| borrelia lusitaniae and spotted fever group rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in tuscany, central italy. | prevalence of infection by borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae was estimated in host-seeking ticks in an area in tuscany, central italy, where lyme borreliosis was reported in a forestry worker. b. burgdorferi s.l. was identified by polymerase chain reaction in 16.7% (95% ci = 10.3, 24.8) of ixodes ricinus (l.) nymphs and 39.6% (95% ci = 26.5, 54.0) of adults. borrelia lusitaniae accounted for 82.9% of positive samples, followed by borrelia garinii (9.8%), borreli ... | 2006 | 16619594 |
| arthropod repellency, especially tick (ixodes ricinus), exerted by extract from artemisia abrotanum and essential oil from flowers of dianthus caryophyllum. | a toluene extract of southernwood (artemisia abrotanum) and the essential oil from flowers of carnation (dianthus caryophyllum ) exerted pronounced a repellent effect both against ticks (nymphs of ixodes ricinus) and yellow fever mosquitoes (aedes aegypti). the most potent repellents found were coumarin and thujyl alcohol from a. abrotanum and phenylethanol from d. caryophyllum where coumarin and thujyl alcohol were also detected. | 2006 | 16624501 |
| molecular identification of babesia parasites isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in northwestern poland. | in the present study, pcr has been applied to detect and analyze dna of babesia spp. extracted from ixodes ricinus ticks. collection of i. ricinus was made in 6 forested areas of zachodniopomorskie voivodship, poland, during 2 seasonal peaks of tick activity, i.e., spring and autumn, 2001. in total, 1,328 i. ricinus were collected and processed for pcr with f34 and r323 primers. babesia spp. was detected in 28 (2% of 1,328 tested) ticks; 26 were identified as b. divergens. the other 2 were ident ... | 2006 | 16629311 |
| rickettsiae of the spotted-fever group in ixodid ticks from hungary: identification of a new genotype ('candidatus rickettsia kotlanii'). | three common european 'anthrophilic' ticks, ixodes ricinus, haemaphysalis concinna and dermacentor reticulatus, were collected in hungary and tested, in assays based on nested pcr, for rickettsiae of the spotted-fever group. low percentages of i. ricinus (2.7%) and h. concinna (1.0%) and a high percentage of d. reticulatus (26.8%) were found to be infected. the rickettsiae in the ticks were then identified, by sequencing of the genes coding for 16s ribosomal rna (16s rdna), citrate synthase (glt ... | 2006 | 16630380 |
| climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in lyme-disease risk. | risk of human exposure to vector-borne zoonotic pathogens is a function of the abundance and infection prevalence of vectors. we assessed the determinants of lyme-disease risk (density and borrelia burgdorferi-infection prevalence of nymphal ixodes scapularis ticks) over 13 y on several field plots within eastern deciduous forests in the epicenter of us lyme disease (dutchess county, new york). we used a model comparison approach to simultaneously test the importance of ambient growing-season te ... | 2006 | 16669698 |
| anti-hemostatic effects of a serpin from the saliva of the tick ixodes ricinus. | serpins (serine protease inhibitors) are a large family of structurally related proteins found in a wide variety of organisms, including hematophagous arthropods. protein analyses revealed that iris, previously described as an immunomodulator secreted in the tick saliva, is related to the leukocyte elastase inhibitor and possesses serpin motifs, including the reactive center loop (rcl), which is involved in the interaction between serpins and serine proteases. only serine proteases were inhibite ... | 2006 | 16672226 |
| molecular diagnosis of theileria and babesia species infecting cattle in northern spain using reverse line blot macroarrays. | piroplasmosis in cattle is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites of the genera theileria and babesia. molecular detection techniques offer higher sensitivity and specificity than microscopy examination methods and serological tests. a reverse line blot (rlb) macroarray that included generic and species-specific probes for theileria annulata, theileria buffeli, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia divergens and babesia major was used to study the presence and identity of the piroplasm ... | 2006 | 16684356 |
| a paretic condition in an anaplasma phagocytophilum infected roe deer calf. | this paper describes a case of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) calf in norway. the calf was found deserted, paretic, and heavily infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. it was euthanized and investigated postmortem. anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in several tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and 16s rrna sequence analyses. analyses for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus infections were negative. this is the ... | 2006 | 16699161 |
| bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. | among the many mammals infected with bartonella spp., pets represent a large reservoir for human infection because most bartonella spp. infecting them are zoonotic. cats are the main reservoir for bartonella henselae, b. clarridgeiae, and b. koehlerae. dogs can be infected with b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, b. henselae, b. clarridgeiae, b. washoensis, b. elizabethae, and b. quintana. the role of dogs as an important reservoir of bartonella spp. is less clear than for cats because domestic dogs ... | 2006 | 16704774 |
| walking by ixodes ricinus ticks: intrinsic and extrinsic factors determine the attraction of moisture or host odour. | spontaneous walking by ixodes ricinus nymphs in the horizontal plane was investigated within choice arenas to test whether these ticks move preferentially up a humidity gradient, and whether they are attracted towards host odour, specifically volatile substances from the back of a dog's ear. responses by ticks with high and low fat contents and in different states of hydration were compared. ticks with higher energy reserves were more likely to walk horizontally over short distances. only if the ... | 2006 | 16709915 |
| babesia microti primarily invades mature erythrocytes in mice. | babesia microti is a tick-borne red blood cell parasite that causes babesiosis in people. its most common vertebrate reservoir is the white-footed mouse. to determine whether b. microti invades reticulocytes, as does the canine pathogen b. gibsoni, we infected the susceptible inbred mouse strains c.b-17.scid and dba/2 with a clinical isolate of b. microti. staining of fixed permeabilized red blood cells with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole or yoyo-1, a sensitive nucleic acid stain, revealed paras ... | 2006 | 16714547 |
| [ixodes ricinus. health risks and approaches in prevention]. | ticks belong to the parasitical mites. there are more than 1000 different species worldwide which do need blood of warm-blooded organisms for their own development. as ticks are well known to be vectors of several pathogens which could cause insidious infectious diseases, they are important in human and veterinarian medicine as well. it is not possible to control ticks in nature. therefore the first step should be an effective prevention. in case of a bite the tick must be removed as soon as pos ... | 2006 | 16719260 |
