| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin inhibit in vitro development of plasmodium falciparum and babesia divergens in human erythrocytes. | the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin inhibit the in vitro intraerythrocytic development of plasmodium falciparum and babesia divergens, with concentrations inhibiting parasite growth by 50% in the ranges of 10 to 20 and 5 to 10 micrograms.ml-1, respectively. for p. falciparum, the 50% inhibitory concentrations were in the same range whatever the chloroquine susceptibility of the strains tested (strain f32/tanzania [chloroquine susceptible] or ... | 1994 | 8067753 |
| [the occurrence of babesia divergens in the freiburg i. br. district and piroplasmosis prevention trials in cattle]. | the occurrence of babesia divergens in the freiburg i. br. district is reported. by interviewing farmers and by serological investigations, three valleys where located in which bovine piroplasmosis occurs since many years. main objective of this study was to strategically control the vector ticks, ixodes ricinus with the synthetic pyrethroid flumethrin, in order to prevent clinical piroplasmosis after turnout to pastures in spring, without interfering with protective immunity against babesia div ... | 1994 | 8067991 |
| cultivation and phylogenetic characterization of a newly recognized human pathogenic protozoan. | an intraerythrocytic protozoan (wa1) recently isolated from a patient in washington state was shown to be morphologically identical to babesia microti but biologically and genetically distinct. continuous growth of wa1 was established in stationary erythrocyte cultures. hybridization of a chemiluminescent babesia-specific dna probe to southern blots of restriction enzyme-digested genomic dna showed that wa1 could be distinguished from other babesia species that were antigenically cross-reactive ... | 1994 | 8169390 |
| [morphological studies of babesia divergens during continuous transfer in meriones unguiculatus]. | a strain of babesia divergens was propagated by inoculation of 1.5 x 10(7) parasitized erythrocytes in 30 passages under same conditions on altogether 150 jirds. the developmental stages of babesia divergens revealed pleomorphism in the erythrocytes of the jird. single parasites were observed as being pyriform, globular, budding, ring-like or amoebid. the shape of dividing parasites varied between the spherical and the pyriform. the stages in the erythrocytes were localized predominantly interme ... | 1993 | 8298660 |
| cryopreservation of babesia divergens from jirds as a live vaccine for cattle. | a babesia divergens live vaccine can be produced in jirds (meriones unguiculatus). the major drawback of this live vaccine is the short shelf-life. we evaluated different methods for the cryopreservation of this vaccine. blood from jirds infected with b. divergens was frozen to -196 degrees c using cooling rates of 1, 10, 30, 100, 196 and 250 degrees c min-1, and a two-step cooling rate. the cryoprotectants dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), polyvinylpyrrolidone 40 and glycerol were used at different co ... | 1993 | 8300287 |
| cellular and humoral immune responses induced in cattle by vaccination with babesia divergens culture-derived exoantigens correlate with protection. | previous results with the babesia divergens gerbil vaccination model were extended in studies with cattle. two calves were vaccinated with culture-derived b. divergens exoantigens, and two others were treated with control supernatant; both preparations were adjuvanted with quil-a saponin. a parasite-specific humoral response was observed after the first vaccine injection and was boosted by two succeeding vaccine injections. sera from the two vaccinated calves immunoprecipitated eight major paras ... | 1993 | 8423099 |
| a new method for isolation of the intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium and babesia from their host cells. | a new method for the isolation of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei and babesia divergens from red blood cells is described. the technique is based on hydrodynamic forces occurring in a flow channel containing a turbulent liquid current, which are capable of rupturing infected erythrocytes and removing their plasma membrane from the parasites' surface. the temperature and the concentration of cells were revealed as factors influencing the hydrodynamic forces. about 90% of the intact ... | 1993 | 8469669 |
| babesia divergens: an elisa with soluble parasite antigen for monitoring the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis. | an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for bovine babesiosis caused by babesia divergens was developed to analyse the evolution of the serological status of cattle living in an enzootic area. the antigen used was a soluble extract of b. divergens obtained from in vitro culture. specificity, evaluated with negative sera, was 96.6%. the elisa was compared to indirect immunofluorescence analysis (ifa) on naturally or experimentally infected animals. it appeared that ifa was positive for at le ... | 1995 | 8520800 |
| [ticks (ixodidae) in zoonotic propagation of piroplasma babesia micorti and babesia divergens]. | recent advance in the knowledge of the role of ixodidae in the epidemiology of human piroplasmosis is reviewed, with special emphasis on babesia species which cause diseases in man. the problem in europe came to medical attention since 20 cases have been reported, and most of them due to b. divergens. however, contrary to other european countries, the zoonotic reservoir of babesia spp. in poland is unknown and further research is required to elucidate the importance of ixodidae in the transmissi ... | 1995 | 8553661 |
| a fatal case of babesiosis in missouri: identification of another piroplasm that infects humans. | to characterize the etiologic agents (mo1) of the first reported case of babesiosis acquired in missouri. | 1996 | 8607592 |
| molecular cloning of a putative rhoptry associated protein homologue from babesia divergens. | | 1996 | 8784776 |
| piroplasms of domestic animals in the macedonia region of greece. 2. piroplasms of cattle. | a study was carried out on piroplasms of cattle in the macedonia region of greece. during 1984-1986, 602 serum samples were collected from cattle in 33 localities. blood smears were also prepared from 50 of the animals in 13 localities. the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test revealed that 41.4% of cattle sera were positive to theileria orientalis, 2.0% to theileria annulata, 21.6% to babesia bovis, 15.2% to babesia bigemina, 5.1% to babesia major and 2.7% to babesia divergens. some of the ... | 1996 | 8792580 |
