| five decades of tick-man interaction in denmark--an analysis. | the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) is a known vector of several zoonotic diseases such as tick borne encephalitis (tbe), lyme borreliosis and ehrlichiosis. the interaction between humans and ticks are at the very core of our understanding of the epidemiology of tick borne zoonoses, but only few experimental studies have been performed. hence our understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne disease has to rest on the assumption that the potential tick activity, which is reflected in tick samples fro ... | 2005 | 15777006 |
| development of bovine herpesvirus 4 as an expression vector using bacterial artificial chromosome cloning. | several features make bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) attractive as a backbone for use as a viral expression vector and/or as a model to study gammaherpesvirus biology. however, these developments have been impeded by the difficulty in manipulating its large genome using classical homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells. in the present study, the feasibility of exploiting bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) cloning and prokaryotic recombination technology for production of bohv-4 recombinan ... | 2005 | 15784885 |
| zoonotic reservoir of babesia microti in poland. | babesiosis is as one of the emerging human and animal diseases transmitted by ticks. it is caused intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus babesia. current evidence of human babesiosis suggests that the majority of cases are involved by babesia divergens and babesia microti piroplasms. as zoonotic reservoir of b. microti serve small mammals--insectivores and rodents. the occurrence of this parasite in natural environment in poland is documented for various regions, in the wide range of mammal ho ... | 2004 | 15787199 |
| rickettsiae in ixodid ticks, sicily. | | 2005 | 15789496 |
| in vitro susceptibility testing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates cultured from patients with erythema migrans before and after antimicrobial chemotherapy. | clinical treatment failures have been reported to occur in early lyme borreliosis (lb) for many suitable antimicrobial agents. investigations of possible resistance mechanisms of the borrelia burgdorferi complex must analyze clinical isolates obtained from lb patients, despite their receiving antibiotic treatment. here, borrelial isolates obtained from five patients with erythema migrans (em) before the start of antibiotic therapy and again after the conclusion of treatment were investigated. th ... | 2005 | 15793100 |
| manipulation of host cytokine network by ticks: a potential gateway for pathogen transmission. | ticks are obligatory blood-feeding arthropods that secrete various immunomodulatory molecules to antagonize host inflammatory and immune responses. cytokines play an important role in regulating these responses. we investigated the extent to which ticks interact with the sophisticated cytokine network by comparing the effect of salivary gland extracts (sge) of 3 ixodid tick species, dermacentor reticulatus, amblyomma variegatum and ixodes ricinus, all of which are important vectors of tick-borne ... | 2005 | 15796016 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in larval ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) feeding on blackbirds in northwestern italy. | birds belonging to 59 species (n = 1,206) were live captured in piemonte, northwestern italy, in 2001. ixodes ricinus (l.) larvae were collected from 59 birds belonging to nine species, and nymphs were recovered on 79 birds belonging to 10 species. eurasian blackbirds, turdus merula l., had significantly higher levels of infestation by ticks than other passerine species. larval i. ricinus of blackbirds peaked in summer, when prevalence was 39% (95% confidence interval 24.2-55.5) and mean number ... | 2005 | 15799526 |
| analysis of fluorescent protein expression in transformants of rickettsia monacensis, an obligate intracellular tick symbiont. | we developed and applied transposon-based transformation vectors for molecular manipulation and analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae, which are obligate intracellular bacteria that infect ticks and, in some cases, mammals. using the epicentre ez::tn transposon system, we designed transposons for simultaneous expression of a reporter gene and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) resistance marker. transposomes (transposon-transposase complexes) were electroporated into rickettsia mona ... | 2005 | 15812043 |
| characterization of borrelia lusitaniae isolates collected in tunisia and morocco. | borrelia lusitaniae is a species within the complex borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and is infrequently isolated in europe. in contrast, this species is by far the most predominant in north africa and in portugal. in this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity, at several loci, of a large population of isolates from free-living ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco. we found a moderate diversity of the whole genome by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as well as in the osp ... | 2005 | 15814970 |
| ixodid tick species attaching to dogs in hungary. | a survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) infesting domestic dogs in hungary. forty veterinary clinics from a wide geographical area were asked to collect hard ticks from dogs and to complete a questionnaire. in total, 25 veterinary clinics submitted 900 ticks from 310 dogs. intensity of infestation ranged from one to 78 per dog. the most preferred sites of tick attachment in decreasing order were head, neck and legs. the majority of ticks (91. ... | 2005 | 15817212 |
| acaricidal properties of the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia cheel (tea tree oil) against nymphs of ixodes ricinus. | the aim of the study was to examine the acaricidal effect of essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil, tto) at different doses (4, 6, 8 and 10 microl) and for different exposure times (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) on nymphs of ixodes ricinus. a dose of 8 microl tto was lethal for more than 70% of ticks when inhaled and this effect was enhanced when the dose was increased to 10 microl (> 80%). the effect was correlated with the duration of exposure of ticks to tto, with a significant effe ... | 2005 | 15817219 |
| molecular evidence of rickettsia helvetica and r. monacensis infections in ixodes ricinus from hungary. | | 2005 | 15829141 |
| [babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum: two emerging zoonotic pathogens in europe and hungary]. | babesia microti and anaplasma phagocytophilum was recently reported with a minimum prevalence of 0.9 and 1.3% in hungary based on the pcr-sequencing analysis of 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus). these results and the epidemiological data of the neighbouring countries indicate that human cases caused by these pathogens may occur in the country. the aim of the present paper is to summarise the current knowledge on the morphology, life cycle and distribution of b. microti and a. phagocytop ... | 2005 | 15856623 |
