| isolation and characterization of a new rickettsia from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in slovakia. | | 2003 | 12860599 |
| investigation of anaplasma phagocytophila infections in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks in austria. | | 2003 | 12860606 |
| ehrlichia-like organism gene found in small mammals in the suburban district of guangzhou of china. | the 16s rrna gene of ehrlichia genus was examined from the blood and spleen of 26 wild small mammals that were captured at a canine feed lot where the first case of canine ehrlichiosis was found in south of china in 1998. samples (3 blood and 1 spleen) from rattus norvegicus were positive by polymerase chain reaction. the amplimers were then cloned and sequenced. all of the 16s rrna gene sequence of these samples were found to be same and unique when compared with the other members of genus ehrl ... | 2003 | 12860609 |
| candidatus ehrlichia walkerii: a new ehrlichia detected in ixodes ricinus tick collected from asymptomatic humans in northern italy. | ixodes ricinus harbors many infectious agents pathogenic for humans. a cause of fever is found in less than 50% of patients exposed to ticks. investigations on 359 ixodes ticks removed from asymptomatic patients in northern italy revealed the presence of a new ehrlichial agent in 10 ticks. comparison of the 16s rrna and the glta gene sequences showed the organism is most closely related to ehrlichia ruminantium. we propose this new ehrlichia be named "candidatus ehrlichia walkerii." | 2003 | 12860615 |
| detection of astrakhan fever rickettsia from ticks in kosovo. | astrakhan fever is a summer spotted fever resembling mediterranean spotted fever, endemic in astrakhan, a region of russia located by the caspian sea. its agent is a spotted fever group rickettsia, member of the rickettsia conorii complex, transmitted to humans by rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus pumilio ticks. in summer 2001, french united nations troops in kosovo collected 2 ticks on asymptomatic soldiers (1 r. sanguineus and 1 hyalomma marginatum) and 10 ticks on dogs (7 r. sanguine ... | 2003 | 12860620 |
| genetic diversity of bacterial agents detected in ticks removed from asymptomatic patients in northeastern italy. | a total of 360 ticks were removed from 353 asymptomatic subjects in belluno province, italy and surrounding areas, from 1998 to 2001. ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus (357), ixodes hexagonus (1), rhipicephalus sanguineus (1), and ixodes ventalloi (1). tick dna was investigated by pcr and subsequent sequencing of amplified products to identity associated bacterial agents. primers targeting different genes of rickettsia (glta and ompa), borrelia (16s rdna, rpob), francisella (16s rdna), and ... | 2003 | 12860623 |
| detection of rickettsiae in ixodes ricinus ticks in slovenia. | | 2003 | 12860626 |
| molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the ixodes ricinus complex is a paraphyletic group. | the ixodes ricinus species complex is a group of ticks distributed in almost all geographic regions of the world. lyme borreliosis spirochetes are primarily transmitted by tick species within this complex. it has been hypothesized that the lyme vector ticks around the world are closely related and represent a monophyletic group. this implies that vector competence in ixodid ticks for lyme agents might have evolved only once. to test this hypothesis, we used a molecular phylogenetic approach. two ... | 2003 | 12880241 |
| rickettsia aeschlimannii in spain: molecular evidence in hyalomma marginatum and five other tick species that feed on humans. | | 2003 | 12899141 |
| israeli spotted fever rickettsia in sicilian rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. | | 2003 | 12899144 |
| co-feeding transmission and its contribution to the perpetuation of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia afzelii. | | 2003 | 12899145 |
| real-time pcr for simultaneous detection and quantification of borrelia burgdorferi in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks from the northeastern united states. | the density of spirochetes in field-collected or experimentally infected ticks is estimated mainly by assays based on microscopy. in this study, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) protocol targeting the borrelia burgdorferi-specific reca gene was adapted for use with a lightcycler for rapid detection and quantification of the lyme disease spirochete, b. burgdorferi, in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks. the sensitivity of qpcr for detection of b. burgdorferi dna in infected ticks was comp ... | 2003 | 12902243 |
| internal and external mycoflora of the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae), and its ecological implications. | scopulariopsis brevicaulis, the anamorph of microascus brevicaulis (microascaceae, ascomycota), has been identified in the body contents of the tick dermacentor variabilis. after topical application of the fungal inoculum, tick mortality was marked. this is the first account describing the internal mycoflora of d. variabilis with a novel technique used to recover potential biological control agents. | 2003 | 12902299 |