| [chrological and physiological age of the tick ixodes ricinus females]. | changes of the physiological age in 3 groups of the laboratory reared ixodes ricinus females were investigated over the period of 6-16 months. the longevity was studied in 27 groups of the tick females from a wild population during 2 seasons of the tick activity. physiological age of the tick females was determined at the beginning of the study and then monthly till the end of the study. it was established that physiological ageing takes place during the life of the tick, and the ageing of diffe ... | 2006 | 16755722 |
| a comparison of chryseobacterium indologenes pathogenicity to the soft tick ornithodoros moubata and hard tick ixodes ricinus. | a yellow-pigmented gram-negative bacterium, chryseobacterium indologenes, was found in the gut contents of about 65% of soft ticks ornithodoros moubata from a perishing laboratory colony. the isolated putative pathogen, c. indologenes, was susceptible to cotrimoxazol and addition of this antibiotic (biseptol 480) to the blood meal significantly decreased the tick mortality rate. the artificial infection of healthy o. moubata by membrane feeding on blood contaminated with c. indologenes was letha ... | 2006 | 16793056 |
| effect of forest clearing on the abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks and the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. | questing ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae) ticks were collected on a forest trail that had been completely cleared of shrubs and ground vegetation in winter 2002 and on a nearby control uncleared forest transect in south moravia (czech republic). samples were collected each may in 2003, 2004 and 2005. nymphal ticks were 3.4 times, 1.9 times and 1.2 times less frequent on cleared forest than on uncleared forest trails in the three respective years, whereas adult tick abundance was 27.2 times, 4 ... | 2006 | 16796612 |
| risk factors associated with ixodid tick species distributions in the basque region in spain. | ixodid tick abundance was investigated in the basque region in spain in two 1-year longitudinal studies, in 1992-1993 and 2003-2004. forty zones were visited monthly and 162 672 ticks (87% larvae, 12% nymphs and 1% adults) were collected by blanket dragging. eleven tick species belonging to the genera ixodes, haemaphysalis, rhipicephalus and dermacentor were identified including haemaphysalis concinna koch, which had not previously been reported in spain. tick species abundance differed between ... | 2006 | 16796614 |
| factory-based permethrin impregnation of uniforms: residual activity against aedes aegypti and ixodes ricinus in battle dress uniforms worn under field conditions, and cross-contamination during the laundering and storage process. | the factory-based permethrin coating technique has only recently been developed. consequently, no data are available on residual activity, laundering, and weathering resistance in impregnated battle dress uniforms (bdus) worn under military deployment conditions, or on the cross-contamination potential of such uniforms. herein, factory-impregnated bdus worn-out during military deployment to afghanistan were investigated for residual permethrin concentration, residual efficacy against arthropod v ... | 2006 | 16808123 |
| widespread distribution and high prevalence of an alpha-proteobacterial symbiont in the tick ixodes ricinus. | the tick ixodes ricinus is responsible for the transmission of a number of bacterial, protozoan and viral diseases to humans and animals in europe and northern africa. female i. ricinus from england, switzerland and italy have been found to harbour an intracellular alpha-proteobacterium, designated irices1, within the cells of the ovary. irices1 is the only prokaryote known to exist within the mitochondria of any animal or multicellular organism. to further examine the distribution, prevalence a ... | 2006 | 16817936 |
| perpetuation of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia lusitaniae by lizards. | to determine whether the lyme disease spirochete borrelia lusitaniae is associated with lizards, we compared the prevalence and genospecies of spirochetes present in rodent- and lizard-associated ticks at a site where this spirochete frequently infects questing ticks. whereas questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks were infected mainly by borrelia afzelii, one-half of the infected adult ticks harbored b. lusitaniae at our study site. lyme disease spirochetes were more prevalent in sand lizards (la ... | 2006 | 16820453 |
| migratory passerine birds as reservoirs of lyme borreliosis in europe. | to define the role of birds as reservoirs and disseminators of borrelia spirochetes, we characterized tick infestation and reservoir competence of migratory passerine birds in sweden. a total of 1,120 immature ixodes ricinus ticks were removed from 13,260 birds and assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for borrelia, followed by dna sequencing for species and genotype identification. distributions of ticks on birds were aggregated, presumably because of varying encounters with t ... | 2006 | 16836825 |
| tickborne encephalitis virus, norway and denmark. | serum from 2 norwegians with tickborne encephalitis (tbe) (1 of whom was infected in denmark) and 810 norwegian ticks were tested for tbe virus (tbev) rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed. this is the first genome detection of tbev in serum from norwegian patients. | 2006 | 16836835 |
| [capreolus capreolus and ixodes ricinus as a reservoir of bartonella in north-western poland]. | capreolus capreolus and ixodes ricinus as a reservoir of bartonella in north-western poland. the purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence bartonella in capreolus capreolus from north-western poland forest. supplementary, ticks infesting roe deer were also screened in order to ascertain their role as vectors and reservoirs of bartonella. the samples of blood from 98 animals from north-western poland were pcr-screened. bartonella dna was detected by using primers complementary to the inte ... | 2005 | 16838623 |
| [dynamics of tick populations (ixodes ricinus l) in sleza massif and their role as the vectors of lime boreliosis]. | | 2005 | 16838630 |
| first detection of tbe virus sequences in ixodes ricinus from friuli venezia giulia (italy). | we report, for the first time, the presence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus in the tick ixodes ricinus collected in the friuli venezia giulia region of north-eastern italy. using molecular methods, we demonstrate that the tbe virus carried by ticks from fvg is a western european strain. sequence analysis of the 5' ncr showed 98.4% identity to the neudoerfl strain. | 2006 | 16841557 |
| pcr detection of granulocytic anaplasma and babesia in ixodes ricinus ticks and birds in west-central poland. | the aim of the study was to establish the role of forest birds as reservoirs of anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in wielkopolski national park. a total of 108 birds from 9 species were collected between may-september 2002. blood samples were taken from 84 specimens and 442 individuals of the common tick, ixodes ricinus, were collected from the birds. the 73 additional ticks were collected from vegetation. pcr amplification of a fragment of the epank 1 gene and 18s rrna gene was used fo ... | 2006 | 16841867 |