| multiplex detection of ehrlichia and anaplasma species pathogens in peripheral blood by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | tick-borne infections are responsible for many emerging diseases in humans and several vertebrates. these include human infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii. because single or co-infections can result from tick bites, the availability of a rapid, multiplex molecular test will be valuable for timely diagnosis and treatment. here, we describe a multiplex molecular test that can detect single or co-infections with up to five ehrlichia and anaplasma ... | 2005 | 15858156 |
| altitudinal distribution limit of the tick ixodes ricinus shifted considerably towards higher altitudes in central europe: results of three years monitoring in the krkonose mts. (czech republic). | the aim of the study was to monitor present status of the ixodes ricinus tick vertical distribution in the krkonose mts. (czech republic) and evaluate its potential changes. two methods were used: monitoring of tick presence on dogs in 2001-2002 and direct monitoring of host-seeking ticks by flagging on two vertical transects reaching from 620 to 1270 m above sea level (a. s. l.) and from 600 to 1020 m in 2002-2003. moreover ticks were monitored by flagging at another 13 localities situated in 8 ... | 2005 | 15859176 |
| molecular identification and analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in lizards in the southeastern united states. | lyme borreliosis (lb) group spirochetes, collectively known as borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, are distributed worldwide. wild rodents are acknowledged as the most important reservoir hosts. ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in the eastern united states, and in the southeastern united states, the larvae and nymphs mostly parasitize certain species of lizards. the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether wild lizards in the southeastern united ... | 2005 | 15870353 |
| immunoglobulin-regulated expression of borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein a in vivo. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, down-regulates outer surface protein a (ospa), which is abundantly expressed in ticks, during infection of the mammalian host. in this study we examined the signals that may be responsible for maintaining the ospa-negative state of spirochetes during infection. transcription of ospa mrna was found in tissues of c3h-severe combined immunodeficient (c3h-scid) mice, but not immunocompetent c3h mice, inoculated with cultured b. burgdorferi, tick-borne ... | 2005 | 15908357 |
| a cross-reactive tick cement antigen is a candidate broad-spectrum tick vaccine. | truncated constructs of 64p (64trps), a secreted cement protein from salivary glands of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, provided cross-protection against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ixodes ricinus, apparently by targeting antigens in the midgut and salivary glands of adults and nymphs, causing mortality. tick feeding on 64trp-immunised animals stimulated local inflammatory immune responses (involving basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic-like cells) t ... | 2005 | 15913855 |
| tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors. | the population ecology of ticks is fundamental to the spatial and temporal variation in the risk of infection by tick-borne pathogens. tick population dynamics can only be fully understood by quantifying the rates of the demographic processes, which are influenced by both abiotic (climatic) factors acting on the free-living tick stages and biotic (host) responses to the tick as a parasite. within the framework of a population model, i review methods and results of attempts to quantify (1) rates ... | 2004 | 15938504 |
| tick-borne viruses. | at least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. virus-tick-vertebrate host relationships are highly specific and less than 10% of all tick species (argasidae and ixodidae) are known to play a role as vectors of arboviruses. however, a few tick species transmit several (e.g. ixodes ricinus, amblyomma variegatum) or many (i. uriae) tick-borne viruses. tick-borne viruses are found in six different virus families (asfarviridae, reoviridae, rhabdoviridae, orthomyxoviridae, bunyaviridae, flaviviri ... | 2004 | 15938513 |
| the basic reproductive number of tick-borne encephalitis virus. an empirical approach. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is reciprocally transmitted between ixodes ricinus ticks and small mammals. recently, transmission between co-feeding ticks has been postulated as an epidemiological by important mechanism of perpetuating the agent. to empirically examine the question whether the "traditional" mode of transmission is sufficient to maintain enzootic tbev transmission, the basic reproductive number r(0) of tbev could be estimated under this model for sites in which tbev is enzo ... | 2005 | 15940535 |
| prevalence and incidence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi and to tick-borne encephalitis virus in agricultural and forestry workers from tuscany, italy. | the ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus are the main vectors of both borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus in eurasia. borrelia burgdorferi is the cause of lyme borreliosis, and tbe is a biphasic meningoencephalitis induced by an arbovirus belonging to the flavivirus family. the principal aims of the current investigation were (i) to determine the frequency of serological evidence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tbe infections in healthy agricultu ... | 2005 | 15948001 |
| ontogeny of tick hemocytes: a comparative analysis of ixodes ricinus and ornithodoros moubata. | hemocytes of two tick species, ixodes ricinus and ornithodoros moubata, were investigated with the aim to determine their ultrastructural characteristics and developmental relationships. only a limited number of ultrastructural features was shown to be unequivocally homological across all hemocyte types. the two species, representing distant groups of ticks, differ in the composition of their circular cell populations. in i. ricinus, three groups of distinct morphological types of hemocytes coul ... | 2005 | 15969464 |
| visualization of central european tick-borne encephalitis infection in fatal human cases. | central european tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is caused by a flavivirus vectored by the ixodes ricinus tick. in severe infections, tbe presents as (myelo)meningoencephalitis with considerable mortality. characteristic neuropathologic changes feature a multinodular to patchy polioencephalomyelitis accentuated in spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. visualization of viral infection by immunohistochemistry has not yet been achieved. we analyzed immunohistochemically the distribution of viral an ... | 2005 | 15977642 |
| molecular cloning and comparative analysis of fibrinogen-related proteins from the soft tick ornithodoros moubata and the hard tick ixodes ricinus. | among disease-vectors, the evolution of the tick innate immune system is still lagging when compared to insects. such an investigation, which was initiated, by first cloning and sequencing lectins associated in the innate immunity of invertebrates and having fibrinogen related domains, helped in the sequencing of cdna encoding for omfrep from the soft tick, ornithodoros moubata. also obtained were ixoderin a and ixoderin b cdna sequences from the hard tick ixodes ricinus. tissue-specific express ... | 2005 | 15979000 |