| epidemiological survey of babesia species in japan performed with specimens from ticks collected from dogs and detection of new babesia dna closely related to babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens dna. | detection and analysis of babesia species from ticks recovered from dogs in japan were attempted by pcr and nucleotide sequence analysis based on the 18s rrna gene, respectively. a total of 1136 ticks were examined for babesia dna by 18s rrna-based pcr and nucleotide sequencing. partial sequences of babesia canis vogeli dna were detected from six ticks in aomori, nara, hiroshima, oita, and okinawa prefectures; and babesia gibsoni asia-1 dna was also detected in four ticks in osaka, hiroshima, mi ... | 2003 | 12904344 |
| first isolation and characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains from ixodes ricinus ticks in turkey. | in order to investigate the presence and prevalence of lyme borreliosis (lyme disease) borrelia species, 312 unfed ticks were collected by flagging at a woodland area in trakya, in the european side of turkey, in may 2002. twelve of 299 ixodes ricinus ticks were infected with borrelia spp., as determined by cultivation in bsk medium (prevalence rate 4.0 %). ten pure cultures were subjected to further characterization by sequencing analysis of the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer, 16s rdna and flage ... | 2003 | 12909659 |
| the effects of an imidacloprid and permethrin combination against developmental stages of ixodes ricinus ticks. | | 2003 | 12928874 |
| identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma and ehrlichia species, and spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from southeastern europe. | prevalence data for tick-borne pathogens are used to assess the risk for human health. in this study the presence and identity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, ehrlichia, anaplasma, and rickettsia species in bulgarian ixodes ricinus ticks and in non- ixodes ticks from turkey and albania was determined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blot hybridization. in the adult bulgarian ticks, the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection was approximately 40%, while bor ... | 2003 | 12938010 |
| thresholds for disease persistence in models for tick-borne infections including non-viraemic transmission, extended feeding and tick aggregation. | lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are two emergent tick-borne diseases transmitted by the widely distributed european tick ixodes ricinus. the life cycle of the vector and the number of hosts involved requires the development of complex models which consider different routes of pathogen transmission including those occurring between ticks that co-feed on the same host. hence, we consider here a general model for tick-borne infections. we assumed ticks feed on two types of host speci ... | 2003 | 12941594 |
| ectoparasite infestations of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary. | a survey was carried out to investigate the ectoparasite infestations of 100 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary. the overall prevalence of flea and tick infestation was high (62 and 86% with the dominance of the anthropophil pulex irritans and ixodes ricinus), but the number of parasites was low to moderate. felicola vulpis was not found in the present study, and the prevalence of otodectes cynotis was only 2%. based on prevalence (21%), mange lesion scores, and the negative correlation betwee ... | 2003 | 12944049 |
| diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis by a mu-capture immunoglobulin m-enzyme immunoassay based on secreted recombinant antigen produced in insect cells. | acute tick-borne encephalitis is diagnosed by detection of igm antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (genus flavivirus) in patient serum. tbev membrane (m) and envelope (e) proteins have previously been shown to form virus-like particles when expressed in mammalian cells. we expressed the prm/m and e proteins in insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus system and obtained antigenic protein secreted into the cell culture medium, as evidenced by detection by a panel of five monoclo ... | 2003 | 12958266 |
| molecular characterization of a non-babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in europe. | in europe, most reported human cases of babesiosis have been attributed, without strong molecular evidence, to infection with the bovine parasite babesia divergens. we investigated the first known human cases of babesiosis in italy and austria, which occurred in two asplenic men. the complete 18s ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene was amplified from specimens of their whole blood by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). with phylogenetic analysis, we compared the dna sequences of the pcr products with tho ... | 2003 | 12967491 |
