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strong population structure in a species manipulated by humans since the neolithic: the european fallow deer (dama dama dama).species that have been translocated and otherwise manipulated by humans may show patterns of population structure that reflect those interactions. at the same time, natural processes shape populations, including behavioural characteristics like dispersal potential and breeding system. in europe, a key factor is the geography and history of climate change through the pleistocene. during glacial maxima throughout that period, species in europe with temperate distributions were forced south, becomi ...201728353685
colour and oxidative stability of mince produced from fresh and frozen/thawed fallow deer (dama dama) meat.colour and oxidative stability of minced meat from fresh and frozen/thawed fallow deer was investigated. for the seven fallow deer harvested, half of the meat was minced fresh and half was frozen (-20°c) for 2months under vacuum prior to grinding. surface colour attributes, myoglobin content and surface redox forms, ph and lipid oxidation of the mince were measured during eight days of display storage. proximate composition was determined in mince on day 0, fatty acid composition on day 0 and 8. ...201728063341
seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus infections in free-living and captive cervids in poland.to determine the occurrence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) related alphaherpesvirus infections in cervids, 1194 serum samples of wild ruminants originating from 59 forest districts of poland were tested with ibr gb elisa and virus neutralization test (vnt) against bohv-1 and cervid herpesvirus 1 (cvhv-1). the seroprevalence differed significantly between free-living and captive cervids (p<0.001) with a total of 89 out of 498 (17.9%) and 268 out of 696 (38.5%) seropositive animals in each type ...201728532809
bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer.deer are an iconic group of large mammals that originated in the early miocene of eurasia (ca. 19 ma). while there is some consensus on key relationships among their members, on the basis of molecular- or morphology-based analyses, or combined approaches, many questions remain, and the bony labyrinth has shown considerable potential for the phylogenetics of this and other groups. here we examine its shape in 29 species of living and fossil deer using 3d geometric morphometrics and cladistics. we ...201729030580
a retrospective comparison of chemical immobilization with thiafentanil, thiafentanil-azaperone, or etorphine-acepromazine in captive persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica).records of 56 persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica) immobilized for translocation were reviewed. twenty-three were administered 0.05 ± 0.01 (mean ± sd) mg/kg thiafentanil (thia), 20 were administered 0.045 ± 0.008 mg/kg thiafentanil combined with 0.19 ± 0.03 mg/kg azaperone (thia-azp), and 13 were administered 0.032 ± 0.04 mg/kg etorphine-acepromazine (etor-acp) by intramuscular remote injection. parameters recorded and compared between groups included induction and recovery times, heart ...201728920822
physical quality attributes of male and female wild fallow deer (dama dama) muscles.physical meat quality measurements were conducted on the longissimus thoracis et lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles from male (n=6) and female (n=6) fallow deer (dama dama) harvested in south africa. ultimate ph (phu), drip loss, cooking loss and shear force values were influenced (p≤0.05) by muscle, but not gender. mean phu readings were 5.4-5.6 in the muscles with the two forequarter muscles having the highest readings, while drip ...201729197765
chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids.in april and may of 2016, norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. in the light of this emerging issue, the european commission requested efsa to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk-based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into/within the eu, specifically estonia, finland, iceland, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland and sweden, and considering seven ...201732625260
weapon damage is associated with contest dynamics but not mating success in fallow deer (dama dama).antlers function as primary weapons during fights for many species of ungulate. we examined the association between antler damage and (i) contest dynamics: the behavioural tactics used during fighting including fight duration, and (ii) mating success, fighting rate and dominance. structural damage of the antlers was associated with contest dynamics: damage was negatively associated with jump clash attacks by individuals with damaged antlers, whereas opponents were more likely to physically displ ...201729118237
endoparasites of wild mammals sheltered in wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres in greece.wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animals' health and fitness, and may also have zoonotic implications. this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in wild mammals admitted to wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres in greece. sixty-five animals belonging to 17 species and originated from various areas of continental and insular greece were included in the survey. the most numerous ani ...201729326954
generalized structural equations improve sexual-selection analyses.sexual selection is an intense evolutionary force, which operates through competition for the access to breeding resources. there are many cases where male copulatory success is highly asymmetric, and few males are able to sire most females. two main hypotheses were proposed to explain this asymmetry: "female choice" and "male dominance". the literature reports contrasting results. this variability may reflect actual differences among studied populations, but it may also be generated by methodol ...201728809923
mitochondrial genotyping of fascioloides magna from bavaria, germany.in last few years, a great effort has been made to understand genetic interrelationships of european and north american populations of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna (trematoda, fasciolidae). in europe, spatial distribution of this parasite is evidently dynamic and ongoing process since new f. magna populations have constantly been emerging. most recently, occurrence of f. magna in red deer (cervus elaphus), sika deer (cervus nippon), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) ...201729035851
serological survey for west nile virus in wild artiodactyls, southern moravia (czech republic).antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) were examined by plaque-reduction neutralization test in the blood sera of 1023 wild artiodactyls: 105 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 148 red deer (cervus elaphus), 287 fallow deer (dama dama), 71 mouflons (ovis musimon), and 412 wild boars (sus scrofa), sampled in south moravian district of breclav (czech republic) in the years 1990-2008. neutralizing antibodies were detected in 5.9% of wild ruminants (4.8% roe deer, 4.1% red deer, 6.3% fallow deer, 9.9% mou ...201728727516