| first report of babesia divergens in tunisia. | babesia divergens of bovine origin was isolated, for the first time in tunisia, from a cow of a local breed (bos taurus) from a locality in the north-west of the country. gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) were used for the isolation of the parasite which was inoculated into a splenectomised friesian calf that developed a babesiosis, thus confirming the presence of the parasite. | 1996 | 8792588 |
| babesiosis in a six-day-old calf. | babesiosis was diagnosed in a six-day-old calf born indoors to a heifer which had been on a tick-infested pasture until 14 days before calving. the calf had typical symptoms of haemolytic anaemia and died after three days despite a blood transfusion. the erythrocytes in a blood smear made on the day it became ill were heavily infected with babesia divergens and the lesions observed post mortem were similar to those described in babesiosis in adult cattle. | 1996 | 8903013 |
| quinine in the treatment of babesia divergens infections in humans. | | 1996 | 8950568 |
| characterization of a swedish bovine isolate of neospora caninum. | the brain of a stillborn calf, seropositive to neospora caninum and born to a seropositive cow, was homogenized and cultured on vero cells, where growth of neospora-like tachyzoites was detected after 8 weeks. the ultrastructural features of the new isolate (nc-sweb1) corresponded to those of previously published neospora isolates. in indirect immunofluorescence tests, antigens on nc-sweb1 tachyzoites were recognized by antibodies raised to a canine n. caninum isolate (nc-1) but not by antibodie ... | 1997 | 9089715 |
| therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone against the bovine intraerythrocytic parasite, babesia divergens. | this study demonstrates the activity of the hydroxynaphthoquinone (hnq), atovaquone, against babesia divergens, the cause of a rare but lethal form of human babesiosis. in vitro studies showed that unlike other anti-malarial drugs, the hnqs studied have a high level of anti-babesial activity and atovaquone was more active than imidocarb, the most effective compound used so far for human b. divergens babesiosis and also used routinely for the treatment of bovine babesiosis. atovaquone also proved ... | 1997 | 9105316 |
| novel elisa for detection of neospora-specific antibodies in cattle. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to neospora species in cattle was developed. whole formalin-fixed neospora caninum (nc-liverpool) tachyzoites were used as antigen and a monoclonal antibody to bovine immunoglobulin light chain and an anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugate were used to reveal bound antibody. a panel of 46 sera, negative by the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat), were used in the elisa at a serum dilution of 1:500 to calculate the negative ... | 1997 | 9106971 |
| continuous in vitro culture of babesia divergens in a serum-free medium. | babesia divergens was cultivated in rpmi 1640 (25 mm hepes) supplemented with 10% human serum (rpmi-10% hs) with a high percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (ppe) (> or = 40%). standardization of in vitro tests, purification of exoantigens, biochemical studies and the safety of the culture handler motivated the development of a serum-free defined medium. removal of serum greatly reduced the ppe but, after a period of adaptation, the culture was continuous and the parasite was able to develop a ... | 1997 | 9226955 |
| photosensitized inactivation of plasmodium falciparum- and babesia divergens-infected erythrocytes in whole blood by lipophilic pheophorbide derivatives. | blood transfusions can transmit parasitic infections, such as those caused by plasmodium (malaria), trypanosoma cruzi (chagas' disease), and babesia (babesiosis). a higher degree of blood transfusion safety would be reached if methods were available for inactivating such parasites. | 1997 | 9228710 |
| experimental infection with ehrlichia phagocytophila and babesia divergens in cattle. | nine norwegian red cattle, 9-12 months old, were inoculated simultaneously with ehrlichia (cytoecetes) phagocytophila and babesia divergens. ten cattle of the same breed and age were kept as controls. clinical evaluation was done on a daily basis and rectal temperatures were recorded every morning for 4 weeks post inoculation. blood and serum samples were collected regularly during the observation period. sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to e. phagocytophila and b. divergens by ... | 1997 | 9230674 |
| a subtropical case of human babesiosis. | this report constitutes the first well-documented case of symptomatic human babesiosis from a subtropical site, south of the 40th parallel. this paper describes the definitive identification of babesia divergens infection in a splenectomized patient from the canary islands. | 1997 | 9241387 |
| survey of babesia divergens antibody kinetics in cattle in western france. | data collected from a longitudinal survey carried out over a 2-year period, in four dairy herds in western france, were used to assess babesia divergens antibody kinetics. farms were visited once a month. the total number of animals monitored was 236 including calves, heifers and cows of the holstein and normande breeds. an elisa was used to follow the humoral response levels against babesia divergens. when the study began, in the autumn of 1991 (200 animals), half of the animals were already se ... | 1997 | 9342824 |
| [human babesiosis in 1997]. | human babesiosis is a rare parasitic infection caused by an haemoprotozoan of genus babesia, transmitted by tick bites. in europe, the most severe cases are observed in asplenic patients infected by babesia divergens. acute intravascular haemolytic syndrome appears rapidly and is responsible for renal failure and is life threatening. most of the cases have been reported in france. in contrast, babesia microti babesiosis observed in the united states are less severe than babesia divergens cases. ... | 1997 | 9499998 |
| improved disease resistance after babesia divergens vaccination. | the efficacy of a new inactivated vaccine against babesia divergens was evaluated by means of inoculation tests. the infection was initiated by i.v. injection of blood containing 2 x 10(9) living parasites into splenectomized and non-splenectomized calves. clinical status and hematological parameters were determined. serology examinations for antibodies against b. divergens were carried out by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). non-vaccinated and splenectomized animals exhibited experime ... | 1998 | 9521006 |
| in vitro evaluation of drug susceptibilities of babesia divergens isolates. | the susceptibilities of three bovine and two human babesia divergens isolates to antimicrobial agents were evaluated in vitro by a tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay. the mics at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (mic50s) for mefloquine (chlorhydrate), chloroquine (sulfate), quinine (chlorhydrate), clindamycin (phosphate), pentamidine (isethionate), phenamidine (isethionate) plus oxomemazine (chlorhydrate), lincomycin (chlorhydrate monohydrate), and imidocarb (dipropionate) were determ ... | 1998 | 9559789 |