| [ixodes ticks of the town of cherkessk and its environs]. | the paper presents the results of the studies made in 2002-2004 to examine the species-specific composition of ixodes ticks. the ticks were gathered for a flag (155km routes being covered and 405 ticks being gathered); 48 dogs were examined, 320 ticks being gathered; 212 ticks were collected from human beings. the town dwellers' visit rates were grouped by ages and months. in the republic, borreliae, the causative agents of lyme borreliosis, were first isolated from ixodes ricinus by darkground ... | 2005 | 15984609 |
| molecular characterization of human pathogen babesia eu1 in ixodes ricinus ticks from slovenia. | new cases of human babesiosis were recently reported in europe. the etiological agent was identified as babesia eu1, a zoonotic pathogen with previously unreported molecular characteristics. on the basis of a comparison of the complete babesial 18s rrna gene, we have generated strong molecular evidence that ixodes ricinus ticks from slovenia are infected with eu1. | 2005 | 15986627 |
| transcription analysis of the major antigenic protein 1 multigene family of three in vitro-cultured ehrlichia ruminantium isolates. | ehrlichia ruminantium, an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks of the genus amblyomma, causes heartwater disease in ruminants. the gene coding for the major antigenic protein map1 is part of a multigene family consisting of a cluster containing 16 paralogs. in the search for differentially regulated genes between e. ruminantium grown in endothelial and tick cell lines that could be used in vaccine development and to determine if differences in the map1 gene cluster exist between ... | 2005 | 15995193 |
| blood-meal analysis for the identification of reservoir hosts of tick-borne pathogens in ireland. | the results of analysis of blood-meal remnants in unfed nymphs, despite relatively low detection levels (49.4%, n = 322), support the conclusion from an earlier study that small rodents are relatively unimportant as reservoir hosts of b. burgdorferi s.l. in this particular area, and suggest that songbirds (passeriformes) are the most significant hosts in this respect. tick (ixodes ricinus) abundance was greater in the present study, but the overall borrelia burgdorferi s.l.-infection prevalence ... | 2005 | 16011434 |
| diagnosis of lyme borreliosis. | a large amount of knowledge has been acquired since the original descriptions of lyme borreliosis (lb) and of its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. the complexity of the organism and the variations in the clinical manifestations of lb caused by the different b. burgdorferi sensu lato species were not then anticipated. considerable improvement has been achieved in detection of b. burgdorferi sensu lato by culture, particularly of blood specimens during early stages of disease. ... | 2005 | 16020686 |
| survey of tickborne infections in denmark. | we conducted a study of the distribution and prevalence of tickborne infections in denmark by using roe deer as sentinels. blood samples from 237 roe deer were collected during the 2002-2003 hunting season. overall, 36.6% of deer were borrelia seropositive, while 95.6% were anaplasma phagocytophilum positive; all animals were negative for bartonella quintana and b. henselae by indirect immunofluorescence assay. when a hemagglutination-inhibition test was used, 8.7% of deer were found positive fo ... | 2005 | 16022780 |
| cervids as babesiae hosts, slovenia. | we describe cervids as potential reservoir hosts of babesia eu1 and b. divergens. both babesial parasites were found in roe deer. sequence analysis of 18s rrna showed 99.7% identity of roe deer babesia eu1 with the human eu1 strain. b. divergens detected in cervids was 99.6% identical to bovine b. divergens. | 2005 | 16022795 |
| risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases among workers of roztocze national park (south-eastern poland). | the objective of the present study was to assess the risk of borreliosis and anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis) among the forestry workers of the roztocze national park (south-eastern poland) by examination of ixodes ricinus ticks living in park area with pcr method, and by the serological and clinical examination of the workers. in 406 examined ticks, the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 11.5 %. the nested pcr reaction for determining the genospecies showed that the mos ... | 2005 | 16028877 |
| detecting ticks on light versus dark clothing. | it is a common belief that ticks are more visible and easier to detect on light clothing in comparison with dark clothing. we studied which of the clothing, light or dark, had the least attractive effect on ixodes ricinus, thus minimizing exposure and thereby in theory helping to prevent tick-borne diseases in humans. 10 participants, exposed by walking in tick endemic areas, wore alternately light and dark clothing before every new exposure. nymphal and adult ticks on the clothing were collecte ... | 2005 | 16051573 |
| lyme borreliosis in portugal caused by borrelia lusitaniae? clinical report on the first patient with a positive skin isolate. | borrelia lusitaniae was isolated from an ixodes ricinus tick in portugal in 1993 for the first time. further, this borrelia genospecies has been found in ixodid ticks collected around the coasts of southern portugal and north africa. its reservoir has not been defined yet. b. lusitaniae was isolated once until now from a patient with a long standing and expanding skin disorder. | 2005 | 16053200 |
| [gradual variability of the parasitic system of tick-borne encephalitis]. | it has been shown that the temperature conditions of hibernation in the major vectors of tick-borne encephalitis viruses (tbev) the ticks ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus occupy a special place among a lot of factors that determine the spatial distribution and the specific features of functioning of the parasitic system of tick-borne encephalitis. these conditions determine the borders of distribution of the major vectors of tbev, their sympatric zone, and the physiological features of indi ... | 2005 | 16078435 |
| coxiella burnetii genotyping. | coxiella burnetii is a strict intracellular bacterium with potential as a bioterrorism agent. to characterize different isolates of c. burnetii at the molecular level, we performed multispacer sequence typing (mst). mst is based on intergenic region sequencing. these regions are potentially variable since they are subject to lower selection pressure than the adjacent genes. we screened 68 spacers in 14 isolates and selected the 10 that exhibited the most variation. these spacers were then tested ... | 2005 | 16102309 |
| the transcriptome of the salivary glands of the female western black-legged tick ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae). | sequencing of an ixodes pacificus salivary gland cdna library yielded 1068 sequences with an average undetermined nucleotide of 1.9% and an average length of 487 base pairs. assembly of the expressed sequence tags yielded 557 contigs, 138 of which appear to code for secreted peptides or proteins based on translation of a putative signal peptide. based on the blastx similarity of these contigs to 66 matches of ixodes scapularis peptide sequences, only 58% sequence identity was found, indicating a ... | 2005 | 16102420 |
