Publications

ratios of carbon isotopes in microbial lipids as an indicator of substrate usage.	the occurrence and abundance of microbial fatty acids have been used for the identification of microorganisms in microbial communities. however, these fatty acids can also be used as indicators of substrate usage. for this, a systematic investigation of the discrimination of the stable carbon isotopes by different microorganisms is necessary. we grew 11 strains representing major bacterial and fungal species with four different isotopically defined carbon sources and determined the isotope ratio ...	1998	9797266
isolation of burkholderia cepacia by enrichment.	burkholderia cepacia is a recognised cause of respiratory failure in patients with cystic fibrosis. the value of routine use of selective enrichment broth to increase the yield of b cepacia from cystic fibrosis sputa was investigated. two hundred sputa from 86 adult and paediatric patients were cultured onto b cepacia selective agar and also in enrichment broth. the enrichment broths were subcultured after incubation onto b cepacia selective agar. fourteen sputa from eight patients yielded b cep ...	1998	9797739
prevalence of human melioidosis on hainan island in china.	eight human cases of melioidosis were diagnosed at hainan people's hospital over a period of one year. four of the cases were of septicemia form, while the rest were of chronic form with abscesses in different organs. all the isolates were intrinsically resistant to cefazolin, cefuroxime, and gentamicin, while being rather sensitive to ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, and imipenem. a serological survey of exotoxin antibodies at different farms showed that xinglong was a farm se ...	1998	9802565
monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites due to burkholderia pickettii.		1998	9820433
subspecific differentiation of burkholderia cepacia isolates in cystic fibrosis.	thirty clinical isolates of burkholderia cepacia from cystic fibrosis (cf) patients in the uk and denmark were characterised, together with other clinical isolates and laboratory strains of b. cepacia, b. gladioli and b. vietnamiensis. outer-membrane protein (omp) profiles were determined, and the organisms were typed genotypically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after dna restriction analyses with xbal and drai. this latter method revealed four clusters among the clinical isolates studied; ...	1998	9822299
nosocomial burkholderia cepacia infection and colonization associated with intrinsically contaminated mouthwash--arizona, 1998.	during august 1996-june 1998, 74 patients at two hospitals in arizona had cultures positive for burkholderia cepacia. most isolates were from the respiratory tracts of patients in intensive-care units (icus). because of the large number of b. cepacia isolates, personnel at both hospitals requested the arizona department of health services assist in an investigation. this report summarizes the results of the investigation.	1998	9822365
[database on nucleotide sequences used as primers of microorganisms].	the data base (db) "primers of microorganisms" for the accumulation and systematization of information on oligonucleotide sequences, used as primers in polymerase chain reaction, has been created. this db includes data on primers for the laboratory diagnostics of 20 bacterial genera (aerococcus, aeromonas, bartonella, borrelia, burkholderia, chlamydia, clostridium, corynebacterium, escherichia, francisella, helicobacter, legionella, listeria, mycobacterium, mycoplasma, salmonella, shigella, stap ...	1998	9825498
biodegradation pathway of 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2-chlorodibenzofuran in the biphenyl-utilising strain jb1.	the biphenyl-utilising burkholderia (previously alcaligenes) strain jb1 is also able to degrade a number of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. in this study, 4-chlorocatechol and a chlorotrihydroxydiphenyl ether were identified as metabolites of 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 5-chlorosalicylic acid and a chlorotrihydroxybiphenyl were metabolites of 2-chlorodibenzofuran. these results show that degradation of these compounds follows pathways in which the initial reaction is angular dioxy ...	1998	9828319
characteristics of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.	ten bacterial strains were isolated from seven contaminated soils by enrichment with phenanthrene as the sole carbon source. these isolates and another phenanthrene-degrading strain were examined for various characteristics related to phenanthrene degradation and their ability to metabolize 12 other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah), ranging in size from two to five rings, after growth in the presence of phenanthrene. fatty acid methyl ester analysis indicated that at least five genera (agr ...	1998	9830104
psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from arctic soil that degrade polychlorinated biphenyls at low temperatures	psychrotolerant polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb)-degrading bacteria were isolated at 7 degreesc from pcb-contaminated arctic soil by using biphenyl as the sole organic carbon source. these isolates were distinguished from each other by differences in substrates that supported growth and substrates that were oxidized. 16s ribosomal dna sequences suggest that these isolates are most closely related to the genus pseudomonas. total removal of aroclor 1242, and rates of removal of selected pcb congener ...	1998	9835569
species-specific oligonucleotides for enumeration of pseudomonas putida f1, burkholderia sp. strain js150, and bacillus subtilis atcc 7003 in biodegradation experiments.	species-specific sequences were identified within the v4 variable region of 16s rrna of two bacterial species capable of aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, pseudomonas putida f1 and burkholderia sp. strain js150, and a third, bacillus subtilis atcc 7003, that can function as a secondary degrader. fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) with species-specific oligonucleotides was used for direct counting of these species throughout a phenol biodegradation experiment in batch culture. traditional di ...	1998	9835594
dry-season outbreak of melioidosis in western australia.		1998	9843113
novel organization of the genes for phthalate degradation from burkholderia cepacia dbo1.	burkholderia cepacia dbo1 is able to utilize phthalate as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. two overlapping cosmid clones containing the genes for phthalate degradation were isolated from this strain. subcloning and activity analysis localized the genes for phthalate degradation to two separate regions on the cosmid clones. analysis of the nucleotide sequence of these two regions showed that the genes for phthalate degradation are arranged in at least three transcriptional units. ...	1998	9851995
