| modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex. | ixodid ticks remain attached to their hosts for several days to weeks. during this extended feeding process new proteins involved in the modulation of host immune responses are expressed in tick salivary glands. in our study a stimulatory or inhibitory effect of salivary gland extracts (sge) of unfed and partially fed female ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758), female and male amblyomma variegatum (fabricius, 1794) and rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901 ticks on human lymphocyte proliferatio ... | 2003 | 14971600 |
| rising burden of immature sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) on red grouse (lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks in the scottish uplands. | the sheep tick ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) is an ectoparasite of major economic and pathogenic importance in scotland. its distribution in the scottish uplands is assumed to be governed by the abundance and distribution of its definitive hosts (deer and sheep) and climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall. as the numbers of its major host in scotland, red deer, have increased dramatically and climatic conditions have become more favourable, the level of parasitism could have ... | 2004 | 15009449 |
| detection of antibodies to tick salivary antigens among patients from a region of spain. | with a view to determine which tick species bite humans most frequently in the province of soria (spain) and to know whether these species act as vectors of rickettsia conorii and/or borrelia burgdorferi, we analysed the presence of antibodies against salivary proteins of several tick species and of antibodies against r. conorii and b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 102 samples of serum. the sera were collected from 63 patients who were treated for tick bites at the health services of the soria healt ... | 2004 | 15012027 |
| ehrlichia ruminantium grows in cell lines from four ixodid tick genera. | continuous cell lines from the ticks amblyomma variegatum, boophilus decoloratus, boophilus microplus, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, ixodes scapularis, ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus were tested for ability to support growth of the rickettsial pathogen ehrlichia (previously cowdria) ruminantium. five e.ruminantium isolates, from west africa, south africa and the french west indies, were used. twelve tick cell lines were inoculated with e.ruminantium derived either from culture ... | 2004 | 15053931 |
| ixodes ricinus density, and distribution and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection along an altitudinal gradient. | in this study, we measured the phenology of ixodes ricinus ticks and their infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) simultaneously along an altitudinal gradient to assess the impact of climate on the phenology of ticks and on their infection with b. burgdorferi sl. from 1999 to 2001, free-living i. ricinus ticks were collected monthly by flagging vegetation at three different altitudes (620, 740, and 900 m above sea level) on the slope of a mountain in chaumont (neuchâtel, switzerland ... | 2004 | 15061274 |
| density of questing ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults infected by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in switzerland: spatio-temporal pattern at a regional scale. | lyme borreliosis, the most important vector-borne disease in the northern hemisphere, causes health problem for populations in endemic areas. in the present study, the density of questing ixodes ricinus ticks and their infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) was examined in 11 areas located on the swiss plateau and in an alpine valley. from 1999 to 2001, free-living i. ricinus ticks were collected on a monthly basis by flagging vegetation in these areas. each tick was examined for th ... | 2004 | 15018770 |
| occurrence of borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern moravia, czech republic. | during the years 1996-2000, a total of 2398 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in three areas of southern moravia and eastern bohemia, czech republic, and examined by dark-field microscopy for the presence of spirochetes. the prevalence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks varied and depended upon the year. in 1996, the prevalence 6.8% was observed, during 1997 and 1998, it increased to 8.4% and 12.3%, respectively. the lowest prevalence was observed in 1999 (3.6%), and in 2000 ... | 2004 | 15018772 |
| lyme borreliosis agents and the genetics and sex of their vector, ixodes ricinus. | the tick ixodes ricinus is responsible for the transmission and maintenance of a wide variety of pathogenic organisms in the northern hemisphere, among which lyme disease represents a major threat to humans. despite numerous studies, the epidemiology of the different bacterial species responsible for this disease remains unclear. recent evidence for a sex-biased genetic structure of its european vector leads us to analyse the consequences of this pattern on borrelia transmission. here we show th ... | 2004 | 15026017 |
| identification of three clinically relevant borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16s-23s ribosomal dna spacer amplicons. | we report the results of a study of the prevalences of three clinically relevant borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii) in 1,040 questing ixodes ticks from all regions of latvia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. the prevalences of borrelia in ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus were 22.6 and 27.9%, respectively. molecular typing of b. burgdorferi from infected ticks was performed by restriction fragment length ... | 2004 | 15070987 |
| high serum folate values in lambs experimentally infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | | 2003 | 15074632 |
| a novel alpha-proteobacterium resides in the mitochondria of ovarian cells of the tick ixodes ricinus. | an intracellular bacterium from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in italy was characterized by electron microscopy (em), pcr sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, molecular phylogenetic analysis, and in situ hybridization (ish). this bacterium was shown by em to be present in the cytoplasm, as well as in the mitochondria of ovarian cells. when universal 16s rrna bacterial primers were used, pcr amplification of ovarian dna followed by cloning and sequencing resulted in the same sequence being found in ... | 2004 | 15128508 |
| molecular evidence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks and wild animals in austria. | real-time pcr analysis of a groesl heat shock operon segment showed the presence of two genetic lineages of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks as well as one variant in wild red and roe deer, the latter supposedly representing the natural reservoir of one variant of a. phagocytophilum. | 2004 | 15131214 |
| survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in japan: first detection of babesia microti-like parasites in ixodes ovatus. | babesia microti-like parasites were detected for the first time in ixodes ovatus in hyogo prefecture, japan, where two reported types of b. microti-like parasites were recognized in many rodents. of 80 adult i. ovatus ticks collected, 5 possessed the reported type and 1 possessed a new type of b. microti-like parasite. | 2004 | 15131209 |
| the emergence of lyme disease. | since its identification nearly 30 years ago, lyme disease has continued to spread, and there have been increasing numbers of cases in the northeastern and north central us. the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, causes infection by migration through tissues, adhesion to host cells, and evasion of immune clearance. both innate and adaptive immune responses, especially macrophage- and antibody-mediated killing, are required for optimal control of the infection and spirochetal eradication. ... | 2004 | 15085185 |
| [to remove ixodes ricinus correctly. how do you turn the tick around?]. | | 2003 | 15104260 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in europe. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. a medline literature search revealed that the european story of hge began in 1995 with an article on the presence of serum antibodies to a. phagocytophilum. at present, there is seroepidemiological information indicating the presence of infection with hge agent(s) for several european countries; seroprevalence rates range from zero or very low to up to 28%. the proportion of seropositive persons i ... | 2004 | 15146982 |
| vectors of tick-borne diseases and epidemiological situation in latvia in 1993-2002. | during the period of 1993-2002 an increase and the remarkable changes in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and lyme borreliosis (lb) as well as annual activities of vector species were noticed. the highest increase of tbe morbidity in latvia has been observed in 1994 and 1995, and less expressed also in 1998 which was followed by a significant decrease during subsequent years. whereas the highest peak of lb morbidity has been noticed in 1998 with only a minor decrease during subsequ ... | 2004 | 15146983 |
| an attempt to elucidate the increased incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and its spread to higher altitudes in the czech republic. | in 1993 the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) showed a sharp rise in central europe and has remained high since--with some slight fluctuation. this increase is clearly evident in the czech republic and it could be roughly characterised as twofold in 1993-2001 in comparison with 1984-1992 (5,240:2,441 human cases). as yet in the czech republic the tbe increase has been manifested by: a) higher number of cases in areas well known for tbe occurrence in humans; b) re-emergence in areas wher ... | 2004 | 15146985 |
| tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in germany--epidemiological data, development of risk areas and virus prevalence in field-collected ticks and in ticks removed from humans. | in germany, 100-300 autochthonous clinical tbe cases have been recorded annually. there are high-risk areas in bavaria and baden-wuerttemberg and ongoing low-risk areas in hesse, thuringia, and the rhineland-palatinate and single cases in saxony. in order to be able to evaluate the epidemiological changes described here, it must be mentioned that a new definition of tbe risk areas was introduced on the district level in 1998 in germany and in 2001 with the new infection protection act (infektion ... | 2004 | 15146987 |
| pathogens and symbionts in ticks: prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ehrlichia sp.), wolbachia sp., rickettsia sp., and babesia sp. in southern germany. | tick-transmitted diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis have been well known in germany for decades. ongoing research now gives an additional focus to a broad range of other bacteria and parasites in ticks like anaplasma phagocytophilum, former ehrlichia sp., rickettsia sp. and babesia sp. knowledge about the prevalence of these infectious agents in ticks is an important prerequisite for risk assessment of human diseases. therefore nymphs and adult ixodes ricinus ticks were c ... | 2004 | 15146989 |
| lyme borreliosis spirochetes in questing ticks from mainland portugal. | in portugal, ixodes ricinus ticks have been shown to contain dna of several spirochetes belonging to the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, with major differences in the genetic diversity between ecozones. some isolates have been obtained since 1999, confirming the circulation of pathogenic strains in these ticks. ixodes ricinus is considered to be a widespread species, however, in portugal it is found only in a few habitats. here we present preliminary results from a nationwide survey of ... | 2004 | 15146992 |
| the zoonotic reservoir of borrelia burgdorferisensu lato in the mazury lakes district of north-eastern poland. | the roles of two species of rodents: the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) and the yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis) in maintaining the vector ixodes ricinus and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were studied. more particularly, seasonal patterns of rodent abundance and infestation rate with i. ricinus ticks as well as the prevalence of b. burgdorferi s.l. and the two species b. garinii and b. afzelii were determined. the studies were carried out in woodlands at urwitałt near mikołajki on the ... | 2004 | 15147002 |
| development of the salivary glands in embryos of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae). | we examined ixodes ricinus embryos between 18 and 28 days of development with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. the differences in inner structure attested to establish three successive developmental stages: days 18-20, day 23, and days 26-28. between 18 and 20 days the embryos are at early stages of organogenesis. salivary glands cannot be identified at that stage. in 23-day-old embryos salivary glands are already outlined but the structure of alveoles is still different fro ... | 2004 | 15139087 |
| phenol and lactone receptors in the distal sensilla of the haller's organ in ixodes ricinus ticks and their possible role in host perception. | extract of steer wool odor was found to excite olfactory receptor(s) in a wall-pore olfactory sensillum on the distal knoll of the haller's organ. three active volatile compounds were revealed in this odor by gas chromatography. electrophysiological experiments revealed two types of receptors (sensory neurons) within the sensilla examined. one type of receptor responded only to phenolic derivatives, such as o-chlorophenol, o-bromophenol, o-methylphenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, 2,4 ... | 2004 | 15139275 |
| the alpha-gpdh polymorphism in the tick ixodes ricinus: similar diurnal trends in genotypic composition in irish and swedish population samples. | analysis of the alpha-gpdh locus, coding for the enzyme alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), was conducted using starch-gel electrophoresis on samples from one irish and one swedish population of the tick ixodes ricinus. morning ('am') and late afternoon ('pm') samples of unfed adults were collected in each case. the results show a higher frequency of homozygotes in females in the am than in the pm sub-samples in both populations. no such diurnal differentia ... | 2004 | 15139277 |