| experimental infection with babesia divergens in cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. | nine norwegian red cattle, aged 7-14 months, persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) were inoculated with a swedish strain of babesia divergens. six persistently infected cattle of the same age and breed were kept as controls. blood and serum samples were collected regularly during the observation period. rectal temperatures were recorded every morning for 25 days post infection, and the animals were examined clinically on a daily basis. sera were examined for antibodies t ... | 1998 | 9673578 |
| human babesiosis. | the first demonstrated case of human babesiosis in the world was reported in europe, in 1957. since then, a further 28 babesial infections in man have been reported in europe. most (83%) of the infections were in asplenic individuals and most (76%) were with babesia divergens, a cattle parasite. parasitaemias varied from 1%-80% of red blood cells. the usual clinical manifestations of severe b. divergens infection were severe intravascular haemolysis with haemoglobinuria. the most efficient treat ... | 1998 | 9683900 |
| exposure of cattle immunised against redwater to tick-induced challenge in the field: challenge by a heterologous strain of babesia divergens. | eighteen, one-and-a-half-year-old friesian heifers and a three-year-old friesian bull were immunised against bovine redwater by inoculation with blood infected with a known strain of babesia divergens which had been irradiated at 30 kilorads. three weeks later these cattle plus 10 friesian bullocks of the same age which served as controls were introduced to a grazing area infested with ticks able to transmit infections of a heterologous strain of b divergens. the control cattle all became infect ... | 1980 | 7434497 |
| [serological studies to determine babesia divergens infection in cattle]. | | 1980 | 7447904 |
| a large multigene family expressed during the erythrocytic schizogony of plasmodium falciparum. | we report the identification of a large multigene family of plasmodium falciparum using a clone isolated with a polyclonal antiserum raised to a babesia divergens merozoite protein. the recombinant antigen reacted with human sera collected from individuals exposed to malaria. the deduced protein sequence contains a motif homologous to the consensus sequence of merozoite rhoptry proteins encoded by multigene families in several babesia species. antibodies raised to the recombinant protein reacted ... | 1994 | 7739668 |
| a multiple antigen elisa to detect neospora-specific antibodies in bovine sera, bovine foetal fluids, ovine and caprine sera. | neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian parasite recently identified as a cause of abortion in cattle. the epidemiology of neosporosis is poorly understood, partly because accurate diagnosis of infection is difficult. in this paper we describe the development of a multiple antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to n. caninum in sera from cattle, sheep and goats as well as from bovine foetal fluids. a water-soluble fraction (wsf) of sonicated nc-1 strain ... | 1998 | 9777723 |
| serological differences in neospora caninum-associated epidemic and endemic abortions. | a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the sensitive and specific detection of bovine antibodies to neospora caninum was developed and evaluated using sera from cattle experimentally infected with n. caninum, toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis cruzi, sarcocystis hominis, sarcocystis hirsuta, eimeria bovis, cryptosporidium parvum, babesia divergens, and field sera from naturally exposed animals. field sera were classified using a gold standard that included the results from an indir ... | 1999 | 10461950 |
| management of babesia divergens babesiosis without a complete course of quinine treatment. | | 1999 | 10534194 |
| babesiosis. | babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus babesia. babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. the parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within inf ... | 2000 | 10885987 |
| antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids. | babesia isolates from an elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) and a caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) with fatal infections were compared to babesia odocoilei (engeling isolate) from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by experimental infection, serologic, and small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequence analysis studies. both the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among the isolates. experimental infection studies showe ... | 2000 | 10941738 |
| the beta-tubulin gene of babesia and theileria parasites is an informative marker for species discrimination. | a fragment of the beta-tubulin gene was polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified from genomic dnas of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia divergens, babesia major, babesia caballi, babesia equi, babesia microti, theileria annulata and theileria sergenti. single amplification products were obtained for each of these species, but the size of the amplicons varied from 310 to 460 bp. sequence analysis revealed that this variation is due to the presence of a single intron, which ranged from 20 ... | 2000 | 11027785 |
| distribution and ecology of ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting livestock in tunisia: an overview of eighth years field collections. | ticks (ixodidae) play a significant role as vectors of pathogens of domestic animals in tunisia. the major losses caused by ticks are related to transmission of protozoan parasites. these include agents of tropical theileriosis and babesiosis in ruminants. since 1991, we conducted research studies on tick population of livestock in tunisia. this overview reports a synthesis on tick distribution, their biology and their role as vectors of pathogens in domestic animals, particularly cattle. during ... | 1999 | 11071534 |
| babesia divergens in france: descriptive and analytical epidemiology. | babesia divergens cause of bovine babesiosis transmitted by ixodes ricinus, is widely spread especially in west, central and south-west parts of france. it occurs with two annual peaks, in spring and autumn. the study was carried out during a period of two years (1991-1993) in four farms in the sarthe area, in order to know the distribution and the ecology of i. ricinus, and to show the presence of b. divergens. cattle are parasitised as early as march essentially by adult ticks, according to a ... | 1999 | 11071546 |