| high prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks removed from human skin in north-eastern poland. | in order to examine the risk of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in humans, 76 ixodes ricinus ticks and 3 dermacentor reticulatus removed from humans were examined for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by pcr targeting the16s rrna gene. the average infection rate was 23.7% (18/76) in ixodes ricinus ticks. a very high infection rate reaching 36.8% (14/38) was detected in female ixodes ricinus, followed by males--16.6% and nymphs--10.5%. no infection was noted in larvae. all dermacentor ... | 2006 | 16841871 |
| presence of potentially pathogenic babesia sp. for human in ixodes ricinus in switzerland. | we have designed and performed a new pcr method based on the 18s rrna in order to individuate the presence and the identity of babesia parasites. out of 1159 ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks collected in four areas of switzerland, nine were found to contain babesia dna. sequencing of the short amplicon obtained (411-452 bp) allowed the identification of three human pathogenic species: babesia microti, b. divergens, for the first time in switzerland, babesia sp. eu1. we also report coinfect ... | 2006 | 16841874 |
| diversity of the population of tick-borne encephalitis virus infecting ixodes ricinus ticks in an endemic area of central switzerland (canton bern). | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), a member of the genus flavivirus, has a positive-strand rna genome containing a single open reading frame flanked by non-coding regions (ncrs). ixodes ricinus ticks (n = 307) were collected from vegetation in a natural tbev focus in belp, switzerland. the presence and identity of the virus were determined by nested rt-pcr followed by sequencing of the 5'-terminal region that comprises the 5' ncr and the capsid-encoding region (c). the presence of the western ... | 2006 | 16847119 |
| [prevalence of ixodes ricinus infection with borrelia burgdorferi s.l.: seasonal and annual variations]. | the present study deals with the ecology of lyme borreliosis in northern poland. the complexity of environmental conditions are: (1) the presence of certain rodent hosts for the borrelia, (2) the seasonal patterns of abundance and infection rate of i. ricinus in the population of rodents and on vegetation, (3) the prevalence of b. burgdorferi s.l., b. garinii and b. afzelii. the long-term studies were carried out on a monthly basis from april to october (1998-2001) in woodlands at urwitałt near ... | 2004 | 16859032 |
| [biology of ixodes ricinus (l.) and its pathogens in wrocław area]. | within 2001-2003, a total of 4743 ticks of ixodes ricinus were trapped from the forest area in masyw sliy (lower silesia, poland) near wrocław. common distribution of ixodid ticks in all examined habitats, located near touristic routes, are potential loci of lyme borreliosis in these recreational areas. out of 1108 tick samples examined by the observation in dfm for the presence of spirochetes, 6.7% were positive. the highest percent of infected ticks (13.1%) was found in 2003. | 2004 | 16859033 |
| occurrence and seasonal activity of european ticks ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758) in the forest areas of olsztyn. | a total of 667 ticks (82% nymphs, 10.5% females and 7.5% males) were caught at 7 selected sites within the las miejski in olsztyn. the average population of ticks was 18.6 individuals/100 m2. two peaks of tick activity were recorded: the spring peak in may and the autumn peak in august. | 2004 | 16859034 |
| [morphology of tick tarsus (acari: ixodida)--modifications connected with life cycle, behaviour, and habitat]. | ticks are ectoparasites of wide variety of vertebrates living in various types of environment all over the world. morphological, biological, and physiological differences among tick species as well as among tick life stages are the result of tick adaptations to various life conditions. this paper presents morphological adaptations of tick tarsus to the hosts and the life conditions. the authors underline morphological differences of haller's organ and pretarsus in four tick species: argas reflex ... | 2004 | 16859038 |
| [ticks, tick bites and how best to remove the tick]. | as a rule, the tick, ixodes ricinus, is picked up when its victim walks through low vegetation and brushes it off a leaf or blade of grass. often hours later, the tick scores the skin at the site it selects and then pushes its barbed hypostome into the tiny wound to anchor itself to its victim with the aid of a cement-like substance and the barbs. while it sucks up blood, borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes pass out of the tick's intestine into its salivary glands and thence into the host. it is th ... | 2006 | 16859157 |
| [occurence of pathogenic genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from north-western poland]. | in order to learn the heterogeneity of the dna of b. burgdorferi s.l. and the prevalence of co-infections of b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies in the populations of i. ricinus, collected in north-western poland, the nested pcr method was applied, a fragment of the fla gene being used as a marker. basing on the prevalence data of b. burgdorferi s.l. dna in i. ricinus ticks in 8 sampling sites during 1998-2001, it may be stated that a risk of contracting lyme disease exists in forested areas of nort ... | 2004 | 16865967 |
| [anaplasma phagocytophila and protozoans of babesia genus in dogs from endemic areas of lyme disease in north-western poland]. | infections caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato may be accompanied by other microorganisms, such as anaplasma, ehrlichia and babesia. these pathogens are transmitted by the ticks and are a risk to humans and animals. ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational areas of szczecin and northwestern poland contained dna of the pathogens mentioned above and cases of double and triple coinfection have been documented. the aim of this paper was to determine if dogs suspect to ti ... | 2004 | 16865968 |
| [participation of ixodes ricinus developmental stages in transmission of anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophila]. | the present study constitutes a survey on the prevalence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent, anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophila, infecting ticks, ixodes ricinus. i. ricinus were collected in the spring and autumn of the years 2000-2002 in western pomerania (poland), on vegetation using cloth drags. in all, 3340 individuals of i. ricinus were collected from the sampling sites. this total comprised of 511 females, 525 males, and 1998 nymphs. the prevalence of this pathogen in ticks was ass ... | 2004 | 16865969 |
| the tick ixodes ricinus: distribution and climate preferences in the western palaearctic. | in this study, multivariate spatial clustering on monthly normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) maps is used to classify ecological regions over the western palaearctic. this classification is then used to delineate the distribution and climate preferences of populations (clades) of the tick ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae) from a geographically extensive dataset of tick records and a gridded 2.5-km resolution climate dataset. using monthly layers of the ndvi, regions of similar ecolo ... | 2006 | 16874918 |