| species composition, distribution, and ecological preferences of the ticks of grazing sheep in north-central spain. | the distribution and ecological preferences of tick (acari: ixodidae) parasites of grazing sheep in the region of aragón (north-central spain) were surveyed on flocks four times a year and mapped into a 5 x 5 km grid. nine tick species were found. these were species of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group (about 95% of them rhipicephalus turanicus pomerantsev, in 91% of cells of the grid), rhipicephalus bursa canestrini & fanzago (79% of cells), dermacentor marginatus (sulzer) (58% of cells), haem ... | 2004 | 15189237 |
| sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the lyme borreliosis agents borrelia burgdorferi in north america and borrelia afzelii in europe. | the genetic polymorphism of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia afzelii, two species that cause lyme borreliosis, was estimated by sequence typing of four loci: the rrs-rrla intergenic spacer (igs) and the outer-membrane-protein gene p66 on the chromosome, and the outer-membrane-protein genes ospa and ospc on plasmids. the major sources of dna for pcr amplification and sequencing were samples of the b. burgdorferi tick vector ixodes scapularis, collected at a field site in an endemic region of the ... | 2004 | 15184561 |
| influence of climate on the proportion of ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults questing in a tick population. | we studied the relationship between climate and ixodes ricinus l. tick behavior by following every day the proportion of ticks questing in a tick population placed in polyamide mesh-delimited arenas in the field. simultaneously, the phenology of the questing density of nymphs and adults was studied by sampling ticks in a close location. at any time during the year, the proportion of questing adults was significantly higher (mean 24%) than the proportion of questing nymphs (mean 12%). the proport ... | 2004 | 15185936 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., babesia microti, and anaplasma phagocytophila in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in northern new jersey. | pcr analysis of ixodes scapularis ticks collected in new jersey identified infections with borrelia burgdorferi (33.6%), babesia microti (8.4%), anaplasma phagocytophila (1.9%), and bartonella spp. (34.5%). the i. scapularis tick is a potential pathogen vector that can cause coinfection and contribute to the variety of clinical responses noted in some tick-borne disease patients. | 2004 | 15184475 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia microti, and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes scapularis, southern coastal maine. | ixodes scapularis (deer ticks) from maine were tested for multiple infections by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. in 1995, 29.5%, 9.5%, and 1.9% of deer ticks were infected with borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti, respectively. in 1996 and 1997, the number of a. phagocytophilum-infected ticks markedly declined. in 1995 through 1996, 4 (1.3%) of 301 were co-infected. | 2004 | 15200875 |
| babesia divergens-like infection, washington state. | most reported u.s. zoonotic cases of babesiosis have occurred in the northeast and been caused by babesia microti. in washington state, three cases of babesiosis have been reported previously, which were caused by wa1 (for "washington 1")-type parasites. we investigated a case of babesiosis in washington in an 82-year-old man whose spleen had been removed and whose parasitemia level was 41.4%. the complete 18s ribosomal rna gene of the parasite was amplified from specimens of his whole blood by ... | 2004 | 15200851 |
| ixodid and argasid tick species and west nile virus. | control of west nile virus (wnv) can only be effective if the vectors and reservoirs of the virus are identified and controlled. although mosquitoes are the primary vectors, wnv has repeatedly been isolated from ticks. therefore, tick-borne transmission studies were performed with an ixodid (ixodes ricinus) and an argasid tick species (ornithodoros moubata). both species became infected after feeding upon viremic hosts, but i. ricinus ticks were unable to maintain the virus. in contrast, o. moub ... | 2004 | 15200855 |
| lack of bartonella sp. in 167 ixodes ricinus ticks collected in central sweden. | sudden death in swedish orienteers was demonstrated to be significantly associated with antibodies to bartonella sp. to test if these antibodies could be related with tick exposure, we searched bartonella sp. in ixodes ricinus ticks using specific pcr amplification and culture. no bartonella sp. was detected in 167 ticks tested. | 2004 | 15198190 |
| non-mendelian transmission of alleles at microsatellite loci: an example in ixodes ricinus, the vector of lyme disease. | microsatellite loci are usually considered to be neutral co-dominant and mendelian markers. we undertook to study the inheritance of five microsatellite loci in the european lyme disease vector, the tick ixodes ricinus. only two loci appeared fully mendelian while the three others displayed non-mendelian patterns that highly frequent null alleles could not fully explain. at one locus, ir27, some phenomenon seems to hinder the pcr amplification of one allele, depending on its origin (maternal imp ... | 2004 | 15217733 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum: an emerging tick-borne pathogen in hungary and central eastern europe. | anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and anaplasma phagocytophila) is the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosis) in humans, horses, sheep, cattle, dogs and cats. in the present study, 452 european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) collected from 100 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary were tested for the pathogen, as 112 pools each containing five or fewer ticks from one fox. six of the pools, representing ticks from six different foxes, w ... | 2004 | 15228721 |
| ixodes ricinus as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti in urban and suburban forests. | in the suburban and urban forests in the cities of gdansk, sopot and gdynia (northern poland), ixodes ricinus ticks should be considered as the vector of pathogenic microorganisms that may cause significant diseases in wild and domestic animals and humans. these microorganisms include etiologic agents of lyme disease, human anaplasmosis (ha) and babesiosis: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia microti, respectively. dna extracts from 701 ticks collected in 15 lo ... | 2004 | 15236507 |
| detection and identification of rickettsia helvetica and rickettsia sp. irs3/irs4 in ixodes ricinus ticks found on humans in spain. | | 2004 | 15252721 |
| polymerase chain reaction in detection of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent dna in ixodes ricinus ticks. | pcr, or polymerase chain reaction, is the most hoped-for diagnostic method for ehrlichiosis detection. in european molecular laboratories, the gene encoding 16s rrna for ribosomal small subunit has been the most frequently used ehrlichia dna marker. due to a lack of pcr standardization, this work compares sensitivity of two pairs of primers that amplify the 16s rdna gene fragments. | 2003 | 15232900 |