| human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease. | human babesiosis is an important emerging tick-borne disease. babesia divergens, a parasite of cattle, has been implicated as the most common agent of human babesiosis in europe, causing severe disease in splenectomized individuals. in the us, babesia microti, a babesial parasite of small mammals, has been the cause of over 300 cases of human babesiosis since 1969, resulting in mild to severe disease, even in non-splenectomised patients. changing ecology has contributed greatly to the increase a ... | 2000 | 11113258 |
| diversity of babesia infecting european sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus). | questing ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) adult and nymphal ticks collected in various parts of slovenia were tested for the presence of babesial parasites with a pcr assay based on the nuclear small subunit rrna gene (nss-ribosomal dna [rdna]). thirteen of 135 ticks were found to contain babesial dna. sequence determination and analysis of amplified portions of nss-rdna revealed their identity with babesia microti and a high degree of homology with babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens. the r ... | 2001 | 11526189 |
| isolation and amplification by polymerase chain reaction dna of babesia microti and babesia divergens in ticks in poland. | babesia microti and b. divergens, the etiological agents of human babesiosis, are transmitted by the bite of ixodes ricinus. the purpose of this study was differentiation of those two species in ticks collected in urban woods in the city szczecin (north-western poland). the prevalence of the dna of babesia were investigated by pcr amplification with primers to the fragment from a gene encoding the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal rna (ss-rdna). we examined a total of 533 specimens of ixodes ricin ... | 2001 | 11748876 |
| seroprevalence of babesia infections in humans exposed to ticks in midwestern germany. | babesiosis is considered to be an emerging tick-borne disease in humans worldwide. however, most studies on the epidemiology of human babesiosis to date have been carried out in north america, and there is little knowledge on the prevalence of infection and frequency of disease in other areas. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of babesia infections in a human population in germany. a total of 467 sera collected between may and october 1999 from individuals living in the rhe ... | 2002 | 12089258 |
| invasion, and short- and long-term survival of babesia divergens (phylum apicomplexa) cultures in non-bovine sera and erythrocytes. | in order to explore the feasibility of producing a babesia divergens live vaccine free of bovine material contaminants the parasite's ability to grow in human, sheep and horse erythrocytes and serum and serum-free medium was investigated. b. divergens was successfully maintained in bovine erythrocytes overlaid with serum-free hl-1 medium. supplementation of the culture medium with bovine or sheep serum improved parasite growth (monitored by measuring parasitaemia and uptake of tritiated hypoxant ... | 2002 | 12118713 |
| zoonotic babesiosis. | zoonotic babesiosis has received increased attention recently, due mainly to the interest in tick-borne zoonotic diseases generated by the emergence of lyme borreliosis and to increased awareness of diagnostic and treatment difficulties associated with co-infection cases. the vast majority of european cases have been caused by babesia divergens in splenectomised patients, and although rare, this disease is very dangerous, requiring aggressive treatment. the use of atovaquone, a recently develope ... | 2002 | 12141733 |
| chymotrypsin and neuraminidase treatment inhibits host cell invasion by babesia divergens (phylum apicomplexa). | the process of host cell invasion by babesia divergens is poorly understood and improved knowledge of the mechanism involved could lead to development of measures effective in disease prevention. the investigate parasite ligands on the erythrocyte surface, b. divergens cultures in bovine erythrocytes were transferred into enzyme-treated bovine, human, ovine and equine erythrocytes. parasite invasion of bovine erythrocytes was not affected by trypsin treatment while treatment with alpha-chymotryp ... | 2002 | 12166519 |
| sheep as a new experimental host for babesia divergens. | babesia divergens was cultivated in sheep erythrocytes in rpmi 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (fcs) or sheep serum. in vitro cultures in sheep red blood cells were initiated with human erythrocytes infected in vitro with b. divergens rouen 1987 or with gerbil blood infected with several isolates from bovine origin. after the first subcultures on sheep erythrocytes, a ten-fold multiplication of the parasites was obtained within 48 h. erythrocytes from three splenectomized sheep were ... | 2002 | 12199370 |
| acute babesiosis caused by babesia divergens in a resident of kentucky. | | 2002 | 12200568 |
| tick-borne parasitic diseases in cattle: current knowledge and prospective risk analysis related to the ongoing evolution in french cattle farming systems. | parasitic diseases, like babesiosis and theileriosis are transmitted by ticks: their occurrence is therefore linked to the size of the tick stock and the seasonality of the vectors. babesia divergens bovine babesiosis transmitted by ixodes ricinus is widespread and often reported in france. serological prevalence is high, ranging from 20 to 80% according to the farms. clinical incidence is low: around 0.4% for the whole cattle population. the endemic situation is unstable and clinical cases occu ... | 2002 | 12387492 |
| babesia divergens: cloning and biochemical characterization of bd37. | the immunoprotective potential of babesia divergens antigens released in supernatants of in vitro cultures of the parasite is generally known. among a number of parasite molecules, a 37 kda protein has been found in the supernatants of babesia divergens cultures. in this report the cloning and biochemical characterization of this protein, called bd37, are described. in addition, the processing of the protein was studied in vitro. results suggest that bd37 is encoded by a single copy gene. bd37 a ... | 2002 | 12403318 |
| babesiosis: an update on epidemiology and treatment. | babesiosis is caused by a tick-borne hemoparasite that, like malaria, can cause fever, hemolysis, and anemia. typically self-limited, in the asplenic, immunocompromised, or elderly, disease can be severe or deadly. us cases have been primarily due to babesia microti; wa-1, which may be related to babesia gibsoni; and mo-1, related to babesia divergens. european infections are usually due to b. divergens. north american cases are treated either with quinine and clindamycin or with atovaquone and ... | 2003 | 12525291 |