| ultrastructure and lectin characterization of granular salivary cells from ixodes ricinus females. | a site-specific glycosylation of salivary glands (sgs) isolated from unfed and partially fed ixodes ricinus females was identified with the use of lectin affinity labeling on sections and western blots of sds-page gels. the results revealed that secretory granules of a, b, and c cells of the type ii acinus and e and f cells of the type iii acinus are glycosylated. in partially engorged tick sgs, 2 subtypes of c cells were distinguished. the granules of c1 cells contained mannose, n-acetyl-d-gluc ... | 2006 | 16883983 |
| rickettsia felis from cat fleas: isolation and culture in a tick-derived cell line. | rickettsia felis, the etiologic agent of spotted fever, is maintained in cat fleas by vertical transmission and resembles other tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae. in the present study, we utilized an ixodes scapularis-derived tick cell line, ise6, to achieve isolation and propagation of r. felis. a cytopathic effect of increased vacuolization was commonly observed in r. felis-infected cells, while lysis of host cells was not evident despite large numbers of rickettsiae. electron microsc ... | 2006 | 16885313 |
| [genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in north-west poland]. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), the etiological agent of lyme diesease, is transmitted by the bite of ixodes ricinus. during may and september 1999, field surveys on lyme disease spirochetes were conducted in three locations of a region of north-west poland, known as recreational districts visited by many people. the ticks ixodes ricinus were collected in natural habitats by dragging a flanel cloth over the vegetation. sex and developmental stage of each tick were determined. based on a ... | 2000 | 16886329 |
| [the occurrence of ixodes ricinus in the selected recreative areas in the province of szczecin. part ii]. | the aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence (the quantative and rate percent) of ixodes ricinus in the popular recreation areas in szczecin (arkonka, osów, głebokie, landscape park of szczecin, dabie forest park, zdroje forest park) and in province of szczecin (forest of goleniów, ińsko, pobierowo, chojna). investigations were performed in 1998 year, twice on each places; in may/june and repeted in september/october. the temperature and humidity of air were measured. obtained specimens w ... | 2000 | 16886345 |
| [isolation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks ixodes ricinus by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)]. | attempts were made to identify the causative orgamsm of lyme disease in szczecin from tick ixodes ricinus as a vector. ticks were collected in 1997 year in forest areas of szczecin, from localites associated with numerous attendance of people. the method used in this study was the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on the flagellin structural gene fla of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. the flagellin pcr primer set reaction was conservative for b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. afzelii and b. gar ... | 2000 | 16886357 |
| [parasitic acari of wild boar (sus scrofa l.) from pomerania lake district]. | in years 1994-1998, 553 wild boars (sus scrofa l.) were examined in the area of north-western part of poland. four species of parasitic acarids were found: demodex phylloides, sarcoptes scabiei, dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus. the highest infestation was observed in the case of d. phylloides (30%), the next from the top was presented by ixodes ricinus (17%). s. scabiei and d. reticulatus occured seldom. | 2000 | 16886367 |
| [co-infection of borrelia garinii and b. afzelii in a population of wild rodents from woodland]. | the maintenance of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in the environment is dependent on the zoonotic cycle involving tick vectors and certain reservoir hosts. it is well known, that the same species of wild rodents, as well as the vector ixodes ricinus, are often co-infected with at least two genomospecies of b. burgdorferi s.l.: b. afzelii and b. garinii. the ticks collected from two rodent species: clethrionomys glareolus and apodemus flavicollis were examined for the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l., ... | 2001 | 16886420 |
| the occurrence of parasitic arthropods in two groups of european bison in the białowieza primeval forest. | within 1992-2000, a total of 181 białowieza forest bison were examined from two winter herds. twelf parasitic arthropod species were observed, a high infestation being typical of demodex bisonianius, chorioptes bovis, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus, and bisonicola sedecimdecembrii. the infestation in section 422 herd being higher for b. sedecimdecembrii, i. ricinus, d. reticulatus, ch. bovis. d. bisonianus was slightly more prevalent in the section 391 herd, the intensity being, however ... | 2001 | 16886430 |
| [enzootic reservoir for new ixodes ricinus-transmitted infections]. | in the last decade new tick-transmitted zoonoses have emerged as threats to the public health in europe. they are mostly due to infection by borrelia burgdorferi s.i., babesia divergens, b. microti and ehrlichia sp. all these pathogens are transmitted by the rodent-feeding ticks of ixodes persulcatus "complex". also there is first serological information of coexistence of antibodies to b. burgdorferi, b. microti and ehrlichia sp. in human exposured to these multiple tick-transmitted pathogens. a ... | 1999 | 16886454 |
| [the occurrence of ixodes ricinus in the selected recreative areas in the province of szczecin. part iii]. | within the last years, the incidences of diseases transmitted by ixodes ricinus tick have rapidly increased. we estimated the occurrence of ixodes ricinus in the popular recreation urban areas in szczecin and in the province of szczecin. the study was carried out in 1999, with two samples at each site, and were compared with data of 1998. the temperature and humidity of air were measured. the most ticks were found in the range of 70-80% relative humidity of air. among 3.198 specimens collected 5 ... | 2002 | 16888942 |
| [prevelance of the etiological agent of human ehrlichiosis (hge) in ticks from west-north poland]. | ehrlichias occur in ticks in the cells of their haemolymph-hematocytes. they enter the vertebrate host organism with the saliva of the tick, during a blood meal. humans can also be the hosts for this pathogen. two pathogens cause a humane disease-monocytic ehrlichiasis (e. chaffensis) or granulocytic ehrlichiasis (hge factor). the above disease units are difficult to diagnose because of their non-specific symptoms. a preliminary study has been conducted on the prevalence of the hge factor in the ... | 2001 | 16888958 |
| [the occurrence of ixodes ricinus in the select recreative areas in the province of szczecin. part i]. | among polish ticks species the most common ixodes ricinus has the biggest medical importance. within the last few years, the incidence of disease transmitted by ticks has rapidly increased. we have made a thorough analysis of the quantative and rate per cent of occurrence of various stages ixodes ricinus in the forest areas of some places in szczecin province and in the parks of szczecin, that are known as highly recreative and frequently visted by many people. a total of 426 (68% numphs) specim ... | 1999 | 16888993 |