revealing potential bridge vectors for btv and sbv: a study on culicoides blood feeding preferences in natural ecosystems in spain.several species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens, such as the bluetongue (btv) and schmallenberg (sbv) viruses, which cause important diseases in domestic and wild ruminants. as wild ruminants can contribute to overwintering and epizootics of both diseases, knowledge of the host-feeding behaviour of culicoides in natural ecosystems is important to better understand their epidemiology. blood-engorged culicoides females trapped in natural areas inhabited by differe ...201728857265
expansion of ashworthius sidemi in red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness and its impact on infection with other gastrointestinal nematodes.nematodes ashworthius sidemi are typical parasites of asiatic cervids, mostly sika deer (cervus nippon). migrating red deer have probably introduced this parasite to the area of poland from neighbouring countries. the aim of the study was to determine prevalence and intensity of infection of red deer and roe deer from the lower silesian wilderness with a. sidemi after one year from previous studies and to examine the influence of these parasites on other species of gastrointestinal nematodes. 31 ...201729035860
evidence for host specificity of theileria capreoli genotypes in cervids.data on the prevalence of piroplasms in buffaloes and large game animal species are lacking from several central european countries. therefore, to investigate the presence of babesia/theileria dna in these hosts, 239 blood and 270 spleen samples were taken from cervids (red, fallow, and roe deer), as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons, and wild boars in southwestern hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analysis for piroplasms. all samples from buffaloes and wild boars were pcr n ...201729017556
anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama) and mouflon (ovis musimon) in germany.infections with the tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia spp. can cause febrile disease in several mammalian species, including humans. wild ruminants in europe are suggested to serve as reservoir hosts for particular strains or species of these pathogens. the aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of a. phagocytophilum and babesia spp. in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama) and mouflon (ovis musimon orientalis) in germany, and the diversi ...201727546888
hepatitis e virus in wild boars and spillover infection in red and roe deer, germany, 2013-2015.to determine animal hepatitis e virus (hev) reservoirs, we analyzed serologic and molecular markers of hev infection among wild animals in germany. we detected hev genotype 3 strains in inner organs and muscle tissues of a high percentage of wild boars and a lower percentage of deer, indicating a risk for foodborne infection of humans.201727983488
serological testing of schmallenberg virus in swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016.schmallenberg virus (sbv) first emerged in europe in 2011, and in sweden in late 2012. the virus was still circulating in parts of europe in 2015. in recent testing, the virus has not been detected in swedish domestic animals, indicating that it is no longer circulating in sweden. it is not known if the virus has circulated and is still circulating in swedish wild cervid populations and whether wildlife can act as virus reservoirs. the aim of this study was to investigate whether sbv has circula ...201728376790
neospora caninum in axis deer ( axis axis ) and fallow deer ( dama dama ) in northern mexico.serum samples from 18 axis deer ( axis axis ) and 19 fallow deer ( dama dama ) were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for neospora caninum antibodies. two axis (11%) and two fallow deer (11%) were positive for n. caninum antibodies.201727669010
wide exposure to coxiella burnetii in ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human-livestock-wildlife interface.assessment of the role of wild and domestic hosts as potential reservoirs of misdiagnosed zoonoses, such as q fever by coxiella burnetii, is an important public health issue today both for wildlife conservation and management of disease in human-livestock-wildlife interface. this study used elisa, an indirect antibody, to research (2003-2013) c. burnetii infection in seven free-living wild and domestic ruminant species and in european wildcats (felis silvestris). the animals studied were 0 europ ...201727776577
first detection and genetic characterisation of enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild deer in melbourne's water catchments in australia.enterocytozoon bieneusi is reported to be a common microsporidian of humans and animals in various countries. however, e. bieneusi has yet to be recorded in animals in australia. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological investigation of e. bieneusi in three species of deer (cervus elaphus, dama dama and rusa unicolor) that live in the catchment areas that supply the city of melbourne with drinking water.201829295716
tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival bacterial flora in selected captive wild ruminants.evaluation of tear production (schirmer's tear test, stt) and measurement of intraocular pressure (iop) were performed in a population of captive wild ungulates in a slovenian zoo during routine annual health check.201828493440
toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the mediterranean ecosystem.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of worldwide distribution. the present study provides information on risk factors affecting t. gondii infection in domestic and free-ranging wild ungulates sharing habitats in mediterranean ecosystems in spain. serum samples from 482 extensively reared domestic ruminants and 2351 wild ungulates were tested for t. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (mat, cut-off 1:25). toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was 41.2% of 194 sheep, 18.6% of ...201829344801
interactions between fawns and does of farmed fallow deer dama dama in the postnatal period.the aim of the present study was to describe the suckling behavior of the offspring of farmed european fallow deer dama dama in the postnatal period. video surveillance footage from the first 18 days postpartum was analyzed in detail to reveal that the duration of interactions between the mother and the offspring changed with the fawns' age. the duration of mother-offspring interactions was longest between postpartum days 12 and 18. the frequency of interactions at different times of the day var ...201829047200
very low influenza a virus prevalence in cervids in german national parks.influenza a viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ cervus elaphus], fallow [ dama dama] , and roe deer [ capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six german national parks between 2000 and 2002. the serum was tested for the presence of influenza a antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorben ...201829517428
spectrum of antibody profiles in tuberculous elephants, cervids, and cattle.using multi-antigen print immunoassay and dpp®vettb assay approved in the united states for testing captive cervids and elephants, we analyzed antibody recognition of mpb83 and cfp10/esat-6 antigens in asian elephants (elephas maximus) infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis and in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), fallow deer (dama dama), elk (cervus elaphus), and cattle (bos taurus) infected with mycobacterium bovis. serum igg reactivity to mpb83 was found in the vast majority of tu ...201829408038
