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molecular investigation of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in yaks (bos gruniens) from qinghai, china.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pestivirus which infects both domestic animals and wildlife species worldwide. in china, cattle are often infected with bvdv of different genotypes, but there is very limited knowledge regarding bvdv infection in chinese yaks and the genetic diversity of the virus. the objectives of this study were to detect viral infection in yaks in qinghai, china and to determine the genotypes of bvdv based on analysis of the 5'untranslated region (5'utr) and n-terminal ...201424524442
seroprevalence of chlamydophila abortus infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in qinghai, china.chlamydophila abortus is an important amphixenosis which in a wide range of animals, associated with reproductive disorders in yaks. in order to assess the prevalence of this infection in yaks in qinghai, china, a cross-sectional study was carried out, and a total of 674 serum samples were collected from june to october 2012 in six counties, and antibodies to c. abortus were examined by indirect hemagglutination (iha) test. the overall seroprevalence of c. abortus in yaks was 17.66 % (119/674), ...201424343703
hepatitis c virus modulates lipid regulatory factor angiopoietin-like 3 gene expression by repressing hnf-1α activity.hcv relies on host lipid metabolism to complete its life cycle and hcv core is crucial to this interaction. liver secreted angptl-3 is an lxr- and hnf-1α-regulated protein, which plays a key role in lipid metabolism by increasing plasma lipids via inhibition of lipase enzymes. here we aimed to investigate the modulation of angptl-3 by hcv core and identify the molecular mechanisms involved.201423978712
hepatitis e virus genotype 4 in yak, northwestern china. 201425419958
production and structural characterization of lactobacillus helveticus derived biosurfactant.a probiotic strain of lactobacilli was isolated from traditional soft churpi cheese of yak milk and found positive for biosurfactant production. lactobacilli reduced the surface tension of phosphate buffer saline (pbs) from 72.0 to 39.5 mnm(-1) ph 7.2 and its critical micelle concentration (cmc) was found to be 2.5 mg ml(-1). low cost production of lactobacilli derived biosurfactant was carried out at lab scale fermenter which yields 0.8 mg ml(-1) biosurfactant. the biosurfactant was found least ...201425506070
proteome analysis of lactobacillus helveticus h9 during growth in skim milk.lactobacillus helveticus h9 was isolated from traditionally fermented yak milk in tibet (china) with the ability to produce the antihypertensive peptides val-pro-pro (vpp) and ile-pro-pro (ipp) during milk fermentation. to understand the changes in the protein expression of l. helveticus h9, proteome analysis was performed at 3 different growth stages, lag phase (ph 6.1), log phase (ph 5.1), and stationary phase (ph 4.5) using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de). further analysis showed that 25 ...201425306273
establishment of mammary gland model in vitro: culture and evaluation of a yak mammary epithelial cell line.this study aimed to establish yak mammary epithelial cells (ymecs) for an in vitro model of yak mammary gland biology. the primary culture of ymecs was obtained from mammary gland tissues of lactating yak and then characterized using immunocytochemistry, rt-pcr, and western blot analysis. whether foreign genes could be transfected into the ymecs were examined by transfecting the egfp gene into the cells. finally, the effect of staphylococcus aureus infection on ymecs was determined. the establis ...201425479378
detection of copy number variations and their effects in chinese bulls.copy number variations (cnvs) are a main source of genomic structural variations underlying animal evolution and production traits. here, with one pure-blooded angus bull as reference, we describe a genome-wide analysis of cnvs based on comparative genomic hybridization arrays in 29 chinese domesticated bulls and examined their effects on gene expression and cattle growth traits.201424935859
comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of the two ruminant hookworms bunostomum trigonocephalum and bunostomum phlebotomum.bunostomum trigonocephalum and bunostomum phlebotomum are blood-feeding hookworms of sheep and cattle, causing considerable economic losses to the live stock industries. studying genetic variability within and among hookworm populations is critical to addressing epidemiological and ecological questions. mitochondrial (mt) dna is known to provide useful markers for investigations of population genetics of hookworms, but mt genome sequence data are scant. in the present study, the complete mitocho ...201424625354
comparative sequence analysis in the exon 5 of growth hormone gene in the various livestock species of india.the aim of the study was to identify genetic polymorphism in growth hormone (gh) gene locus of six different livestock species using pcr-direct dna sequencing method. in exon 5 of gh gene, 10 snps variants were identified in all livestock species studied, namely bubalus bubalis, bos indicus, bos frontalis, bos grunniens, ovis aries, and capra hircus. four snps were observed in bubalus bubalis, two snps in bos indicus, one snp in ovis aries, and three snps in capra hircus. no changes were observe ...201424299185