| [natural habitat of tick ixodes ricinus l. in the gdansk district]. | | 1952 | 13032777 |
| [case of isolation of the causative agent of erysipeloid from sexually mature ticks ixodes ricinus]. | | 1954 | 13157596 |
| [isolation of pasteurella tularensis from the blood of blood-filled ticks ixodes ricinus l]. | | 1953 | 13161093 |
| [strains of neurotropic viruses isolated from ixodes ricinus found along the coast]. | | 1953 | 13182557 |
| [the surface structures of scutum in ixodes ricinus]. | | 1954 | 13196504 |
| some histological changes which occur in the gut epithelium of ixodes ricinus females during gorging and up to oviposition. | | 1954 | 13229275 |
| [effect of phytoncides on ixodes ricinus l..]. | | 1954 | 13230333 |
| virus meningo-encephalitis in slovenia. 4. isolation of the virus from the ticks ixodes ricinus. | this article describes the steps taken to verify that the tick ixodes ricinus is the main vector of slovenian meningo-encephalitis.in 1954, several unsuccessful attempts were made to isolate the virus from unengorged ticks collected at random, but in the following year this system was abandoned, and instead the search for specimens was carried out on the basis of evidence supplied by meningo-encephalitis patients with a tick-bite case history.in june-the peak endemic period-140 unengorged ticks ... | 1956 | 13383364 |
| [problem of seasonal variations and life of ixodes ricinus l. and ixodes persulcatus p. sch]. | | 1956 | 13418169 |
| [isolation of coxiella burnetii from the tick ixodes ricinus]. | | 1957 | 13437321 |
| [epidemiological aspects of the life cycle of ixodes ricinus l]. | | 1957 | 13472751 |
| spontaneous infection of tick ixodes ricinus by the virus of tick encephalitis in the coast-district. | | 1957 | 13500087 |
| [experimental transmission of the czechoslovak tick-borne encephalitis to goats from infected sucking females of the tick ixodes ricinus l]. | | 1958 | 13537026 |
| [isolation of a neorickettsial strain comparable to those isolated from animal or man in ixodes ricinus captured from sick cow in france]. | | 1958 | 13547508 |
| elimination of the virus of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) in the faeces of experimentally infected ticks ixodes ricinus l. and dermacentor marginatus sulz. | | 1958 | 13594715 |
| [geographic variability of seasonal activity of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus and causes of their annual numerical fluctuations]. | | 1958 | 13632340 |
| [experimental extermination of the tick ixodes ricinus l. in nature with hexachlorocyclohexane]. | | 1959 | 13639073 |
| an ospa-polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method for sensitive detection and reliable differentiation of all european borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species and ospa types. | we describe a sensitive and reliable method for detection and differentiation of the five relevant european borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species ( b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. afzelii, b. garinii, b. valaisiana, and b. lusitaniae), based on a heminested ospa-pcr followed by restriction enzyme analysis. sensitivity was one borrelia per pcr except for b. afzelii, where it was five per pcr. none of seven relapsing fever borreliae, eight leptospira serovars or two treponema species were ampli ... | 2004 | 13680214 |
| [our experience with an acaracide dust in the eradication of ticks ixodes ricinus l]. | | 1961 | 13692007 |
| [observations on the distribution and activity of the tick ixodes ricinus l. in the mazurian lakeland area]. | | 1961 | 13757856 |
| [isolation of the tick encephalitis virus from the blood and milk of domestic animals (sheep and cow) after infection by ticks of the family ixodes ricinus l]. | | 1959 | 13829212 |
| [ixodes ricinus as a possible vector of human diseases in norway]. | | 1959 | 13836774 |
| experimental hibernation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in engorged larvae of the tick ixodes ricinus l. | | 1960 | 13854483 |
| [determination of the physiological age and age composition of fasting female ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus in the leningrad region]. | | 1962 | 13864256 |
| ticks (ixodidae) on birds migrating from europe and asia to africa 1959-61. | the need for imaginative thinking and research in the epidemiology of diseases transmitted by arthropods is made manifest by new views of the longevity and host ranges of arthropod-borne viruses, as well as by other biological and medical phenomena. among these is the intercontinental transport of ticks by migrating birds. during the fall migration periods of 1959, 1960 and 1961, 32 086 birds (comprising 72 forms) were examined for ticks in egypt while en route from asia and eastern europe to tr ... | 1963 | 13961632 |