development and validation of a fallow deer (dama dama)-specific taqman real-time pcr assay for the detection of food adulteration.the aim of the present study was to develop a real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of fallow deer (dama dama) in food to detect food adulteration. despite high sequence homology among different deer species, a fallow deer-specific primer/probe system targeting a fragment of the nuclear mc1-r gene was designed. this primer/probe system did not amplify dna from 19 other animals and 50 edible plant species. moderate cross-reactivity was observed for sika deer, red deer, roe ...201829146373
slow and ultra-rapid freezing protocols for cryopreserving mouflon (ovis musimon) and fallow deer (dama dama) epididymal sperm.this study examines the effectiveness of two methods for cryopreserving post-mortem epididymal sperm - conventional slow freezing employing a short equilibration time with glycerol, and ultra-rapid freezing - from the wild ruminant species ovis musimon (mouflon) and dama dama (fallow deer). a tris-citric acid-glucose (tcg) + 12% egg yolk-based medium was used for the conventional slow freezing of the fallow deer sperm, whereas a tes-tris-glucose (test) + 6% egg yolk-based medium was used for the ...201829548569
the effect of dietary selenium addition on the concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues of fallow deer (dama dama l.) in croatia.the aim of this research was to determine the concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic and the essential elements iron and selenium in the tissues (muscle, kidney, liver, spleen, and fat) of fallow deer (dama dama l.) without and with supplemental selenium addition. another aim was to determine the effect of selenium addition on the indicators of oxidative stress, namely, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and vitamin e. the research was carried ...201829404953
the archaeological ensemble from campoverde (agro pontino, central italy): new constraints on the last interglacial sea level markers.we present a combined geomorphological and biochronological study aimed at providing age constraints to the deposits forming a wide paleo-surface in the coastal area of the tyrrhenian sea, south of anzio promontory (central italy). we review the faunal assemblage recovered in campoverde, evidencing the occurrence of the modern fallow deer subspecies dama dama dama, which in peninsular italy is not present before mis 5e, providing a post-quem terminus of 125 ka for the deposit hosting the fossil ...201830546120
measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in conscious captive european fallow deer (dama dama).normal values for intraocular pressure (iop) and tear production in conscious cervids have not been reported to date. based on trends in zoological institutions to perform non-anaesthetized health exams, it is applicable to establish normal values in conscious animals, as anaesthesia and sedation can alter these parameters. the goal of this study was to estimate intraocular pressures using rebound tonometry and measure tear production values in a group of healthy, conscious, european fallow deer ...201829855155
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in sheep, goats, and fallow deer farmed on the same area.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are coccidian parasites with a global distribution that cause reproductive failure and production losses in livestock. the seroprevalence of both parasite species in ruminants and cervidae has been investigated worldwide and found to vary greatly. studies carried out on mixed flocks with 3 ruminant species (sheep, goats, and fallow deer) living under the same conditions are excellent models for identifying any differences in the rate of infection with the 2 ...201829659859
encephalitis induced by a newly discovered ruminant rhadinovirus in a free-living formosan sambar deer (rusa unicolor swinhoei).we documented a case of a free-living formosan sambar deer (rusa unicolor swinhoei) infected with a newly discovered ruminant rhadinovirus (rurv). non-purulent encephalitis was the primary histological lesion of the sambar deer. we conducted nested pcr to screen for herpesvirus using generic primers targeting the dna polymerase gene. in addition, we found that dna polymerase gene of the sambar deer rurv was present in the macrophage distributed in the virchow robin space with histopathologic les ...201829607882
the influence of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on cytological assessment of red blood cell line of bone marrow in fallow deer kept in captivity.cytological evaluation of bone marrow smears stained by may-grünwald giemsa method was performed. the smears came from 20 fallow deer (dama dama) 3 days old divided into 2 groups each consisting of 10 animals. the experimental group (e) received intramuscularly selenium and vitamin e at a dose of 3.0 ml (tocopherol acetate - 50 mg, sodium selenite - 0.5 mg, solvent - 1 ml) in the 3rd day of age. the control group (c) did not receive any supplementation or placebo. for hematological analyzes bloo ...201830468330
evidence for close-range hunting by last interglacial neanderthals.animal resources have been part of hominin diets since around 2.5 million years ago, with sharp-edged stone tools facilitating access to carcasses. how exactly hominins acquired animal prey and how hunting strategies varied through time and space is far from clear. the oldest possible hunting weapons known from the archaeological record are 300,000 to 400,000-year-old sharpened wooden staves. these may have been used as throwing and/or close-range thrusting spears, but actual data on how such ob ...201829942012
vocal tract modelling in fallow deer: are male groans nasalized?males of several species of deer have a descended and mobile larynx, resulting in an unusually long vocal tract, which can be further extended by lowering the larynx during call production. formant frequencies are lowered as the vocal tract is extended, as predicted when approximating the vocal tract as a uniform quarter wavelength resonator. however, formant frequencies in polygynous deer follow uneven distribution patterns, indicating that the vocal tract configuration may in fact be rather co ...201829941611
low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain.the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ...201829631620
tetraplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous identification and quantification of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer for deer meat authentication.analytical methods are needed for the identification and quantification of meat species to detect food adulteration. since game meat is more expensive than meat from domesticated animal species, it is a potential target for adulteration. we present a tetraplex real-time pcr assay that allows the simultaneous determination of the content of roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and sika deer. the tetraplex assay showed only moderate cross-reactivity with closely related species. after optimization the ...201830100464