phylogeny of theileria buffeli genotypes identified in the south african buffalo (syncerus caffer) population.theileria buffeli/orientalis is a group of benign and mildly pathogenic species of cattle and buffalo in various parts of the world. in a previous study, we identified t. buffeli in blood samples originating from the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the hluhluwe-imfolozi game park (hip) and the addo elephant game park (aegp) in south africa. the aim of this study was to characterise the 18s rrna gene and complete internal transcribed spacer (its1-5.8s-its2) region of t. buffeli samples, and ...201425002308
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), a zoonotic parasite infects almost all warm-blooded animals and causes significant economic losses. to date, however, it is still unclear whether yaks from the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china are exposed to t. gondii. on the present study, a survey was conducted for the first time, to investigate the seroprevalence of t. gondii infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau (qinghai, tibet, hongyuan area of sichuan province). a total of 905 and 7 ...201425085769
an epidemiological study of hypoderma infection and control using ivermectin in yaks in qinghai province, china.the prevalence of hypoderma spp. in yaks grazed in the east of qinghai province was investigated in 2008. in this area, the prevalence in young yaks (1- to 3-year-old) was very high at 82.2-98.7%, whilst in adult yaks (4-year-old and older), the prevalence was 42.4-50.6%. the seasonal development and migration pattern of hypoderma larvae in yak bodies was found to be similar for different locations in this area. the numbers of first, second and third instar larvae detected in yak bodies peaked i ...201424107486
low oxygen tension and relative defined culture medium with 3, 4-dihydroxyflavone are beneficial for yak-bovine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo.with an aim to improve the efficiency of yak-bovine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt), this study investigated the effect of different culture systems on the development, quality and gene expression profile of yak-bovine iscnt embryo. reconstructed embryos were cultured in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (msof) or relative defined culture medium (rdcm) with 5% or 20% oxygen tension. relative mrna abundance of oct-4, ifnt, igf-2, bax, gpx-1, sod-1, cat and gss was analysed in ...201424103013
profiling of the yak skeletal muscle tissue gene expression and comparison with the domestic cattle by genome array.of all the mammals of the world, the yak lives at the highest altitude area of more than 3000 m. comparison between yak and cattle of the low-altitude areas will be informative in studying animal adaptation to higher altitudes. to investigate the molecular mechanism involved in meat quality differences between the two chinese special varieties qinghai yak and qinchuan cattle, 12 chemical-physical characteristics of the longissimus dorsi muscle related to meat quality were compared at the age of ...201424229734
[comparative analysis of issr markers polymorphism in populations of yak (bos mutus) and in f1 hybrids between yak and cattle in the sayan-altai region].the genetic variability in seven yak populations from the sayan-altai region and in f1 hybrids between yak and cattle (khainags) was investigated with the help of a technique that involves the use of inter simple sequence repeat (issr) markers generated with pcr primers (ag)9c and (ga)9c. samples for the analysis were collected in mongolia, tuva, and altai from 2008 through 2012. the examined yak populations differed in in the presence/absence of issr fragments, as well as in their frequency. in ...201425720249
cloning of cdnas for h1f0, top1, clta and cdk1 and the effects of cryopreservation on the expression of their mrna transcripts in yak (bos grunniens) oocytes.we cloned and sequenced four pivotal cdnas involved in dna structural maintenance (h1f0 and top1) and the cell cycle (clta and cdk1) from yak oocytes. in addition, we studied the consequences of freezing-thawing (f/t) processes on the expression of their mrna transcripts in yak immature and in vitro matured (mii) oocytes.201424854867
occurrence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in yaks (bos grunniens) in china.compared with dairy and beef cattle, few data are available on the occurrence and distribution of cryptosporidium species in yaks, which live in a very different habitat. in this study, 327 fecal specimens were collected from yaks in 4 counties in qinghai province of china and screened for cryptosporidium by nested pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene. a total of 98 (30.0%) specimens were positive for cryptosporidium. the occurrence of cryptosporidium varied significantly among age groups; infectio ...201424768316
effect of addition of fsh, lh and proteasome inhibitor mg132 to in vitro maturation medium on the developmental competence of yak (bos grunniens) oocytes.the competence for embryonic development after ivf is low in the yak, therefore, we investigated the effects of supplementation of fsh, lh and the proteasome inhibitor mg132 in ivm media on yak oocyte competence for development after ivf.201424754924
from 'third pole' to north pole: a himalayan origin for the arctic fox.the 'third pole' of the world is a fitting metaphor for the himalayan-tibetan plateau, in allusion to its vast frozen terrain, rivalling the arctic and antarctic, at high altitude but low latitude. living tibetan and arctic mammals share adaptations to freezing temperatures such as long and thick winter fur in arctic muskox and tibetan yak, and for carnivorans, a more predatory niche. here, we report, to our knowledge, the first evolutionary link between an early pliocene (3.60-5.08 myr ago) fox ...201424920475
