev rna prevalence in unengorged ticks was ap ... | 2010 | 20660147 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum induces actin phosphorylation to selectively regulate gene transcription in ixodes scapularis ticks. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis, persists in ticks and mammals. we show that a. phagocytophilum induces the phosphorylation of actin in an ixodes ricinus tick cell line and ixodes scapularis ticks, to alter the ratio of monomeric/filamentous (g/f) actin. a. phagocytophilum-induced actin phosphorylation was dependent on ixodes p21-activated kinase (ipak1)-mediated signaling. a. phagocytophilum stimulated ipak1 activity via the g protein-coupled receptor gbetagamma subun ... | 2010 | 20660616 |
| aedes aegypti saliva alters leukocyte recruitment and cytokine signaling by antigen-presenting cells during west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) is transmitted during mosquito bloodfeeding. consequently, the first vertebrate cells to contact wnv are cells in the skin, followed by those in the draining lymph node. macrophages and dendritic cells are critical early responders in host defense against wnv infection, not just because of their role in orchestrating the immune response, but also because of their importance as sites of early peripheral viral replication. antigen-presenting cell (apc) signals have a profound ... | 2010 | 20661470 |
| blood parasites in two co-existing species of lizards (zootoca vivipara and lacerta agilis). | we investigated the occurrence of blood parasites of two lizard species: the common or viviparous lizard (zootoca vivipara) and the sand lizard (lacerta agilis) in western poland. selected traits of lizard body morphology were studied with respect to the presence and intensity of haematozoan infection in blood samples collected from 218 adult lizards; 88 of the common lizard and 130 of the sand lizard. haemogregarinid blood parasites were found to be the common parasite of both lizard species in ... | 2010 | 20661747 |
| characterization of proteinases from the midgut of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus involved in the generation of antimicrobial peptides. | abstract: | 2010 | 20663211 |
| persistence of pathogens with short infectious periods in seasonal tick populations: the relative importance of three transmission routes. | the flaviviruses causing tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) persist at low but consistent levels in tick populations, despite short infectious periods in their mammalian hosts and transmission periods constrained by distinctly seasonal tick life cycles. in addition to systemic and vertical transmission, cofeeding transmission has been proposed as an important route for the persistence of tbe-causing viruses. because cofeeding transmission requires ticks to feed simultaneously, the timing of tick acti ... | 2010 | 20668521 |
| type iv secretion in the obligatory intracellular bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils, the primary host defence cells. consequent effects of infection on host cells result in a potentially fatal systemic disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. despite ongoing reductive genome evolution and deletion of most genes for intermediary metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis, anaplasma has also experienced expansion of genes encoding several components of the type iv secretion (t4s) appara ... | 2010 | 20670295 |
| [brazilian lyme-like disease or baggio-yoshinari syndrome: exotic and emerging brazilian tick-borne zoonosis]. | lyme disease (ld) is a frequent zoonosis found in the northern hemisphere and is considered an infectious disease caused by spirochetes belonging sensu lato to the borrelia burgdorferi complex transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus group. in 1992, first cases similar to ld were described in brazil, when brothers, after a tick bite episode developed symptoms , as erythema migrans, general flu-like symptoms and arthritis. careful analysis of brazilian ld-like illness casuistry showed that epid ... | 2010 | 20676548 |
| lyme borreliosis, po river valley, italy. | we aimed to determine the presence of ixodes ricinusticks in heavily populated areas of the po river valley after report of a lyme disease case. eighteen percent of ticks examined from 3 locations were positive for lyme disease borreliae. lyme disease was diagnosed for 3 workers at risk for tick bite. | 2010 | 20678327 |
| detection and prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and rickettsia helvetica in ixodes ricinus ticks in seven study areas in sweden. | abstract: | 2010 | 20684755 |
| [the analysis of epidemiology, clinical symptoms, serological tests in the course of borreliosis]. | lyme disease is an animal-borne disease, caused by spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferi (bb). the infection is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus species. humans are infected through a tick bite to the skin. the aim of the study was evaluation of epidemiology, symptoms and serologic factors in lyme disease. | 2010 | 20687381 |
| application of highly sensitive saturation labeling to the analysis of differential protein expression in infected ticks from limited samples. | abstract: | 2010 | 20704695 |
| determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern germany, 2001-2008. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus can cause severe symptoms in humans. the incidence of this vector-borne pathogen in humans is characterised by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. to explain the variation in reported human tbe cases per county in southern germany, we designed a time-lagged, spatially-explicit model that incorporates ecological, environmental, and climatic factors. | 2010 | 20707897 |
