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selecting between iron-rich and clay-rich soils: a geophagy field experiment with black-and-white colobus monkeys in the budongo forest reserve, uganda.geophagy, the intentional consumption of soil, has been observed in humans and numerous other animal species. geophagy has been posited to be adaptive, i.e., consumed soil protects against gastrointestinal distress and/or supplements micronutrients. we conducted a field experiment in the budongo forest, uganda, to investigate geophagic behaviors, including soil preference, the quantity of soil eaten, and competition for access to preferred soils. we placed pairs of artificial tree stumps at two ...202032676864
abundance, diversity, and distribution of primates at welel mountain, kellem wollega zone, oromia region, ethiopia.primates are the mammals of the order primate that is characterized by advanced development of binocular vision and enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres. the aim of this study was to investigate the abundance, diversity, and distribution of primates on welel mountain. from august 2017 to february 2018, we collected data from different parts of welel mountain during wet and dry seasons of the year and analyzed them using spss version 20. we identified four primate species: chlorocebus aethiops ...202032454802
molecular prevalence and subtypes of blastocystis sp. in primates in northern china.blastocystis sp. is a common enteric protist that colonizes humans and a wide range of animals. although some studies have reported incidences of blastocystis sp. in humans and animals in china, there are limited data available concerning the prevalence among people and non-human primates. the aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence, subtype distribution and genetic characteristics of blastocystis sp. in primates, and to investigate the potential for zoonotic transmission betw ...202032445593
skeletal morphology of the lesula (cercopithecus lomamiensis) and the evolution of guenon locomotor behavior.the guenons (tribe cercopithecini) are a diverse and primarily arboreal radiation of old world monkeys from africa. however, preliminary behavioral observations of the lesula (cercopithecus lomamiensis), a little-known guenon species described in 2012, report it spending substantial amounts of time on the ground. new specimens allow us to present the first description of lesula postcranial morphology and apply a comparative functional morphology approach to supplement our knowledge of its locomo ...202032124976
is colobus guereza gallarum a valid endemic ethiopian taxon?black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza rüppell, 1835) are arboreal old world monkeys inhabiting large parts of the deciduous and evergreen forests of sub-saharan africa. two of the eight subspecies of colobus guereza are endemic to ethiopia: c. g. gallarum and c. g. guereza. however, the validity of the ethiopian taxa is debated and observed morphological differences were attributed to clinal variation within c. g. guereza. to date, no molecular phylogeny of the ethiopian guerezas is available ...201932110714
digestibility of a high-fiber biscuit-based diet by black and white colobus (colobus guereza).the acceptability and digestibility of a high-fiber biscuit-based diet was investigated using two adult male colobus guereza animals. although the animals were initially reluctant to accept the biscuit, it was eventually readily consumed. apparent digestion coefficients for the diet (average composition, dry matter basis: 16% crude protein, 25% neutral detergent fiber (ndf), 9.5% acid detergent fiber (adf), 1.2% acid lignin) determined by total fecal collection were 0.871 for dry matter, 0.813 f ...198532102487
the diet and feeding behavior of the black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza) in the kalinzu forest, uganda.one of the goals for primate feeding ecology is to understand the factors that affect inter- and intra-specific variations. therefore, a detailed description of basic feeding ecology in as many populations as possible is necessary and warrants further understanding. the black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza) or guereza is widely distributed in africa and is one of the well-studied colobines in terms of their feeding; they demonstrate considerable variation in their diets in response to local ...202032026152
do line-transect surveys systematically underestimate primate densities in logged forests?the rate at which social groups of primates are encountered in disturbed rain forest may be biased relative to undisturbed rain forest. a recently reported case study revealed a 25% reduction in postlogging raw encounter rates even though the true density of primates remained at the prelogging level. if biased raw encounter rates are typical of disturbed forests, and if they translate into equally biased line-transect density estimates, results of many comparative surveys might prove misleading ...198731973482
application of dna fingerprinting probes to old world monkeys.analysis of tandem-repetitive minisatellite dna in humans provides great discriminatory power in paternity identification and individualization of tissue samples. the molecular probes used to study these hyper-variable loci are here applied to dna isolated from related animals in four species of old world monkeys. probes 33.6 and 33.15 are shown to cross-hybridize with variable minisatellites in macaca fuscata, macaca silenus, erythrocebus patas, and colobus guereza. the dna fingerprint patterns ...198831968875
interactions between overlapping multimale groups of black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) in the kakamega forest, kenya.sixteen out of 18 groups of black and white colobus monkeys, or guerezas (colobus guereza), observed in the kakamega forest, kenya, included more than one adult male. each group overlapped in its home range with 4-7 other groups, and no group appeared to have exclusive access to any part of its home range. groups were engaged in intergroup encounters one-quarter of observation time. encounters often occurred around preferred feeding sites as different groups were attracted to such sites in their ...199631918478
a preliminary survey of medium and large-sized mammals from lebu natural protected forest, southwest showa, ethiopia.this study was conducted to determine the species composition and diversity of medium and large-sized mammals from lebu natural protected forest, ethiopia. surveys were conducted to record mammals through direct observation and indirect evidence from three habitat types, namely: natural forest, bushland, and riverine forest. a total of 15 mammalian species were recorded. the species recorded were papio anubis, chlorocebus aethiops, tragelaphus scriptus, canis aureus, crocuta crocuta, panthera pa ...201931832163
insights into the molecular systematics of trichuris infecting captive primates based on mitochondrial dna analysis.nematodes belonging to the trichuris genus are prevalent soil-transmitted helminths with a worldwide distribution in mammals, while humans are mainly affected in areas with insufficient sanitation such as in africa, asia and south america. traditionally, whipworms infecting primates are referred to trichuris trichiura, but recent molecular and morphological evidence suggests that more than one species may be able to infect humans and non-human primates. here, we analyzed the genetic diversity an ...201931395201