rhizoremediation of trichloroethylene by a recombinant, root-colonizing pseudomonas fluorescens strain expressing toluene ortho-monooxygenase constitutively.	trichloroethylene (tce) was removed from soils by using a wheat rhizosphere established by coating seeds with a recombinant, tce-degrading pseudomonas fluorescens strain that expresses the toma+ (toluene o-monooxygenase) genes from burkholderia cepacia pr1(23)(tom23c). a transposon integration vector was used to insert toma+ into the chromosome of p. fluorescens 2-79, producing a stable strain that expressed constitutively the monooxygenase at a level of 1.1 nmol/min.mg of protein (initial tce c ...	1998	9435067
siderophore production by cystic fibrosis isolates of burkholderia cepacia.	sixty-one burkholderia cepacia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) and four plant isolates were screened for production of the siderophores salicylic acid (sa), pyochelin, cepabactin, and ornibactins and fingerprinted by a pcr-based randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) method. of the 24 rapd types determined, 22 (92%) were associated with isolates that produced sa, 21 (87%) were associated with isolates that produced ornibactins, 15 (60%) were associated with isolates that prod ...	1998	9453660
analysis of changes in congener selectivity during pcb degradation by burkholderia sp. strain tsn101 with increasing concentrations of pcb and characterization of the bphbcd genes and gene products.	we isolated and characterized a gram-negative bacterium, burkholderia sp. strain tsn101, that can degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) at concentrations as high as 150 microg kaneclor 300/ml, a pcb mixture equivalent to aroclor 1242. growing cells of strain tsn101 degraded most of the tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls in medium containing 25 microg kaneclor 300/ml. using pcb concentrations of 50-150 microg of kaneclor 300/ml, the congener selectivity pattern was different and the pattern of chlo ...	1998	9396836
studies of lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions of some acetylenic fatty acids.	esterification of five positional isomers of acetylenic fatty acids [viz. 9:1(2a), 11:1(10a), 18:1(6a), 18:1(9a) and 22:1(13a)] of different chain lengths with n-butanol in n-hexane in the presence of eight different lipases [lipozyme im 20 (rhizomucor miehei), lipolase 100t (r. miehei), novozyme 435 (candida antarctica), ppl (porcine pancreatic lipase), ccl (c. cylindracea), ps-d (pseudomonas cepacia), lipase a-12 (aspergillus niger) and lipase ay-30 (c. rugosa)] was studied. 2-nonynoic acid wa ...	1998	9470175
construction of a reca mutant of burkholderia (formerly pseudomonas), cepacia.	a reca mutant was constructed of a soil isolate of burkholderia cepacia, strain atcc 17616. prior to mutagenesis, the reca gene was cloned from this strain by its ability to complement the methyl methanesulfonate sensitivity of an escherichia coli reca mutant. sequence analysis of the strain showed high sequence similarity (94% nucleic acid and 99% amino acid identity) with the reca gene previously cloned from a clinical isolate of b. cepacia, strain jn25. the subcloned reca gene from b. cepacia ...	1998	9487711
molecular basis for the stabilization and inhibition of 2, 3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase by t-butanol.	the steady-state cleavage of catechols by 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1, 2-dioxygenase (dhbd), the extradiol dioxygenase of the biphenyl biodegradation pathway, was investigated using a highly active, anaerobically purified preparation of enzyme. the kinetic data obtained using 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl (dhb) fit a compulsory order ternary complex mechanism in which substrate inhibition occurs. the km for dioxygen was 1280 +/- 70 microm, which is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than that reported fo ...	1998	9857017
isolation and characterisation of disodium (4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-l- arabinopyranosyl)-(1-->8)-(d-glycero-alpha-d-talo-oct-2-ulopyranosylona te)- (2-->4)-(methyl 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosid)onate from the lipopolysaccharide of burkholderia cepacia.	a trisaccharide was isolated from the core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of burkholderia cepacia gifu 645 (atcc 25416, type strain) by methanolysis followed by hplc and saponification. it was identified by ms, methylation analysis and 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy as disodium (4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-l-arabinopyranosyl)-(1-->8)-(d-glycero- alpha-d-talo-oct-2-ulopyranosylonate)-(2-->4)-(methyl 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosid)onate. in addition to the trisaccharide derivative, meth ...	1998	9861699
small genes/gene-products in escherichia coli k-12.	forty-two protein spots of observed m(r) 6-15 kda were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, stained by coomassie blue and subjected to edman microsequencing. all of the proteins could be related back to their encoding open reading frames, thereby vindicating the bioinformatic tools currently utilised in their identification. however, only 14/42 gene-products were expressed as annotated. translation was confirmed for 14 open reading frames with no attributed function (ecogene y-entrie ...	1998	9868784
burkholderia pseudomallei: the unbeatable foe?	although melioidosis has been recognized in thailand for many years and considerable progress in term of diagnosis and treatment was achieved, b. pseudomallei is still "the unbeatable foe", for several reasons as outlined here: under-recognition, high case-fatality rate, unacceptable relapse rate and a "time-bomb" for sero-positive patients. melioidosis is largely restricted to certain geographical areas. in thailand, it had long been considered a rare disease in thailand until ten cases with cu ...	1998	9886137
antigenic differences between clinical and environmental isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is a free-living organism that causes the potentially lethal tropical infection melioidosis. the disease is endemic in many parts of eastern asia and northern australia. the presence of two distinct biotypes in soil can be reliably distinguished by their ability to assimilate l-arabinose. whereas some soil isolates could utilize this substrate (ara+), the remaining soil isolates and all clinical isolates tested so far could not (ara-). only the ara- isolates were virule ...	1998	9886145
neonatal meningitis and septicaemia caused by burkholderia pseudomallei.	we report a case of meningitis and one of fatal septicaemia in neonates due to burkholderia pseudomallei and review the literature on neonatal melioidosis. pneumonia was the primary presentation and was complicated by shock in the latter case. the epidemiological findings suggest that the cases reported from malaysia were community-acquired in contrast with those from the usa and thailand.	1998	9924578