| the extensible alloscutal cuticle of the tick, ixodes ricinus. | the proteins in the distensible alloscutal cuticle of the blood-feeding tick, ixodes ricinus, have been characterized by electrophoresis and chromatography, two of the proteins were purified and their total amino acid sequence determined. they show sequence similarity to cuticular proteins from the spider, araneus diadematus, and the horseshoe crab, limulus polyphemus, and to a lesser extent to insect cuticular proteins. they contain a conserved sequence region, which is closely related to the c ... | 2005 | 16102423 |
| identification of mammalian blood meals in mosquitoes by a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction targeting cytochrome b. | to date, no polymerase chain reaction diagnostic technique exists to directly identify mammalian blood meals from mosquitoes by sized dna fragments following agarose gel electrophoresis. we have developed a vertebrate-specific multiplexed primer set based on mitochondrial cytochrome b to identify the mammalian blood hosts of field-collected mosquitoes. although designed for the study of african malaria vectors, the application of this tool is not restricted to this disease system. validation of ... | 2005 | 16103600 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum, sardinia, italy. | | 2005 | 16110587 |
| origin of alimentary tract in embryogenesis of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae). | we studied the embryos of ixodes ricinus (l.) in the second and third trimester of embryonic development, by using light and transmission electron microscopy. at the beginning of the second trimester, the formation of the foregut and rectal sac, by a process of invagination, was observed. the invagination, which develops into the primordium of the hindgut, forms only in the third trimester. the rectum forms in the last phase of embryogenesis. the development of the midgut is incomplete during em ... | 2005 | 16119541 |
| molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes ricinus ticks in lithuania. | in lithuania, 171-645 serologically confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis occurred annually [mickiene et al. (2001): eur j clin microbiol infect dis 20:886-888] in 1993-1999, and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) seroprevalence in the general population was found previously to be 3.0% [juceviciene et al. (2002): j clin virol 25:23-27]. to assess the risk for tbev virus infection in lithuania and to characterize the agent a panel of 3,234 ticks combined into 436 pools [juceviciene et ... | 2005 | 16121364 |
| the distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) of domestic livestock in portugal. | this paper introduces the first countrywide faunistic study of the tick parasites on ruminants in portugal. the aim of this study was to map accurately the distribution of the ticks dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, r. bursa, hyalomma m. marginatum, h. lusitanicum and ixodes ricinus in portugal. additional information about the abiotic preferences of these species has been obtained through the use of abiotic (temperature- and vegetation-derived) variables have been rec ... | 2005 | 16132737 |
| [morphofunctional changes in the midgut of virgin tick females of the genus ixodes (acarina: ixodidae) during and after feeding]. | the midgut epithelium of the virgin females in ixodes ricinus, l. pacificus, and i. persulcatus is represented by the digestive cells of nymphal phase and stem cells. digestion of feed is performed by the one generation of digestive cells of nymphal phase and two generations of digestive cells of adult females. the generation of secretory cells and two generations of digestive cells are absent. the feeding of virgin females is not completed but interrupted in the second phase during the period o ... | 2005 | 16134780 |
| distribution of ixodes ricinus in the british isles: investigation of historical records. | ixodes ricinus linnaeus (acari: ixodidae) is the most abundant and widely distributed tick in the british isles, and is a vector for a number of bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens of both medical and veterinary importance. this report provides an update to the historical distribution data of i. ricinus, published by the biological records centre (brc), monks wood in the provisional atlas of the ticks (ixodidae) of the british isles by k. p. martyn (1988), and is supplemented with additiona ... | 2005 | 16134979 |
| [genetic characterization of pathogenic borrelia, group a14s, isolated in ukraine]. | borrelia ir-5215, isolated from ticks ixodes ricinus in ukraine (the crimean autonomous region), was identified by the method of the polymorphism of the fragment length of the restriction amplicon of rrna spacer region 5s-23s. its msel-restriction profile was relatively similar to that of b. afzelii. the sequencing of spacer region rrf (5s)-rrl (23s) and 16s rrna gene, as well as the analysis of the similarity of nucleotide sequences, obtained in the course of these study, revealed the differenc ... | 2005 | 16146222 |
| tick species and tick-borne infections identified in population from a rural area of spain. | to determine the tick species that bite humans in the province of soria (spain) and ascertain the tick-borne pathogens that threaten people's health in that province, 185 tick specimens were collected from 179 patients who sought medical advice at health-care centres. the ticks were identified, and their dna examined by pcr for pathogens. most ticks were collected in autumn and spring (59 and 57 respectively). nine species of ticks were identified, the most frequent being dermacentor marginatus ... | 2005 | 16181517 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus infections in lithuanian domestic animals and ticks. | in order to obtain information about the distribution of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in lithuania, sera of domestic animals were screened for tbev antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition test. samples were collected in 2001 from 423 cows, 561 goats and 118 sheep during a prophylactic examination or vaccination by a local veterinary specialist. in addition, a total of 3234 ixodes ricinus ticks in 436 pools were collected and tested by rt-pcr for the presence of tbev rna (detailed anal ... | 2005 | 16191893 |
| equine and canine anaplasma phagocytophilum strains isolated on the island of sardinia (italy) are phylogenetically related to pathogenic strains from the united states. | the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted zoonotic pathogen, was investigated in sardinia using a molecular approach. phylogenetic analysis revealed that sardinian strains are genetically distinct from the two lineages previously described in europe and are closely related to strains isolated in different areas of the united states. | 2005 | 16204571 |
| tularemia in denmark: identification of a francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strain by real-time pcr and high-resolution typing by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. | we report ulceroglandular tularemia affecting an 8-year-old boy and the first recovery of francisella tularensis in denmark. a novel real-time pcr assay was used to identify the strain as f. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type b). multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis demonstrated a close genetic relationship to strains from norway. | 2005 | 16208017 |