novel virus related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from colobus monkey.we determined the complete genome sequence of a virus isolated from a mantled guereza that died of primary effusion lymphoma. the virus is closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) but lacks some genes implicated in kshv pathogenesis. this finding may help determine how kshv causes primary effusion lymphoma in humans.201931310220
kaposi sarcoma in mantled guereza.we identified a novel kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-related rhadinovirus (colobine gammaherpesvirus 1) in a mantled guereza (colobus guereza kikuyensis). the animal had multiple oral tumors characterized by proliferation of latent nuclear antigen 1-positive spindle cells and was not co-infected with immunosuppressive simian viruses, suggesting that it had kaposi sarcoma caused by this novel rhadinovirus.201931310216
yersinia infection in two captive guereza colobus monkeys (colobus guereza).two guereza colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) reared in a zoological garden in japan suddenly died of multifocal fibrinonecrotic gastroenteritis and septicemia associated with infection by yersinia spp. it was necessary to microbiologically differentiate yersinia frederiksenii and y. enterocolitica. we described the pathological findings and discuss the causal agent to emphasize the need to revert to using a combination of multiple examinations for diagnosis.201931308292
determinants of colobine monkey abundance: the importance of food energy, protein and fibre content.a fundamental ecological question is what determines the abundance of animals? answering this question is vital in the formulation of effective management plans for endangered or threatened species. however, there are few general hypotheses proposed to account for variation in animal abundance. studies of folivorous primates are a notable exception. in this group, the protein to fibre ratio of mature leaves is a significant predictor of biomass. however, dasilva (1992) suggested that the availab ...200330893972
the body center of mass in primates: is it more caudal than in other quadrupedal mammals?whole body center of mass (bcom) position values are lacking for a comparative sample of primates. therefore, it still remains unknown whether the bcom in primates is more posteriorly located than in other mammals. the aim of the present report is to provide data for a large sample of primate species and to compare the position of the bcom in primates to non-primate mammals.201930839107
comparative morphology of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in the tongue of the abyssinian black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza).we observed the morphology of the lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate) and their underlying connective tissue cores (ctcs) in abyssinian black-and-white colobus monkeys using light and scanning electron microscopy. the tongues of both juvenile and senescent individuals were relatively short in the rostro-caudal direction, with a rounded apex. lingual tori were absent. numerous filiform papillae were distributed over the entire tongue, except at the lingual root. a pair of ...201930762218
infanticide of a newborn black-and-white colobus monkey (colobus guereza) in kibale national park, uganda. 200030545172
sivcol nef counteracts serinc5 by promoting its proteasomal degradation but does not efficiently enhance hiv-1 replication in human cd4+ t cells and lymphoid tissue.serinc5 is a host restriction factor that impairs infectivity of hiv-1 and other primate lentiviruses and is counteracted by the viral accessory protein nef. however, the importance of serinc5 antagonism for viral replication and cytopathicity remained unclear. here, we show that the nef protein of the highly divergent sivcol lineage infecting mantled guerezas (colobus guereza) is a potent antagonist of serinc5, although it lacks the cd4, cd3 and cd28 down-modulation activities exerted by other ...201830125328
social structure as a strategy to mitigate the costs of group living: a comparison of gelada and guereza monkeys.in mammals, and especially primates, group size and social complexity are typically correlated. however, we have no general explanation why this is so. i suggest that the answer may lie in one of the costs of group living: mammalian reproductive endocrinology is extremely sensitive to stress, and forms one of the hidden costs of living in groups. fertility declines with group size widely across the social mammals, including primates, and will ultimately place a constraint on group size. however, ...201829497179
rapid emergence of independent "chromosomal lineages" in silvered-leaf monkey triggered by y/autosome translocation.sex/autosome translocations are rare events. the only known example in catarrhines is in the silvered-leaf monkey. here the y chromosome was reciprocally translocated with chromosome 1. the rearrangement produced an x1x2y1y2 sex chromosome system. at least three chromosomal variants of the intact chromosome 1 are known to exist. we characterized in high resolution the translocation products (y1 and y2) and the polymorphic forms of the intact chromosome 1 with a panel of more than 150 human bac c ...201829459623
kinematics of the anthropoid os centrale and the functional consequences of scaphoid-centrale fusion in african apes and hominins.in most primates, the os centrale is interposed between the scaphoid, trapezoid, trapezium, and head of the capitate, thus constituting a component of the wrist's midcarpal complex. scaphoid-centrale fusion is among the clearest morphological synapomorphies of african apes and hominins. although it might facilitate knuckle-walking by increasing the rigidity and stability of the radial side of the wrist, the exact functional significance of scaphoid-centrale fusion is unclear. if fusion acts to p ...201829447753
proximity and grooming patterns reveal opposite-sex bonding in rwenzori angolan colobus monkeys (colobus angolensis ruwenzorii).close proximity and social grooming are important bonding mechanisms in primates. these behaviors show the social structure of a species and many studies have found positive correlations between the degree of kinship and grooming and proximity. we used 1 year of data collected via instantaneous scan sampling on a large "supertroop" of colobus angolensis ruwenzorii at lake nabugabo, uganda, to examine partner preferences for grooming and nearest neighbors in each age-sex class. little is known ab ...201829270880
diet versus phylogeny: a comparison of gut microbiota in captive colobine monkey species.both diet and host phylogeny shape the gut microbial community, and separating out the effects of these variables can be challenging. in this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the impact of diet and phylogeny on the gut microbiota of nine colobine monkey species (n = 64 individuals). colobines are leaf-eating monkeys that fare poorly in captivity-often exhibiting gastrointestinal (gi) problems. this study included eight asian colobines (rhinopithecus brelichi, rhinopithecus ...201728735426