| occurrence of the spirochetes borrelia burgdorferi sensulato in ticks ixodes ricinus (l.) from selected municipal woods of the city of poznań. | | 1999 | 16888996 |
| seasonal and diurnal activity of ticks ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758) in masyw sleza (lower silesia). | | 1999 | 16888999 |
| [prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks, ixodes ricinus in tarnowskie góry district]. | borrelia burgdorferi is an aetiological factor of borreliosis (lyme disease). the main vectors of borrelia burgdorferi are larvae, nymphs, and females of ixodes ricinus. the aim of this paper was to analyse infection parameters of borrelia burgdorferi in a selected populations of ixodes ricinus. the study was conducted in tarnowskie góry administrative district (krupski młyn, zielona, lubliniec, tarnowskie góry, swierklaniec, tworóg, and zbrosławice). a total of 85 ticks were collected with a pi ... | 2003 | 16889016 |
| [evaluation of occurrence of spirochetes borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks in selected areas of the lublin region by polymerase chain reaction method (pcr)]. | during the period 2001-2002, 1098 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected at forest sampling sites and the degree of their infection with borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes was determined by means of polimerase chain reaction (pcr). the presence of borrelia burgdorferi genetic material was noted in 69 cases (6.3%). it was confirmed that the frequency of infection of adult forms of ticks (males and females) was nearly twice as high as nymphs. the highest degree of infection was observed in females--9.5 ... | 2003 | 16889023 |
| [prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus population in forests of north-western poland]. | the ticks ixodes ricinus were collected during three growing seasons in forested areas of north-western poland. the ticks were collected by flagging at 30 sites. the specimens collected (nymphs and adults) were subjected, after an appropiate treatment, to indirect immunofluorescence analysis (ifa). in addition, effects of temperature and atmospheric precipitation on the tick infection with the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi were investigated based on data supplied by the institute of meteorolo ... | 2003 | 16889030 |
| [occurrence of babesia microti in ticks ixodes ricinus on selected areas of western pomerania]. | the aim of present study was to evaluate acquisition risk of babesiosis in human population exposed to ticks ixodes ricinus by examination of babesia microti dna occurrence in ticks of all development stages. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to estimate the occurrence of dna babesia microti in ixodes ricinus. the bab1 and bab4 primers were used to amplify fragment. 238bp in length, of 18s rrna gene for small ribosomal subunit. amplicons were electroforeticaly separated in agarose ... | 2003 | 16889031 |
| repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent mygga natural to ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in the laboratory and field. | mygga natural (bioglan, lund, sweden) is a commercially available repellent against blood-feeding arthropods. it contains 30% of lemon-scented eucalyptus, corymbia citriodora (hook.) k. d. hill & l. a. s. johnson (myrtaceae), oil with a minimum of 50% p-menthane-3,8-diol. mygga natural also contains small amounts of the essential oils of lavender, lavandula angustifolia mill. (lamiaceae), and geranium, pelargonium graveolens l'her. (geraniaceae). in laboratory bioassays, mygga natural and c. cit ... | 2006 | 16892632 |
| reservoir role of lizard psammodromus algirus in transmission cycle of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (spirochaetaceae) in tunisia. | to investigate the reservoir role of the lizard psammodromus algirus for the lyme disease spirochete, 199 lizards were trapped from april to october 2003 in el jouza, northwestern tunisia. in this site, the infection rate of free-living ixodes ricinus (l.) by borrelia was evaluated by immunofluorescence as 34.6% for adult ticks and 12.5% for nymphs. eighty percent of p. algirus (117/146) captured during this study were infested by i. ricinus, the predominant tick species collected from lizards. ... | 2006 | 16892633 |
| [seasonal activity of the ticks ixodes ricinus in the lakesides and forests habitats of szczecin and environs and its infestation with the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi]. | the article presents the results of researche (1999-2000) on numbers and seasonal activity of ixodes ricinus in selected lakesides and forests habitats of szczecin and on occurence of the spirochetes borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks. a total of 8065 ticks were collected from 6 localities : 647 larvae, 4549 nymphs, 1624 females and 1244 males. the spirochetes b. burgdorferi were found (using the pcr techniques) in 2271 specimens e.c. 28.1% whole population. numbers infected larvae were 21 ... | 2001 | 16894752 |
| [babesosis--difficulty of diagnosis]. | human babesiosis is caused predominantly by b. microti and b. divergens, a protozooan parasites of red blood cells. both are transmitted by ixodes ricinus ticks, also the primary vector of lyme disease. clinical manifestation varied widely from asymptomatic infection to a serve rapidly fatal disease. the diagnosis of babesiosis include examination of stained blood smers, serological evaluation indirect antibody tests and pcr. with the evolution pcr--based techniques, the diagnosis and monitoring ... | 2001 | 16894770 |
| effect of salivary gland extract from ixodes ricinus ticks on the proliferation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in vivo. | saliva-activated transmission (sat) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was demonstrated using real-time pcr and salivary gland extract (sge) from partially fed ixodes ricinus ticks. c3h/hen mice were injected intradermally with 1.5 x 10(3) spirochetes mixed with 40 microg of sge per mouse. the control group was inoculated with the same dose of spirochetes without sge. the accelerating effect of sge on spirochete proliferation was demonstrated on day 1 post infection, when a 4.2-fold increase ... | 2006 | 16898130 |
| the emerging diversity of rickettsia. | the best-known members of the bacterial genus rickettsia are associates of blood-feeding arthropods that are pathogenic when transmitted to vertebrates. these species include the agents of acute human disease such as typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever. however, many other rickettsia have been uncovered in recent surveys of bacteria associated with arthropods and other invertebrates; the hosts of these bacteria have no relationship with vertebrates. it is therefore perhaps more appropriate t ... | 2006 | 16901827 |