| human anaplasmosis in north-eastern poland: seroprevalence in humans and prevalence in ixodes ricinus ticks. | sera of 500 inhabitants of north-eastern poland, 450 suspected for lyme borreliosis and 50 blood donors (control group), were analysed for the presence of igg antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human anaplasmosis (ha), known so far as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). forty one (9.1 %) sera of the study group and one serum (2 %) of the control group were positive using indirect fluorescence assay (ifa). the seropositivity tended to be more frequent among ma ... | 2004 | 15236505 |
| the prevalence of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks ixodes ricinus and mosquitoes aedes spp. within a selected recreational area in the city of szczecin. | the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in ticks ixodes ricinus and mosquitoes aedes spp. within the bukowa forest, collected between 2000 and 2001. the study covered 215 ticks (193 nymphs and 22 adults) and 947 mosquitoes female of the genus aedes. spirochetes of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were detected in the arthropods studied with the method of indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). positive readings of the immunological reaction were st ... | 2004 | 15236506 |
| [densities of the tick (ixodes ricinus) and coexistence of the louping ill virus and tick borne encephalitis on the island of bornholm]. | | 2004 | 15285165 |
| combined infection of ixodes ricinus with three borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genotypes. | ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by random collections from western and central slovakia during the years 1996-98. the midgut content of 240 ticks was examined by dark-field microscopy and submitted for cultivation for the presence of borrelias. spirochetes were found in 21 unfed and host-seeking adults and nymphs (8.8%). by the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) one sample from unfed i. ricinus male from western slovakia was identified as a triple infection of borrel ... | 2004 | 15259771 |
| characterization of spirochetal isolates from arthropods collected in south moravia, czech republic, using fatty acid methyl esters analysis. | aim of this study was to evaluate cellular fatty acid analysis for characterization of spirochetes. strains were isolated from arthropods collected in south moravia, czech republic. fatty acid methyl esters (fame) profile was determined for five borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) strains isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks, one "spironema culicis" strain recovered from mosquito culex pipiens and seven spirochetal strains (not identified yet) isolated from mosquitoes and blackflies. analysis w ... | 2004 | 15261818 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum utilizes multiple host evasion mechanisms to thwart nadph oxidase-mediated killing during neutrophil infection. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, the etiologic agent of human anaplasmosis, is a bacterial pathogen that specifically colonizes neutrophils. neutrophils utilize the nadph oxidase complex to generate superoxide (o(2)(-)) and initiate oxidative killing of microorganisms. a. phagocytophilum's unique tropism for neutrophils, however, indicates that it subverts and/or avoids oxidative killing. we therefore examined the effects of a. phagocytophilum infection on neutrophil nadph oxidase assembly and reactiv ... | 2004 | 15271939 |
| [ultrastructural basis of interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in different symbiotic models]. | this paper reviews the author's contribution to the knowledge of the ultrastructural basis of the prokaryote-eukaryote interactions in different models assessed by an ultrastructural approach. in agreement with the hypothesis of the origin of eukaryotic cells, which are chimeras of several prokaryotes with different morpho-functional specializations, symbiosis had major consequence for evolution of life. in arthropods, one of the most successful lifestyles, the presence of endosymbiotic prokaryo ... | 2004 | 15305681 |
| comparison of disseminated and nondisseminated strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in mice naturally infected by tick bite. | clinical isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto have been categorized into disseminated and nondisseminated groups based on distinct ribosomal spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes (rsts). in order to determine whether transmission by tick bite would alter the dissemination dynamics and disease produced by distinct genotypes, disseminated isolates (rst1), nondisseminated isolates (rst3), and a standard laboratory strain (b-31) were established in a murine cycle utiliz ... | 2004 | 15322021 |
| [ixodes ricinus, transmitted diseases and reservoirs]. | the tick ixodes ricinus has been recorded in most italian regions especially in thermo-mesophilous woods and shrubby habitats where the relative humidity allow the tick to complete its 3 year developmental cycle, as predicted for the european climatic ranges. this tick acts both as vector and reservoir for a series of wildlife zoonotic pathogens, especially the agents of lyme diseases, tick borne encephalitis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, which are emerging in most of europe. to assess th ... | 2004 | 15305699 |
| [emerging rickettsioses]. | ticks are known to carry and transmit a number of microbial agents that cause diseases in humans and animals. among these are members of the order rickettsiales (alpha-proteobacteria), which include the genera rickettsia and ehrlichia. the most common and well-known rickettsial human disease in europe is mediterranean spotted fever (msf), caused by rickettsia conorii. in recent years, a number of new rickettsia species have been discovered in europe, some of which have been shown to be pathogeni ... | 2004 | 15305700 |
| bartonella spp. dna associated with biting flies from california. | bartonella dna was investigated in 104 horn flies (haematobia spp.), 60 stable flies (stomoxys spp.), 11 deer flies (chrysops spp.), and 11 horse flies (tabanus spp.) collected on cattle in california. partial sequencing indicated b. bovis dna in the horn fly pool and b. henselae type m dna in one stable fly. | 2004 | 15324557 |
| diversity within borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in switzerland by reca gene sequence. | a total of 874 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in switzerland to investigate the genetic diversity of the borrelia population. we integrated to the rt-pcr method the dna sequence analysis of a 162-bp fragment of the reca gene. five genospecies were detected: borrelia afzelii, borrelia burgdorferi s.s., borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia lusitaniae. a heterogeneous distribution was observed within the b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies. the most prevalent and diverse genospecies ... | 2004 | 15336411 |
| concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens associated with fatal hemolytic anemia in a cattle herd in switzerland. | bovine anaplasmosis is a vector-borne disease that results in substantial economic losses in other parts of the world but so far not in northern europe. in august 2002, a fatal disease outbreak was reported in a large dairy herd in the swiss canton of grisons. diseased animals experienced fever, anorexia, agalactia, and depression. anemia, ectoparasite infestation, and, occasionally, hemoglobinuria were observed. to determine the roles of vector-borne pathogens and to characterize the disease, b ... | 2004 | 15297529 |
| susceptibility of mosquito and tick cell lines to infection with various flaviviruses. | the genus flavivirus consists of more than 70 virus species and subtypes, the majority of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, although some have no known vector (nkv). the ability of these viruses to infect cultured cells derived from mosquito or tick species offers a useful insight into the suitability of such vectors to harbour and replicate particular viruses. we undertook a comparative study of the susceptibility of mammalian vero cells, a clonal mosquito cell line (c6/36) and rece ... | 2004 | 15347394 |
| borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on humans. | a total of 298 ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks (acari: ixodidae) feeding on humans in the czech republic were tested for borreliae (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) by darkfield microscopy between 1997 and 2003. a majority (68%) of the supplied i. ricinus ticks were nymphs, 25% were females and 7% were larvae. overall, 20% of 74 examined females and 9% of 203 examined nymphs (but none of 21 examined larvae) were infected with borreliae. the proportion of ticks with a high infection load (>100 spiroche ... | 2004 | 15347389 |
| ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis of 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' in the family anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in ixodes ovatus ticks. | a novel bacterium that infects laboratory rats was isolated from wild rattus norvegicus rats in japan. transmission electron microscopy of the spleen tissue revealed small cocci surrounded by an inner membrane and a thin, rippled outer membrane in a membrane-bound inclusion within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence of the bacterium found in r. norvegicus rats and ixodes ovatus ticks in japan revealed that the organism represents a novel clade ... | 2004 | 15388752 |
| a comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle. | serum samples from healthy dairy and beef cattle, living in tick-infested areas of connecticut, usa, were analyzed by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, or western blot procedures to detect antibodies to tick-borne agents. of the 80 sera tested by elisa with whole-cell or 10 separate recombinant antigens (fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, 57 (71%) were positive to 1 or more antigens, while 36 (45%) re ... | 2004 | 15368740 |
| serological and molecular evidence of rickettsia helvetica in denmark. | recent seroepidemiological studies and examinations of ixodes ricinus ticks in europe have demonstrated the presence of an emerging tick-borne infection with rickettsia helvetica. we conducted a serosurvey in 168 danish patients seropositive for borreliosis reflecting their exposure to i. ricinus ticks. a total of 21 patients (12.5%) had positive antibody titres to r. helvetica including 4 cases of seroconversion. none of the samples were positive for antibodies to ehrlichia. we conclude that in ... | 2004 | 15370666 |
| polymorphism and transcription at the p44-1/p44-18 genomic locus in anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from diverse geographic regions. | a polymorphic multigene family (p44) of anaplasma phagocytophilum encodes the immunodominant 44-kda major outer membrane proteins. with p44-specific pcr and gene-specific probes, p44-1 was found in all human isolates from new york state but not in isolates from minnesota, whereas p44-18 and two other p44 species were found in isolates from both regions. we therefore sequenced the genomic locus corresponding to the p44-1/p44-18 tandem locus of a. phagocytophilum hz in 14 other geographically dive ... | 2004 | 15385454 |
| outer membrane proteins of pathogenic spirochetes. | pathogenic spirochetes are the causative agents of several important diseases including syphilis, lyme disease, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, periodontal disease and some forms of relapsing fever. spirochetal bacteria possess two membranes and the proteins present in the outer membrane are at the site of interaction with host tissue and the immune system. this review describes the current knowledge in the field of spirochetal outer membrane protein (omp) biology. what is known concerning bioge ... | 2004 | 15449605 |
| the ecology of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l.; spatial distribution. | | 1950 | 15401168 |
| the ecology of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l.; microhabitat economy of the adult tick. | | 1950 | 15401167 |
| [hemodipsus lyriocephalus burmeister, ixodes ricinus linné, ectoparasites of hares, possible vectors of tularemia in france]. | | 1950 | 15434986 |
| characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from estonia. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a severe problem in estonia. in the present article the first genetic analysis of estonian tbev strains is described. in total, seven tbev strains were isolated from ticks (ixodes ricinus and i. persulcaus), rodents (apodemus agrarius and cletrionomys glareolus), and serum from a tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) patient. the nucleic acid sequences of the viral genome encoding almost the complete e protein (nt 41-1250) and the 3'-ncr-termini of the estonian tb ... | 2004 | 15484275 |
| characterization of the b-cell inhibitory protein factor in ixodes ricinus tick saliva: a potential role in enhanced borrelia burgdoferi transmission. | we recently described the inhibition of host b lymphocytes by ixodes ricinus tick saliva. in this study, we characterized the factor responsible for this activity and examined the modulation of lipopolysaccharide (lps)- and borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein (osp)-induced proliferation of naive murine b lymphocytes by an enriched fraction of this factor. the b-lymphocyte inhibitory activity was destroyed by trypsin treatment, indicating that a proteinaceous factor was responsible for thi ... | 2004 | 15500628 |