| naturally acquired babesiosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herd in great britain. | a provisional diagnosis of babesiosis was made in a reindeer herd in scotland when seven animals died during 1997 and 1998. additional clinical cases occurred, but the animals recovered after treatment. thirty-one reindeer from the herd were tested for the prevalence of exposure to babesia by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using a bovine isolate of babesia divergens that had been passaged through gerbils. infection rates were determined by giemsa-stained blood smears. in addition, molecu ... | 2003 | 12541061 |
| a fatal case of human babesiosis in portugal: molecular and phylogenetic analysis. | we report the first case of human babesiosis in portugal. a 66-year-old splenectomized man was admitted to a lisbon hospital after 1 week of fever, abdominal pain, anorexia and nausea. a high parasitaemia (30%) of babesia parasites was found in giemsa-stained blood smears and, despite treatment, the patient died several weeks later of renal failure. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were processed for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blot hybridization to confirm and ... | 2003 | 12869099 |
| epidemiological survey of babesia species in japan performed with specimens from ticks collected from dogs and detection of new babesia dna closely related to babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens dna. | detection and analysis of babesia species from ticks recovered from dogs in japan were attempted by pcr and nucleotide sequence analysis based on the 18s rrna gene, respectively. a total of 1136 ticks were examined for babesia dna by 18s rrna-based pcr and nucleotide sequencing. partial sequences of babesia canis vogeli dna were detected from six ticks in aomori, nara, hiroshima, oita, and okinawa prefectures; and babesia gibsoni asia-1 dna was also detected in four ticks in osaka, hiroshima, mi ... | 2003 | 12904344 |
| [a case of babesia microti imported into the czech republic from the usa]. | human babesiosis is a zoonotic tick-borne protozoan infection caused by several species of the genus babesia. it is a rare disease in europe. until recently, 31 cases have been described. most of them were severe infections caused by a cattle parasite babesia divergens in splenectomized patients. in contrast, a rodent species babesia microti was responsible for hundreds of cases of human babesiosis in the u.s.a. in this report we describe the first case of human babesiosis in the czech republic. ... | 2003 | 12924039 |
| babesia divergens: cloning of a ran binding protein 1 homologue. | babesia divergens is an apicomplexa transmitted to bovines by its acarian vector, the tick i. ricinus. babesia divergens merozoites have an intraerythrocytic development in the blood of infected mammals. the nucleocytoplasmic transport system in this parasite is not yet characterized and no protein involvement in such transport has been described. in this report, we describe the cloning of a protein that shares important homologies with ran binding protein 1. this protein in eukaryote belongs to ... | 2003 | 12935735 |
| molecular characterization of a non-babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in europe. | in europe, most reported human cases of babesiosis have been attributed, without strong molecular evidence, to infection with the bovine parasite babesia divergens. we investigated the first known human cases of babesiosis in italy and austria, which occurred in two asplenic men. the complete 18s ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene was amplified from specimens of their whole blood by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). with phylogenetic analysis, we compared the dna sequences of the pcr products with tho ... | 2003 | 12967491 |
| studies on babesia divergens (m'fadyean and stockman, 1911). | | 1958 | 13559958 |
| [on the host specificity of babesia divergens (piroplasmidea)]. | | 1962 | 13890309 |
| the experimental transmission of babesia divergens by ixodes ricinus. | | 1963 | 14099849 |
| serologically detected "new" tick-borne zoonoses in eastern croatia. | to establish serologically a contact with causative agents of human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, human babesiosis, recently detected rickettsioses, and lyme disease in individuals with a history of tick bite from three counties in eastern croatia. | 2003 | 14515426 |
| babesia divergens, a bovine blood parasite of veterinary and zoonotic importance. | babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in europe. it is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. the current emphasis in europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick popul ... | 2003 | 14557289 |
| babesia bovis merozoites invade human, ovine, equine, porcine and caprine erythrocytes by a sialic acid-dependent mechanism followed by developmental arrest after a single round of cell fission. | babesia bovis infections have only been observed in bovine species in contrast to babesia divergens that also can infect humans, sheep and rodents. using an in vitro assay that assesses invasion of erythrocytes by free merozoites after a 1-h incubation period, it was shown that specificity is not determined by host-specific interactions associated with invasion. human erythrocytes were invaded more efficiently than bovine erythrocytes whereas erythrocytes of sheep, pigs and horses were invaded o ... | 2003 | 14636675 |
| enzootic transmission of babesia divergens among cottontail rabbits on nantucket island, massachusetts. | specific ticks seem to locally serve as vector for characteristic microbial assemblages (guilds) comprising spirochetes, piroplasms, ehrlichiae, and arboviruses. borrelia andersoni and anaplasma phagocytophilum are intensely transmitted between cottontail rabbits. to test the hypothesis that a piroplasm may also be maintained in rabbits, we sampled these hosts from nantucket island, massachusetts and tested their blood and tissues by a polymerase chain reaction for evidence of infection. surpris ... | 2003 | 14695079 |
| association between sequence polymorphism in an epitope of babesia divergens bd37 exoantigen and protection induced by passive transfer. | in europe, babesia divergens is the major agent responsible for babesiosis in cattle and can occasionally infect splenectomised humans. recently, we reported the characterisation of a 37 kda exoantigen (bd37) anchored in the merozoite membrane of b. divergens by a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol. after phospholipase hydrolyse of the glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol anchor, the bd37 antigen could be isolated in the plasma of the infected host and from the in vitro culture supernatants. immunisation of ... | 2004 | 15064123 |