| [distribution and control of acari as vectors of human disease in urban population of moscow]. | human ectoparasites, such as itch mites and the follicular mites demodex brevis and d. folliculorum are notified on the territory of moscow. the bird and rodent mites ornythonyssus bacoti and the larvae of harvest mites may attack human beings indoors. the ticks ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus begin to inhabit the tree belts and environs of moscow and other cities and towns. in the cities and towns of more southern regions of the russian federation, the red hen-mites dermanyssus gallinae are a ... | 2005 | 16212087 |
| tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. | during most of the 20th century, the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsioses could be summarized as the occurrence of a single pathogenic rickettsia on each continent. an element of this paradigm suggested that the many other characterized and noncharacterized rickettsiae isolated from ticks were not pathogenic to humans. in this context, it was considered that relatively few tick-borne rickettsiae caused human disease. this concept was modified extensively from 1984 through 2005 by the identif ... | 2005 | 16223955 |
| comparative study of anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle. | a comparative study on the prevalence of anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during february, march and april. thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had anaplasma marginale, anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively ... | 2005 | 16252338 |
| comparing the sensitivity of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna detection in ixodes ricinus ticks by amplifying a fragment of the epank-1 and the 16s rdna genes. | the study compared the sensitivity of two genetic markers (epank1, 16s rdna) in identifying anaplasma dna by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. material for anaplasma dna studies was isolated from i. ricinus. amplification of the 16s rdna gene resulted in 5.77% positive samples, the value for the epank-1 gene equaled 11.54%. the results suggest that the sensitivity of the reaction for the epank-1 gene is greater than that of 16s rdna for the identification of anaplasma dna from ... | 2004 | 16261882 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in north norway. the first laboratory confirmed case. | | 2005 | 16261930 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in ixodes ricinus ticks in europe: a metaanalysis. | in europe, borrelia burgdorferi genospecies causing lyme borreliosis are mainly transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus. since its discovery, b. burgdorferi has been the subject of many epidemiological studies to determine its prevalence and the distribution of the different genospecies in ticks. in the current study we systematically reviewed the literature on epidemiological studies of i. ricinus ticks infected with b. burgdorferi sensu lato. a total of 1,186 abstracts in english published from ... | 2005 | 16269760 |
| babesia microti (piroplasmida: babesiidae) in nymphal ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in the czech republic. | a total of 350 nymphs of the common tick ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758) were collected in an endemic focus of lyme borreliosis (south moravia, czech republic) and examined for the presence of the protozoan babesia microti (frança, 1909) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), using primers specific for the b. microti gene encoding small subunit rrna. the assay revealed five positive pools (out of 70 pools examined); the corresponding prevalence rate was about 1.5%. sequence analysis of the pcr prod ... | 2005 | 16270809 |
| factors influencing in vitro infectivity and growth of rickettsia peacockii (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), an endosymbiont of the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni (acari, ixodidae). | rickettsia peacockii, a spotted fever group rickettsia, is a transovarially transmitted endosymbiont of rocky mountain wood ticks, dermacentor andersoni. this rickettsia, formerly known as the east side agent and restricted to female ticks, was detected in a chronically infected embryonic cell line, dae100, from d. andersoni. we examined infectivity, ability to induce cytopathic effect (cpe) and host cell specificity of r. peacockii using cultured arthropod and mammalian cells. aposymbiotic dae1 ... | 2005 | 16288906 |
| identification of tick periviscerokinin, the first neurohormone of ixodidae: single cell analysis by means of maldi-tof/tof mass spectrometry. | the first peptidergic neurohormone from the ticks ixodes ricinus and boophilus microplus has been identified by using a combination of immunocytochemistry and mass spectrometric analysis of single cells. the novel peptide (ixori-pvk, palipfprv-nh2) shows a high sequence homology with members of the insect periviscerokinin/cap2b peptides that in insects are involved in the regulation of water balance. the function of this peptide in ticks is still unknown, but these pests consume large amounts of ... | 2005 | 16289040 |
| first detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in quill mites (acari: syringophilidae) parasitizing passerine birds. | forest passerine birds and their ectoparasites: ixodes ricinus ticks and syringophilidae quill mites were surveyed for infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum in west-central poland. of 126 birds captured from may to june of 2002, 71 (56.3%) comprising eight species, hosted immature i. ricinus ticks. a total of 383 ticks and 71 blood samples collected from tick-infested birds were investigated by pcr. the pathogen was not detected in either bird-derived ticks or in blood samples. among the capt ... | 2006 | 16293433 |
| seroprevalence study of tick-borne encephalitis, borrelia burgdorferi, dengue and toscana virus in turin province. | tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is present in some european countries and it is transmitted by a tick bite. ixodes ricinus is the main vector of the infection in italy, where fortunately clinical neurological manifestations, typical of the more serious phase of the disease, are very rarely observed. this behaviour is different from other endemic euroasiatic areas where numerous cases of encephalitis are described. however tbe transmission has not been widely investigated in italy and availa ... | 2007 | 16312014 |
| coltiviruses and seadornaviruses in north america, europe, and asia. | coltiviruses are tickborne viruses of the genus coltivirus. the type species, colorado tick fever virus (from north america), has been isolated from patients with flulike syndromes, meningitis, encephalitis, and other severe complications. another coltivirus, eyach virus, has been isolated from ticks in france and germany and incriminated in febrile illnesses and neurologic syndromes. seadornaviruses are endemic in southeast asia, particularly indonesia and china. the prototype virus of the genu ... | 2005 | 16318717 |
| hosts and pathogen detection for immature stages of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in north-central spain. | to determine hosts of the immature stages of a southern population of ixodes ricinus, we trapped rodents and birds in an area of north-central spain in may-june and august-september of 1998 and 1999. the most frequently trapped rodents were apodemus sylvaticus (230 specimens) and clethrionomys glareolus (99), with a larval infestation prevalence of 49% and 81%, respectively (in spring) and 21% and 41% (in summer). c. glareolus was always more heavily parasitized by larvae (mean numbers 19.8 in s ... | 2005 | 16323055 |