variation in hunting behaviour in neighbouring chimpanzee communities in the budongo forest, uganda.hunting and sharing of meat is seen across all chimpanzee sites, with variation in prey preferences, hunting techniques, frequencies, and success rates. here, we compared hunting and meat-eating behaviour in two adjacent chimpanzee communities (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of budongo forest, uganda: the waibira and sonso communities. we observed consistent between-group differences in prey-species preferences and in post-hunting behaviour. sonso chimpanzees show a strong prey preference for g ...201728636646
variability of a vestigial structure: first metacarpal in colobus guereza and ateles geoffroyi.a tenet of evolutionary theory is that, under conditions of stabilizing selection, phenotypic variability is inversely related to selection intensity. correspondingly, a nonfunctional, vestigial structure is expected to be highly variable relative to its functional homologue. this study tests the hypothesis that species with a vestigial pollex, colobus guereza and ateles geoffroyi, have a first metacarpal whose length is both highly variable relative to, and poorly correlated with, the lengths o ...199728565353
distribution of interstitial telomeric sequences in primates and the pygmy tree shrew (scandentia).it has been hypothesized that interstitial telomeric sequences (itss), i.e., repeated telomeric dna sequences found at intrachromosomal sites in many vertebrates, could be correlated to chromosomal rearrangements and plasticity. to test this hypothesis, we hybridized a telomeric pna probe through fish on representative species of 2 primate infraorders, strepsirrhini (lemur catta, otolemur garnettii, nycticebus coucang) and catarrhini (erythrocebus patas, cercopithecus petaurista, chlorocebus aet ...201728423373
semicircular canal size and locomotion in colobine monkeys: a cautionary tale.the semicircular canals of the inner ear constitute the organ of balance, tracking head rotation during movement and facilitating stabilisation of vision. morphological characteristics of the canals are correlated with agility scores related to locomotion. to date, however, the relationship between canal morphology and specific locomotor behaviours, such as leaping, is unclear. knowledge of such a relationship could strengthen the inferences of locomotion of extinct taxa. to test this, crania of ...201627780160
macronutrient balancing affects patch departure by guerezas (colobus guereza).foraging strategies are central in shaping social structure and grouping patterns in primates. we address colobus guereza foraging strategies by investigating their patch departure decisions in relation to diet composition and nutrition. we examine whether guerezas are constrained in their intake of food in patches and thereby forage according to a fixed amount strategy that dictates patch departure. additionally, we assess whether guereza employ a fixed time strategy or attempt to balance nutri ...201726479160
nodular worm infections in wild non-human primates and humans living in the sebitoli area (kibale national park, uganda): do high spatial proximity favor zoonotic transmission?nodular oesophagostomum genus nematodes are a major public health concern in some african regions because they can be lethal to humans. their relatively high prevalence in people has been described in uganda recently. while non-human primates also harbor oesophagostomum spp., the epidemiology of this oesophagostomosis and the role of these animals as reservoirs of the infection in eastern africa are not yet well documented.201526451592
cellular hiv-1 inhibition by truncated old world primate apobec3a proteins lacking a complete deaminase domain.the apobec3 (a3) deaminases are retrovirus restriction factors that were proposed as inhibitory components of hiv-1 gene therapy vectors. however, a3 mutational activity may induce undesired genomic damage and enable hiv-1 to evade drugs and immune responses. here, we show that a3a protein from colobus guereza (cola3a) can restrict hiv-1 replication in producer cells in a deaminase-independent manner without inducing dna damage. neither hiv-1 reverse transcription nor integration were significan ...201425262471
identification of a derived dental trait in the papionini relative to other old world monkeys.variation in the shape of teeth provides an immense amount of information about the evolutionary history and adaptive strategy of a mammalian lineage. here, we explore variation in the expression of a purported molar lingual remnant (the interconulus) across the old world monkeys (primates: cercopithecidae) with the aim of elucidating a component of the adaptive radiation of this family. this radiation is characterized by a wide geographic range (asia and africa) as well as diverse dietary niche ...201425100299
behavioral thermoregulation in a group of zoo-housed colobus monkeys (colobus guereza).although wild primates are known to modify behavior in response to thermal stress, less is known about behavioral thermoregulation in zoo-housed primates. zoo exhibits expose individuals to unique thermal environments and may constrain the thermoregulatory strategies available to individual animals. in this study, we observed a group of seven colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) living on a concrete "monkey island" style exhibit that featured limited shade and limited arboreal space. behaviors were ...201424977787
trichuris colobae n. sp. (nematoda: trichuridae), a new species of trichuris from colobus guereza kikuyensis.in the present work, a morphological and biometrical study of whipworms trichuris roederer, 1761 (nematoda: trichuridae) parasitizing colobus guereza kikuyensis has been carried out. biometrical and statistical data showed that the mean values of individual variables between trichuris suis and trichuris sp. from c. g. kikuyensis differed significantly (p < 0.001) when student's t test was performed: seven male variables (width of esophageal region of body, maximum width of posterior region of bo ...201424853537
fecal microbiomes of non-human primates in western uganda reveal species-specific communities largely resistant to habitat perturbation.primate gastrointestinal microbial communities are becoming increasingly appreciated for their relevance to comparative medicine and conservation, but the factors that structure primate "microbiomes" remain controversial. this study examined a community of primates in kibale national park, uganda, to assess the relative importance of host species and location in structuring gastrointestinal microbiomes. fecal samples were collected from primates in intact forest and from primates in highly distu ...201324285224
discovery and full genome characterization of two highly divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) in kibale national park, uganda.african non-human primates (nhps) are natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), the zoonotic transmission of which led to the emergence of hiv-1 and hiv-2. however, our understanding of siv diversity and evolution is limited by incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of nhps, particularly in east africa. in this study, we screened blood specimens from nine black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza occidentalis) from kibale national park, uganda, for novel sivs using a ...201324139306