| investigation of the mechanisms of anti-complement activity in ixodes ricinus ticks. | the feeding success of a tick upon a host depends on its ability to suppress host anti-tick responses which include activation of the complement system. we investigated the mechanism of inhibition of the alternative pathway of complement by salivary gland extract (sge) of the ixodid tick species, ixodes ricinus. sge treatment strongly inhibited c3a generation and factor b cleavage in serum when rabbit erythrocytes were used as complement activator, but not when cobra venom factor (cvf) was used ... | 2005 | 15488941 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks in selected south bohemian locations (czech republic). | in selected localities of ceské budĕjovice and ceský, krumlov districts, well known by stable high incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) human cases but with low incidence of lyme borreliosis, monitoring of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in ixodes ricinus ticks was performed. research was also aimed at the spread of i. ricinus to mountain areas of this region (national park sumava), as well as at investigating this tick for b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies and tbe virus infection. al ... | 2004 | 15508414 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in bulgaria. | we report the epidemiologic characteristics of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in bulgaria, as well as the first genetic characterization of the virus strains circulating in the country in 2002 to 2003 that caused disease in humans. | 2004 | 15496250 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum dna in ixodes ticks (acari: ixodidae) from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal. | a total of 278 ixodes ticks, collected from madeira island and setubal district, mainland portugal, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. six (4%) of 142 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected in madeira island and 1 nymph and 1 male (2%) of 93 i. ventalloi collected in setubal district tested positive for a. phagocytophilum msp2 genes or rrs. infection was not detected among 43 i. ricinus on mainland portugal. all pcr products were confirmed by ... | 2004 | 15498168 |
| borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid. | | 2004 | 15503409 |
| identification of bartonella species in rodents, shrews and cats in denmark: detection of two b. henselae variants, one in cats and the other in the long-tailed field mouse. | small mammals and stray cats were trapped in two areas of north zealand, denmark, and their blood cultured for hemotrophic bacteria. bacterial isolates were recovered in pure culture and subjected to 16s rdna gene sequencing. bartonella species were isolated from five mammalian species: b. grahamii from microtus agrestis (field vole) and apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked field mouse); b. taylorii from m. agrestis, a. flavicollis and a. sylvaticus (long-tailed field mouse); b. tribocorum from a ... | 2004 | 15511270 |
| seasonal population dynamics of ticks, and its influence on infection transmission: a semi-discrete approach. | in this paper, a simple semi-discrete (ticks' feeding is assumed to occur only during the summers of each year) model for tick population dynamics is presented. conditions for existence, uniqueness, and stability of a positive equilibrium are found; the system is then studied numerically using parameter estimates calibrated for the tick ixodes ricinus in trentino, italy, and the sensitivity to parameters is examined. then, this model is extended to consider a tick-transmitted infection of one sp ... | 2004 | 15522350 |
| [should ticks be regarded as a tularemia vector in habitants of north-eastern poland?]. | a growing incidence of tick borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis in north-eastern poland as well as an increasing number of ixodes ricinus ticks in wooded areas and meadows have prompted the authors to evaluate the presence of antibodies against francisella tularensis in serum of forest workers. | 2004 | 15524088 |
| relationships of a novel lyme disease spirochete, borrelia spielmani sp. nov., with its hosts in central europe. | to determine whether the pathogenic variant of lyme disease spirochetes, isolate a14s, is perpetuated in a particular reservoir-vector relationship, we screened vector ticks in various central european sites for a related spirochete and determined its host association. a14s-like spirochetes infect numerous questing ticks in the petite camargue alsacienne (pc). they frequently infect dormice, but no mice or voles. garden dormice appear to be better reservoir hosts for a14s-like spirochetes than f ... | 2004 | 15528500 |
| a prospective cross-over field trial shows protection of lemon eucalyptus extract against tick bites. | ixodes ricinus can transmit several microorganisms, out of which borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus are the most important pathogens in humans. a lemon eucalyptus extract (citriodiol) has been shown to be a natural repellent against mosquitoes, stable flies, and midges. we have investigated whether the use of the extract would reduce the number of attached i. ricinus ticks in humans. a volunteer sample of 111 individuals was recruited among healthy, outdoor active adult ... | 2004 | 15605645 |
| sequence and expression analysis of the ompa gene of rickettsia peacockii, an endosymbiont of the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni. | the transmission dynamics of rocky mountain spotted fever in montana appears to be regulated by rickettsia peacockii, a tick symbiotic rickettsia that interferes with transmission of virulent rickettsia rickettsii. to elucidate the molecular relationships between the two rickettsiae and glean information on how to possibly exploit this interference phenomenon, we studied a major rickettsial outer membrane protein gene, ompa, presumed to be involved in infection and pathogenesis of spotted fever ... | 2004 | 15528527 |
| methodology for sampling questing nymphs of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), the principal vector of lyme disease in europe. | to assess the lyme borreliosis vector population density we set up a methodology for sampling the ixodes ricinus l. population host questing on the vegetation. we focused on the collection of the nymphal stage, which is the principal stage of disease transmission to humans. this study was carried out in rambouillet forest (yvelines, france) where seven study areas were demarcated. these areas are maximally homogeneous for plant species using a finer scale than the phytosociological classificatio ... | 2000 | 15535574 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalences in questing ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in urban and suburban bonn, western germany. | from march to october 2003, a total of 2,518 host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks (1,944 nymphs, 264 females, 310 males) were collected by blanket dragging at 45 sites all over the city area of bonn, western germany, to be checked for borrelia burgdorferi infection. the collection sites included 20 private gardens, nine public recreational parks, the boundaries of 14 sylvatic suburban areas and two footpaths between suburban farmed fields. generally, numbers of specimens collected along sylvatic su ... | 2005 | 15549390 |