| infestation of human eyelid by a larval tick (ixodes ricinus l.). | | 1963 | 14042771 |
| the experimental transmission of babesia divergens by ixodes ricinus. | | 1963 | 14099849 |
| cytopathic viruses isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in czechoslovakia. | | 1964 | 14106035 |
| [investigations in a natural focus of vernal meningoencephalitis (vme) in lower austria. 1. ecology and seasonal dynamics of ixodes ricinus]. | | 1963 | 14119878 |
| isolation of some viruses other than typical tick-borne encephalitis viruses from ixodes ricinus ticks in finland. | | 1964 | 14229542 |
| pastureland infestation by the sheep tick (ixodes ricinus l.) as indicated by parasitism of the brown rat (rattus norvegicus berk.). | | 1965 | 14280482 |
| viruses related to the kemerovo virus in ixodes ricinus ticks in czechoslovakia. | | 1965 | 14302344 |
| [on diapause of larvae of ixodes ricinus l and i. persulcatus p. sch. (parasitiformes, ixodidae). i. experimental data on the effect of the photoperiod on hungry and fed larvae]. | | 1965 | 14345032 |
| virus meningo-encephalitis in slovenia. | the authors describe the main epidemiological features of the meningo-encephalitis observed in slovenia since 1946. it is endemic there with occasional epidemic outbreaks; close study has been made of the epidemic which occurred in 1953. the disease is markedly seasonal, 95% of all cases in 1953 occurring from may to september. another characteristic feature is the mention of tick bites in a very large number of case-histories; although the slovenian tick fauna has not yet been systematically in ... | 1955 | 14378994 |
| [field insect control by means of hot oil aerosols. effect on ticks ixodes ricinus l]. | | 1960 | 14434978 |
| experimental hibernation of the virus of the eastern type of north american equine encephalomyelitis (eee) in czechoslovak species of ticks. (ixodes ricinus l. and dermacentor marginatus sulz). | | 1960 | 14437006 |
| [observations on the distribution and activity of ixodes ricinus l. in the warmia-mazury lake region]. | | 1961 | 14458080 |
| an enzootic transmission cycle of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the southeastern united states. | lyme borreliosis, or lyme disease (ld), is a tick-borne zoonotic infection of biomedical significance, caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) spirochetes and transmitted by ixodes species ticks. it usually circulates among wildlife vertebrate reservoirs and vector ticks but may infect humans, causing multisystem problems. in far western and northern north america, the host reservoirs, tick vectors, and genospecies of borrelia are well known but not so in the southern u.s., where there ... | 2003 | 14500917 |
| first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from ixodes ricinus ticks in morocco. | to determine the infection rate of ixodes ricinus (i. ricinus) ticks with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b. burgdorferi sl) and to assess the frequency of the individual borrelia species in this tick species, a total of 295 i. ricinus were collected in taza region (northeast of morocco), from january to june 2002. the presence of b. burgdorferi sl was determined by direct fluorescence antibody assay (dfa) and by pcr after culture. b. burgdorferi sl isolates were identified at the species level ... | 2003 | 14511583 |
| babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance. | babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in europe. it is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. the current emphasis in europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick popul ... | 2003 | 14557289 |
| effect of the salivary gland and midgut extracts from ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus (acari: ixodidae) on the growth of borrelia garinii in vitro. | | 2003 | 14560980 |
| distribution and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks of canton ticino (switzerland). | free-living ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from 12 different sites of canton ticino, south of the alps (switzerland). each tick was examined for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis using direct fluorescent antibody assay, and isolation of the bacteria. borreliae were characterized by pcr followed by rflp. the abundance and infection rates of i. ricinus ticks varied greatly between the areas. two localities were found free of borrelia ... | 2003 | 14561052 |
| photoperiodic control of developmental diapause in nymphs of prostriate ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae). | extrinsic control of developmental diapause in nymphs of prostriate ticks of the subgenus ixodes sensu stricto (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus from eurasia and ixodes scapularis from north america) appears to be based on a complex two-step photoperiodic reaction of a short-day/long-day type. diapause control in the subgenus afrixodes (the south african tick ixodes rubicundus) appears to be based on a simple long-day reaction. the option between non-diapause development and diapausing arre ... | 2002 | 14570127 |