the type ii o-antigenic polysaccharide moiety of burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide is required for serum resistance and virulence.	melioidosis, an infection caused by the gram-negative bacterial pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in south-east asia and northern australia. acute septicaemic melioidosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in north-east thailand. b. pseudomallei is highly resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum (nhs), and we have found that b. pseudomallei 1026b multiplies in 10-30% nhs. we developed a simple screen for the identification of serum-sensitive ...	1998	9988483
structural characterisation of a rhamnan and a fucorhamnan, both present in the lipopolysaccharide of burkholderia vietnamiensis strain lmg 10926.	the polymeric fraction isolated after mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) from burkholderia vietnamiensis strain lmg 10926 contained l-rhamnose (rha) and d-fucose (fuc). from nmr studies supported by the results of methylation analysis and smith degradation, it could be inferred that the material was probably a mixture of two glycans. one component was a linear rhamnan with a trisaccharide repeating unit (1); the other was a branched fucorhamnan with a tetrasaccharide repeating ...	1998	9874236
flagellin gene variation between clinical and environmental isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei contrasts with the invariance among clinical isolates.	the flagellin gene sequence from a clinical isolate of burkholderia pseudomallei was used to design oligonucleotide primers for pcr/rflp analysis of flagellin gene variation among clinical and environmental isolates of b. pseudomallei. genes from four clinical and six environmental isolates were amplified and compared by rflp. the clinical isolates were indistinguishable, but variation was detected among some of the environmental isolates. sequence analysis of flagellin gene amplified products d ...	1998	9877189
in vitro activity of meropenem against common pathogenic bacteria isolated in taiwan.	the in vitro antimicrobial activity of meropenem, in comparison with nine other antimicrobial agents, against 12 different common pathogenic bacteria were evaluated to know the susceptibility of common bacteria to meropenem in taiwan. meropenem was active against most gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, including methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas ...	1998	9934544
purification and characterization of tert-butyl ester-hydrolyzing lipase from burkholderia sp. yy62.	an intracellular novel lipase which can hydrolyze t-butyl octanoate (tbo) was purified to homogeneity from crude cell-free extracts of burkholderia (formerly pseudomonas) sp. yy62 with 9% overall yield. seventy-four-fold purification was achieved by ammonium-sulfate precipitation, three consecutive open-column chromatographies (deae anion-exchange, sepharose cl-6b gel-filtration, and the second deae anion-exchange columns), and two hplcs (tsk g2000swxl gel-filtration and phenyl 5pw hydrophobic i ...	1998	9972257
all in the family: structural and evolutionary relationships among three modular proteins with diverse functions and variable assembly.	the crystal structures of three proteins of diverse function and low sequence similarity were analyzed to evaluate structural and evolutionary relationships. the proteins include a bacterial bleomycin resistance protein, a bacterial extradiol dioxygenase, and human glyoxalase i. structural comparisons, as well as phylogenetic analyses, strongly indicate that the modern family of proteins represented by these structures arose through a rich evolutionary history that includes multiple gene duplica ...	1998	10082363
variation in flagellin genes and proteins of burkholderia cepacia.	the majority of isolates of burkholderia cepacia, an important opportunistic pathogen associated with cystic fibrosis, can be classified into two types on the basis of flagellin protein size. electron microscopic analysis indicates that the flagella of strains with the larger flagellin type (type i) are wider in diameter. flagellin genes representative of both types were cloned and sequenced to design oligonucleotide primers for pcr amplification of the central variable domain of b. cepacia flag ...	1998	9495748
enzyme specificity of 2-nitrotoluene 2,3-dioxygenase from pseudomonas sp. strain js42 is determined by the c-terminal region of the alpha subunit of the oxygenase component.	biotransformations with recombinant escherichia coli expressing the genes encoding 2-nitrotoluene 2,3-dioxygenase (2ntdo) from pseudomonas sp. strain js42 demonstrated that 2ntdo catalyzes the dihydroxylation and/or monohydroxylation of a wide range of aromatic compounds. extremely high nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity exists between the components from 2ntdo and the corresponding components from 2,4-dinitrotoluene dioxygenase (2,4-dntdo) from burkholderia sp. strain dnt (form ...	1998	9495758
bacterial community dynamics during start-up of a trickle-bed bioreactor degrading aromatic compounds.	this study was performed with a laboratory-scale fixed-bed bioreactor degrading a mixture of aromatic compounds (solvesso100). the starter culture for the bioreactor was prepared in a fermentor with a wastewater sample of a care painting facility as the inoculum and solvesso100 as the sole carbon source. the bacterial community dynamics in the fermentor and the bioreactor were examined by a conventional isolation procedure and in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled rrna-targeted oligon ...	1998	9501433
an outbreak of burkholderia cepacia with septicemia on a cardiology ward.	during a 3-day period, eight patients developed septicemia with burkholderia cepacia. heparin injection was found to be a risk factor. heparin was diluted with dextrose solution, which was aspirated from a 1-l bag. b cepacia, genotypically identical to the blood isolates, was isolated from this bag.	1998	9510111
in-vitro bactericidal efficacy of sub-mic concentrations of liposome-encapsulated antibiotic against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.	it has been shown previously that tobramycin encapsulated in fluid liposomes (composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc) and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (dmpg)) eradicated mucoid pseudomonas aeruginosa in an animal model of chronic pulmonary infection. exponential cultures of p. aeruginosa, stenotrophomonas maltophila, burkholderia cepacia, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus were treated with (i) free tobramycin, (ii) sub-mic tobramycin encapsulated in dppc/dmpg liposomes, (ii ...	1998	9511035
molecular epidemiology of burkholderia cepacia in two australian cystic fibrosis centres.	forty individual patient sputum isolates of burkholderia cepacia from two australian cystic fibrosis (cf) centres more than 100 km apart were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) with xbai restriction enzyme digestion. hospital 1 had an endemic strain with 19 of 20 isolates being closely related. this centre does not implement an inpatient segregation policy for its paediatric patients who constitute the majority of those colonized with b. cepacia. hospital 2 did not have a si ...	1998	9513065