| isolation of babesia divergens from carrier cattle blood using in vitro culture. | babesia divergens, the main causative agent of bovine babesiosis in western europe, was isolated from naturally infected cattle. ninety-six blood samples were examined by means of an in vitro culture technique in sheep erythrocytes: 19 of them were collected from animals in the acute phase of the disease with visible parasitemia on blood smears, while the 77 remaining animals showed no microscopically detectable parasites. b. divergens was cultured from the 19 first blood samples as well as from ... | 2004 | 15099510 |
| adaptation of three babesia divergens isolates to continuous culture in rat erythrocytes. | three babesia divergens isolates have been cultured continuously for 6 months in rat erythrocytes using the candle jar technique. one isolate was already rat-adapted, the other two became adapted to rats through continuous culturing in rat erythrocytes. babesia was cultured in rat erythrocytes in rpmi medium supplemented with 20% foetal calf serum. the highest parasitaemia was 35% and multi-parasitization of red blood cells was often observed. cultures of b. divergens remained infective to splen ... | 2004 | 15125537 |
| pathogens and symbionts in ticks: prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ehrlichia sp.), wolbachia sp., rickettsia sp., and babesia sp. in southern germany. | tick-transmitted diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and lyme borreliosis have been well known in germany for decades. ongoing research now gives an additional focus to a broad range of other bacteria and parasites in ticks like anaplasma phagocytophilum, former ehrlichia sp., rickettsia sp. and babesia sp. knowledge about the prevalence of these infectious agents in ticks is an important prerequisite for risk assessment of human diseases. therefore nymphs and adult ixodes ricinus ticks were c ... | 2004 | 15146989 |
| babesia microti infection in europe. | the majority of babesia infections in europe are life-threatening and caused by babesia divergens and b. bovis. although babesia microti has been detected in ticks from switzerland, few if any cases of babesiosis have been caused by b. microti. this first reported case, diagnosed by serology, dna detection, and microscopy, is additionally interesting because there appears to be coinfection with the lyme disease organism, borrelia burgdorferi. | 2004 | 15170239 |
| babesia divergens (phylum apicomplexa) in vitro growth in the presence of calf serum. | resistance to severe babesiosis in young calves has frequently been ascribed to an unknown serum factor(s) which inhibits growth of babesia bovis in vitro. our experiments show that young calf sera are as suitable as adult bovine sera for the in vitro culture of babesia divergens, indicating that in this species at least inverse age resistance is due to alternative mechanisms. the suitability of commercial foetal calf sera for b. divergens cultures seems highly variable. | 2004 | 15177717 |
| babesia divergens-like infection, washington state. | most reported u.s. zoonotic cases of babesiosis have occurred in the northeast and been caused by babesia microti. in washington state, three cases of babesiosis have been reported previously, which were caused by wa1 (for "washington 1")-type parasites. we investigated a case of babesiosis in washington in an 82-year-old man whose spleen had been removed and whose parasitemia level was 41.4%. the complete 18s ribosomal rna gene of the parasite was amplified from specimens of his whole blood by ... | 2004 | 15200851 |
| development of a microtitre-based spectrophotometric method to monitor babesia divergens growth in vitro. | babesia divergens multiplication cycle involves erythrocyte invasion, intracellular division, and erythrocyte lysis with the simultaneous liberation of hemoglobin. we have decided to set up a spectrophotometric protocol based on hemoglobin concentration in the culture supernatants to monitor b. divergens in vitro growth. after the selection of 405 nm as the most appropriate endpoint hemoglobin wavelength in our conditions (hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant), cultures were standardized ... | 2004 | 15279934 |
| the protective activity of serum and fractionated serum from rats against babesia divergens. | the rat adapted strain of bovine babesia, b. divergens was used as a model to investigate the mechanisms of immunity to this parasite. the participation of humoral factors in acquired immunity to b. divergens was investigated in splenectomised rats. antibodies to b. divergens were detected by ifa test in sera collected during infection and at different times after recovery. the protective activity of the same serum was tested in vivo by passive transfer and compared with the antibody levels as m ... | 2004 | 15287167 |
| epidemiological study of the prevalence of babesia divergens in a veterinary practice in the mid-east of france. | to assess the epidemiology of babesia divergens in a veterinary practice based in the mid-east of france ("monts du lyonnais"), blood was collected from 254 cattle belonging to 24 herds. to assess the dynamics of the carrier state, six carriers were identified, treated with flumethrin and sampled once every 3 weeks during 6 months. two different dna extraction methods were compared. each sample was tested for the presence of parasites using a pcr-rflp test based on the 18s rrna gene. the sensiti ... | 2004 | 15482881 |
| immunity of babesia divergens in the rat. histology of the infected liver and its possible role in removing prbc's. | the ability of immune rats to resist challenge with babesia divergens depends upon mechanisms which are largely spleen independent. the possible removal of b. divergens prec's by the livers of immune splenectomised rats was investigated. the clearance of cr51 labeled b. divergens infected erythrocytes was followed in splenectomised rats to test whether cr51 labeled prec's are cleared from the circulation of immune rats through uptake and phagocytosis by the liver. no significant difference was o ... | 2004 | 15587308 |
| role of quinine in life-threatening babesia divergens infection successfully treated with clindamycin. | | 2005 | 15616840 |
| babesia divergens and plasmodium falciparum use common receptors, glycophorins a and b, to invade the human red blood cell. | babesiosis has long been recognized as an economically important disease of cattle, but only in the last 30 years has babesia been recognized as an important pathogen in humans. invasion of erythrocytes is an integral part of the babesia life cycle. however, very little information is available on the molecules involved in this process, in contrast to another hemoparasite, plasmodium falciparum. using invasion assays into normal red blood cells (rbcs), enzyme-treated cells, and clinically mutant ... | 2005 | 15618210 |