| a review of studies on the transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep: implications for the force of infection in endemic cycles. | we review the findings of a longitudinal study of transmission of the intracellular tick-borne bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep to ixodes ricinus ticks under natural conditions of tick attachment in the uk. in this study, sheep-to-tick transmission efficiency varied in a quadratic relationship with the number of adult ticks that were feeding on the sheep. we raise the hypothesis that this relationship may be due to conflicting effects of the density of ticks on bacterial survival a ... | 2002 | 14570131 |
| reduced weight gain due to subclinical anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) infection. | tick-borne fever (tbf) is caused by the rickettsia anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly ehrlichia phagocytophila) and is a common disease in sheep in areas of norway infested by ixodes ricinus ticks. tbf can cause both direct and indirect losses to sheep kept on tick-infested pastures. in the present work we studied a sheep flock of 26 ewes and 50 lambs on pasture from may until september. no cases of tbf had earlier been observed on this pasture. blood samples from lambs with a reduced weekly we ... | 2002 | 14570133 |
| understanding the relationships between landscape connectivity and abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks. | the density of ixodes ricinus ticks in a heterogeneous landscape of northern spain was determined and associated with some aspects of habitat topology. the habitat mosaic was used to quantify connectivity between patches of different tick density. the analysis revealed that patches with high tick abundance are 'stepping-stone' territories that, when removed from the landscape, cause large changes in connectivity. sites with medium tick abundance do not cause such a critical transition in connect ... | 2002 | 14570137 |
| the use of a 4% (w/w) deltamethrin collar (scalibor protectorband) in the extended control of ticks on dogs. | deltamethrin (4%, w/w) formulated in a polymer matrix system (scalibor protectorband, intervet international bv) was evaluated for the prevention of ticks on dogs. controlled laboratory trials were conducted, wherein dogs wearing anti-tick collars were compared with control dogs and artificially infested by adult ixodes ricinus and/or rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. the activity of the collars increased from 24 to 48 h post-treatment (pt) wherein tick numbers were reduced to 78.7% for i. ricinus ... | 2002 | 14570144 |
| borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks collected from vegetation and small rodents in recreational areas of the city of poznań. | during 1998-1999, ixodes ricinus (l.) populations were investigated in three different biotopes (deciduous, mixed, coniferous forest) situated in popular recreational areas in poznań, poland. in total, 1,123 questing ticks (1,002 nymphs, 69 males, 52 females) were collected by flagging vegetation. additionally, in 1998 between may and september small rodents were trapped and inspected for feeding ticks. altogether, 213 rodents of three species: apodemus agrarius pall., a. flavicollis melchior, c ... | 2003 | 14596285 |
| detection and identification of pathogens and host dna in unfed host-seeking ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae). | in this study, we have developed molecular methods for the identification of reservoir hosts of sylvatic tick-borne zoonoses. the methods are based on the analysis of the blood meal remnant in the tick gut and include detection of pathogens and identification of the host origin of the blood meal. for host identification, a universal primer pair was used to amplify part of the vertebrate 18s rrna gene followed by reverse line blot hybridization using subgroup-specific probes. analyses of dna from ... | 2003 | 14596289 |
| the seroepidemiology of lyme borreliosis in zoo animals in germany. | we conducted the first seroepidemiological study to evaluate the exposure of zoo animals to borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in german zoos and wildlife parks. a total of 1487 individuals representing 148 ungulate and carnivore species belonging to 19 families were examined using a non-species dependent elisa. specific antibodies were detected in 154 (10.4%) animals; 168 (11.3%) sera produced borderline results. the percentage of seropositive individuals was related to species and origin (zoo), and inc ... | 2003 | 14596540 |