rna-seq analysis of yak ovary: improving yak gene structure information and mining reproduction-related genes.rna-seq, a high-throughput (ht) sequencing technique, has been used effectively in large-scale transcriptomic studies, and is particularly useful for improving gene structure information and mining of new genes. in this study, rna-seq ht technology was employed to analyze the transcriptome of yak ovary. after illumina-solexa deep sequencing, 26826516 clean reads with a total of 4828772880 bp were obtained from the ovary library. alignment analysis showed that 16992 yak genes mapped to the yak ge ...201424907937
first report of cryptosporidium spp. in white yaks in china.cryptosporidium is an enteric apicomplexan parasite, which can infect yaks, leading to reduction of milk production and poor weight gain. white yak (bos grunniens) is a unique yak breed inhabiting only in tianzhu tibetan autonomous county, gansu province, northwestern china. the objective of the present study was to molecularly determine cryptosporidium infection and species in white yaks.201424885747
effects of different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early-weaned yaks.this study was conducted to estimate different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early-weaned yaks. results showed that supplementary dietary protein significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (adg), intramuscular fat (imf), serum free fatty acid (ffa), total triglycerides, total cholesterol (ch), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ldl) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl) content. there was a quadratic respo ...201424450936
associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes with the polled trait in datong domestic yaks.the domestic yak (bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol of animal husbandry at high altitudes. yaks exhibit unique external characteristics including long hair and large horns. however, hornless yaks can be found in different breeds and different populations. the hornless trait is also known as polled, and the poll locus has been fine-mapped to chromosome 1 in cattle (bos taurus), although the underlying genetic basis of the polled trait is still unclear in the yak. thus, we performed an associatio ...201424033474
blue sheep in the annapurna conservation area, nepal: habitat use, population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards.the himalaya region of nepal provides a habitat for the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia) and its principal prey species, the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur). the aim of this study was to describe the habitat, the distribution and the population structure of blue sheep, and to estimate their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopard in the upper mustang region of nepal. blue sheep were recorded at altitudes from 3209-5498 m on slopes with gradients of 16-60° and aspects of 40°ne ...201424447660
prevalence and risk factors for brucellosis in domestic yak bos grunniens and their herders in a transhumant pastoralist system of dolpo, nepal.disease caused by brucella spp. represents the most common bacterial zoonotic infection worldwide. the distribution and public health impact of these infections in nepal's mountain regions are poorly characterized. this cross sectional study assesses the burden of brucellosis on transhumant pastoralists and their yak in and around shey phoksundo national park, nepal. objectives were to: (1) estimate individual animal prevalence of brucella-seropositive yak, (2) identify herd- and individual-leve ...201424416799
[discussion on reduction potential of ch4 emission intensity for early off-take practice of grazing yak].the case study preliminarily compared the ch4 reduction potential and ch4 emission intensity of 7 year-old and 4 year-old grazing yak after early off-take practice based on the 2006 ipcc ghg inventory guidelines and under the premise of equal herbage consumption. our results showed that the total ch4 emission was greater by about 86.3 kg for 2.1 4-year yaks compared with 7 years old yak during their life assuming that their total herbage consumption was the same, because total herbage consumptio ...201425338403
comparison of culture methods for isolation of salmonella in yak fecal samples.to compare the effectiveness of culture methods for identifying yak salmonella, three selective enrichment broths (sc, ttb, msrv) and three media (ss, xld, cas) for detecting salmonella were evaluated in this study. the results showed that ttb broth was better than sc broths and msrv broths, and ss medium has the highest isolation rate, significantly higher than those of cas and xld media (p < 0.05). it is worth noticing that there was no overlapping of the positive results given by ttb, sc and ...201425320426
mitochondrial genomes of domestic animals need scrutiny.more than 1000 complete or near-complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences have been deposited in genbank for eight common domestic animals (cattle, dog, goat, horse, pig, sheep, yak and chicken) and their close wild ancestors or relatives, as well. nevertheless, few efforts have been performed to evaluate the sequence data quality. herein, we conducted a phylogenetic survey of these complete or near-complete mtdna sequences based on mtdna haplogroup trees for the eight animals. we show that e ...201425294192