evidence of two genetically different lymphotropic herpesviruses present among red deer, sambar, and milu herds in china.herpesvirus infections in cervidae are a serious threat affecting some deer species worldwide. in our attempt to identify malignant catarrhal fever-associated herpesviruses in deer herds, ten gammaherpesviral dna fragments were identified in five species of deer in herds in china by using a pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction assay targeting viral dna polymerase. notably, in sambar (rusa unicolor), a novel gamma-2 herpesvirus was identified that showed a close relationship with fallow deer ...201830041287
diverse tick-borne microorganisms identified in free-living ungulates in slovakia.free-living ungulates are hosts of ixodid ticks and reservoirs of tick-borne microorganisms in central europe and many regions around the world. tissue samples and engorged ticks were obtained from roe deer, red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar hunted in deciduous forests of south-western slovakia. dna isolated from these samples was screened for the presence of tick-borne microorganisms by pcr-based methods.201830176908
prenatal histomorphological development of the rumen in dama dama.this work studies the morphological changes taking place in the dama dama rumen during prenatal development using histomorphometrics, surface microstructure and immunohistochemistry analysis as well as carrying out a comparative analysis of this species with other wild (red deer) and domestic-type ruminants. a total of 25 fallow deer embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. the appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 51 day ...201829893403
tick- and fly-borne bacteria in ungulates: the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae in water buffalo and deer species in central europe, hungary.hunting constitutes an important industry in europe. however, data on the prevalence of vector-borne bacteria in large game animal species are lacking from several countries. blood or spleen samples (239 and 270, respectively) were taken from red, fallow and roe deer, as well as from water buffaloes, mouflons and wild boars in hungary, followed by dna extraction and molecular analyses for anaplasma phagocytophilum, haemoplasmas and rickettsiae.201829554900
the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica in game animals in poland.natural reservoirs of yersinia (y.) enterocolitica comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of y. enterocolitica among game animals in poland. the bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. the experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013-2014) in ...201829596492
wolf predation on wild ungulates: how slope and habitat cover influence the localization of kill sites.based on data collected along the ligurian apennines and alps (n-w italy), we analysed the main environmental and human-related factors influencing the distribution of kill sites of the wolf canis lupus. we mapped and digitized 62 kill sites collected during 2007-2016. around each kill site, we defined a buffer corresponding to the potential hunting area of wolves. we compared kill site plots and an equal number of random plots. we formulated a model of kill site distribution following an approa ...201830403201
exposure to neospora spp. and besnoitia spp. in wildlife from israel.neosporosis and besnoitiosis, caused by cyst-forming protozoa neospora caninum and besnoitia besnoiti, respectively, are parasitic infestations of livestock in israel. these parasites cause significant economic losses in cattle due to reproductive and productive disorders. both parasites have been detected in several wild ruminant species throughout other regions of the world, while the existence of a sylvatic life cycle in israel remains uncertain. thus, a wide panel of 871 sera from two wild c ...201830175044
the importance of wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of the tbe virus in sweden: incidence of human tbe correlates with abundance of deer and hares.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one tick-transmitted disease where the human incidence has increased in some european regions during the last two decades. we aim to find the most important factors causing the increasing incidence of human tbe in sweden. based on a review of published data we presume that certain temperature-related variables and the population densities of transmission hosts, i.e. small mammals, and of primary tick maintenance hosts, i.e. cervids and lagomorphs, of the tbe viru ...201830153856
identifying deer antler uhrf1 proliferation and s100a10 mineralization genes using comparative rna-seq.deer antlers are bony structures that re-grow at very high rates, making them an attractive model for studying rapid bone regeneration.201830376879
mycobacterium bovis persistence in two different captive wild animal populations in germany: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study revealing pathogen transmission by whole-genome sequencing.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a transmissible disease notifiable to the world organization for animal health and to the european union, with ongoing efforts of surveillance and eradication in every eu member state. in germany, a country which has been declared officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1997 by the eu, m. bovis infections still occur sporadically in cattle and other mammals, including humans. here, the transmission routes of a btb outbreak in a wi ...201829950330
microbiome analysis reveals the presence of bartonella spp. and acinetobacter spp. in deer keds (lipoptena cervi).the deer ked (lipoptena cervi) is distributed in europe, north america, and siberia and mainly infests cervids as roe deer, fallow deer, and moose. from a one health perspective, deer keds occasionally bite other animals or humans and are a potential vector for bartonella schoenbuchensis. this bacterium belongs to a lineage of ruminant-associated bartonella spp. and is suspected to cause dermatitis and febrile diseases in humans. in this study, we analyzed the microbiome from 130 deer keds colle ...201830619179
detection of seroconversion to bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virusin polish free-living deer.there are several infectious agents of domestic cattle that can also be present in free-living ruminant populations. these include bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) which are the causative agents of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea, respectively. the study was conducted on serum samples from 59 red deer, 24 roe deer, and 3 fallow deer (86 in total), originating from two geographically separate areas of poland. the samples were tested ...201830468331
establishment of fascioloides magna in a new region of hungary: case report.during the monitoring of red deer (n = 124) and fallow deer (n = 13) populations in four neighbouring areas, the presence of fascioloides magna was confirmed in southwestern hungary. the prevalence and the mean intensity of the infection within the host populations ranged between 0 and 100% and 0-36.3, respectively. the determined prevalences are similar to that observed earlier in other european natural foci. the authors hypothesise that the appearance of f. magna in this region should have bee ...201830284615