characterisation and molecular typing of burkholderia pseudomallei: are disease presentations of melioidosis clonally related?	eighteen cases of culture positive melioidosis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, were seen in four geographically separate communities in north queensland, australia. the genetic inter-relatedness of the clinical isolates were compared utilising random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mee). the isolates segregated into two groups that correlated with clinical presentation rather than geographical location. this is the first described association b ...	1998	9514574
a novel plasmid pijb1 possessing a putative 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate degradative transposon tn5530 in burkholderia cepacia strain 2a.	a 102-kb plasmid, pijb1, was isolated from burkholderia cepacia strain 2a, which is able to use 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-d) as a sole carbon source, and a physical map of the plasmid has been established. it was observed that spontaneous loss of a 37-kb fragment of the plasmid after growth in nonselective medium occurred, generating a plasmid of diminished size, pijb2. the deletion event is concomitant with the loss of the 2,4-d dissimilatory phenotype, indicating that at least some of th ...	1998	9514710
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cs-834, a new oral carbapenem.	cs-834 is a prodrug of the carbapenem r-95867, developed by sankyo co., ltd., tokyo, japan. to investigate the possibility that cs-834 may be the first carbapenem usable in an oral dosage form, its in vitro antibacterial activity (as r-95867) and in vivo antibacterial activity were compared with those of cefpodoxime proxetil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefdinir, ofloxacin, imipenem, and amoxicillin. r-95867 had high levels of activity against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci, incl ...	1998	9517932
lipopolysaccharide from nonvirulent ara+ burkholderia pseudomallei isolates is immunologically indistinguishable from lipopolysaccharide from virulent ara- clinical isolates.	different lines of evidence suggest that a discrepancy between the distribution of burkholderia (pseudomonas) pseudomallei in the environment and the distribution of the disease melioidosis is attributable, at least in part, to phenotypic differences between clinical and some environmental isolates. two antigenically and biochemically distinct biotypes have been described, only one of which is virulent. in this study, lipopolysaccharides (lpss) were extracted by the proteinase k digestion method ...	1998	9521147
reactions of alternate substrates demonstrate stereoelectronic control of reactivity in dialkylglycine decarboxylase.	kinetic and product analyses of the reactions of dialkylglycine decarboxylase with several alternative substrates are presented. rate constants for the reactions of amino and keto acids of several substrates decrease logarithmically with increasing side-chain size. conversely, kcat for l-amino acid decarboxylation increases with side-chain size. these and other data confirm a proposed model for three binding subsites in the active site. in this model, bond making and breaking in both the decarbo ...	1998	9521707
purification and characterization of a cytotoxic exolipid of burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease, which is increasingly recognized as an important public health problem in various tropical regions. this study describes the identification and characterization of a heat-stable extracellular toxin of b. pseudomallei. after cultivation of b. pseudomallei in liquid media, the heated cell-free supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration. the concentrate exhibited a cytotoxic and hemolytic activity which sho ...	1998	9529085
[the principles of the therapy of glanders in monkeys].	the effect of pathogenetic therapy in the normalization of homeostasis disturbances in monkeys has been shown under experimental conditions. data on the possibility of using hemosorption in the treatment of severe forms of glanders are presented. the conclusion on the necessity of using complex treatment for the effective therapy of glanders in humans has been made.	1998	9532692
sensitization of burkholderia cepacia to antibiotics by cationic drugs.	chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine have previously been shown to enhance the susceptibility of burkholderia cepacia to aminoglycosides. to screen other non-antibiotic drugs containing similar amine (-n-ch3) groups, we examined a range of such agents that are in current clinical use for the treatment of non-infectious diseases, in combination with antibiotics that are ineffective against b. cepacia. at a concentration of 0.2 mm, theobromine, theophylline, trifluoperazine, fluophenazine and couma ...	1998	9533472
potential misidentification of burkholderia pseudomallei by api 20ne.	biochemical confirmation of the identity of burkholderia pseudomallei in singapore previously relied on the api 20ne panel of tests. after introducing an alternative proprietary biochemical panel, the microbact 24e (medvet, adelaide, australia), we noted that the api panel identified some presumptive b. pseudomallei isolates as other species. we therefore compared the performance of the api 20ne against the microbact 24e with 50 distinct clinical isolates of b. pseudomallei, after 24 hours and a ...	1998	9534210
differential scanning calorimetric studies on the thermal unfolding of pseudomonas cepacia lipase in the absence and presence of alcohols.	thermal unfolding of pseudomonas cepacia lipase (pcl) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) at ph 7. the peak temperature tp of the dsc trace increased with increasing concentration of the protein. the dsc traces could be successfully analyzed on the basis of the following mechanism, assuming the dissociation of a calcium ion upon denaturation; n ca2+<-->d + ca2+, where n and d represent native and denatured states of pcl, respectively. in the presence of 1-5% alcohols (methanol ...	1998	9538205
burkholderia thailandensis sp. nov., a burkholderia pseudomallei-like species.	the presence of a burkholderia pseudomallei-like species based upon the significant genotypic and phenotypic dissimilarities exhibited between these organisms and true b. pseudomallei strains has been reported previously. in this study, a comprehensive 16s rdna-based phylogenetic analysis further supports the existence of this newly described burkholderia species for which the name burkholderia thailandensis sp. nov. is proposed.	1998	9542103
evaluation of pcr for diagnosis of melioidosis.	previously published pcr-based diagnostic tests for melioidosis were evaluated for clinical usefulness. a burkholderia pseudomallei 16s rrna-derived primer set had a sensitivity approaching 100% for clinical samples from 22 culture-confirmed cases of melioidosis and enabled diagnosis of 3 culture-negative cases. however, samples from 10 of 30 inpatients from royal darwin hospital with other diagnoses were positive by pcr, giving a specificity of 67% and a positive predictive value of only 70%. a ...	1998	9542933