the expression of epidermal growth factor (egf) and its receptor (egfr) during post-natal testes development in the yak.growth factors play critical role in cell proliferation, regulate tissue differentiation and modulate organogenesis. several growth factors have been identified in the testes of various mammalian species in last few years. in present investigation, the objective was to determine the expression of epidermal growth factor (egf) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in yak testicular tissue by relative quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), western blot (wb) and immuno ...201425263304
technical note: a comparison of dna collection methods in cattle and yaks.a variety of biological materials are suitable for the analysis of bovine dna. the objective of this study was to evaluate the ease of collection, storage, and cost as well as quality and quantity of dna samples obtained from bos taurus (european cattle) and bos grunniens (yak) using 2 different sample types: whole blood sampling and nasal swabs. hair follicle dna samples from yaks were also analyzed. deoxyribonucleic acid samples were collected from 1 herd of black angus yearling bulls (n = 166 ...201425085402
the low expression of dmrt7 is associated with spermatogenic arrest in cattle-yak.dmrt7 is a member of the dm domain family of genes. dmrt7 deficiency is also a strong candidate as a cause for male cattle-yak infertility, as it is regarded as essential for male spermatogenesis, between the pachynema and diplonema stages. in our study, the coding region sequence of yak and cattle-yak dmrt7 was cloned by molecular cloning techniques, and the sequence, conserved domains, functional sites, and secondary and tertiary structures of the dmrt7-encoded protein were predicted and analy ...201425052188
an overview on the presence of cyclopropane fatty acids in milk and dairy products.a survey was carried out to determine the presence of cyclopropane fatty acids (cpfa) in various dairy products. cpfa such as lactobacillic acid and dihydrosterculic acid are components of bacterial membranes and have been recently detected in milk from cows fed with maize silage. in this paper about 200 dairy samples comprising cow, sheep, and goat milk, cheese, yogurt/fermented milk, and butter were analyzed. results showed that cow milks were generally positive to cpfa (0.014-0.105% of total ...201425033416
the genetics of brown coat color and white spotting in domestic yaks (bos grunniens).domestic yaks (bos grunniens) exhibit two major coat color variations: a brown vs. wild-type black pigmentation and a white spotting vs. wild-type solid color pattern. the genetic basis for these variations in color and distribution remains largely unknown and may be complicated by a breeding history involving hybridization between yaks and cattle. here, we investigated 92 domestic yaks from china using a candidate gene approach. sequence variations in mc1r, pmel and tyrp1 were surveyed in brown ...201424989079
formaldehyde replacement with glyoxylic acid in semipermanent hair straightening: a new and multidisciplinary investigation.formaldehyde is an effective and popular semipermanent hair straightener, but the severe consequences for human health due to its toxicity have prompted the search for safer alternatives. different carbonyl compounds, including glyoxylic acid, have recently been proposed as promising candidates. despite the interest in this topic, there is a lack of information about the interactions between hair keratin and straightener agents. this study addresses this issue to gain new insights useful in the ...201424962464
detection of cow milk adulteration in yak milk by elisa.in the current study, a simple, sensitive, and specific elisa assay using a high-affinity anti-bovine β-casein monoclonal antibody was developed for the rapid detection of cow milk in adulterated yak milk. the developed elisa was highly specific and could be applied to detect bovine β-casein (10-8,000 μg/ml) and cow milk (1:1,300 to 1:2 dilution) in yak milk. cross-reactivity was <1% when tested against yak milk. the linear range of adulterant concentration was 1 to 80% (vol/vol) and the minimum ...201425151876
identification and characterization of yak (bos grunniens) b-boule gene and its alternative splice variants.boule is responsible for meiotic arrest of sperms and male sterility during mammalian spermatogenesis. in the present study, we first identified yak b-boule gene and its two alternative splice variants. the full length coding region of yak b-boule is 888bp and encodes a 295-amino acid protein with a typical rna-recognition motif (rrm) and a deleted in azoospermia (daz) repetitive sequence motif. two alternative splice variants of yak b-boule were generated following the consensus "gt-ag" rule an ...201425149018
comparative proteomic changes of differentially expressed whey proteins in clinical mastitis and healthy yak cows.under the traditional grazing system on the qinghai-tibetan plateau, the amount of milk in domesticated yak (bos grunniens) with clinical mastitis decreases and the milk composition is altered. to understand the mechanisms of mammary gland secreted milk and disease infection, changes in the protein composition of milk during clinical mastitis were investigated using a proteomic approach. milk whey from yak with clinical mastitis was compared to whey from healthy animals with two-dimensional gel ...201425177940