| dimensions of engorging ixodes ricinus as a measure of feeding duration. | knowledge of the duration of tick feeding can contribute to assessment of disease transmission risk, and may be estimated from changes in body dimensions during engorgement. application of this approach to the european tick, ixodes ricinus, is described here. nymphal and adult female i. ricinus ticks were detached at predetermined intervals from laboratory rabbits and their state of engorgement estimated by calculating either the scutal index (the ratio of the width of the scutum to the length o ... | 2005 | 16325552 |
| presence of rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis, the causative agent of israeli spotted fever, in sicily, italy, ascertained in a retrospective study. | a retrospective analysis by molecular-sequence-based techniques was performed to correctly identify the etiological agent of 24 mediterranean spotted fever cases occurring in western sicily, italy, from 1987 to 2001. restriction analysis of a 632-bp pcr-amplified portion of the ompa gene allowed presumptive identification of five clinical isolates as belonging to rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis, the etiological agent of israeli spotted fever (isf). the remaining 19 rickettsial isolates wer ... | 2005 | 16333093 |
| evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from sweden. | abstract. leaves of myrica gale linnaeus (myricaceae), rhododendron tomentosum (stokes) h. harmaja (formerly ledum palustre linnaeus: ericaceae) and artemisia absinthium linnaeus (asteraceae) were extracted with organic solvents of different polarities and the essential oils of leaves were obtained by steam distillation. the extracts or oils were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking nymphs of ixodes ricinus linnaeus (acari: ixodidae). rhododendron tomentosum oil, 10%, dil ... | 2005 | 16336298 |
| unidirectional suppression of anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes in infected lambs. | five-month-old lambs were simultaneously infected with different doses of two 16s rrna genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum and thereafter followed for clinical observation and blood sampling. the result of the study indicates a unidirectional suppression of genotypes in infected lambs, at least during a certain period of an a. phagocytophilum infection. | 2005 | 16339070 |
| [the biology of the ixodes ricinus tick]. | more than 800 tick species have been reported world-wide however only about 30 tick species feed on humans, among them ixodes ricinus, which is the most frequent tick species biting humans in europe. it is the vector of borrelia burgdorferi, which causes lyme disease and of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. i. ricinus ticks pass through three developmental stages: larvae, nymphs and adults (females and males). more than 300 animal species have been reported as natural hosts for i. ricinus and 5 ... | 2005 | 16350531 |
| repelling properties of some plant materials on the tick ixodes ricinus l. | the repellent effects on nymphal stages of ixodes ricinus l. of some plant materials have been studied in the laboratory. the plant material consisted of an ethanolic extract from achillea millefolium l., and volatile oils of birch and/or pine tar, citronella, cloves, eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, lily of the valley and peppermint. the most pronounced effects were observed for the oils of citronella, cloves and lily of the valley. they possessed repelling activities of the same magnitude as th ... | 2006 | 16360943 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in yellow-necked mice and feeding ixodes ricinus ticks in a forest habitat of west central poland. | wild rodents and the subadult ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks infesting them were examined for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner s.l. in a sylvatic habitat in west central poland during may-september 2002. in total, 818 feeding ticks were recovered from 73 infested yellow-necked mice, apodemus flavicollis melchior; in addition, bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus schreber, were rarely captured and proved to be weakly parasitized. only 2.7% of a. flavicol ... | 2005 | 16363171 |
| pathogens and parasites: strategies and challenges. | the threat of emerging infections grows with the swelling tide of the human population and the continued disregard for the health of the environment. one of our most urgent challenges in public health is to understand the evolution and natural history of pathogens and parasites and how a sudden shift in virulence or in targeted host population may occur without warning. viruses call for especially close watching. they are mostly genes and have mastered the art of manipulating other genes. some a ... | 2000 | 16389321 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from migratory birds in switzerland. | the prevalence of ticks infected by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato on birds during their migrations was studied in switzerland. a total of 1,270 birds captured at two sites were examined for tick infestation. ixodes ricinus was the dominant tick species. prevalences of tick infestation were 6% and 18.2% for birds migrating northward and southward, respectively. borrelia valaisiana was the species detected most frequently in ticks, followed by borrelia garinii and borrelia lusitaniae. among bird ... | 2006 | 16391149 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. a review. | this review discusses the literature on b. burgdorferi infections in view of the rising incidence of this infection in general and the increasing concerns of horse owners and equine practitioners. lyme disease, the clinical expression of borrelia infections in man is an important health problem. the geographic distribution of b. burgdorferi infections in equidae should resemble that of human cases because the vector tick involved, ixodes ricinus, feeds on both species and, indeed, the infection ... | 2005 | 16402512 |
| lyme borreliosis: insights into tick-/host-borrelia relations. | lyme borreliosis (lb) is a serious infectious disease of humans and some domestic animals in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. it is caused by certain spirochetes in the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. the complex consists of 11 species (genospecies). borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii are the major agents of human disease. borrelia burgdorferi s.l. species are transmitted mainly by ticks belonging to the ixodes ri ... | 2005 | 16405291 |
| reduced number of interleukin-12 secreting cells in patients with lyme borreliosis previously exposed to anaplasma phagocytophilum. | lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis are tick-borne diseases caused by borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum, respectively. infection with a. phagocytophilum has been observed to induce immunosuppression and animal studies suggest that the bacteria might also have prolonged inhibitory effects on immune cells. the aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine secretion in patients exposed previously to a. phagocytophilum and currently infected with b. burgdorferi ... | 2006 | 16412057 |
| borrelia spielmanii erythema migrans, hungary. | | 2005 | 16422006 |