burkholderia pseudomallei infection in a puerto rican patient with chronic granulomatous disease: case report and review of occurrences in the americas.	burkholderia species, notably burkholderia cepacia and burkholderia gladioli, are important pathogens in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (cgd). burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia but is a rare pathogen in other parts of the world. we describe the occurrence of b. pseudomallei infection in a puerto rican patient with cgd. this is one of only a small number of documented cases of melioidosis autochthonous t ...	1998	9564470
mycotic aneurysm due to burkholderia pseudomallei.		1998	9564506
burkholderia cepacia produces a hemolysin that is capable of inducing apoptosis and degranulation of mammalian phagocytes.	burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen that has become a major threat to individuals with cystic fibrosis (cf). in approximately 20% of patients, pulmonary colonization with b. cepacia leads to cepacia syndrome, a fatal fulminating pneumonia sometimes associated with septicemia. it has been reported that culture filtrates of clinically derived strains of b. cepacia are hemolytic. in this study, we have characterized a factor which contributes to this hemolytic activity and is secreted ...	1998	9573086
substrate specificities of hybrid naphthalene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene dioxygenase enzyme systems.	bacterial three-component dioxygenase systems consist of reductase and ferredoxin components which transfer electrons from nad(p)h to a terminal oxygenase. in most cases, the oxygenase consists of two different subunits (alpha and beta). to assess the contributions of the alpha and beta subunits of the oxygenase to substrate specificity, hybrid dioxygenase enzymes were formed by coexpressing genes from two compatible plasmids in escherichia coli. the activities of hybrid naphthalene and 2,4-dini ...	1998	9573183
formulary review of the carbapenems: comparison of imipenem/cilastatin and meropenem.	in comparison with imipenem, meropenem exhibits closely similar microbiological activity. although meropenem has slightly greater gram-negative activity against organisms, like pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cepacia, imipenem demonstrates more intense gram-positive activity, particularly towards enterococcus faecalis which may reduce or even cancel out, the clinical relevance of these microbiological differences. however, an aminoglycoside is usually added in the treatment of serious in ...	1998	9573653
mouse beta defensin-1 is a functional homolog of human beta defensin-1.	defensin are 3-4 kda antimicrobial peptides of which three distinct families have been identified; alpha-defensin, beta-defensins, and insect defensins. recent investigations have shown that beta-defensins are present in the human airways and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (cf) lung disease. we report here the further characterization of a recently identified mouse beta-defensin gene, defb1, sometimes referred to as mbd-1, which is homologous to the human airway beta defe ...	1998	9585433
the detection of insertion sequences within the human pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei which have been identified previously in burkholderia cepacia.	using primers designed from the nucleotide sequences of five insertion elements identified previously in burkholderia cepacia, the presence of two insertion sequences (is406 and is407) was detected in chromosomal dna isolated from strains of the human pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei. the is407 homologue was cloned from b. pseudomallei nctc 4845 and nucleotide sequenced to confirm its identity and degree of homology with b. cepacia is407. a pcr amplification product from b. pseudomallei nctc 4 ...	1998	9595665
balb/c and c57bl/6 mice infected with virulent burkholderia pseudomallei provide contrasting animal models for the acute and chronic forms of human melioidosis.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the aetiological agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening bacterial disease occurring in many species of animals, including man. infection in humans commonly manifests as one of three clinical presentations: acute, subacute or chronic disease. investigations were undertaken to assess the suitability of balb/c and c57bl/6 mice as animal models for the different forms of human melioidosis. the course of infection in balb/c mice was similar to that which occurs in acute ...	1998	9600859
microbiological monitoring of bone grafts: two years' experience at a tissue bank.	in the first two years of operation of a tissue bank, bone was processed on 63 occasions from 22 cadaveric donors and on 37 occasions from 185 living donors. a standardized protocol for microbiological sampling, culturing and interpretation of the results was developed. semi-quantitative culture of washings of bone was performed on receipt by the tissue bank, and broth enrichment cultures of bone samples were performed at the end of processing, and again after irradiation. one bone donation was ...	1998	9602975
imipenem resistance in aerobic gram-negative bacteria.	a prospective study was undertaken to observe the emergence of resistance to imipenem, if any, among aerobic gram-negative bacteria. a total of 736 isolates were tested during 1994-95 and less than 1% of them were resistant to imipenem, whereas the next year ('95-'96) the rate increased to 11 of the 903 isolates tested. the resistant isolates during '94-'95 were all stenotrophomonas maltophilia whereas the spectrum of resistant bacterial species increased in '95-'96 to include pseudomonas aerugi ...	1998	9603633
genes for 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolism in burkholderia cepacia ac1100: characterization of the tftc and tftd genes and locations of the tft operons on multiple replicons.	burkholderia cepacia ac1100 uses the chlorinated aromatic compound 2, 4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-t) as a sole source of carbon and energy. the enzyme which converts the first intermediate in the pathway, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, to 5-chlorohydroquinone has been purified and consists of two subunits of 58 and 22 kda, encoded by the tftc and tftd genes (48). a degenerate primer was designed from the n terminus of the 58-kda polypeptide and used to isolate a clone containing the tftc and ...	1998	9603818
phosphoenolpyruvate phosphomutase activity in an l-phosphonoalanine-mineralizing strain of burkholderia cepacia	a strain of burkholderia cepacia isolated by enrichment culture utilized l-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (phosphonoalanine) at concentrations up to 20 mm as a carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus source in a phosphate-insensitive manner. cells contained phosphoenolpyruvate phosphomutase activity, presumed to be responsible for cleavage of the c---p bond of phosphonopyruvate, the transamination product of l-phosphonoalanine; this was inducible in the presence of phosphonoalanine.	1998	9603854