genome-wide variation within and between wild and domestic yak.the yak is one of the few animals that can thrive in the harsh environment of the qinghai-tibetan plateau and adjacent alpine regions. yak provides essential resources allowing tibetans to live at high altitudes. however, genetic variation within and between wild and domestic yak remain unknown. here, we present a genome-wide study of the genetic variation within and between wild and domestic yak. using next-generation sequencing technology, we resequenced three wild and three domestic yak with ...201424418407
genetic variability of mhc class ii dqb exon 2 alleles in yak (bos grunniens).the major histocompatibility class (mhc) dq molecules are dimeric glycoproteins revealing antigen presentation to cd(4+) t cells. in the present study, the exon 2 of the mhc class ii dqb gene from 32 yaks (bos grunniens) was cloned, sequenced and compared with previously reported patterns for other bovidae. it was revealed by sequence analyses that there are 25 dqb exon 2 alleles among 32 yaks, all alleles are found to belong to dqb1 loci. these alleles exhibited a high degree of nucleotide and ...201424430299
novel y-chromosome polymorphisms in chinese domestic yak.y-chromosome-specific haplotypes (y-haplotypes) constructed using single nucleotide polymorphisms (y-snps) in the msy (male-specific region of the y-chromosome) are valuable in population genetic studies. but sequence variants in the yak msy region have been poorly characterized so far. in this study, we screened a total of 16 y-chromosome-specific gene segments from the zfy, sry, uty, usp9y, amely and ofd1y genes to identify y-snps in domestic yaks. six novel y-snps distributed in the usp9y (g. ...201424628343
nucleotide sequence and polymorphism of mhc class ii dqb exon 2 alleles in chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus).the objective of this study is to describe the gene characteristics of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (bola)-dqb exon 2 locus in chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus) and to compare it with previously reported patterns in other bovidae species to investigate genetic factors for disease resistance. the exon 2 of the mhc class ii dqb gene was cloned and sequenced. it was revealed by sequence analyses that there are 36 dqb exon 2 alleles among 44 chinese yakow. these alleles exhibited a high de ...201424618027
isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the genome of yak (bos grunniens).the researches on yak genetics and breeding were extremely restricted due to lacking of reliable dna molecular markers. the microsatellites with repeat motif (ac)n/(gt)n in yak genome were enriched by dynal magnetic beads and the gene libraries containing (ac)n/(gt)n were constructed. among the 92 identified and sequenced positive clones, 40 contained perfect repeats (43.48%), 41 contained imperfect repeats (44.57%) and 11 contained compound repeats (11.96%). as compared with the percentage of p ...201424562680
developmental competence of frozen-thawed yak (bos grunniens) oocytes followed by in vitro maturation and fertilization.in the present study, we examined the ability of immature germinal vesicle (gv) and subjected to in vitro matured (mii) yak oocytes to survive after cryopreservation as well as their subsequent development following in vitro maturation and fertilization. both gv and mii oocytes were cryopreserved by using two different vitrification solutions (vs); vs-i contained 10% ethylene glycol (eg) and 10% dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) in tcm-199 + 20% (v/v) fetal calf serum (fcs) whereas vs-ii contained 40% eg ...201424463092
cellular extract facilitates nuclear reprogramming by altering dna methylation and pluripotency gene expression.the functional reprogramming of a differentiated cell to a pluripotent state presents potential beneficial applications in disease mechanisms and regenerative medicine. epigenetic modifications enable differentiated cells to perpetuate molecular memory to retain their identity. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the reprogramming modification of yak fibroblast cells that were permeabilized and incubated in the extracts of mesenchymal stem cells derived from mice adipose tissue [ ...201424738992
sequence characterization, polymorphism, and tissue expression profile of an effector immediate-early gene: activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein gene (arc/arg3.1) in swamp and river buffalo.the activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (arc/arg3.1) has been implicated in experience-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory formation. however, information regarding its coding gene in buffalo remains scarce. in this study, the full-length of arc/arg3.1 was isolated and characterized (accession no. jx491649) and genetic variations of six river buffalo and eight swamp buffalo were investigated. a tissue expression profile was obtained using semi-quantitative reverse transcripti ...201424737478
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in grass, yak muscle, liver, and milk in ruoergai high altitude prairie, the eastern edge of qinghai-tibet plateau.in highland pastures, where no agricultural and industrial activities exist, organochlorine pesticides (ocps) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) are believed to be mainly coming from water-soil-grass system which is subject to air-water and air-soil exchanges and atmospheric precipitation. samples of grass and yak muscle, liver, and milk were measured for ocps and pcbs in the summer and winter of 2011. the total concentrations of hchs, ddts, endosulfans, hcb, and pcbs in grass samples were in ...201424726514