| [rickettsia helvetica: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in hungary and europe]. | rickettsia helvetica belonging to spotted fever group rickettsiae was recently detected by polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing in european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) from hungary. current knowledge on these rickettsiae and the clinical and diagnostic aspects of r. helvetica infection is summarized. in acute cases, r. helvetica is generally responsible for flu-like symptoms. nevertheless, recent data indicate that in chronic cases, these rickettsiae can be responsible for perimyoca ... | 2005 | 16440500 |
| broad-range pcr-ttge for the first-line detection of bacterial pathogen dna in ticks. | ticks are known or suspected vectors for a wide range of bacterial pathogens. one of the first steps for tick-borne risk assessment is the detection of these pathogens in their vectors. in the present study, a broad-range pcr amplification of the eubacterial gene encoding the 16s rrna gene combined with temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (ttge) was evaluated as a method allowing the one-step detection of bacterial pathogen dna in ticks. firstly, dna extracts from bacteria known to ... | 2006 | 16472523 |
| co-inoculation of borrelia afzelii with tick salivary gland extract influences distribution of immunocompetent cells in the skin and lymph nodes of mice. | the impact of ixodes ricinus salivary gland extract (sge) on inflammatory changes in the skin and draining lymph nodes of mice, elicited by the infection with the important human pathogen, b. afzelii, was determined using flow cytometry. sge injected together with spirochetes reduced the numbers of leukocytes and gammadelta-t lymphocytes in infected epidermis at early time-points post infection. in draining lymph nodes, the anti-inflammatory effect of sge was manifested by the decrease of total ... | 2005 | 16475508 |
| detection of a non-pathogenic variant of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus from la rioja, spain. | our aim was to identify variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum 16s rrna gene sequences among products amplified from ixodes ricinus collected in la rioja, spain. a. phagocytophilum ap-variant 1, reported as non-pathogenic, was detected in 12 samples (two adults and ten nymphs). this finding could justify the low incidence of human anaplasmosis in our area, despite the high prevalence of a. phagocytophilum in ticks. | 2005 | 16481536 |
| tbe incidence versus virus prevalence and increased prevalence of the tbe virus in ixodes ricinus removed from humans. | traditionally, the classification of risk areas of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is based on the recording of autochthonous cases of the disease. in germany, an extension of these areas over the years and an increasing virus prevalence in ticks have been observed in recent years. registration of foci with autochthonous tbe cases, recording of disease incidence and virus prevalence in ticks are all proven epidemiological methods to characterize tbe risk areas. these data are necessary for a scien ... | 2006 | 16495152 |
| optimization of the solid-phase microextraction method in the determination of ixodes ricinus (l.) volatiles. | for the first time, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gc-ms analysis was used to study volatile compounds emitted by the tick ixodes ricinus (l.). variables such as the type of spme fibre, equilibration time and extraction time have been evaluated with the mixture of four selected standards, a so-called artificial tick (acetophenone, racemic 4-heptanolide, methyl 2-methoxybenzoate and methyl 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzoate). optimized conditions were obtained by the use of polydimeth ... | 2006 | 16524097 |
| determining the tick scutal index allows assessment of tick feeding duration and estimation of infection risk with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a person bitten by an ixodes ricinus nymph. | the risk of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato transmission from an infected vector tick to a host increases with increasing duration of tick feeding. in ixodes ricinus nymphs, the main vector of b. burgdorferi s.l. in most parts of europe, the transmission risk appears low to moderate within the first 24h of feeding but increases to >70% after only 36 h. in this study, the so-called scutal index, the ratio between tick abdominal length and scutum width, a very good measure of the level of tick eng ... | 2006 | 16524770 |
| babesia microti: prevalence in wild rodents and ixodes ricinus ticks from the mazury lakes district of north-eastern poland. | infections of babesia microti (apicomplexa, piroplasmida), a common erythroparasitic protozoon of holarctic rodents, are not widely acknowledged in poland. the presence of this parasite in various species of wild rodents has been well documented throughout the northern temperate zone of north america, europe, and eurasia. however, human babesiosis attributable to infection with b. microti has been reported only from the north-eastern and upper midwestern united states and japan. we recently carr ... | 2006 | 16524774 |
| evidence for an increased geographical distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in germany and detection of rickettsia sp. rpa4. | two studies were performed to elucidate the current distribution of the tick dermacentor reticulatus in germany. in the first one in 2003, a total of 365 dogs from 171 sites in the states of berlin and brandenburg was screened for ticks, and the corresponding outdoor sites that the dogs usually visited were searched for host-seeking ticks by the flagging method. a total of 1155 ticks was removed from the dogs. the majority were ixodes ricinus (88.5%), followed by d. reticulatus (9.1%) and i. hex ... | 2006 | 16524777 |
| a new clothing impregnation method for personal protection against ticks and biting insects. | the efficacy and residual activity of a factory-based, permethrin-impregnated military battle dress uniform (bdu) using a new polymer-coating technique has been evaluated by laboratory and field testing during deployment to afghanistan and compared with two commercially available, widely used dipping methods. residual permethrin concentrations and remaining contact toxicities on treated fabrics before laundering, after up to 100 launderings as well as after being worn-out during deployment were ... | 2006 | 16524779 |
| role of birds in thuringia, germany, in the natural cycle of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme disease spirochaete. | three hundred and twenty-two birds belonging to 35 species were live-captured in reifenstein, middle germany, from march to october 2004, to investigate their role as hosts of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and its vector ticks. a total of 141 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 53 birds belonging to eight species was investigated for the prevalence of b. burgdorferi by a pcr-rflp analysis of the ospa gene. three of these bird species, the blackbird (turdus merula), the song thrush (t. philomel ... | 2006 | 16530003 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. ospa types in ixodes ricinus ticks from selected localities in slovakia and poland. | in this study, 746 questing ixodes (i.) ricinus ticks from eastern slovakia and 187 ticks from southern poland were investigated for infection with borrelia (b.) burgdorferi sensu lato and different outer surface protein a (ospa) types by an improved restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the ospa gene. the method enables differentiation of both single and multiple infections with b. burgdorferi s.s. (ospa type 1), b. afzelii (ospa type 2), b. garinii (ospa types 3-8), b. va ... | 2006 | 16530478 |
| bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in british farmland wildlife: the importance to agriculture. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is an important disease of cattle and an emerging infectious disease of humans. cow- and badger-based control strategies have failed to eradicate btb from the british cattle herd, and the incidence is rising by about 18%per year. the annual cost to taxpayers in britain is currently 74 million uk pounds. research has focused on the badger as a potential btb reservoir, with little attention being paid to other mammals common on farmland. we have conducted a systematic sur ... | 2006 | 16543179 |
| extension of ixodes ricinus ticks and agents of tick-borne diseases to mountain areas in the czech republic. | along with the shift of the hard tick ixodes ricinus to higher altitudes observed in the czech republic a corresponding shift of tick-borne infections to higher altitudes has been expected. therefore, i. ricinus ticks, mainly nymphs, were investigated for the presence of tick-borne viruses, tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), tribec and eyach, and the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the sumava and krkonose mountains (czech republic). the tbe virus and different genospecies of b. burgdo ... | 2006 | 16545603 |
| differences in the transmissibility of two anaplasma phagocytophilum strains by the north american tick vector species, ixodes pacificus and ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | the etiologic agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, has a circum-global distribution within the northern hemisphere and shows a host species predilection that varies by the geographic region in which the disease is found. adaptation by the bacterium to a host species potentially contributes to the variation found worldwide but this is confounded by the bacterium's relationship with its tick vectors, all of which belong to the ixodes ricinus group. we tested the hypothesi ... | 2006 | 16550334 |
| ticks infesting livestock on farms in western sicily, italy. | the results of a 2-year survey on ticks infesting livestock on farms in western sicily, italy, are reported. several dogs living in the same area were also examined for ticks. moreover, free-living ticks from one cattle farm were caught by co(2) traps and flagging. a total of 6208 specimens was collected belonging to 9 species: rhipicephalus bursa (32.4%), rhipicephalus turanicus (22.7%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (19.3%), hyalomma lusitanicum (12.0%), haemaphysalis punctata (7.8%), hyalomma marg ... | 2006 | 16550337 |
| myd88 deficiency enhances acquisition and transmission of borrelia burgdorferi by ixodes scapularis ticks. | borrelia burgdorferi strains exhibit various degrees of infectivity and pathogenicity in mammals, which may be due to their relative ability to evade initial host immunity. innate immune cells recognize b. burgdorferi by toll-like receptors (tlrs) that use the intracellular molecule myd88 to mediate effector functions. to determine whether impaired tlr signaling enhances ixodes scapularis acquisition of b. burgdorferi, we fed nymphs on wild-type (wt) and myd88-/- mice previously infected with tw ... | 2006 | 16552045 |
| the dynamic proteome of lyme disease borrelia. | the proteome of the spirochete bacterium borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-borne agent of lyme disease, has been characterized by two different approaches using mass spectrometry, providing a launching point for future studies on the dramatic changes in protein expression that occur during transmission of the bacterium between ticks and mammals. | 2006 | 16563176 |
| risk assessment and prediction of ixodes ricinus tick questing activity and human tick-borne encephalitis infection in space and time in the czech republic. | present risk assessment and prediction of future risk of humans exposed to ixodes (i.) ricinus tick attacks and, consequently, to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus infection as one of the basic preconditions for successful tbe prevention has been intensively studied in the czech republic. an atlas of tbe in the czech republic containing predictive maps of i. ricinus high-incidence habitats and tbe risk sites identified by satellite data (landsat 5 tm with spatial resolution 30 m) at a scale of ... | 2006 | 16567128 |
| a study of the presence of b. burgdorferi, anaplasma (previously ehrlichia) phagocytophilum, rickettsia, and babesia in ixodes ricinus collected within the territory of belluno, italy. | in the years 2000 and 2001, we sampled ticks in order to establish the distribution of ixodes ricinus in the province of belluno; 5987 tick samples from 244 sites throughout the province were gathered, by dragging for a 5-min period. in 40 sites, seasonal variations and cycle stages of the parasites were studied at monthly intervals from march to september. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was used to identify the tick-infected sites. of 1931 individual ticks, 8.23% were positive for ... | 2006 | 16584324 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasmataceae members in ixodes ricinus ticks in alsace, a focus of lyme borreliosis endemicity in france. | due to the high lyme borreliosis incidence in alsace, in northeastern france, we investigated in 2003-2004 three cantons in this region in order to determine the density of ixodes ricinus ticks infected by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasmataceae. the peak density of nymphs infected by b. burgdorferi sensu lato at munster and guebwiller, where the disease incidence was high, was among the highest reported in europe (105 and 114 per 100 m(2), respectively). in contrast, the peak densit ... | 2006 | 16598024 |
| a decrease in the immunoglobulin g antibody response against the vlse protein of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato correlates with the resolution of clinical signs in antibiotic-treated patients with early lyme disease. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the liaison borrelia screen (diasorin, saluggia, italy), a new automated immunoassay based on the chemiluminescent technology (chemiluminescence immunoassay). to assess whether a decrease in a negative value in the anti-vlse immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody titer was correlated with a positive response to treatment, a group of serially collected serum samples from 67 patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans was retros ... | 2006 | 16603623 |
| an antivector vaccine protects against a lethal vector-borne pathogen. | vaccines that target blood-feeding disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks, have the potential to protect against the many diseases caused by vector-borne pathogens. we tested the ability of an anti-tick vaccine derived from a tick cement protein (64trp) of rhipicephalus appendiculatus to protect mice against tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) transmitted by infected ixodes ricinus ticks. the vaccine has a "dual action" in immunized animals: when infested with ticks, the inflammatory and ... | 2006 | 16604154 |