| ixodes ricinus: the potential of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as a tool for studying host-vector-pathogen interactions. | ixodes ricinus is a three-host tick, with three active instars. for moulting to occur the tick has to find a host where it can take a blood meal. throughout feeding i. ricinus can be infected or infect the host with different pathogens, e.g., tick-borne encephalitis virus or borrelia burgdorferi. the host-vector-pathogen interaction is very complex, making a detailed study difficult. here we analyse the potential of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2de) to study the host-vector-pathogen inte ... | 2007 | 16904668 |
| [epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in poland]. | the paper summarizes state of art knowledge on tick-borne diseases epidemiology in poland. the most prevalent diseases are lyme borreliosis (lb) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe). although there is growing number of data published on anaplasmosis and babesiosis prevalence in ticks and humans, there is no national data on these diseases and their epidemiological features remain unclear. all tick-borne agents have a common vector tick--the sheep tick ixodes ricinus. lb and tbe are mandatory report ... | 2006 | 16909794 |
| [tick borne encephalitis and enviromental changes]. | currently observed markedly increased incidence of various tick borne diseases in many parts of europe is due to documented climatic changes as well anthropogenic influence on habitat structure. one of the analyzed factors is tendency to increase of the spring temperatures, especially in the third decade of the april. such conditions (spring temperatures above 7-10 degrees c) let the nymphs and larvae of ixodes ricinus to feed simultaneously on rodents. this increases the risk of infection of ix ... | 2006 | 16909800 |
| temporal distribution of ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and haemaphysalis concinna in hungary. | a survey was carried out over a 4-year period to describe the temporal distribution of three 'anthropophilic' tick species, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and haemaphysalis concinna in hungary. altogether 4658 adult ticks belonging to the three species were collected from 1931 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) killed in an area of about 70,000 km(2) representing all major climatic areas of the country. the seasonal activity of the three species was different. i. ricinus ticks were most active b ... | 2006 | 16919880 |
| host heterogeneity dominates west nile virus transmission. | heterogeneity in host populations and communities can have large effects on the transmission and control of a pathogen. in extreme cases, a few individuals give rise to the majority of secondary infections, which have been termed super spreading events. here, we show that transmission of west nile virus (wnv) is dominated by extreme heterogeneity in the host community, resulting in highly inflated reproductive ratios. a single relatively uncommon avian species, american robin (turdus migratorius ... | 2006 | 16928635 |
| confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to ixodes calreticulin salivary protein. | ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. people who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. in order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne i ... | 2006 | 16928887 |
| [lyme borreliosis situation in north africa]. | many epidemiological studies were conducted for studying lyme borreliosis (lb) which represents a new global public health problem. it is now the most common vector-borne disease in europe and north america. the causative agent borrelia burgdorferi sl is a bacterial species complex comprising 12 delineated and named species. in north africa, few studies based on clinical and serological features, have suggested that lb could occur. indeed, recent studies conducted in tunisia, algeria and morocco ... | 2004 | 16929760 |
| structural identification of an anthrasteroid hydrocarbon from the sheep tick ixodes ricinus. | a new anthrasteroid hydrocarbon was isolated from cuticular integument of engorged female ixodes ricinus, and its structure was determined by interpretation of spectroscopic and nuclear magnetic resonance data as 14alpha(h)-1(10-->6)-abeo-cholesta-3,5,7,9(10)-tetraene (1). | 2006 | 16933876 |
| the root-vole microtus oeconomus (pallas, 1776): a new potential reservoir of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum infection is a recently emerged tick-borne zoonosis. the bacterium's reservoirs likely comprise cervids, some ruminants, rodents, and perhaps other small and intermediate-size mammals; the main vector in europe is the ixodes ricinus tick. the białowieza primeval forest is an ecosystem with a known prevalence of tick-borne pathogens. we studied the root-vole microtus oeconomus to evaluate the natural infection of a. phagocytophilum. intragranulocytic bacterial clusters ( ... | 2006 | 16989562 |
| borrelia afzelii gene expression in ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks. | spirochetes belonging to the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) complex have evolved remarkable ability to survive in diverse ecological niches during transmission cycles between ticks and vertebrate hosts by variable gene expression. to understand the events during spirochete transmission from feeding ticks to hosts, mrna levels of selected b. afzelii genes (bbk32, dbpa, ospa, ospc and vlse) were measured by quantitative real-time sybr green pcr. b. afzelii infected ixodes ricinus nymphs f ... | 2006 | 16989569 |
| rickettsial agents in egyptian ticks collected from domestic animals. | to assess the presence of rickettsial pathogens in ticks from egypt, we collected ticks from domestic and peridomestic animals between june 2002 and july 2003. dna extracts from 1019 ticks were tested, using pcr and sequencing, for anaplasma spp., bartonella spp., coxiella burnetii, ehrlichia spp., and rickettsia spp. ticks included: 29 argas persicus, 10 hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 55 hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, 174 hyalomma dromedarii, 2 hyalomma impeltatum, 3 hyalomma marginatum rufipe ... | 2006 | 17004028 |
| seasonal activity of the common european tick, ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758), in the forested areas of the city of olsztyn and its surroundings. | common european ticks, ixodes ricinus, have been found in forest areas situated within the boundaries of big cities, and in areas changed by anthropogenic pressure. monitoring i. ricinus, in the areas used by the public for recreation and leisure, makes it possible to assess the risk of infection with the diseases they transmit. the objective of this study was the comparison of the seasonal activity of ticks, i. ricinus, in the afforested areas of the city of olsztyn and its surroundings. | 2006 | 17007338 |
| [tick infestation and the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and babesia divergens in cattle in bavaria]. | during the grazing period 2002 319 cattle from 31 farms located in 6 districts of southern bavaria were examined for the presence of ticks in 4- to 5-week intervals, and 287 serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi and babesia divergens. ticks were detected in all 31 farms with a mean prevalence of 69%. 3218 out of 3453 collected ticks were ixodes ricinus; 139 nymphs, 19 larvae and 77 damaged adult specimens could only be determined to the genus level ... | 2006 | 17009719 |