sika deer (cervus nippon)-specific real-time pcr method to detect fraudulent labelling of meat and meat products.since game meat is more valuable and expensive than meat from domesticated animal species it is a potential target for adulteration. analytical methods must allow the identification and quantification of meat species to be applicable for the detection of fraudulent labelling. we developed a real-time pcr assay for the authentication of sika deer (cervus nippon) and products thereof. the primer/probe system amplifies a 71 bp fragment of the kappa-casein precursor gene. since the target sequence c ...201829739996
carcass and meat characteristics from farm-raised and wild fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus): a review.deer species are utilised for food, hunting and other products throughout the world. consumers are typically exposed to venison derived predominantly from both farm-raised or wild fallow (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). the production of venison under farm conditions, compared to the meat of deer hunted in the wild, allows for a regular supply of a consistently good meat. it is lean, tasty, and rich in proteins and minerals, with a low content of fat and cholesterol. overall, the world ...201829558697
changes in the physico-chemical attributes through processing of salami made from blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), eland (taurotragus oryx), fallow deer (dama dama), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) in comparison to pork.drying kinetics and changes in proximate composition, ph, salt content, water activity (aw) and lipid oxidation through processing of salami made using five different game meat species were evaluated and compared to pork. eight batches of salami from each species were made and sampled for analysis throughout processing. processing time was a significant factor on all measured attributes whilst species affected (p ≤ .05) ph and moisture but not drying kinetics. black wildebeest meat exhibited hig ...201830138886
long-term occurrence of trichuris species in wild ruminants in the czech republic.the aim of this study was to identify trichuris species in wild ruminants from 32 localities in the czech republic using morphological and molecular methods (its1-5.8s rna-its2 region polymorphisms). trichurids were obtained from 176 wild ruminants (roe deer, sika deer, red deer, fallow deer and mouflons) that were culled between 2009 and 2017. trichuris discolor is the predominant trichurid of all of the above-mentioned wild ruminants, whereas trichuris ovis was identified less frequently in ro ...201829721657
transmission of helminths between species of ruminants in austria appears more likely to occur than generally assumed.helminth infections of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs can lead to devastating economical losses to the pastoral based animal production. farm animals can suffer from malnutrition, tissue damage, and blood loss resulting in impaired production traits and reproduction parameters. in austria, pastures grazed by sheep, goats, and cattle overlap with the habitats of several species of wild cervids (roe deer, red deer, sika deer, and fallow deer) and bovids (mouflon, chamois, and ibex), and tran ...201829662884
seasonal and predator-prey effects on circadian activity of free-ranging mammals revealed by camera traps.endogenous circadian and seasonal activity patterns are adapted to facilitate effective utilisation of environmental resources. activity patterns are shaped by physiological constraints, evolutionary history, circadian and seasonal changes and may be influenced by other factors, including ecological competition and interspecific interactions. remote-sensing camera traps allow the collection of species presence data throughout the 24 h period and for almost indefinite lengths of time. here, we co ...201830498626
high-energy diet enhances spermatogenic function and increases sperm midpiece length in fallow deer (dama dama) yearlings.nutrition is a major factor involved in the sexual development of livestock ruminants. in the male, a high-energy diet enhances the reproductive function, but its effects on the underlying processes such as spermatogenic efficiency are not yet defined. moreover, the possible changes in sperm size due to a supplemented diet remain poorly investigated. the main goal of this study was to evaluate whether a high-energy diet affects the spermatogenic activity, epididymal sperm parameters (concentrati ...201931312478
early upper paleolithic subsistence in the levant: zooarchaeology of the ahmarian-aurignacian sequence at manot cave, israel.the early upper paleolithic period in the levant is essential in the studies of the establishment of modern human communities outside africa, and corresponding archaeological evidence may be used to shed light on human ecology, economy and demography. specifically, cultural differences between two early upper paleolithic entities, the early ahmarian and the levantine aurignacian, raise the question of differing adaptations. in this article we use archaeofaunal remains from the early upper paleol ...201931227173
influence of freeze-dried acid whey addition on biogenic amines formation in a beef and deer dry fermented sausages without added nitrite.aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of freeze-dried acid whey addition and the use a game meat (fallow deer) on a microbial content and the biogenic amines formation in dry fermented sausages.201931208178
the effect of military clothing on gunshot wound patterns in a cadaveric animal limb model.the majority of injuries in survivors of gunshot wounds (gsw) are typically to the extremities. novel wound ballistic research is encouraged to try and capture corporate knowledge on the management of these injuries gained during recent conflicts and understand the wounding patterns seen. with recent work examining the effect of uk military clothing on extremity gsw patterns in a synthetic model, a model with greater biofidelity is needed for ballistic testing. the aim of this study was to asses ...201931414201
influence of the method of storage on the quality of venison from wild fallow deer (dama dama).the quality of two muscles (musculus longissimus lumborum and musculus semimembranosus) was studied in a group of 15 wild fallow deer does hunted in january. the aim of the research was to analyse the influence of the method of storage on the quality of venison. the ph value after chilled storage and after freezer storage ranged from 5.64 to 5.70, indicating high meat quality of meat. the freezer storage caused a decrease in the redness and chroma in the longissimus lumborum muscle (p < 0.0001 a ...201931150939
seasonal variations in serum concentrations of testosterone, testicular volume and neck circumference of fallow deer (dama dama) kept ex situ in a tropical region.the fallow deer (dama dama) is a species of cervidae commonly kept in captivity, either in commercial farms or in zoos. the reproductive seasonality of this species is well known in the northern hemisphere, where photoperiod is a decisive factor in androgenic activity and, consequently, in the development of secondary sexual characteristics among male adults. the maintenance of this species in tropical regions has been successful, but there are no studies that demonstrate the maintenance of repr ...201931056793
the effect of barley and lysine supplementation of pasture-based diet on growth, carcass composition and physical quality attributes of meat from farmed fallow deer (dama dama).fallow deer (dama dama) are important meat producing species providing venison and other products to an international market. the present study investigated the effects of different feed rations on the growth, carcass characteristics and physical attributes of the longissimus lumborum (ll) and semitendinosus (set) muscles of 45 farm-raised male fallow deer. the animals were divided into three separate groups: 15 pasture-fed (p), 15 pasture-fed and supplemented with barley (b), and 15 pasture-fed ...201930678335