| [occurrence of genomic species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in populations of ixodes ricinus ticks from west pomerania]. | the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infections in ixodes ricinus ticks from recreational areas of the province of west pomerania. ticks (nymphs and adults) were collected between april and october 2000 and 2001 from 10 sampling sites. the presence of the spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, was confirmed with an indirect fluorescence assay (ifa) and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in addition, a nested pcr technique was used to det ... | 2002 | 14601491 |
| high diversity of anka sequences of anaplasma phagocytophilum among ixodes ricinus ticks in germany. | in germany humans with acute granulocytic ehrlichiosis have not yet been described. here, we characterized three different genes of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains infecting german ixodes ricinus ticks in order to test whether they differ from strains in other european countries and the united states. a total of 1,022 i. ricinus ticks were investigated for infection with a. phagocytophilum by nested pcr and sequence analysis. forty-two (4.1%) ticks were infected. for all positive ticks, parts ... | 2003 | 14605135 |
| cat or dog ownership and seroprevalence of ehrlichiosis, q fever, and cat-scratch disease. | | 2003 | 14609477 |
| in vitro assays for repellents and deterrents for ticks: differing effects of products when tested with attractant or arrestment stimuli. | most in vivo and in vitro tests with repellents or deterrents against ticks have not considered which sensory channel is being targeted. we have recorded the responses of two hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) in vitro to determine if such products can disrupt the perception of an attractant in a repellent assay or the perception of an arrestment stimulus in a deterrent assay. ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (ebaap), n,n-diethyl-methyl-benzamide (deet), permethrin and indalone were chosen to t ... | 2003 | 14651650 |
| canine ehrlichiosis. | ehrlichia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria with tropism for hematopoietic cells. monocytic ehrlichioses in dogs and humans are transmitted by ticks and primarily caused by e. canis and e. chaffeensis, respectively. e. canis causes canine monocytic ehrlichioses (cme), a potentially fatal disease in dogs that requires rapid and accurate diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate therapy leading to a favorable prognosis. cme is characterized by three stages; 1) acute, 2) subclinical and 3) ... | 2003 | 14677903 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in ixodes ricinus ticks in north-western poland. | in order to estimate the risk of contracting lyme disease in the forest areas of north-western poland, pcr-based studies were carried out on 6,817 ixodes ricinus ticks for infection by the spirochaete b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.). the studies were performed using the primers for the fla gene, conserved for all european genospecies of b. burgdorferi s.l. based on the incidence of b. burgdorferi s.l. dna in i. ricinus ticks at eight sampling sites during 1998-2001, it may be concluded that a r ... | 2003 | 14677908 |
| molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks from eastern slovakia. | ixodes ricinus ticks (20 males, 20 females and 20 nymphs) collected in kosice, slovakia were examined for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) by pcr. 38.3 % of the tested ticks carried single infection of b. burgdorferi s.l. and 8.3 % were infected with a. phagocytophilum. double infection of both pathogens was detected in 5 % of tested ticks. these results indicate that both b. burgdorferi s.l. and a. phagocytophilum co-circulate in the enzootic ... | 2003 | 14677924 |
| distribution of the common tick, ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), in different vegetation types in southern sweden. | the aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in ixodes ricinus (l.) nymphal relative density exist among different vegetation types in southern sweden. nymphal i. ricinus were sampled in southeastern scania in southern sweden during june-august 1997. a total of 110-180 25-m2 samples were taken by blanket-dragging from each of nine different vegetation types. there was a highly significant difference in nymphal abundance between the open areas as one group and the forested areas a ... | 2003 | 14680099 |
| intracellular symbionts and other bacteria associated with deer ticks (ixodes scapularis) from nantucket and wellfleet, cape cod, massachusetts. | the diversity of bacteria associated with the deer tick (ixodes scapularis) was assessed using pcr amplification, cloning, and sequencing of 16s rrna genes originating from seven ticks collected from nantucket island and wellfleet, cape cod, mass. the majority of sequences obtained originated from gram-negative proteobacteria. four intracellular bacteria were detected including strains of ehrlichia, rickettsia, and wolbachia and an organism related to intracellular insect symbionts from the cyto ... | 2004 | 14711698 |