| acaricidal activity of eugenol based compounds against scabies mites. | human scabies is a debilitating skin disease caused by the "itch mite" sarcoptes scabiei. ordinary scabies is commonly treated with topical creams such as permethrin, while crusted scabies is treated with topical creams in combination with oral ivermectin. recent reports of acaricide tolerance in scabies endemic communities in northern australia have prompted efforts to better understand resistance mechanisms and to identify potential new acaricides. in this study, we screened three essential oi ... | 2010 | 20711455 |
| associations between coinfection prevalence of borrelia lusitaniae, anaplasma sp., and rickettsia sp. in hard ticks feeding on reptile hosts. | an increasing number of studies reveal that ticks and their hosts are infected with multiple pathogens, suggesting that coinfection might be frequent for both vectors and wild reservoir hosts. whereas the examination of associations between coinfecting pathogen agents in natural host-vector-pathogen systems is a prerequisite for a better understanding of disease maintenance and transmission, the associations between pathogens within vectors or hosts are seldom explicitly examined. we examined th ... | 2011 | 20711724 |
| female ixodid ticks grow endocuticle during the rapid phase of engorgement. | lees (proc zool soc lond 121:759-772, 1952) concluded that the ixodid tick ixodes ricinus grows endocuticle during the slow but not during the rapid, phase of engorgement, a conclusion supported by andersen and roepstorff (insect biochem mol biol 35:1181-1188, 2005) for the same species. in this study analysis of dimensional data and cuticle weight measurements from female ixodid ticks (amblyomma hebraeum) were used to test this hypothesis. both approaches showed that endocuticle growth continue ... | 2011 | 20711799 |
| ticks infesting the endangered italian hare (lepus corsicanus) and their habitat in an ecological park in southern italy. | the italian hare (lepus corsicanus) is an endangered species whose natural populations have decreased in recent years. this study's objective was to identify ticks infesting hares and their habitats in a wildlife reserve in southern italy. in june 2009, ticks were collected by dragging in three transects set in a meadow habitat within an enclosure inhabited by hares and in three similar transects outside this enclosure. fifty-five ticks were collected by dragging, being 54 inside and 1 outside t ... | 2011 | 20711803 |
| coexistence of pathogens in host-seeking and feeding ticks within a single natural habitat in central germany. | the importance of established and emerging tick-borne pathogens in central and northern europe is steadily increasing. in 2007, we collected ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on birds (n = 211) and rodents (n = 273), as well as host-seeking stages (n = 196), in a habitat in central germany. in order to find out more about their natural transmission cycles, the ticks were tested for the presence of lyme disease borreliae, anaplasma phagocytophilum, spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, francisella tu ... | 2010 | 20729315 |
| the molecular evidence of babesia microti in hard ticks removed from dogs in warsaw (central poland). | the purpose of this study was to specify the occurrence and prevalence of babesia microti in hard ticks removed from dogs in warsaw (central poland). among 590 collected ticks, 209 were identified as ixodes ricinus, and 381 as dermacentor reticulatus. b. microti dna was detected in 11 out of 590 (1.86%) samples of ticks. the dna of the parasite was detected only in lysates from female i. ricinus ticks (11 out of 193; 5.7%). the result of this study is the first evidence of b. microti in i. ricin ... | 2010 | 20734753 |
| attachment site selection of ticks on roe deer, capreolus capreolus. | the spatio-temporal attachment site patterns of ticks feeding on their hosts can be of significance if co-feeding transmission (i.e. from tick to tick without a systemic infection of the host) of pathogens affects the persistence of a given disease. using tick infestation data on roe deer, we analysed preferred attachment sites and niche width of ixodes ticks (larvae, nymphs, males, females) and investigated the degree of inter- and intrastadial aggregation. the different development stages show ... | 2011 | 20585837 |
| identification of three ccp genes in babesia divergens: novel markers for sexual stages parasites. | babesia divergens, a tick-borne protozoan parasite of red blood cells, is the main agent of bovine and human babesiosis in europe. very few data are available concerning its life cycle and sexual reproduction inside the tick vector, ixodes ricinus. the aim of this study was to define some markers of the b.divergens sexual stage. an in silico post-genomic approach was used to analyze genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data and to select specific sexual stage proteins of the related apicomplexa ... | 2010 | 20603159 |
| growth, cysts and kinetics of borrelia garinii (spirochaetales: spirochaetacea) in different culture media. | the aim of the present paper was to evaluate cyst formation and growth parameters of borrelia garinii in a range of media differing in formulation and cost. a qualitative assessment of morphology and motility of b. garinii was conducted. all media were prepared aseptically and used in test tubes or petri dishes. for each medium, the initial spirochete concentration was standardized to 10(3) spirochets/ml. the following culture media were suitable to grow b. garinii: barbour-stoenner-kelly, brain ... | 2010 | 20835623 |