activity-dependent fluorescent labeling of bacteria that degrade toluene via toluene 2,3-dioxygenase.	alternative substrates for the toluene 2,3-dioxygenase pathway of several pseudomonads served as enzyme-activity-dependent fluorescent probes for the bacteria. phenylacetylene and cinnamonitrile were transformed to fluorescent and brightly colored products by pseudomonas putida f1, pseudomonas fluorescens cfs215, and burkholderia (pseudomonas) strain js150. active bacteria transformed phenylacetylene, producing bright yellow solutions containing the putative product 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-octyn-2,4-d ...	1998	9615486
transmission and prevalence of burkholderia cepacia in welsh cystic fibrosis patients.	from 1987 to 1994, 16 of 162 cystic fibrosis (cf) patients attending cf clinics at three different hospitals in south wales, u.k. were found to have respiratory secretions colonized with burkholderia cepacia (b. cepacia). bacteriological typing by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotyping demonstrated seven strains of b. cepacia among these 16 cf patients. this typing confirmed that cross-infection was the mechanism of colonization in six of the nine patients who were colonized at the paediatri ...	1998	9616509
comparison of culture and pcr for detection of burkholderia cepacia in sputum samples of patients with cystic fibrosis.	we investigated the utility of pcr to detect burkholderia cepacia directly in sputum samples at two cystic fibrosis (cf) centers serving children and adults. following liquefaction of the sputa by using n-acetyl-l-cysteine, dna was isolated and analyzed by pcrs with three different primer pairs directed toward bacterial rrna loci. two primer pairs were putatively specific for b. cepacia. the other pair, which universally amplifies a band from all bacteria, served as a control. sputum samples wer ...	1998	9620393
agricultural use of burkholderia (pseudomonas) cepacia: a threat to human health?	in the past 2 decades, burkholderia cepacia has emerged as a human pathogen causing numerous outbreaks, particularly among cystic fibrosis (cf) patients. one highly transmissible strain has spread across north america and britain, and another between hospitalized cf and non-cf patients. meanwhile, the organism has been developed as a biopesticide for protecting crops against fungal diseases and has potential as a bioremediation agent for breaking down recalcitrant herbicides and pesticides. howe ...	1998	9621192
detection of glycoprotein of burkholderia pseudomallei.		1998	9621212
pulmonary evolution of cystic fibrosis patients colonized by pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or burkholderia cepacia.	we analysed the pulmonary evolution (radiological scores and pulmonary function) of 81 cystic fibrosis (cf) patients colonized by pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa), by burkholderia cepacia (bc) or by both these bacteria, compared to a control group. pulmonary function was compared in the age bracket 6-13 years. functional vital capacity (fvc) and forced expiratory volume (fev1) values for pa colonized patients were significantly worse than for the control group but better than for children colonized b ...	1998	9625343
development and characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody reactive with a 64 kda somatic antigen of burkholderia cepacia.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to burkholderia cepacia were produced from mice immunized with inactivated whole-cell antigen. for screening of resulting mabs an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used. a stable hybridoma cell line (bc-2) producing specific antibodies to a 64 kda somatic antigen from b. cepacia was established. in elisa and immunoblotting analysis the mab bc-2 recognized all tested strains of b. cepacia whereas no cross-reaction with 32 pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was ...	1998	9627054
biocidal activity in plant pathogenic acidovorax, burkholderia, herbaspirillum, ralstonia and xanthomonas spp.	antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for strains of acidovorax spp., burkholderia spp., herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans and ralstonia solanacearum; strains representing 118 species and pathovars of xanthomonas were also tested for phytotoxic capacity. antibacterial activity was present in all burkholderia spp. except b. andropogonis, in biovars ii and iii of r. solanacearum but not in biovars i and iv, and in two strains of xanthomonas. little antibacterial activity was recorde ...	1998	9633641
cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a report of a case associated with melioidosis (burkholderia pseudomallei).		1998	9646129
[pulmonary melioidosis].	melioidosis is most frequently encountered in pulmonary localization. melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei first described by whitmore in 1912 in burma. b. pseudomallei is a gram negative rod belonging to the pseudomonadaceae family. soil and water are the natural reservoirs for the germ which is a specific pathogen for several mammal species. long endemic in southeast asia and several tropical zones, b. pseudomallei has recently been found in temperate zones, ...	1998	10100350
effects of burkholderia pseudomallei and other burkholderia species on eukaryotic cells in tissue culture.	burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a serious and often fatal bacterial infection. b. pseudomallei can behave as a facultatively intracellular organism and this ability may be important in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic infection. the uptake of b. pseudomallei and other burkholderia spp. by cells in tissue culture was examined by electron microscopy. b. pseudomallei can invade cultured cell lines including phagocytic lines such as raw264, j774 and u937, and non-phagocytic l ...	1998	10093229
activity and stability of a recombinant plasmid-borne tce degradative pathway in suspended cultures.	the retention and expression of the plasmid-borne, tce degradative toluene-ortho-monooxygenase (tom) pathway in suspended continuous cultures of transconjugant burkholderia cepacia 17616 (tom31c) were studied. acetate growth and tce degradation kinetics for the transconjugant host are described and utilized in a plasmid loss model. plasmid maintenance did not have a significant effect on the growth rate of the transconjugant. both plasmid-bearing and plasmid-free strains followed andrews inhibit ...	1998	10099205
modeling trichloroethylene degradation by a recombinant pseudomonad expressing toluene ortho-monooxygenase in a fixed-film bioreactor	burkholderia cepacia pr123(tom23c), expressing constitutively the tce-degrading enzyme toluene ortho-monooxygenase (tom), was immobilized on sirantrade mark glass beads in a biofilter for the degradation and mineralization of gas-phase trichloroethylene (tce). to interpret the experimental results, a mathematical model has been developed which includes axial dispersion, convection, film mass-transfer, and biodegradation coupled with deactivation of the tce-degrading enzyme. parameters used for n ...	1998	10099312