importance of functional ingredients in yak milk-derived food on health of tibetan nomads living under high-altitude stress: a review.tibetan nomads have lived since ancient times in the unique and harsh environment of the qinghai-tibetan plateau with average altitudes over 4000 m. these people have been able to live and multiply healthily over numerous generations under the extreme stress of high-altitude environment, including cold, hypoxia, and strong ultraviolet radiation, and with a simple diet devoid of vegetables and fruits for most of the year. their survival depends heavily on yak milk, and its products comprise the m ...201424188303
[peculiarities of the clinical course of ulcerative colitis, depending on the spectrum of cross-linked autoantibodies from the same family to antigens of neutrophils].there were found that patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) in the presence of two types of autoantibodies to antigens of neutrophils is observed in less pronounced activity in the course of the disease compared with those patients with a spectrum of autoantibodies one of the wider family. the patients with three or more types of antibodies from the same family, cross-linked, ware accompanied by an increase in clinical and endoscopic disease activity. it is shown that a--greater range of autoant ...201426058110
technical note: selection of suitable reference genes for studying gene expression in milk somatic cell of yak (bos grunniens) during the lactation cycle.quantitative real-time pcr is the most sensitive technique for gene expression analysis. data normalization is essential to correct for potential errors incurred in all steps from rna isolation to pcr amplification. the commonly accepted approach for normalization is the use of reference gene. until now, no suitable reference genes have been available for data normalization of gene expression in milk somatic cells of lactating yaks across lactation. in the present study, we evaluated the transcr ...201424342693
molecular characteristics of the mhc-dra genes from yak (bos grunniens) and chinese yakow (bos grunniens × bos taurus).two full-length cdnas (762 bp) of the dra gene from yak and chinese yakow were isolated and analysed to identify structural and functional variations. the sequences for dra in yak (bogr-dra) and chinese yakow (bogr × bola-dra) were essentially identical to those for cattle (99%) and buffalo (97%). except for two substitutions in the amino acids comprising the domain for signal peptide (sp) in yak, the additional residues were highly conserved across the species investigated. peptide-binding site ...201423815277
proteomic analysis of the follicular fluid of tianzhu white yak during diestrus.the aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in the follicular fluid of tianzhu white yak during diestrus. follicles obtained from female yak were divided into four groups according to their diameter: 0-2, 2-4, 4-6 mm, and greater than 6 mm. the follicular fluid was directly aspirated from the follicles and mixed according to follicular size, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was carried out on the crude follicular fluid samples. thirty-four differentially expres ...201424633201
molecular cloning, bioinformatics analysis and expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 from tianzhu white yak, bos grunniens.the igf family is essential for normal embryonic and postnatal development and plays important roles in the immune system, myogenesis, bone metabolism and other physiological functions, which makes the study of its structure and biological characteristics important. tianzhu white yak (bos grunniens) domesticated under alpine hypoxia environments, is well adapted to survive and grow against severe hypoxia and cold temperatures for extended periods. in this study, a full coding sequence of the igf ...201424394317
a snp in intron 8 of cd46 causes a novel transcript associated with mastitis in holsteins.the membrane protein cd46, a ubiquitous cell surface pathogen receptor, can bind streptococcus to trigger cell autophagy, which is a critical step in the control of infection.201425070150
comparative screening of single nucleotide polymorphisms in β-casein and κ-casein gene in different livestock breeds of india.the most polymorphic milk protein gene is β-casein; 13 protein variants are known in cattle. milk protein genetic polymorphism has received considerable research interest in recent years because of possible associations between milk protein and economically important traits in livestock. the present study was undertaken to explore the genetic polymorphisms in exon 7 of β-casein and exon 4 of κ-casein genes in arunachali yaks (bos grunniens), sahiwal (bos indicus) cattle, malpura sheep (ovis arie ...201525905036
comparison of longissimus dorsi fatty acids profiles in gansu black yak and chinese yellow cattle steers and heifers.fatty acid (fa) composition of longissimus dorsi intramuscular fat in black yak and chinese yellow cattle were evaluated in 44 black yak and 41 chinese yellow cattle of both genders. interactions of species with gender were observed for total saturated fatty acid (sfa), unsaturated fatty acid (ufa), monounsaturated fatty acid (mufa), polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, epa, and dha concentrations, as well as pufa/sfa ratio ...201526761841
data from proteomic characterization and comparison of mammalian milk fat globule proteomes by itraq analysis.milk fat globules memebrane (mfgm)-enriched proteomes from holstein, jersey, yak, buffalo, goat, camel, horse, and human were extracted and identified by an itraq quantification proteomic approach. proteomes data were analyzed by bioinformatic and multivariate statistical analysis and used to present the characteristic traits of the mfgm proteins among the studied mammals. the data of this study are also related to the research article "proteomic characterization and comparison of mammalian milk ...201526217709