| evidence of bartonella sp. in questing adult and nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks from france and co-infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and babesia sp. | ticks are known vectors for a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. their role in the transmission of some others is so far only suspected. ticks can transmit multiple pathogens, however, little is known about the co-existence of these pathogens within questing ticks. we looked for the presence of dna from three micro-organisms, bartonella sp., borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and babesia sp. which are known or suspected tick-borne pathogens, using a cohort of 92 questing ixodes ricinus ticks ... | 2005 | 15610725 |
| [human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in europe]. | human granulocytic ehrlichiosis is an emerging infectious disease, which is transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus in europe, like other diseases: lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, babesiosis... this tick lives in the forest and its hematophagic activity ranges from april to october. flu and febrile symptoms ten days after tick bite should suggest diagnosing the disease. disease evolution is generally favorable, even if serious complications may occur. leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elev ... | 2004 | 15617351 |
| terrestrial distribution of the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in east asia. | lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne zoonosis and an important emerging infection in europe, north america, and far eastern countries. the geographical distribution of borrelia spp. and the relationship between borrelia spp. and tick spp. in east asian countries have been studied. in northern asian countries, ixodes persulcatus carries eurasian-type borrelia garinii (20047 type), borrelia afzelii, and asian-type b. garinii (variant nt29), whereas borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto h ... | 2004 | 15623946 |
| studies on the occurrence of gram-negative bacteria in ticks: ixodes ricinus as a potential vector of pasteurella. | a total of 372 ixodes ricinus ticks (101 females, 122 males, and 149 nymphs) collected by flagging in 6 mixed woodlands of eastern poland were examined by culture for the presence of internal gram-negative bacteria other than borrelia burgdorferi. adult ticks were examined in pools of 2 specimens each and nymphs were examined in pools of 3-5 specimens each. ticks were disinfected in 70 % ethanol and homogenized in 0.85% nacl. the diluted homogenate was inoculated onto 3 kinds of agar media: buff ... | 2004 | 15627343 |
| lyme disease and babesiosis: preliminary findings on the transmission risk in highly frequented areas of the monti sibillini national park (central italy). | the monti sibillini national park is a recently borne protected area in the central apennines that has become an important tourist destination. mountain grasslands and woods have made it also a suitable habitat for sheep and bovine cattle, as well as for wild animals such as the wild bore and the roe deer. therefore, a preliminary investigation was conducted to assess the risk of transmission of tick-borne zoonoses, such as lyme disease and babesiosis, by actively looking for both the arthropod ... | 2004 | 15631066 |
| [effects of climate change on the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the czech republic in the past two decades]. | the study objective was an attempt to explain uneven distribution of the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) throughout the past two decades. a sharp rise was recorded in the last decade: while 2596 tbe cases were reported in the decade 1983-1992, as many as 5892 tbe cases were reported in the decade 1993-2002, with high rates persisting also in the following years (606 tbe cases reported in 2003). data from the database tbe epidat of the national institute of public health, prague, and t ... | 2004 | 15633538 |
| tick saliva inhibits differentiation, maturation and function of murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells. | haematophagous arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, tsetse flies, sandflies and ticks have evolved salivary immunomodulatory factors that prevent the vertebrate host from rejecting them meanwhile enhancing pathogen transmission. as dendritic cells (dc) play a major role in host immune responses, we studied the effects of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva on dc differentiation and maturation. flow cytometry analysis revealed that the addition of saliva to bone marrow cells inhibits the differ ... | 2005 | 15667568 |
| extract of the seeds of the plant vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. | about 70 plant extracts were tested for their ability to repel the attacks of blood-sucking arthropods. it was found that a co2 extract of the seeds of the mediterranean plant vitex agnus castus (monk's pepper) can be used as a spray to keep away especially ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from animals and humans for at least 6 h. in addition mosquitoes, biting flies and fleas are also repelled for about 6 h. | 2005 | 15682335 |
| phenology of the tick, ixodes ricinus, in its southern distribution range (central spain). | the abundance, seasonal activity patterns and development rates of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae), as well as microclimate features of the site of study, are described for a 9-year-long study (1994-2002) in north-central spain. according to drag captures, larvae had a unimodal activity pattern, with a maximum observed around july-august, whereas nymphs displayed a bimodal pattern (may-june and august-september) with strong dominance of spring activity. an inversion of this patter ... | 2004 | 15642006 |
| [a first record of microsporidia in the ixodid tick ixodes ricinus l. (ixodidae) in the territory of the commonwealth of independent states, republic moldova]. | spores of microsporidia have been recovered in 5 specimens of 13 ixodid ticks ixodes ricinus from various populations of the republic moldova collected in spring of 2004. microsporidia were detected by means of fluorescent microscopy. intensity of infection was 3-6 spores per a micropreparate from one mite. based on spore size, character of staining and the presence of diplocarion, these spores are referred to the nosema-like type. low intensity of infection probably is caused by that fact that ... | 2004 | 15656099 |
| differential expression of ixodes ricinus tick genes induced by blood feeding or borrelia burgdorferi infection. | ixodes ricinus l. is the principal european vector of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis. subtractive hybridization was used to isolate tick genes that were induced in whole ticks after blood meals on uninfected and b. burgdorferi-infected guinea pigs. novel cdna clones with similarity to cytochrome c oxidase, salivary secreted protein, actin, and a cysteine protease propeptide were induced after a blood meal. novel cdna clones with similarity to thioredoxin ... | 2005 | 15691006 |
| distribution of 'ehrlichia walkeri' in ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) from the northern part of italy. | the prevalence of 'ehrlichia walkeri' in ixodes ricinus in northern italy was studied. a total of 456 ticks were collected from seven places around belluno, and 292 living ticks were examined using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). nineteen ticks were positive for glta of 'e. walkeri', and the prevalence rate for each place ranged from 0 to 12.8%. the disparity of prevalence rates among areas examined suggests that 'e. walkeri' is not widespread in ticks and requires an animal host for its mainte ... | 2005 | 15691013 |