| babesia spp. identified by pcr in ticks collected from domestic and wild ruminants in southern switzerland. | concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens affected a cattle herd in switzerland, and one of the pathogens was identified as babesia bigemina, which had never been observed in this country before. therefore, a survey of the occurrence of ruminant babesia spp. and their tick vectors in switzerland was conducted. a total of 2,017 ticks were collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and wild ruminants (deer, roe deer, and chamois) in southern parts of switzerland and identified morphologically. t ... | 2006 | 17021198 |
| longitudinal analysis of tick densities and borrelia, anaplasma, and ehrlichia infections of ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitat areas in the netherlands. | from 2000 to 2004, ticks were collected by dragging a blanket in four habitat areas in the netherlands: dunes, heather, forest, and a city park. tick densities were calculated, and infection with borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma and ehrlichia species was investigated by reverse line blot analysis. the lowest tick density was observed in the heather area (1 to 8/100 m2). in the oak forest and city park, the tick densities ranged from 26 to 45/100 m2. the highest tick density was found in the du ... | 2006 | 17028227 |
| simple epidemiological model predicts the relationships between prevalence and abundance in ixodid ticks. | we tested whether the prevalence of ticks can be predicted reliably from a simple epidemiological model that takes into account only mean abundance and its variance. we used data on the abundance and distribution of larvae and nymphs of 2 ixodid ticks parasitic on small mammals (apodemus agrarius, apodemus flavicollis, apodemus uralensis, clethrionomys glareolus and microtus arvalis) in central europe. ixodes trianguliceps is active all year round, occurs in the study area in the mountain and su ... | 2007 | 17032480 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in the wood tick ixodes ricinus in the province of trento, italy. | | 2006 | 17033789 |
| coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks. | the pathogens that cause lyme disease (ld), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. the prevalence of dually infected ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of north america and europe where ld is endemic, with reported prevalences ... | 2006 | 17041141 |
| [the longevity of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in central russia]. | the longevity of the tick ixodes ricinus has been studied on 27 samples from a wild population of the moscow region. ticks were kept in small cages and glass tubes under conditions close to natural. about 2/3 of the specimens collected in spring survived till the next spring and later died out gradually during the second season of their activity. very few specimens reached the beginning of the third winter in their life, but apparently none of them survived the end of the winter. the life span o ... | 2006 | 17042281 |
| allozyme polymorphism of mdh and alpha-gpdh in ixodes ricinus populations: comparison of borreliae-infected and uninfected ticks. | ixodes ricinus linnaeus (acari: ixodidae) ticks are vectors of numerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. the allozyme variability of mdh and alpha-gpdh was detected by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in i. ricinus natural populations in three localities in serbia. four alleles of mdh locus (mdh 1, mdh 2, mdh 3 and mdh x) and four alleles of alpha-gpdh locus (vs, s, f and vf) were detected. interpopulation differences in mdh and alpha-gpdh allele frequencies were statistically ... | 2006 | 17072538 |
| transstadial and transovarial persistence of babesia divergens dna in ixodes ricinus ticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique. | although babesia divergens is the the principal confirmed zoonotic babesia sp. in europe, there are gaps in our knowledge of its biology and transmission by the tick ixodes ricinus. in order to reproduce the part of the parasite cycle that occurs in the vector, an in vitro animal skin feeding technique on blood containing in vitro cultivated b. divergens was developed. parasite dna was detected in all samples of salivary glands of nymphs and adults that had fed on parasitized blood as larvae and ... | 2007 | 17076925 |
| borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum coinfection. | | 2006 | 17080581 |
| 'candidatus midichloria mitochondrii', an endosymbiont of the tick ixodes ricinus with a unique intramitochondrial lifestyle. | an intracellular bacterium with the unique ability to enter mitochondria exists in the european vector of lyme disease, the hard tick ixodes ricinus. previous phylogenetic analyses based on 16s rrna gene sequences suggested that the bacterium formed a divergent lineage within the rickettsiales (alphaproteobacteria). here, we present additional phylogenetic evidence, based on the gyrb gene sequence, that confirms the phylogenetic position of the bacterium. based on these data, as well as electron ... | 2006 | 17082386 |
| an in vitro feeding assay to test acaricides for control of hard ticks. | animal husbandry could not be practised over large areas of the planet without acaricides. the prevention of tick bite and the transmission of diseases requires the use of pesticides, but this contributes to the development of tick resistance against acaricides. this drives the quest for new molecules that target physiological processes crucial to tick survival. in vivo trials involve multiple repetitions because of inherent variations between host animals, requiring large amounts of test produc ... | 2007 | 17089333 |
| anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha activity in ixodes ricinus saliva. | tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) is one of the most prominent inflammatory mediators playing a central role in starting off the inflammatory reactions of the innate immune system. we identified a tnf-alpha-inhibitory activity in the saliva and salivary gland extract (sge) from partially fed ixodes ricinus ticks. using mouse and human tnf-alpha specific elisa, we showed that tick saliva or sge markedly reduced the level of detectable cytokine. both saliva and sge inhibited the cytotoxic e ... | 2006 | 17096644 |
| repellency of mygga natural spray (para-menthane-3,8-diol) and rb86 (neem oil) against the tick ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in the field in east-central sweden. | in the field in south-central sweden, we tested by randomised, standardised methodology the potential anti-tick repellent activity of two concentrations of mygga natural spray (containing pmd) (4.2 and 3.2 g/m2) and one of rb86 (with 70% neem oil containing azadirachtin) (3 g/m2) to host seeking nymphs of ixodes ricinus. each substance was applied separately to 1 m2 cotton flannel cloths. nymphal ticks on the cloths, pulled over the vegetation, were recorded at 10-m stops. nymphal numbers record ... | 2006 | 17103083 |