effects of different stocking densities on performance and activity of cattle × yak hybrids along a transhumance route in the eastern himalaya.twelve lactating cattle × yak hybrids (b. taurus × b. grunniens) were investigated on five experimental pastures (sites 1-5), following an up- and downward transhumance route (3,200, 4,000, 4,500, 4,000 and 2,600 m a.s.l.). hybrids were kept in replicated groups of two (low sd) and four animals per paddock (high sd). as a control, yaks (with calves) were included at low sd at sites 2-4. performance was described by body weight, milk yield and composition. herbage samples as selected by the anima ...201526261756
sodium butyrate improves the cloned yak embryo viability and corrects gene expression patterns.interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt), a powerful tool in basic scientific research, has been used widely to increase and preserve the population of endangered species. yak (bos grunniens) is one of these species. development to term of interspecies cloned yak embryos has not been achieved, possibly due to abnormal epigenetic reprogramming. previous studies have demonstrated that treatment of intraspecies cloned embryos with (nabu) significantly improves nuclear-cytoplasmic reprogra ...201523759515
paisang (quercus griffithii): a keystone tree species in sustainable agroecosystem management and livelihoods in arunachal pradesh, india.in a study of the traditional livelihoods of 12 monpa and brokpa villages in arunachal pradesh, india using social-ecological and participatory rural appraisal techniques, we found that the forest tree species paisang (quercus griffithii, a species of oak) is vital to agroecosystem sustainability. paisang trees are conserved both by individuals and through community governance, because their leaves play a crucial role in sustaining 11 traditional cropping systems of the monpa peoples. an indigen ...201525343981
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air, grass and yak butter from namco in the central tibetan plateau.limited studies on bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (pops) along terrestrial food chains were conducted. the food chain air-grass-yak (butter) in the pasture region of namco in the central tibetan plateau (tp) was chosen for study. the air, grass and butter pops in the tp were at the lower end of the concentrations generally found around the globe. hcb was the main pollutant in air and butter. besides hcb, β-hch and p,p'-dde were the other major compounds in butter. along the foo ...201525768883
snps detected in the yak mc4r gene and their association with growth traits.mc4r (melanocortin 4 receptor) is expressed in the appetite-regulating areas of the brain and takes part in leptin signaling pathways. sequencing of the coding region of the mc4r gene for 354 yaks identified the following five single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps): snp1 (273c>t), snp2 (321 g>t), snp3 (864 c>a), snp4 (1069g>c) and snp5 (1206 g>c). snp1, snp2 and snp3 were synonymous mutations, whereas snp4 and snp5 were missense mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions (v286l and r331s). ...201525757688
anthelmintic efficacy, plasma and milk kinetics of eprinomectin following topical and subcutaneous administration to yaks (bos grumniens).eprinomectin is recommended for use as an anti-parasitic agent in livestock, including cattle. yaks are a member of the cattle family living in the high altitude mountains of china and adjacent countries; however, there have been no clinical trials of the anthelmintic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in yaks. the purpose of this study was to investigate the endectocidal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin following topical (at 0.5 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (at 0.2 mg/kg) adm ...201525725422
blunted activation of rho-kinase in yak pulmonary circulation.yaks have adapted to high altitude and they do not develop hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. although we previously identified the important role of augmented nitric oxide synthase activity in the yak pulmonary circulatory system, evidence of the direct involvement of rho-kinase as a basal vascular tone regulator is lacking. four domesticated male pure-bred yaks and four bulls that were born and raised at an altitude of 3000 m in the tien-shan mountains were studied at an altitude of 3,100 m. mean ...201525654121
proteomic characterization and comparison of mammalian milk fat globule proteomes by itraq analysis.milk fat globule membrane (mfgm) proteins are known to be involved in many biological functions; however, their components and inter-species complexity have not yet been completely elucidated. we investigated the protein composition of the mfgm-enriched fraction from holstein, jersey, yak, buffalo, goat, camel, horse, and human. extracted proteins from the mfgm-enriched fractions were identified and quantified by an itraq proteomic approach. we identified 520 protein species categorized as biolo ...201525576853