activity and stability of a recombinant plasmid-borne tce degradative pathway in biofilm cultures	the activity and stability of the tce degradative plasmid tom31c in the transconjugant host burkholderia cepacia 17616 was studied in selective and non-selective biofilm cultures. the activity of plasmid tom31c in biofilm cultures was measured by both tce degradative studies and the expression of the tom pathway. plasmid loss was measured using continuous flow, rotating annular biofilm reactors, and various analytical and microbiological techniques. the probability of plasmid loss in the biofilm ...	1998	10099343
[isolation and primary characteristics of a pseudomonas (burkholderia) pseudomallei plasmid].	plasmid screening of reference pseudomonas pseudomallei strains isolated from patients and animals revealed cryptic plasmids with different molecular weights in 30 strains. plasmids were investigated by restriction analysis and dna-dna hybridization. cryptic plasmids were denoted as ppm1, pcm2, pcm3, and pcm4. the presence of plasmids in melioidosis agent permits their use for intraspecies typing of strains and for genetic studies.	1998	9987750
[septicemic melioidosis in southern taiwan: a case report].	the patient was a 56 year-old man, a resident of hen-tsueng township in ping-tung county. he worked as a ranger at ken-ting farm in southern taiwan, and had been to thailand for sight-seeing 5 years ago. he came to our outpatient department about one month prior to hospitalization for intermittent fever of one week duration. at that time, complete blood count was within normal limits and a chest roentgenogram was unremarkable. he was given erythromycin without showing any clinical improvement. t ...	1998	10627169
characterization of three capsular polysacharides produced by burkholderia pseudomallei.	three kinds of capsular polysaccharide (cp) were found to be produced by burkholderia pseudomallei. when the bacterium was grown with the medium without glycerol, cp-1a and cp-1b were produced. cp-1a was mainly 1.4-linked glucan and cp-1b was identified as a polymer composed of galactose and 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid, whose chemical structure was recently reported by other laboratories. when the bacterium was grown with the medium containing 5" glycerol. cp-2 was synthesized. cp-2 contain ...	1998	10744478
[burkholderia cepacia isolation and characterization from hospital infections].	the evolution of reanimation and functional exploration techniques has led to and explosion of nosocomial infections. they are prevailing in intensive care and neonatal units. this study deals with b. cepacia strains isolated in 1996 in a pediatric hospital of the dakar university hospital center, following the installation of tracheo-bronchial exhausters which are used for obstruction removal among children. the 44 b. cepacia strains examined come from 42 blood cultures done among 29 boys and 1 ...	1998	10797949
burkholderia cepacia epidemiology and pathogenesis: implications for infection control.	much has been learned during the past 2 years about the microbiology and taxonomy of burkholderia cepacia. several distinct species have been identified in what is now referred to as the b. cepacia complex. preliminary studies indicate that certain of these species are more likely to colonize and cause severe pulmonary infection in persons with cystic fibrosis. ongoing investigations will expand these findings and have the potential to modify current infection control policies. the commercial us ...	1998	10813212
microbial pathogens associated with cystic fibrosis: special focus on pseudomonas aeruginosa.	cystic fibrosis (cf) is the most common inherited lethal disease among caucasians. the disease is characterized by a high sodium sweat concentration, malabsorption, malnutrition, and chronic bronchopulmonary infection. although cf is a multisystem disorder it is the deterioration of lung function, due mainly to bacterial colonization, that is the major determinant contributing to the high morbidity and mortality of affected patients. a relatively large variety of microbial species can be recover ...	1998	11101911
brain abscess as the presenting feature of melioidosis.	central nervous system involvement in melioidosis is rare and there are only a few reports of the causative organism, burkholderia pseudomallei, causing a brain abscess. we report a patient who presented to us with a brain abscess due to this organism and emphasize the need for a high degree of suspicion for this disease in tropical countries and treatment with the appropriate antibiotics, as the mortality associated with this disease is very high.	1998	11013674
lipase-catalyzed enantiomeric resolution of ceramides.	lipase-catalyzed enantiomeric kinetic resolution of ceramides related to c(16)-sphinganine and c(18)-sphingenine is described. two hydroxy groups in readily available racemic n-stearoyl-erythro-c(16)-sphinganine were acetylated, and several kinds of lipases were screened for the hydrolysis of this substrate. among them, a burkholderia cepacia lipase (sc lipase a, sumitomo chemical co., ltd.) showed the highest reactivity and enantioselectivity. the rate of hydrolysis and selectivity were greatly ...	1998	11672314
degradation of anaerobic reductive dechlorination products of aroclor 1242 by four aerobic bacteria.	we studied the aerobic degradation of eight pcb congeners which comprise from 70 to 85% of the anaerobic dechlorination products from aroclor 1242, including 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,6-, 2,2'-, 2,4'-, 2,2', 4-, and 2,4,4'-chlorobiphenyl (cb), and the biodegradation of their mixtures designed to simulate anaerobic dechlorination profiles m and c. strains comamonas testosteroni vp44 and rhodococcus erythreus ny05 preferentially oxidized a para-substituted ring, while rhodococcus sp. rha1, similar to well k ...	1999	10870552
epidemiology of arabinose assimilation in burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from patients and soil in thailand.	burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental saprophyte that has been isolated widely from soil in southeast asia and the relationship between environmental contamination and clinical melioidosis has been established. it has been shown that the arabinose assimilation property of b. pseudonrallei is probably one of the determinants indicating virulence of this organism. therefore, the distribution of arabinose assimilation biotypes of b. pseudomallei collected from four geographic regions of tha ...	1999	10928371
genotypic and phenotypic relationship in burkholderia pseudomallei indicates colonization with closely related isolates.	seven isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei from cases of melioidosis in human (2 isolates) and animal (2 isolates), cat (one isolate) and from soil samples (2 isolates) were examined for in vitro sensitivity to 14 antimicrobial agents and for presence of plasmid dna. randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis was used to type the isolates, using two arbitrary primers. all isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, carbenicillin, rifampicin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline and sul ...	1999	10928372