voice discrimination in four primates.one accepted function of vocalisations is to convey information about the signaller, such as its age-sex class, motivation, or relationship with the recipient. yet, in natural habitats individuals not only interact with conspecifics but also with members of other species. this is well documented for african forest monkeys, which form semi-permanent mixed-species groups that can persist for decades. although members of such groups interact with each other on a daily basis, both physically and voc ...201323800631
a novel hepacivirus with an unusually long and intrinsically disordered ns5a protein in a wild old world primate.gb virus b (gbv-b; family flaviviridae, genus hepacivirus) has been studied in new world primates as a model for human hepatitis c virus infection, but the distribution of gbv-b and its relatives in nature has remained obscure. here, we report the discovery of a novel and highly divergent gbv-b-like virus in an old world monkey, the black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), in uganda. the new virus, guereza hepacivirus (ghv), clusters phylogenetically with gbv-b and recently described hepacivir ...201323740998
co-infection and cross-species transmission of divergent hepatocystis lineages in a wild african primate community.hemoparasites of the apicomplexan family plasmodiidae include the etiological agents of malaria, as well as a suite of non-human primate parasites from which the human malaria agents evolved. despite the significance of these parasites for global health, little information is available about their ecology in multi-host communities. primates were investigated in kibale national park, uganda, where ecological relationships among host species are well characterized. blood samples were examined for ...201323603520
predator and non-predator long-distance calls in guereza colobus monkeys.east african guereza colobus monkey males are known for their conspicuous roaring behaviour; a spectacle that can dominate the predawn hours of african forests. recent research has shown that these monkeys also produce roars during daytime hours in response to predators. while roars to leopards and eagles differ in how roaring phrases are assembled into sequences, there are no obvious structural differences between predawn roars and roars to eagles. although recipients could use daytime informat ...201222622195
newly discovered bale monkey populations in forest fragments in southern ethiopia: evidence of crop raiding, hybridization with grivets, and other conservation threats.until recently, the bale monkey (chlorocebus djamdjamensis), an arboreal primate endemic to the southern ethiopian highlands, remained virtually unstudied, and its distribution pattern inadequately documented. to broaden our knowledge of the species' distribution and abundance, we carried out interviews with local people and total count surveys for bale monkeys across 67 fragmented forest sites in human-dominated landscapes in the oromia and southern nations, nationalities, and people's regions, ...201222311711
Evaluating the suitability of planted forests for African forest monkeys: a case study from Kakamega forest, Kenya.As natural forest cover declines, planted forests have come to occupy an increasing percentage of the earth's surface, yet we know little about their suitability as alternative habitat for wildlife. Although some primate species use planted forests, few studies have compared primate populations in natural and nearby planted forests. From March 2006 to July 2010, we conducted line transect surveys and assessed group sizes and compositions in natural and nearby 60-70 year old mixed indigenous plan ...201222076861
patch depletion behavior differs between sympatric folivorous primates.food competition in group-living animals is commonly accepted as a critical determinant of foraging strategies and social organization. here we examine food patch depletion behavior in a leaf-eating (folivorous) primate, the guereza (colobus guereza). snaith and chapman (2005) studied the sympatric folivorous red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus), which shares many food resources with the guereza. they determined that red colobus deplete the patches (feeding trees) they use, while we found contr ...201221909710
Diversity and host specificity of Blastocystis in syntopic primates on Rubondo Island, Tanzania.The isolated ecosystem of Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania is an interesting model site, inhabited by an assembly of primate species with various histories: two introduced primate species, Pantroglodytes (chimpanzee) and Colobus guereza (colobus), and a single indigenous species Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus (vervet monkey). Apart from important lessons for future introduction/re-introduction projects, Rubondo National Park offers a unique place to study the patterns of transmission of ...201121854778
evolutionary patterns of killer cell ig-like receptor genes in old world monkeys.killer cell ig-like receptors (kirs) modulate the cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells. kir genes are encoded in the leucocyte receptor complex and are characterized by their high haplotypic diversity and polymorphism. the kir system has been studied in only three species of old world monkeys, the rhesus macaque, the cynomolgus macaque, and the sabaeus monkey, displaying a complexity rivaling that of hominids (human and apes). here we analyzed bacterial artificial chromosome draft sequences ...201021185924
characterization of the fecal microbiome from non-human wild primates reveals species specific microbial communities.host-associated microbes comprise an integral part of animal digestive systems and these interactions have a long evolutionary history. it has been hypothesized that the gastrointestinal microbiome of humans and other non-human primates may have played significant roles in host evolution by facilitating a range of dietary adaptations. we have undertaken a comparative sequencing survey of the gastrointestinal microbiomes of several non-human primate species, with the goal of better understanding ...201021103066
epizootic fatal amebiasis in an outdoor group of old world monkeys.entamoeba (e.) histolytica is an obligate parasite of humans and non-human primates.201020202078
coinfection of ugandan red colobus (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus tephrosceles) with novel, divergent delta-, lenti-, and spumaretroviruses.nonhuman primates host a plethora of potentially zoonotic microbes, with simian retroviruses receiving heightened attention due to their roles in the origins of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. however, incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of potential hosts, especially the african colobines, has left the full range of primate retrovirus diversity unexplored. blood samples collected from 31 wild-living red colobus monkeys (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus te ...200919692478