| host-seeking activity of ixodid ticks in relation to weather variables. | ixodid ticks were monitored in a temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in south moravia (czech republic). relative abundance of the ticks collected before noon (10.00-12.00 h) was compared to several weather variables (air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and derived values) using the pearson correlation coefficient. the tick numbers were found to be most closely related to the amplitude of the soil (-5 cm) temperature between 07 h and 14 h (tsamp, in ixodes ... | 2003 | 14714663 |
| ospc facilitates borrelia burgdorferi invasion of ixodes scapularis salivary glands. | outer surface protein c (ospc) is a differentially expressed major surface lipoprotein of borrelia burgdorferi. ospc is swiftly upregulated when spirochetes leave the ixodes scapularis tick gut, migrate to the salivary gland, and exit the arthropod vector. here we show that ospc strongly binds to the tick salivary gland, suggesting a role for ospc in spirochete adherence to this tissue. in vivo studies using a murine model of lyme borreliosis showed that while ospc f(ab)(2) fragments did not inf ... | 2004 | 14722614 |
| global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. | global change includes climate change and climate variability, land use, water storage and irrigation, human population growth and urbanization, trade and travel, and chemical pollution. impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and leishmaniasis are reviewed. while climate change is global in nature and poses unknown future risks to humans and natural ecosystems, other local changes are o ... | 2004 | 14726459 |
| a symbiont of the tick ixodes ricinus invades and consumes mitochondria in a mode similar to that of the parasitic bacterium bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. | we have recently performed molecular characterisation of an intracellular alpha-proteobacterium, named irices1, which resides in the ovarian tissue of female ixodes ricinus ticks from italy. a unique characteristic of this bacterium is its ability to invade the mitochondria of the cells in which it resides. although some ultrastructural studies have been performed on close relatives of this bacterium from i. ricinus in england and switzerland, a number of questions remain about its movement with ... | 2004 | 14729452 |
| sequence analysis of p44 homologs expressed by anaplasma phagocytophilum in infected ticks feeding on naive hosts and in mice infected by tick attachment. | the 44-kda immunodominant outer membrane proteins (p44 proteins) of anaplasma phagocytophilum are encoded by the p44 polymorphic multigene family. the present study examined p44 expression and analyzed the cdna sequences of various p44 transcripts from the spleens and blood of mice infected by the bites of ticks infected with the a. phagocytophilum ntn-1 strain or of naturally infected nymphal ticks and in the salivary glands and midgut tissues of these ticks. a total of 300 p44 cdnas were subje ... | 2004 | 14742506 |
| seasonal and diel activity of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) subpopulations in denmark. aspects of size, physiological age, and malate dehydrogenase genotype in a forest site without any undergrowth. | the underlying population dynamics and the behavioural patterns of the vectors are key issues in understanding the transmission of vector borne pathogens. for the tick ixodes ricinus both seasonal and diel activity have been described as bimodal patterns, which in seasonal aspect has been interpreted as representing two cohorts. however, recent studies have shown that this interpretation may be incorrect. the aim of this study was to obtain more detailed information on nymph host seeking by stud ... | 2003 | 14756394 |
| early detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in balb/c mice by co-feeding ixodes ricinus ticks. | in europe, borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by ixodes ricinus to animals and human. when infected and uninfected ticks co-feed on a host, spirochetes are transmitted from ticks to animal and also to uninfected ticks. here, we used uninfected ticks to co-feed with infected ticks on mice to evaluate this method to detect early infection in mice. a total of 128 mice were challenged by infected nymphs placed in capsules glued on the back of the mice. three days later uninfected larvae were added ... | 2003 | 14760973 |