bacterial vaginosis a "broad overview".	bacterial vaginosis (bv) was first reported in 1995 by gardner and dukes, who described the unique clinical signs and symptoms and the distinctive nature of the vaginal discharge associated with it. they also described a "new" causative organism, which they named "haemophilus vaginalis", subsequently renamed gardnerella vaginalis. bv is currently the most prevalent cause of infectious vaginitis among women attending for genitourinary diseases. bv has a complex microbiology. lactobacillus populat ...	1999	10932748
[bacterial infections and resistance to antibiotics in cystic fibrosis].	knowledge of the microbiology of pulmonary infections is critical for treatment of cystic fibrosis because sickness and mortality in this disease are mainly due to relapse occurring in the respiratory tract. the microbiology of pulmonary infections presents several singular aspects. respiratory tract infections are caused by bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus in the early years of life and pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cepacia thereafter. the patients, who are not immune compromise ...	1999	10963010
[the interaction between corn and burkholderia (pseudomonas) cepacia].	burkholderia (pseudomonas) cepacia is a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that could improve maize productivity. in this work we studied some properties of b. cepacia strain 0057 in relation to interaction with maize. spermosphere effect, chemostatic response, indolic compounds and siderophores production were evaluated. we observed inhibitory effect on bacterial growth by maize seeds and their soluble extracts. root exudates had positive chemiostatic effect. we founded indolic compounds prod ...	1999	10979835
burkholderia pseudomallei--abscess in an unusual site.	meloidosis in a unusual site has been reported in a child. complete identification of the organism has been presented.	1999	11127385
serological and molecular size characterization of flagellins of pseudomonas syringae pathovars and related bacteria	flagella from a total of 118 strains representing mostly pathovars of the phytopathogenic group pseudomonas syringae, but also p. chlororaphis, p. cichorii, p. corrugata, p. fluorescens, p. fuscovaginae, p. stutzeri, p. viridiflava, as well as related phytopathogenic genera (burkholderia cepacia and ralstonia solanacearum) were characterized by immuno-fluorescent staining, sds-page, and immunoblotting. eighty-six strains of the p. syringae group pathovars, p. cichorii and p. viridiflava were sho ...	1999	10794141
intracellular survival of burkholderia cepacia complex isolates in the presence of macrophage cell activation.	strains of the burkholderia cepacia complex have emerged as a serious threat to patients with cystic fibrosis due to their ability to infect the lung and cause, in some patients, a necrotizing pneumonia that is often lethal. it has recently been shown that several strains of the b. cepacia complex can escape intracellular killing by free-living amoebae following phagocytosis. in this work, the ability of two b. cepacia complex strains to resist killing by macrophages was explored. using fluoresc ...	1999	10627044
identification of the metabolically active members of a bacterial community in a polychlorinated biphenyl-polluted moorland soil.	the presumptive metabolically active members of a bacterial community in a moorland soil in germany, highly polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), were identified by sequencing of cloned reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification products of 16s rrna generated from total rna extracts. analysis of the 16s rrna clone library revealed a considerable diversity of metabolically active bacteria in the soil, despite the acidic ph and high concentrations of pcbs. clo ...	1999	11207739
rrna probe-based cell fishing of bacteria.	we have developed a new, cultivation-independent, fast and flexible method for the rrna-targeted probe-based enrichment of bacteria. the target cells were labelled by in situ hybridization with biotinylated polyribonucleotide probes. these probes were generated by in vitro transcription of amplified rdna of a variable region in domain iii of the 23s rrna molecules. the probes were about 300 nucleotides in length and were labelled by incorporation of biotin-utp during the transcription. probes we ...	1999	11207744
development and characterization of a lux-modified 2,4-dichlorophenol-degrading burkholderia sp. rasc.	lux-marked biosensors for assessing the toxicity and bioremediation potential of polluted environments may complement traditional chemical techniques. luxcdabe genes were introduced into the chromosome of the 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp)-mineralizing bacterium, burkholderia sp. rasc c2, by biparental mating using the tn4431 system. experiments revealed that light output was constitutive and related to cell biomass concentration during exponential growth. the transposon insertion was stable and d ...	1999	11207758
the gender gap in cystic fibrosis survival.	females with cystic fibrosis have significantly higher mortality than males from age 1 to age 20, resulting in an approximate four-year difference in median survival age. survival is associated with a lack of colonization by pathogenic bacteria, as well as better pulmonary function, weight for height, and fitness. this statistically significant gender gap has been observed for decades and, therefore, is not likely to be the result of differential response to one of the newer treatments for cysti ...	1999	11252861
melioidosis brain and lung abscess after travel to sri lanka.		1999	10825069
arabinose-positive burkholderia pseudomallei infection in humans: case report.		1999	10825075
[the outlook for the development of live vaccines for the prevention of melioidosis].	the effectiveness of immunization with burkholderia pseudomallei attenuated strains (pur and ts), heterologous vaccines and the recombinant culture of francisella tularensis rm2 carrying a plasmid with fragments of b. pseudomallei chromosome was studied in four species of experimental animals, essentially differing in their sensitivity to melioidosis. the most immunogenic b. pseudomallei mutants, introduced subcutaneously, created a statistically significant level of protection in animals, moder ...	1999	10851991
[the enzyme-antienzyme interactions of a number of burkholderia pseudomallei hydrolases with monoclonal immunoglobulins].	phosphatase, phospholipase c and a proteolytic complex, including casein- and hemoglobin-hydrolases, have been isolated from cell-free extracts of b. pseudomallei cultivation medium. a set of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) to the antigenic complexes of this infective agent has been obtained. conditions for the study of the interaction of the enzymes and mcab have been worked out, and most of the 14 immunoglobulins under study have been shown to neutralize 2-3 hydrolases each. three types of mcab, ...	1999	10876843
[the characteristics of the enzyme systems in the causative agent of melioidosis].		1999	10876871