trichuris suis and trichuris trichiura are different nematode species.in this paper, a morphological and biometrical study by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy (sem) of trichuris suis isolated from different hosts (sus scrofa domestica and sus scrofa scrofa) and trichuris trichiura isolated from chimpanzee, has been carried out. our results demonstrate the existence of typical pericloacal papillae in both species. biometrical parameters of t. suis and t. trichiura overlapped but males and females of t. trichiura tended to be shorter and thinner ...200919467214
the alarm call system of two species of black-and-white colobus monkeys (colobus polykomos and colobus guereza).vervet monkey alarm calling has long been the paradigmatic example of how primates use vocalizations in response to predators. in vervets, there is a close and direct relationship between the production of distinct alarm vocalizations and the presence of distinct predator types. recent fieldwork has however revealed the use of several additional alarm calling systems in primates. here, the authors describe playback studies on the alarm call system of two colobine species, the king colobus (colob ...200919450021
craniofacial variation and dietary adaptations of african colobines.african colobine monkeys show considerable craniofacial variation among species, although the evolutionary causes of this diversity are unclear. in light of growing evidence that diet varies considerably among colobine species, we investigated whether colobine craniofacial morphology varies as a function of their diet. we compared craniofacial morphology among five african species: colobus angolensis, c. guereza, c. polykomos, piliocolobus badius, and p. verus. matrix correlation analysis indica ...200919447469
extensive survey on the prevalence and genetic diversity of sivs in primate bushmeat provides insights into risks for potential new cross-species transmissions.to evaluate the risk of cross-species transmissions of sivs from non-human primates to humans at the primate/hunter interface, a total of 2586 samples, derived from primate bushmeat representing 11 different primate species, were collected at 6 distinct remote forest sites in southeastern cameroon and in yaoundé, the capital city. siv prevalences were estimated with an updated siv lineage specific gp41 peptide elisa covering the major part of the siv diversity. siv positive samples were confirme ...201019393772
neither genetic nor observational data alone are sufficient for understanding sex-biased dispersal in a social-group-living species.complex sex-biased dispersal patterns often characterize social-group-living species and may ultimately drive patterns of cooperation and competition within and among groups. this study investigates whether observational data or genetic data alone can elucidate the potentially complex dispersal patterns of social-group-living black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza, "guerezas"), or whether combining both data types provides novel insights. we employed long-term observation of eight neig ...200919302351
full-length genome characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus lineage (sivolc) from olive colobus (procolobus verus) and new sivwrcpbb strains from western red colobus (piliocolobus badius badius) from the tai forest in ivory coast.simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are found in an extensive number of african primates and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. full-length genome sequences were obtained from sivs derived from two colobinae species inhabiting the taï forest, ivory coast, each belonging to a different genus: sivwrc from western red colobus (piliocolobus badius badius) (sivwrcpbb-98ci04 and sivwrcpbb-97ci14) and sivolc (sivolc-97ci12) from olive colobus ...200918922864
spontaneous pancreatic islet cell tumor in a black and white colobus monkey (colobus guereza kikuyuensis).a 12-year-old, male black and white colobus monkey (colobus guereza kikuyuensis) from a small community zoo presented with a 6-month history of mild, slowly progressive ataxia and paresis culminating in an acute episode of recumbency, depression, and seizures. the animal was humanely euthanatized. gross post-mortem examination revealed significant abnormalities including diffuse pallor of the carcass and a firm, pale, 8-cm diameter mass, adherent to the serosa of the proximal duodenum and colon, ...200818269522
naturally transmitted herpesvirus papio-2 infection in a black and white colobus monkey.a 6.5-year-old female eastern black and white colobus monkey (colobus guereza) was evaluated after acute onset of ataxia and inappetence.200718081530
forest fragmentation, the decline of an endangered primate, and changes in host-parasite interactions relative to an unfragmented forest.forest fragmentation may alter host-parasite interactions in ways that contribute to host population declines. we tested this prediction by examining parasite infections and the abundance of infective helminths in 20 forest fragments and in unfragmented forest in kibale national park, uganda. over 4 years, the endangered red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus) declined by 20% in fragments, whereas the black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza) in fragments and populations of both colobines in unfra ...200817879941
colobus guereza: territoriality and group composition.troops of the black and white colobus colobus guereza in the bueclongio forest, uganda, average eight animals with a typical composition of one adult male, four adult females, two subadults, one juvenile, and one infant. solitary males and small all-male groups also occur. troops of mixed sexes have well-defined territories which coincide roughly with the home range. territories of five groups averaged 0.062 square mile (0.137 kmn(2)) in area agreeing closely with territory-sizes of asian colobi ...196917780181
giardia sp. and cryptosporidium sp. infections in primates in fragmented and undisturbed forest in western uganda.in june 2005, we collected 115 fecal samples from wild primates in western uganda and examined them for cryptosporidium sp. and giardia sp. with the use of immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) detection. we sampled primates from an undisturbed forest in kibale national park and from 3 highly disturbed forest fragments outside the park. of disturbed forest samples, red colobus (pilocolobus tephrosceles) and red-tailed guenons (cercopithecus ascanius) harbored species of cryptosporidium or giardia, bu ...200717539436
nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck trabecular architecture and its relationship to locomotor mode.functional analyses of human and nonhuman anthropoid primate femoral neck structure have largely ignored the trabecular bone. we tested hypotheses regarding differences in the relative distribution and structural anisotropy of trabecular bone in the femoral neck of quadrupedal and climbing/suspensory anthropoids. we used high-resolution x-ray computed tomography to analyze quantitatively the femoral neck trabecular structure of ateles geoffroyi, symphalangus syndactylus, alouatta seniculus, colo ...200717514766
variation in diet and ranging of black and white colobus monkeys in kibale national park, uganda.recently, considerable intraspecific variation in the diets and ranging behavior of colobine monkeys has been described, although in most cases this has involved documenting variation between, not within, sites. some african colobines, such as guerezas (colobus guereza), are relatively abundant in disturbed habitats that are very heterogeneous, raising the intriguing possibility that even groups with overlapping home ranges may exhibit large behavioral differences. if such differences occur, it ...200717429575