| immunochemical analysis of lipopolysaccharide-like component extracted from borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | immunoelectrophoresis and its modifications were applied to analysis of a lipopolysaccharide-like component (lps-lc) extracted from borrelia garinii strains k24 and k48 isolated from ixodes ricinus and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain b31. a modification of the hot phenol-water method was used for isolation of lps. immunoelectrophoresis (ie) and crossed immunoelectrophoresis (cie) of lps-lc with polyclonal rabbit antisera revealed a pattern and properties partially similar to lps from o ... | 2004 | 15702557 |
| efficacy of a collar impregnated with amitraz and pyriproxyfen for prevention of experimental tick infestations by rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes ricinus, and ixodes scapularis in dogs. | to compare the efficacy of collars impregnated with 9% amitraz or 9% amitraz and 0.5% pyriproxyfen (ppf) for control of newly established tick infestations by rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes ricinus, and ixodes scapularis in dogs and determine whether egg production by surviving female ticks was decreased. | 2005 | 15706971 |
| reduced variation among northern deer tick populations at an autosomal microsatellite locus. | to determine whether genes flow freely between populations of the ixodes ricinus-like ticks of eastern north america, and to determine whether the abundant northerly populations of these vectors of lyme disease and other zoonotic infections may have arisen recently from a small cohort of ancestral founders, we characterized the nuclear ir27 microsatellite alleles in ticks sampled from the geographic extremes of their ranges. these microsatellite alleles differentiated populations located in the ... | 2004 | 15707282 |
| spatial distribution of dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus in hungary: evidence for change? | a survey was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus in hungary and to compare these data with the results of a previous large-scale survey. in the survey conducted in the 1950s, d. reticulatus adults were detected in two isolated areas of two counties, and the presence of these ticks in the collection was explained by accidental introduction. in the present survey, d. reticulatus became the second most common species occurring in all 16 co ... | 2005 | 15740873 |
| characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated in moscow province--a sympatric region for ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus. | the relationships between borrelia species and the vector ticks, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus were examined in a molecular epidemiological study. we conducted a survey in the moscow region which is a sympatric region for both species of tick. we examined 630 unfed i. ricinus and i. persulcatus, ticks collected from four different regions around moscow within an area of 250 km2. eighty-four ticks were culture positive (13.3%) and the prevalence rate varied in each region from 5.7% to 42. ... | 2005 | 15715174 |
| evidence of rickettsia spp. infection in sweden: a clinical, ultrastructural and serological study. | sweden is an area potentially endemic for spotted fever rickettsioses. rickettsia helvetica has been isolated from its tick vector ixodes ricinus, and in a handful of cases linked to human disease. this study demonstrates for the first time in sweden the transmission of rickettsial infection after a tick bite and the attack rate in an endemic area. we present three cases of documented rickettsial infection and a prospective serological study of swedish recruits who were trained in the area where ... | 2005 | 15723687 |
| effect of tick salivary gland extract on the cytokine production by mouse epidermal cells. | previous studies have demonstrated that both tick saliva and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato antigens modulate the cytokine response of the host. in this paper, the effect of salivary gland extract (sge) from ixodes ricinus (l., 1758) ticks on cytokine production by primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells stimulated with borrelia afzelii canica, nato, du merle, mazie, baranton et postic, 1993 spirochetes was analysed. epidermal cells were derived from c3h/hen mice, susceptible to lyme disease, ... | 2004 | 15729950 |
| [ticks (acarina: ixodidae) as vectors and reservoirs of pathogen microorganisms in spain]. | hard and soft-ticks are obligate haematophagous arachnids of medical and veterinary significance mainly because of the animal disease agents transmitted by them, which include an array of different pathogens (virus, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes). ticks transmit microbes by several routes including salivary secretions, coxal fluids, regurgitation and faeces. among the biological factors that contribute to the high vector potential of ticks are their living habits and characteristic properties ... | 2005 | 15743581 |
| [ehrlichiosis--a disease rarely recognized in poland]. | ehrlichioses constitute a group of acute zoonoses caused by the infection with the microorganisms belonging to the genera ehrlichia, anaplasma and neorickettsia (rickettsiaceae). presence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophila (a. phagocytophila) and transmitted by ixodes ricinus tick has been confirmed in poland. all the cases described so far were noted in the area of endemic prevalence of lyme borreliosis (north-east of poland). lack of char ... | 2004 | 15765762 |
| identification of a new borrelia species among small mammals in areas of northern spain where lyme disease is endemic. | the role of small mammals as reservoir hosts for borrelia burgdorferi was investigated in several areas where lyme disease is endemic in northern spain. a low rate of infestation by ixodes ricinus nymphs was found in the small mammal populations studied that correlated with the near-absence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 184 animals tested and with the lack of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato to i. ricinus larvae that fed on them. in contrast, questing ticks collected at the same time ... | 2005 | 15746336 |
| detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco. | a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ... | 2005 | 15750072 |
| first isolation of borrelia lusitaniae dna from ixodes ricinus ticks in poland. | european genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato were identified by examining unfed i. ricinus ticks collected from 10 locations in northwest poland. research was conducted using 3 methods: pcr amplification of the fla gene with the fla1 and fla2 primer set conserved in all european species of b. burgdorferi sensu lato, pcr-rflp, and sequencing. there were 5 restriction patterns obtained in this study: 4 characteristic for genospecies b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. valaisiana, and ... | 2005 | 15764187 |