| highly variable year-to-year prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks in northeastern poland: a 4-year follow-up. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus ticks in europe. we followed-up a. phagocytophilum infection rate in i. ricinus in three selected collection sites in northeastern poland during a four-year period. overall infection rate was 14.1% (208/1474) with highest infection rate among females (36.8% verses males 8.2% and nymphs 0.9%). we noted a very big year-to-year variation of infection prevalence in each collection cite every year reflecting changeable granulocytic ana ... | 2006 | 17114727 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia spp., and borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ticks, and wild-living animals in western and middle slovakia. | in this study, three tick species (ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, and d. reticulatus), small terrestrial mammals, and game were examined by pcr for the presence of tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia spp., and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | 2006 | 17114728 |
| prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia sp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from france. | a total of 4701 ixodes ricinus, collected during the summer of 2003, were analyzed for three pathogens. dna was detected from the three pathogens. co-detection of more than one pathogen was observed. | 2006 | 17114729 |
| prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsia species detected in ticks in la rioja, spain. | our objective was to learn the prevalence of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia detected in ticks in la rioja, in the north of spain. from 2001 to 2005, 496 ticks representing 7 tick species were analysed at the hospital de la rioja. ticks were removed from humans with or without rickettsial syndrome (n = 59) or collected from mammals (n = 371) or from vegetation by dragging (n = 66). the presence of sfg rickettsia in these ticks was investigated by semi-nested pcr (ompa gene) and sequencing. ... | 2006 | 17114730 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants in europe. | the agent that causes tick-borne fever (tbf) in sheep was first described in 1940, 8 years after the disease was first recognized in scotland. the same agent was soon shown to cause tbf in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in other parts of the uk, scandinavia, and other parts of europe. after the initial use of the name rickettsia phagocytophila, the organism was given the name cytoecetes phagocytophila to reflect its association with granulocytes and its morphological similarity with cytoecete ... | 2006 | 17114753 |
| rickettsia spp. in ixodes ricinus ticks in bavaria, germany. | this study aims to provide information on the occurrence of spotted fever rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus ticks in southern germany. a total of 2,141 i. ricinus ticks was collected in bavaria. pools of 5-10 ticks were studied by a pcr targeting the rickettsial citrate synthase gene glta. the average prevalence rate was 12% (257 of 2,141). sequencing data exclusively identified rickettsia helvetica dna. results and other data demonstrate the possible role of r. helvetica in i. ricinus as a source o ... | 2006 | 17114766 |
| the occurrence of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in northern poland. | ixodes ricinus, the most commonly observed tick species in poland, is known vector of microorganisms pathogenic for humans as tbe virus, borrelia burgdorferi s.1., anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia sp. in this country. our study aimed to find out whether this tick can also transmit also rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (sfg). dna extracts from 560 ticks (28 females, 34 males, and 488 nymphs) collected in different wooded areas in northern poland were examined by pcr for the detection o ... | 2006 | 17114767 |
| infection of ixodes scapularis ticks with rickettsia monacensis expressing green fluorescent protein: a model system. | ticks (acari: ixodidae) are ubiquitous hosts of rickettsiae (rickettsiaceae: rickettsia), obligate intracellular bacteria that occur as a continuum from nonpathogenic arthropod endosymbionts to virulent pathogens of both arthropod vectors and vertebrates. visualization of rickettsiae in hosts has traditionally been limited to techniques utilizing fixed tissues. we report epifluorescence microscopy observations of unfixed tick tissues infected with a spotted fever group endosymbiont, rickettsia m ... | 2007 | 17125789 |
| laboratory diagnosis of lyme borreliosis at the portuguese national institute of health (1990-2004). | lyme borreliosis is considered to be an emerging infection in some regions of the world, including portugal. the first portuguese human case of lyme borreliosis was identified in 1989. since 1999, this disease is considered a notifiable disease (ddo) in portugal, but only a few cases are reported each year, which does not allow consistent analysis of risk factors and the impact on public health. in this study the authors analyse the data available at the centre for vectors and infectious disease ... | 2006 | 17130658 |
| new findings on anaplasmosis caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | ixodes ricinus (i. ricinus) is one of the vectors of anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum) in europe, in which rates of infection range from 1.9% to 34%. in 1998, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis-like (hge-like) ehrlichia dna was detected in italy, by pcr technique in one i. ricinus nymph out of 55 ticks that were examined. in 1996, 6.3% of 310 human sera in high-risk subjects from italy were found positive for antibodies to ehrlichia phagocytophila (e. phagocytophila). in the same year, ... | 2006 | 17135539 |
| genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from the autonomous province of trento, italy. | sequences of the variable intergenic spacer region 5s (rrfa) 23s (rrlb) rrna were used to identify borrelia genospecies present in ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from the lamar lakes area of the province of trento, italy (overall prevalence=6.3%). four genospecies were identified, one for the first time in this province (b. valaisiana), and three which have been noted previously (b. afzelii, b. garinii, and b. burgdorferi s.s.). in order to compare the genetic variability of these genospecies i ... | 2007 | 17137840 |
| costly parasite resistance: a genotype-dependent handicap in sand lizards? | male sand lizards (lacerta agilis) with a specific restriction fragment length polymorphism fragment in their major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genotype ('o-males') are more resistant to ectoparasites (a tick, ixodes ricinus) than are males that lack this fragment ('no-males'). however, emerging evidence suggests that such adaptive immune responses are costly, here manifested by reduced body condition and a compromised defence against secondary infections by haemoprotid parasites that use t ... | 2005 | 17148210 |
| genetic variation of ticks (ixodes ricinus l.) in the lithuanian and norwegian populations. | rapd markers were used to measure the genetic diversity of 119 individuals of ixodes ricinus collected from lithuania and norway. the samples were analysed within and also between the populations. we analysed 74 loci in each of 6 populations. our results show high levels of diversity within the populations. the percentage of polymorphic loci of the six analysed populations: birzai, vilnius, kretinga, tjore, kjosvik and odderoya were 68.9%, 58.1%, 78.38%, 62.2%, 44.6% and 68.9%, respectively. the ... | 2006 | 17149655 |