primate abundance along five transect lines at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.using the line transect methods, i studied the primate density at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda for 18 months. comparisons with other studies show that the population of red colobus monkeys (procolobus rufomitratus) and blue monkeys (cercopithecus mitis) is declining, whereas the populations of black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), red-tailed monkeys (cercopithecus ascanius), grey-cheeked mangabeys (lophocebus albigena), baboons (papio anubis), and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) remain ...200717330309
plant dna sequences from feces: potential means for assessing diets of wild primates.analyses of plant dna in feces provides a promising, yet largely unexplored, means of documenting the diets of elusive primates. here we demonstrate the promise and pitfalls of this approach using dna extracted from fecal samples of wild western gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza). from these dna extracts we amplified, cloned, and sequenced small segments of chloroplast dna (part of the rbcl gene) and plant nuclear dna (its-2). the obtained sequences ...200717216626
artificially generated cultural variation between two groups of captive monkeys, colobus guereza kikuyuensis.the majority of studies of social learning in primates have tested subjects in isolation and investigated the effects of learning over very short periods of time. we aimed to test for social learning in two social groups of colobus monkeys, colobus guereza kikuyuensis. subjects were shown video footage of familiar monkeys either pushing or pulling a plastic flap to obtain a food reward, while they were given simultaneous access to the same apparatus. action frequencies showed a significant diffe ...200717049751
life on the edge: gastrointestinal parasites from the forest edge and interior primate groups.humans are responsible for massive changes to primate habitats, and one unanticipated consequence of these alterations may be changes in host-parasite interactions. edges are a ubiquitous aspect of human disturbance to forest landscapes. here we examine how changes associated with the creation of edges in kibale national park, uganda, alter the parasite community that is supported by two species of african colobines: the endangered red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles) and the black-and-white ...200616534810
mating behavior and endocrine profiles of wild black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza): toward an understanding of their life history and mating system.black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza, "guerezas") show no external signs of estrus, and little is known about their mating behavior or reproductive endocrinology. to learn more about the life history characteristics and mating system of guerezas, we documented the mating behavior and ovarian hormone profiles of 10 cycling, lactating, and pregnant females in a wild population. we studied six groups of guerezas in kibale national park, uganda, and collected ad libitum data on their mat ...200616534807
spatial distribution of primates in a mosaic of colonizing and old growth forest at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda.primate censuses were conducted in a mosaic of colonizing (two locations) and old-growth forests using line transect methods at the ngogo study site, kibale national park, uganda. black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) were encountered more frequently in the colonizing forests than in the old growth forest, while chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were encountered more frequently in the old growth forest than in colonizing forests. although not significant, results suggest that blue monkey ...200616479411
widely varying siv prevalence rates in naturally infected primate species from cameroon.although it is now well established that a substantial proportion of wild-living primates in sub-saharan africa harbor siv, no study to date has examined to what extent the various species are naturally infected. in this study, we first describe the development and validation of sensitive and specific siv antibody detection assays representing all major known primate lentiviral lineages on a panel of 207 sera from 11 different primate species with known infection status. the newly developed assa ...200616257029
parasite prevalence and richness in sympatric colobines: effects of host density.factors that influence proximity and the number and duration of contacts among individuals can influence parasite transmission among hosts, and thus parasite prevalence and species richness are expected to increase with increasing host density. to examine this prediction we took advantage of a unique situation. following the clearing of a forest fragment that supported red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles) and black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), the animals moved into a neighboring frag ...200516229007
gastrointestinal parasites of the colobus monkeys of uganda.from august 1997 to july 2003, we collected 2,103 fecal samples from free-ranging individuals of the 3 colobus monkey species of uganda-the endangered red colobus (piliocolobus tephrosceles), the eastern black-and-white colobus (colobus guereza), and the angolan black-and-white colobus (c. angolensis)--to identify and determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. helminth eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts were isolated by sodium nitrate flotation and fecal sedimentation. coprocultures ...200516108549
red colobus as prey: the leaping habits of five sympatric old world monkeys.this study explored the leaping habits of five sympatric old world monkeys (colobus badius, colobus guereza, cercopithecus ascanius, cercopithecus mitis and cercocebus albigena) in an attempt to determine why chimpanzees prefer to hunt red colobus. we videotaped the leaps of the monkeys for 3 months in uganda's kibale national park. data were collected on leap preparation time as well as several other variables of the leaps. the leap preparation time of red colobus was found to be about double t ...200515775681
catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: concordance with fossil and nuclear dna evidence.accurate divergence date estimates improve scenarios of primate evolutionary history and aid in interpretation of the natural history of disease-causing agents. while molecule-based estimates of divergence dates of taxa within the superfamily hominoidea (apes and humans) are common in the literature, few such estimates are available for the cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys), the sister taxon of the hominoids in the primate infraorder catarrhini. to help fill this gap, we have sequenced the en ...200515737392