| [human babesiosis--recent discoveries]. | introduction: babesiosis is caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus babesia, which is a common animal infection worldwide. this protozoa requires both a competent vertebrate and a nonvertebrate host (ixodes sp. etc.) to maintain the transmission cycle. human babesiosis: human babesiosis is predominantly caused by babesia microti (rodent-borne piroplasm, an emerging zoonosis in humans in north america) and by babesia divergens (bovine pathogen, in europe). occasionally, infection in am ... | 2004 | 15626291 |
| 1h, 15n and 13c backbone resonance assignments of the 37 kda surface antigen protein bd37 from babesia divergens. | | 2005 | 15692742 |
| babesia sp.: emerging intracellular parasites in europe. | the emergence of lyme borreliosis as the most prevalent arthropod disease of humans in the temperate northern hemisphere has resulted in renewed interest in human babesiosis, transmitted by the same tick vectors. the advent of new molecular tools has made possible a reappraisal of the main parasites involved (babesia divergens in europe and babesia microti in the usa). b. divergens is probably restricted to european cattle, though there are several nearly identical species. b. microti occurs as ... | 2004 | 15787198 |
| zoonotic reservoir of babesia microti in poland. | babesiosis is as one of the emerging human and animal diseases transmitted by ticks. it is caused intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus babesia. current evidence of human babesiosis suggests that the majority of cases are involved by babesia divergens and babesia microti piroplasms. as zoonotic reservoir of b. microti serve small mammals--insectivores and rodents. the occurrence of this parasite in natural environment in poland is documented for various regions, in the wide range of mammal ho ... | 2004 | 15787199 |
| hydrophobic moeties in recombinant proteins are crucial to generate efficient saponin-based vaccine against apicomplexan babesia divergens. | throughout europe, bovine babesiosis is mainly caused by babesia divergens, an apicomplexan parasite transmitted by tick bites. the intra-erythrocytic development of b. divergens merozoites leads to haemolytic anaemia, and bovine babesiosis is responsible for economic losses in the agro-business industry. a totally efficient recombinant vaccine based on the merozoite surface protein bd37 and saponin quila was recently described. in the present study we determined that protective immunity elicite ... | 2006 | 16199111 |
| comparative infectivity of babesia divergens and a zoonotic babesia divergens-like parasite in cattle. | babesia divergens-like parasites identified in human babesiosis cases in missouri and kentucky and in eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) on nantucket island, massachusetts, share identical small subunit ribosomal rna gene sequences. this sequence is 99.8% identical to that of babesia divergens, suggesting that the u.s. parasite may be b. divergens, a causative agent of human and bovine babesiosis in europe. holstein-friesian calves were inoculated with cultured nantucket island b ... | 2005 | 16282295 |
| chemotherapy against babesiosis. | babesiosis is caused by a haemotropic protozoal parasite of the genus babesia, member of the phylum apicomplexa and transmitted by the bite of an infected tick. there are many babesia species affecting livestock, dogs, horses and rodents which are of economic significance. infections can occur without producing symptoms, but babesiosis may also be severe and sometimes fatal caused by the intraerythrocytic parasite development. the disease can cause fever, fatigue and haemolytic anemia lasting fr ... | 2006 | 16504402 |
| identity of the causal agents of human babesiosis in europe. | most cases of human babesiosis are caused either by babesia divergens in europe or babesia microti in america. b. microti, once regarded as a single species, occurs as a world-wide species complex and although both phenotypic and genotypic features lend support to suggestions that zoonotic b. microti may occur in europe, convincing medical evidence is lacking. several b. divergens-like parasites have emerged in the last few years, but 18s rrna gene analysis suggests that b. divergens 'sensu stri ... | 2006 | 16524772 |
| genetic basis for gpi-anchor merozoite surface antigen polymorphism of babesia and resulting antigenic diversity. | glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor merozoite surface antigens (gpi-anchor msa) are proposed to act in the invasion process of infective merozoites of babesia into host erythrocytes. because of their essential function in the survival of babesia parasites, they constitute good candidates for the development of vaccines against babesiosis and they have been extensively analyzed. these include babesia bovis variable msa (vmsa) and babesia bigemina gp45/gp55 proteins of the agents of bovine babesi ... | 2006 | 16551492 |
| molecular diagnosis of theileria and babesia species infecting cattle in northern spain using reverse line blot macroarrays. | piroplasmosis in cattle is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites of the genera theileria and babesia. molecular detection techniques offer higher sensitivity and specificity than microscopy examination methods and serological tests. a reverse line blot (rlb) macroarray that included generic and species-specific probes for theileria annulata, theileria buffeli, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia divergens and babesia major was used to study the presence and identity of the piroplasm ... | 2006 | 16684356 |
| in vitro host erythrocyte specificity and differential morphology of babesia divergens and a zoonotic babesia sp. from eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus). | a babesia sp. isolated from eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) is morphologically similar and genetically identical, based on ssu rrna gene comparisons, to 2 agents responsible for human babesiosis in the united states. this zoonotic agent is closely related to the european parasite, babesia divergens. the 2 organisms were characterized by in vitro comparisons. in vitro growth of the rabbit babesia sp. was supported in human and cottontail rabbit erythrocytes, but not in bovine c ... | 2006 | 16729690 |
| erythema figuratum in septic babesiosis. | babesiosis is a rare worldwide-distributed protozoal zoonosis caused by a haemoprotozoan of the genus babesia, transmitted through bites of tick of the genus ixodes. the first demonstrated case of human babesiosis in the world was discovered in europe, in 1957. however, most of the cases were reported later in the north-east of the united states where babesia microti has been the cause of over 300 cases of human babesiosis since 1969. in europe, the most severe cases are observed in asplenic pat ... | 2006 | 16836504 |