immobilization of captive persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica) using medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam.to establish and compare the effectiveness of two medetomidine-based immobilization protocols in persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica).201931371196
field data implicating culicoides stellifer and culicoides venustus (diptera: ceratopogonidae) as vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an orbivirus of veterinary importance which is transmitted by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) to ruminants. culicoides sonorensis wirth & jones, the only confirmed vector of ehdv in the usa, is rare in the southeastern states where transmission persists, suggesting that other culicoides species transmit ehdv in this region. the present study aimed to determine which culicoides species transmitted ehdv in florida and a ...201931122295
host use patterns of culicoides spp. biting midges at a big game preserve in florida, u.s.a., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses.culicoides spp. biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), a farmed species in the u.s.a., are susceptible to two culicoides spp. borne orbiviruses: bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. elucidating host-vector interactions is an integral step in studying disease transmission. this study investigated the host range of culicoides spp. present o ...201930063255
feramyces austinii, gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic gut fungus from rumen and fecal samples of wild barbary sheep and fallow deer.anaerobic gut fungi are common inhabitants of the alimentary tracts of herbivorous animals. nine different neocallimastigomycota genera have been described so far. however, culture-independent diversity surveys suggest the presence of numerous, yet-uncultured neocallimastigomycota genera. here, we report on the isolation and characterization of the first cultured representatives of neocallimastigomycota clade al6, originally identified in culture-independent surveys of fecal samples from captive ...201929969376
using nutrient foramina to differentiate human from non-human long bone fragments in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology.long bone shaft fragments can be found isolated in archaeological and forensic contexts, such as in mass fatality incidents. when diagnostic morphological landmarks are not visible, the assessment of a human or non-human origin of a bone fragment can be challenging. further methods need to be developed. in long bones, the presence of a nutrient foramen on fragments that do not show any diagnostic landmarks can make the assessment of the origin of the bone still possible. in this paper, human lon ...201931701996
the nasal complex of a semiaquatic artiodactyl, the moose (alces alces): is it a good evolutionary model for the ancestors of cetaceans?among cetartiodactyla, cetaceans are the only obligate aquatic dwellers. given morphological similarities between cetacean relatives such as indohyus (the best represented eocene raoellid artiodactyl) with other, later artiodactyls, any crown artiodactyl that engages in aquatic behaviors is of interest as an evolutionary model for the adaptations that accompanied the origins of cetaceans. the american moose (alces alces) is the only non-cetacean artiodactyl to engage in aquatic foraging and, oth ...201930422388
changes in haematological parameters in wild ruminants experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus.our study describes changes in haematological parameters in wild ruminants with parasitic infection. six european mouflons (ovis musimon), six fallow deer (dama dama) and six roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were experimentally infected with the resistant strain of the model parasite 8000 l3 haemonchus contortus. the blood samples were collected on day 0, 16, 37, 58, 77, and 99 of the experiment. mild anaemia was observed in mouflons and roe deer while red blood cells increased in red blood counts ...201931708670
head to head: the case for fighting behaviour in megaloceros giganteus using finite-element analysis.the largest antlers of any known deer species belonged to the extinct giant deer megaloceros giganteus. it has been argued that their antlers were too large for use in fighting, instead being used only in ritualized displays to attract mates. here, we used finite-element analysis to test whether the antlers of m. giganteus could have withstood forces generated during fighting. we compared the mechanical performance of antlers in m. giganteus with three extant deer species: red deer (cervus elaph ...201931594504
variation in the prion protein gene (prnp) sequence of wild deer in great britain and mainland europe.susceptibility to prion diseases is largely determined by the sequence of the prion protein gene (prnp), which encodes the prion protein (prp). the recent emergence of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in europe has highlighted the need to investigate prnp gene diversity in european deer species, to better predict their susceptibility to cwd. here we report a large genetic survey of six british deer species, including red (cervus elaphus), sika (cervus nippon), roe (capreolus capreolus), fallow (dam ...201931366372
sarcocystis morae (apicomplexa) in fallow deer (dama dama) from spain: ultrastructure and new host record.members of the genus sarcocystis are frequently found infecting members of the family cervidae. although sarcocystis species are generally host specific for their intermediate hosts, species in cervids appear to be less host specific. here, we report fallow deer (dama dama) as a new host for sarcocystis morae, originally described from the red deer (cervus elaphus). tongues of 69 legally hunted animals in spain were tested for sarcocysts, and the species were characterized by light microscopy, u ...201931660793
genotyping of pestivirus a (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) detected in faeces and in other specimens of domestic and wild ruminants at the wildlife-livestock interface.pestiviruses are widespread in the world among ungulates and infect both domestic and wild animals causing severe economic losses in livestock. bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1), now re-designated as pestivirus a, causes diseases mainly in cattle, while few data are available about infection in wild ruminants and about the role of these animals in viral maintenance and spread. in order to investigate bvdv-1 infection in domestic and wild ruminants, especially at the wildlife/livestock ...201931383300
interactions between a population of fallow deer (dama dama), humans and crops in a managed composite temperate landscape in southern sweden: conflict or opportunity?landscapes composed of agricultural land mixed with forest are desirable since they provide a wide range of diversified ecosystem services, unlike specialized agricultural landscapes, but that creates a trade-off between these land uses since wildlife usually feed on crops and reduce yields. in nordic countries, where human population density is low and game hunting can be a viable economic alternative, mixed landscape systems are particularly interesting. to evaluate the economic sustainability ...201931013322