group size in folivorous primates: ecological constraints and the possible influence of social factors.the ecological-constraints model assumes that food items occur in depletable patches and proposes that an increase in group size leads to increased day range due to more rapid patch depletion. smaller groups become advantageous when an increase in travel costs is not repaid by an increase in energy gained or some other fitness advantage. on the other hand, we also know that group size can be influenced by social factors. here we contrast the diet and group size of red colobus (procolobus badius) ...200515197599
significance of color, calories, and climate to the visual ecology of catarrhines.here we describe correlations among visual ecology and the physiochemical properties of fruits and leaves consumed by four species of catarrhine primate: cercopithecus ascanius, colobus guereza, pan troglodytes, and piliocolobus badius. collectively, their diet was diverse, with each species relying on fruits and leaves to different extents. the mean chromaticity of both foods, as perceived by the green-red and yellow-blue signals that catarrhines decode, was distinct from background foliage. ho ...200415027092
recent evolutionary origin within the primate lineage of two pseudogenes with similarity to members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.using a search engine called motifer, we searched the public database of the human genome for genes matching a consensus pattern of cysteine residues derived from members of the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily. we identified two genes (named mdf451 and mdf628) that display sequence similarity to members of the tgf-beta superfamily in the arrangement of six conserved cysteine residues. phylogenetic analyses revealed that mdf451 and mdf628 constitute a distinct subgroup with ...200414999407
predicting folivorous primate abundance: validation of a nutritional model.understanding the determinants of animal abundance has become more vital as ecologists are increasingly asked to apply their knowledge to the construction of informed management plans. however, there are few general models are available to explain variation in abundance. some notable exceptions are studies of folivorous primates, in which the protein-to-fiber ratio of foods has been shown to predict biomass. here we examine the generality of milton's [american naturalist 114:363-378, 1979] prote ...200414983464
behavioral and endocrine dynamics associated with infanticide in a black and white colobus monkey (colobus guereza).infanticide has been observed in several colobines, but only one infanticide has previously been documented for black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza). this report describes an infanticide observed in kibale national park, uganda, in the summer of 2001. an adult male from a neighboring group attacked and killed a young infant whose mother subsequently remained in her own group and was observed mating 10 days later. she engaged in two mating periods of several days each, separated by a ...200314610731
mallophaga on catarrhine monkeys: colobus guereza, a natural host of procavicola colobi. 196414197401
characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmonng1) genome sequence from a mona monkey (cercopithecus mona).a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) sequence has been recovered from rna extracted from the serum of a mona monkey (cercopithecus mona) wild born in nigeria. the sequence was obtained by using novel generic (degenerate) pcr primers and spans from two-thirds into the gag gene to the 3' poly(a) tail of the sivmonng1 rna genome. analysis of the open reading frames revealed that the sivmonng1 genome codes for a vpu protein, in addition to gag, pol, vif, vpr, tat, rev, env, and nef proteins. ...200312768007
listeriosis in a free-ranging colobus monkey (colobus guereza caudatus) in kenya. 200312585602
partial molecular characterization of two simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv) from african colobids: sivwrc from western red colobus (piliocolobus badius) and sivolc from olive colobus (procolobus verus).in order to study primate lentivirus evolution in the colobinae subfamily, in which only one simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been described to date, we screened additional species from the three different genera of african colobus monkeys for siv infection. blood was obtained from 13 west african colobids, and hiv cross-reactive antibodies were observed in 5 of 10 piliocolobus badius, 1 of 2 procolobus verus, and 0 of 1 colobus polykomos specimens. phylogenetic analyses of partial pol se ...200312477880
hand preference for feeding in captive colobus guereza. 200612065943
variability of metapodials in primates with rudimentary digits: ateles geoffroyi, colobus guereza, and perodicticus potto.a tenet of evolutionary theory is that, within a species, phenotypic variability is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection. a corollary is that a rudimentary or vestigial structure should be highly variable. this relationship between rudimentation and variability, however, may simply be part of a continuum, as several studies have shown that variability and size of a structure are inversely related. this study tests whether the first metacarpal (mc1) in ateles geoffroyi and ...200211842399
a survey for cyclospora spp. in kenyan primates, with some notes on its biology.from march 1999 through august 2000, 511 stool samples collected from 11 different primate species in 10 geographically distinct locations in kenya, east africa, were screened for the presence of cyclospora spp. oocysts. positive samples (43/102, 42%) were identified in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) in 4 of 4 locations; 19/206 (9%) in yellow and olive baboons (papio cynocephalus, p. anubis, respectively) in 5 of 5 locations; and 19/76 (25%) in black and white colobus monkeys (colobus a ...200111780827
characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from guereza colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) in cameroon: a new lineage in the nonhuman primate lentivirus family.exploration of the diversity among primate lentiviruses is necessary to elucidate the origins and evolution of immunodeficiency viruses. during a serological survey in cameroon, we screened 25 wild-born guereza colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) and identified 7 with hiv/siv cross-reactive antibodies. in this study, we describe a novel lentivirus, named sivcol, prevalent in guereza colobus monkeys. genetic analysis revealed that sivcol was very distinct from all other known siv/hiv isolates, with ...200111134299
catarrhine photopigments are optimized for detecting targets against a foliage background.the colour vision of many primates is trichromatic, whereas that of all other mammals is thought to be dichromatic or monochromatic. moreover, the triplets of cone pigments in different catarrhines (old world apes and monkeys) are strikingly similar in their spectral positions. we ask whether the selective advantage of trichromacy lies in an enhanced ability to find edible leaves or fruit. further, we ask whether any factor in these two search tasks has constrained the particular set of cone spe ...200010851115