| contact toxicity and residual activity of different permethrin-based fabric impregnation methods for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae), and lepisma saccharina (thysanura: lepismatidae). | the effectiveness and residual activities of permethrin-impregnated military battle dress uniforms were evaluated by comparing a new company-manufactured ready-to-use polymer-coating method with two "dipping methods" that are currently used to treat uniforms. residual permethrin amounts and remaining contact toxicities on treated fabrics before and after up to 100 launderings were tested against aedes aegypti (l.), ixodes ricinus (l.), and lepisma saccharina (l.). the residual amount of permethr ... | 2003 | 14765673 |
| identification of a new type of babesia species in wild rats (bandicota indica) in chiang mai province, thailand. | a new type of rodent babesia, which resembled babesia microti but was phylogenetically placed closest, with the highest level of statistical support, to babesia canis, a canine babesia, was identified in thai bandicota indica in thai provinces to which malaria is endemic. close watch should be kept on human babesiosis in thailand. | 2004 | 14766871 |
| [northern boundary of propagation of ticks ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus in karelian-finnish socialist soviet republic]. | | 1950 | 14789205 |
| [hibernation of ixodes ricinus l. eggs in the karelsk isthmus]. | | 1951 | 14906207 |
| the seasonal and diurnal activities of individual sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus l). | | 1951 | 14911213 |
| the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus l.; eradication by dipping sheep. | | 1951 | 14911214 |
| [new data on the development of larvae and nymphs of ixodes ricinus l. in natural conditions]. | | 1952 | 14926623 |
| acarological risk of exposure to agents of tick-borne zoonoses in the first recognized italian focus of lyme borreliosis. | acarological risk was calculated as the probability of encountering at least one host-seeking ixodes ricinus tick infected by the pathogen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in 100 m transects in the province of genoa, italy. the seasonal pattern of i. ricinus was studied using generalized estimating equations (gee) with negative binomial error, to consider overdispersion of tick counts and repeated sampling of the same dragging sites from april 1998 to march 1999. prevalence of infection by b. bu ... | 2003 | 14959782 |
| [longevity of forest and taiga ticks (ixodidae) infected and non-infected with borrelia burgdorferi groups]. | a life longevity of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus have been examined in laboratory conditions. it was found that specimens infected with borreliae live slightly longer than non-infected ones (difference is not reliable); females live 1.5 times longer than males; i. ricinus lives 2-4 times longer than i. persulcatus. it is suggested that i. persulcatus has a higher rate of metabolism than i. ricinus and that the latter species obtains an ability to survive after the last moult two winters and ... | 2003 | 14964854 |
| modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex. | ixodid ticks remain attached to their hosts for several days to weeks. during this extended feeding process new proteins involved in the modulation of host immune responses are expressed in tick salivary glands. in our study a stimulatory or inhibitory effect of salivary gland extracts (sge) of unfed and partially fed female ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758), female and male amblyomma variegatum (fabricius, 1794) and rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901 ticks on human lymphocyte proliferatio ... | 2003 | 14971600 |
| evaluation of groel gene analysis for identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | the nucleotide sequences of the groel genes, the flagellin genes, and the 16s rrna genes from 22 reference strains of borrelia were compared. groel sequence analysis is useful not only in interspecies differentiation but also in intraspecies differentiation of borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii isolates. | 2004 | 15004091 |
| first isolation of borrelia lusitaniae from a human patient. | the first human isolate of borrelia lusitaniae recovered from a portuguese patient with suspected lyme borreliosis is described. this isolate, from a chronic skin lesion, is also the first human isolate of borrelia in portugal. different phenotypic and molecular methods are used to characterize it. | 2004 | 15004107 |
| immunoglobulin g antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in game animals and small mammals in eastern slovakia. | in a survey of game animals and small mammals, the sera of 185 animals were examined for the presence of immunoglobulin g antibodies to the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which causes lyme borreliosis. these animals comprised 59 fallow deer (dama dama), 56 mouflons (ovis musimon) and 70 small mammals of six different species. the sera of the fallow deer and the mouflons were examined by indirect haemagglutination assay. the sera of the small mammals were examined by modified enzyme- ... | 2003 | 15005560 |