the hunters or the hunters: human and hyena prey choice divergence in the late pleistocene levant.hunting preferences reveal a great deal about the life of paleolithic humans, and may reflect changes in human demography, technology, and adaptations to changing environments. however, the effects of hunting preferences and environmental availability are often conflated, stressing the need for comparisons to other predators that exploited the same environment. manot cave (israel), preserved rich early upper paleolithic (46-33 ka) human occupations, along with repeated spotted hyena (crocuta cro ...201930850235
the seasonal variation in the quality of venison from wild fallow deer (dama dama) - a pilot study.the studied material included 19 fallow deer does hunt-harvested in two seasons, summer and winter. the post-mortem body weight of analysed animals was not affected by the season (p = 0.762). the ph value measured 24 h post-mortem in the m. longissimus lumborum was significantly higher in the summer compared to the winter season. the venison obtained in the winter season characterized with higher l* (p < 0.0001) and b* (p = 0.002) and lower a* (p < .0001) compared to meat from the summer season. ...201930590255
the relationship between the phosphate and structural carbonate fractionation of fallow deer bioapatite in tooth enamel.the species-specific relationship between phosphate (δ18 op values) and structural carbonate (δ18 oc values) oxygen isotope ratios has been established for several modern and fossil animal species but until now it has not been investigated in european fallow deer (dama dama dama). this study describes the relationship between phosphate and structural carbonate bioapatite in tooth enamel of extant fallow deer, which will help us further understand the species' unique environmental and cultural hi ...201930378197
age-related changes in the carcass composition and meat quality of fallow deer (dama dama l.).the present study investigated the possible differences in carcass composition as well as texture, structure and percentage of different muscle types of the most valuable muscles (bf - biceps femoris, sm - semimembranosus, and l - longissimus) from fallow deer (dama dama l.) bucks shot in the forest farm in north-western poland at four different ages: 18, 30, 42 and 54 months. it was found that carcasses of young fallow deer (18-30 months), compared to older animals, were characterised by a high ...201930196199
multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species.in this study, we aimed to evaluate to what extent different assays of innate immunity reveal similar patterns of variation across ungulate species. we compared several measures of innate antibacterial immune function across seven different ungulate species using blood samples obtained from captive animals maintained in a zoological park. we measured mrna expression of two receptors involved in innate pathogen detection, toll-like receptors 2 and 5 (tlr2 and 5), the bactericidal capacity of plas ...201931774834
molecular detection of babesia odocoilei in wild, farmed, and zoo cervids in ontario, canada.babesia odocoilei, a tick-borne protozoan hemoparasite of white-tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus), is being increasingly recognized as a cause of disease in captive cervids in north america. historically endemic in white-tailed deer, the natural wildlife reservoir in the southeastern us, b. odocoilei has been recently associated with hemolytic anemia in captive eurasian tundra reindeer ( rangifer tarandus tarandus), wapiti ( cervus canadensis), and woodland caribou ( rangifer tarandus caribo ...201930339101
detection of new crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotypes in ticks feeding on deer and wild boar, spain.crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is the causative agent of the severe tick-borne, often fatal, zoonotic crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), which is widely distributed worldwide. the cchfv transmission to humans occurs through tick bite, crushing of engorged ticks or contact with infected host blood. previously, cchfv genotype africa iii was reported in spain. given the emergence of cchf and the role of ticks in pathogen maintenance and transmission, we investigated the presen ...202032738065
the role of different species of wild ungulates and ixodes ricinus ticks in the circulation of genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in a forest biotope in north-western poland.the aim of this study was to reveal genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains occurring in different species of wild ungulates and in ixodes ricinus ticks to check the role of the examined species in the circulation of the revealed variants in nature. the aim was also to determine if the detected variants of a. phagocytophilum are specific for particular game species as well as to examine their identity with other strains, including pathogenic ones. sequences of the amplified groel h ...202032723651
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli isolates from red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in poland.shiga toxin-producing escherichia (e.) coli (stec) pathogens are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus), bloody diarrhoea (bd) and diarrhoea (d), and they pose a significant public health concern. wild ruminants are an important environmental reservoir of foodborne pathogens that can cause serious illnesses in humans and contaminate fresh products. there is a general scarcity of published data about wildlife as a reservoir of food ...202031703865
stoichiometric variation within and between a terrestrial herbivorous and a semi-aquatic carnivorous mammal.the elemental composition of the mammalian body is widely believed to be more or less constant within and among species, yet reliable comparisons of elemental content are lacking. here, we examine the elemental composition of two mammal species with different diet and provenance: terrestrial herbivorous fallow deer (dama dama) - collected from a single area - and semi-aquatic carnivorous eurasian otter (lutra lutra) - collected from different areas.202032693327
wildlife ungulate rescue and emergency services in the pisa area (tuscany, italy): evaluation of a 9-years period (2010-2018).background: we analyzed the clinical data of wildlife ungulates admitted for emergency care to the veterinary teaching hospital (vth), department of veterinary medicine, university of pisa over a 9-years period. methods: clinical data of all the wildlife ungulates admitted to the vth were recorded. blood samples were also taken from the animals for hematological and biochemical analysis. an assessment of ecto- and endoparasites was carried out, diagnostic imaging assessment was performed, and th ...202033033722
long-term determinants of tuberculosis in the ungulate host community of doñana national park.animal tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in wild boar (sus scrofa), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and cattle in south and central spain. in order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied tb at the wildlife-livestock interface in doñana national park for 14 years (2006-2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). wild boar showed the highest prevalence ...202032516963