dental eruption sequence among colobine primates.dental development is one aspect of growth that is linked to diet and to life history but has not been investigated among colobines since the work of schultz [1935]. this study establishes the dental eruption sequence for several colobine species and compares it to that of other catarrhines. the mandibles and maxillae of two hundred and four juvenile colobine specimens were scored for presence or absence of permanent teeth and for stages of partial eruption. eruption was defined as ranging betwe ...200010766945
diurnal primate densities and biomass in the kakamega forest: an evaluation of census methods and a comparison with other forests.line-transect surveys were conducted at the isecheno study site in the kakamega forest, western kenya to estimate diurnal primate densities. the estimates from several different methods of analysis of census data were compared to "true" density values based on home range size and overlap for two species. the whitesides method [whitesides et al., 1988], which incorporates species-specific mean group spread into its formula for estimating transect width, provided the most accurate density estimate ...200010676710
papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus among old world monkeys: evidence for coevolution and ancient cross-species transmissions.to study the evolutionary history of papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus (pcev), we analyzed the distribution and genetic characteristics of pcev among 17 different species of primates. the viral pol-env and long terminal repeat and untranslated region (ltr-utr) sequences could be recovered from all old world species of the papionin tribe, which includes baboons, macaques, geladas, and mangabeys, but not from the new world monkeys and hominoids we tested. the old world genera cercopithecus ...200010627573
genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ...199910231768
some gastro-intestinal parasites of zoonotic (public health) importance commonly observed in old world non-human primates in kenya.a study was undertaken to categorise some gastro-intestinal (git) parasites commonly observed in kenyan non-human primates (nhps) on the basis of their health implications for humans. six species of locally available non-human primates, namely olive baboons (papio cyanocephalus anubis), vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops), sykes monkey (cercopithecus mitis), black and white colobus (colobus abyssinicus), debrazzas monkey (cercopithecus neglectus) and grey and black mangabeys (cercocebus torqu ...19989776144
use of sleeping trees by black and white colobus monkeys (colobus guereza) in the kakamega forest, kenya.groups of black and white colobus monkeys, or guerezas (colobus guereza), observed in the kakamega forest, kenya, had weak fidelity for sleeping sites. groups often slept in trees near commonly used food sources, which might reduce the time and energetic costs of travel. although the home range of each group overlapped with four to seven others, groups seemed to avoid sleeping near other groups, which would give them immediate and exclusive access to nearby food sources in the morning. the numbe ...19989651650
primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a two-month-old black and white colobus monkey.a 2-month-old male black and white colobus monkey (colobus guereza kikuyuensis) was euthanatized because of progressive physical deterioration, rear limb paralysis, lymphadenopathy, and the presence of facial and retroperitoneal lumbar masses. at necropsy, soft white masses were present in and around lumbar vertebrae, the subcutis of the face, multiple lymph nodes, and the fourth ventricle of the brain. histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of these masses revealed a primitive neoplasm wit ...19989545136
mapping homology between human and black and white colobine monkey chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization.we used in situ hybridization of chromosome specific dna probes ("chromosome painting") of all human chromosomes to establish homologies between the human and the white and black colobus (colobus guereza 2n = 44). the 24 human paints gave 31 signals on the autosomes (haploid male chromosomes homologus to human 14 and 15, 21 and 22, form colobine chromosomes 6 and 16, respectively. reciprocal translocations were found between human chromosomes 1 and 10, 1 and 17, as well as 3 and 19. the alternat ...19979261510
fatal infections with balamuthia mandrillaris (a free-living amoeba) in gorillas and other old world primates.balamuthia mandrillaris is a newly described free-living amoeba capable of causing fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. because the number of human cases is rapidly increasing, this infection is now considered an important emerging disease by the medical community. a retrospective review of the pathology database for the zoological society of san diego (the san diego zoo and san diego wild animal park) for the period july 1965 through december 1994 revealed five cases of amoebic meni ...19979150541
chromosomal painting shows that "marked chromosomes" in lesser apes and old world monkeys are not homologous and evolved by convergence.cytogeneticists have long held that the single pair of metacentric, nor-bearing "marked chromosomes" in lesser apes (hylobatidae) and old world monkeys (cercopithecidae) are homologous. hylobatids have sometimes been excluded from hominoidea (great apes and humans) and phylogenetically allied with the lower primates, primarily on the basis of this shared "trait." however, in situ hybridization of human chromosome-specific dna probes to chromosomes of hylobates lar, h. syndactylus, h. concolor, c ...19957956365
articular structure and function in hylobates, colobus, and papio.it has been demonstrated in clinical and experimental studies that subarticular trabecular bone responds to mechanical loads transmitted across joints through changes in mass and structural organization. we investigated differences in mass, volume, and density of subarticular trabecular bone of the humeral and femoral head in hylobates syndactylus, colobus guereza, and papio cynocephalus. our hypothesis was that variations in trabecular properties between taxa may reflect differences in mechanic ...19947943193
positional behavior in five sympatric old world monkeys.observations of positional behavior and habitat use were recorded on focal individuals of five species of old world monkeys at kibale forest, uganda, through the dry season of 1990 and 1991. cercopithecus ascanius, cercopithecus mitis, cercocebus albigena, colobus badius, and colobus guereza commonly utilize five similar types of positional behavior (i.e., quadrupedalism, leaping, climbing, sitting, and standing), but in varying frequencies and situations. as a group, colobines use oblique suppo ...19957645673
taxonomy and phylogeny of black-and-white colobus monkeys. inferences from an analysis of loud call variation.field recordings of male loud calls (or roars) from each major form of black-and-white colobus monkey have been analyzed spectrographically, and features of tempo and pitch measured. considered together with data on cranial dimensions, coat pattern, and geographical distribution, the results of this analysis suggest that there are five species of black-and-white colobus: colobus angolensis, c. guereza, c. polykomos, c. satanas, and c. vellerosus. c. guereza and c. vellerosus may have differentia ...19836862326
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