| molecular detection and characterization of cytauxzoon felis and a babesia species in cougars from florida. | piroplasms, morphologically indistinguishable from cytauxzoon felis, previously were detected in 36% of cougars in florida. we utilized a nested 18s rrna assay, which amplifies dna from all piroplasms, to screen blood samples collected from 41 cougars from florida (39 native florida panthers [puma concolor coryi] and two translocated texas cougars [p. c. stanleyana]) from 1989-2005. thirty-nine of the 41 cougars (95%) were positive for piroplasms; however, sequence analysis and restriction enzym ... | 2006 | 16870859 |
| [enzootic reservoir for new ixodes ricinus-transmitted infections]. | in the last decade new tick-transmitted zoonoses have emerged as threats to the public health in europe. they are mostly due to infection by borrelia burgdorferi s.i., babesia divergens, b. microti and ehrlichia sp. all these pathogens are transmitted by the rodent-feeding ticks of ixodes persulcatus "complex". also there is first serological information of coexistence of antibodies to b. burgdorferi, b. microti and ehrlichia sp. in human exposured to these multiple tick-transmitted pathogens. a ... | 1999 | 16886454 |
| [roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) as a reservoir of protozoans from babesia and theileria genus in north-western poland]. | the species of genus babesia and thelieria are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. some species of babesia cause bovine babesiosis infecting erythrocytes of the cattle and wild ruminants, and undergo a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. majority of theileria spp. cause bovine theileriosis infecting lymphocytes as well as erythrocytes of the cattle and wild ruminants, and similar to babesia undergo a comple ... | 2005 | 16913530 |
| a conserved subtilisin protease identified in babesia divergens merozoites. | invasion of erythrocytes is an integral part of the babesia divergens life cycle. serine proteases have been shown to play an important role in invasion by related apicomplexan parasites such as the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. here we demonstrate the presence of two dominant serine proteases in asexual b. divergens using a biotinylated fluorophosphonate probe. one of these active serine proteases (p48) and its precursors were recognized by anti-pfsub1 antibodies. these antibodies wer ... | 2006 | 16982617 |
| potent antihematozoan activity of novel bisthiazolium drug t16: evidence for inhibition of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in erythrocytes infected with babesia and plasmodium spp. | a leading bisthiazolium drug, t16, designed to mimic choline, was shown to exert potent antibabesial activity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 28 and 7 nm against babesia divergens and b. canis, respectively. t16 accumulated inside babesia-infected erythrocytes (cellular accumulation ratio, >60) by a saturable process with an apparent k(m) of 0.65 microm. subcellular fractionation of babesia parasites revealed the accumulation of t16 into a low-density fraction, while in malaria-infected e ... | 2006 | 17005821 |
| [tick infestation and the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and babesia divergens in cattle in bavaria]. | during the grazing period 2002 319 cattle from 31 farms located in 6 districts of southern bavaria were examined for the presence of ticks in 4- to 5-week intervals, and 287 serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi and babesia divergens. ticks were detected in all 31 farms with a mean prevalence of 69%. 3218 out of 3453 collected ticks were ixodes ricinus; 139 nymphs, 19 larvae and 77 damaged adult specimens could only be determined to the genus level ... | 2006 | 17009719 |
| babesia spp. identified by pcr in ticks collected from domestic and wild ruminants in southern switzerland. | concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens affected a cattle herd in switzerland, and one of the pathogens was identified as babesia bigemina, which had never been observed in this country before. therefore, a survey of the occurrence of ruminant babesia spp. and their tick vectors in switzerland was conducted. a total of 2,017 ticks were collected from sheep, goats, cattle, and wild ruminants (deer, roe deer, and chamois) in southern parts of switzerland and identified morphologically. t ... | 2006 | 17021198 |
| evaluation of an indirect fluorescence immunoassay for the detection of serum antibodies against babesia divergens in humans. | since an indirect fluorescence immunoassay (ifa) for the detection of specific antibodies against babesia divergens in human sera is not commercially available, an in-house prepared b. divergens ifa for the examination of bovine sera was established for serological studies in humans. to determine whether the described ifa is appropriate for such studies, 2 b. divergens antigens (of human or bovine origin) were tested using serum samples obtained from febrile human patients with a history of 'tic ... | 2007 | 17032478 |
| recombinant protein bd37 protected gerbils against heterologous challenges with isolates of babesia divergens polymorphic for the bd37 gene. | the bd37gene encoding for a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored protein of babesia divergens displays genetic polymorphisms among isolates. five major polymorphic groups (clades) were shown by pcr-rflp among different b. divergens isolates. each group has been characterized according to a reference bd37 gene (rouen87, w8843, y5, 6303e and 1705b). recombinant (gst fusion) protein (bd37r) expressed from the bd37 gene, was used as antigen in a saponin-based formulation and was able to protect g ... | 2007 | 17038236 |
| molecular detection and characterization of piroplasms infecting cervids and chamois in northern spain. | wildlife can act as reservoir of different tick-borne pathogens of veterinary and zoonotic importance. to investigate the role of wild ruminants as reservoir of piroplasm infection, 28 red deer, 69 roe deer and 38 chamois from northern spain were examined by reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization. the survey detected a prevalence of 85.7% in red deer, 62.3% in roe deer and 28.9% in chamois. four different piroplasms were identified: theileria sp. ot3 (previously described in sheep) as the most pr ... | 2007 | 17076924 |
| transstadial and transovarial persistence of babesia divergens dna in ixodes ricinus ticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique. | although babesia divergens is the the principal confirmed zoonotic babesia sp. in europe, there are gaps in our knowledge of its biology and transmission by the tick ixodes ricinus. in order to reproduce the part of the parasite cycle that occurs in the vector, an in vitro animal skin feeding technique on blood containing in vitro cultivated b. divergens was developed. parasite dna was detected in all samples of salivary glands of nymphs and adults that had fed on parasitized blood as larvae and ... | 2007 | 17076925 |