comparison of the effect of freeze-dried acid whey on physicochemical properties of organic fermented sausages made from beef and fallow deer meat.the objective of this study was to compare the effect of freeze-dried acid whey on physicochemical properties and microbial changes of organic fermented sausages made from beef and fallow deer meat. five formulations of sausages from each species were made. the results show that processing time and species of meat were the high significant factor on tested parameters. variants and interactions between main factors influenced at different levels of significance on some tested attributes. at the e ...202032327786
distribution of pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in spain.a large-scale study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies against pestivirus species in wild ruminants and describe their spatial variation in mainland spain. serum samples of 1,874 wild ruminants from different regions of this country were collected between the years 2000 and 2017. a total of 6.6% (123/1,874) animals showed antibodies against pestivirus by both blocking elisa (belisa) and virus neutralization tests (vnt). the prevalence of antibodies against pestiviruses was ...202032920992
infection with foamy virus in wild ruminants-evidence for a new virus reservoir?foamy viruses (fvs) are widely distributed and infect many animal species including non-human primates, horses, cattle, and cats. several reports also suggest that other species can be fv hosts. since most of such studies involved livestock or companion animals, we aimed to test blood samples from wild ruminants for the presence of fv-specific antibodies and, subsequently, genetic material. out of 269 serum samples tested by elisa with the bovine foamy virus (bfv) gag and bet antigens, 23 sera s ...202031947727
the scale-dependent effectiveness of wildlife management: a case study on british deer.impacts of herbivory by wild ungulates represent a significant issue world-wide. to be effective, management of populations and impacts needs to be coordinated above the site scale, yet little research has investigated the appropriate spatial scale over which management should be integrated to be fully effective. in consideration of reduction of impacts in deciduous or mixed woodland habitats, we tested scale-specific management effectiveness in a lowland area of uk where moderate- to high-densi ...202032947117
competitor densities, habitat, and weather: effects on interspecific interactions between wild deer species.there is a growing interest on the potential interplay between weather, habitat, and interspecific competition on population dynamics of wild herbivores. favorable environmental conditions may buffer the negative effects of competition; conversely, competition may be expected to be stronger under harsh environmental conditions. we investigated relationships between competitor abundance, weather, and habitat cover on density and local distribution of a medium-sized herbivore, the roe deer capreol ...202032654371
serosurveillance of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in spain.schmallenberg disease (sbd) is an emerging vector-borne disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. a long-term serosurvey was conducted to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in all the wild ruminant species present in mainland spain. between 2010 and 2016, sera from 1,216 animals were tested for antibodies against sbv using a commercial blocking elisa. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 27.1% (95%ci: 24.7-29.7). statistically significant differences among species were obse ...202032530115
first molecular detection of onchocerca flexuosa (wedl, 1856) in red deer in slovakia.the present paper deals with the post-mortem diagnostics of onchocerciasis and the molecular detection of causative agents of this disease in wild ruminant ungulates (cervus elaphus, dama dama and capreolus capreolus). the animals were shot in hunting seasons 2017 and 2018, in two regions of the eastern slovakia. the total number of examined skins was fifty-eight. the presence of subcutaneous nodules was confirmed in 27.59% (95% ci 16-39) of animals. all positive skins belonged to red deer indiv ...202031953565
molecular identification of two sarcocystis species in fallow deer (dama dama) from lithuania.due to the lack of molecular research conducted, little is known about sarcocystis species diversity in the fallow deer (dama dama). until now, sarcocystis jorrini and sarcocystis morae were described to form sarcocysts in the muscles of this host. in the present study diaphragm muscle samples of free-ranging fallow deer from lithuania were investigated for sarcocystis species. sarcocysts were detected in 39 out of 48 (81.3%) fallow deer examined. under a light microscope two types of sarcocysts ...202031881364
no evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in farmed deer in germany.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic agent, which is mainly transmitted by consumption of undercooked meat products originating from infected animals. domestic pigs and wild boars are the major animal reservoirs, but hev infections have been also repeatedly described in wild deer species. however, farmed deer has been only sparsely investigated so far. here, 108 blood and 106 liver samples from fallow deer, red deer, and sika deer strictly hold in game enclosures from 11 farms in germany were a ...202031625032
detection of porcine circovirus 3 in wildlife species in spain.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) is the third member of the family circoviridae, genus circovirus, able to infect swine. a high prevalence of viral dna has been recorded in wild boars. recently, pcv-3 dna was identified in italian wild ruminants. based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of pcv-3 dna detection in free-ranging ruminants and lagomorpha species in spain. in addition, the genetic characterization of the pcv-3 pcr-positive samples was performed. a total of 801 se ...202032369945
dynamic network of interactions in the wildlife-livestock interface in mediterranean spain: an epidemiological point of view.the correct management of diseases that are transmitted between wildlife and livestock requires a reliable estimate of the pathogen transmission rate. the calculation of this parameter is a challenge for epidemiologists, since transmission can occur through multiple pathways. the social network analysis is a widely used tool in epidemiology due to its capacity to identify individuals and communities with relevant roles for pathogen transmission. in the present work, we studied the dynamic networ ...202032069995
fallow deer (dama dama) as a reservoir of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec).shiga toxin-producing escherichia (e.) coli (stec) are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans. only a few reports on fallow deer as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens have been published to date. the purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of stec strains in the fallow deer population in poland. in all, 94 fallow deer swabs were tested. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed to detect the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggr genes, to identify ...202032438625
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