chemical composition of yak colostrum and transient milk.the objective of this study was to assess the changes in the chemical composition of yak colostrum and transient milk. samples were collected from 12 yaks on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post-partum (pp). the gross composition, nitrogen fraction distribution, amino acid (aa) profile and fatty acid (fa) profile were analysed. all the components decreased rapidly during the first 3 days except lactose which increased. the ratio of whey protein to casein protein decreased from 46:54 to 17:83 during ...201525545664
post-mortem oxidative stability of three yak (bos grunniens) muscles as influenced by animal age.the influence of animal age and muscle source on the oxidative stability of yak steaks was examined. longissimus thoracis (lt) muscles from yaks of different age groups (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 years), and three muscle sources of lt, psoas major (pm), and biceps femoris (bf) from yaks of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 years, were evaluated for metmyoglobin content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant capacity. oxidative stability was influenced (p<0.05) by muscle source and animal age. lt steaks ...201525839885
detection of αs2-casein variants in chinese yak (bos grunniens) by pcr-sscp. 201525810399
association of heat shock protein 90 with the developmental competence of immature oocytes following cryotop and solid surface vitrification in yaks (bos grunniens).the correlation between the 90 kda heat-shock protein (hsp90) and the developmental competence of yak (bos grunniens) oocytes following the process of vitrification has not been studied clearly. in the present study, we compare the efficacies of cryotop (ct) and solid surface vitrification (ssv) methods for the cryopreservation of immature yak oocytes. yak cumulus oocyte complexes were randomly allocated into three groups: (1) controls, (2) ct vitrification, and (3) ssv vitrification. oocytes we ...201526049112
[role of laboratory methods in epidemic control of brucellosis outbreaks in moscow zoo nursery].evaluation of the role of contemporary methods in epidemic control of brucellosis outbreaks among employees of auxiliary facilities in moscow zoo nursery.201526016341
brief note :variability in the cathelicidin 6 (cathl-6) gene in tianzhu white yak from tibetan area in china.cathelicidins are a major family of antimicrobial peptides (amps), an important component of innate immune system, playing a critical role in host defense and disease resistance in virtually all living species. polymorphism and functional studies on cathelicidin of tianzhu white yak contribute to understanding the specific innate immune mechanism in animals living at high altitudes in comparison to cattle and domesticated white yak. thirty-six individuals of tianzhu white yak, originating from t ...201525966077
yak response to high-altitude hypoxic stress by altering mrna expression and dna methylation of hypoxia-inducible factors.hypoxia-inducible factors (hifs) are oxygen-dependent transcriptional activators, which play crucial roles in tumor angiogenesis and mammalian development, and regulate the transcription of genes involved in oxygen homeostasis in response to hypoxia. however, information on hif-1α and hif-2α in yak (bos grunniens) is scarce. the complete coding region of yak hif-2α was cloned, its mrna expression in several tissues were determined, and the expression levels were compared with those of closely re ...201525927169
comparative study on the genetic diversity of ghr gene in tibetan cattle and holstein cows.due to the phenotype-based artificial selection in domestic cattle, the underlying functional genes may be indirectly selected and show decreasing diversity in theory. the growth hormone receptor (ghr) gene has been widely proposed to significantly associate with critical economic traits in cattle. in the present study, we comparatively studied the genetic diversity of ghr in tibetan cattle (a traditional unselected breed, n = 93) and chinese holstein cow (the intensively selected breed, n = 94) ...201525927168
[the seongho () school's study of the ancient learning () and its influence on the debate about materia medica in the late joseon dynasty].this study will determine the ways in which the ancient learning (gu xue, ) scholarship of the seongho school, and its interest in the materia medica (ben cao xue, ) were related during the late joseon period. the seongho school centered its studies mainly on classical chinese texts of the han (206 bc－ad 220) and pre-han (?－221 bc) (xian-qin lianghan, ) periods rather than those of the tang and song dynasties (618-1279). gu xue scholarship emerged during the ming dynasty era (1368 －1644) as an a ...201526394994
[effect of altitude chronic hypoxia on liver enzymes and its correlation with ace/ace2 in yak and migrated cattle].to investigate the difference of liver enzyme levels and its correlation with serum ace/ace2 among yak and cattle on qinghai-tibetan plateau, and to further explore the biochemical mechanism of their liver of altitude adaptation.201526387195
duplication polymorphisms in exon 4 of κ-casein gene in yak breeds/populations.the objective of this study was to compare 12 bp-duplication polymorphisms in exon 4 of the κ-casein gene among 3 breeds/populations of yak (bos grunniens). genomic dna was extracted from yak blood or muscle samples (n = 211) and a partial sequence of exon 4 of κ-casein gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay of the products (169 bp) revealed 2 variants. these variants differed in a 12-bp duplication of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to ...201526345961
convergent evolution of socs4 between yak and tibetan antelope in response to high-altitude stress.convergence often occurs when organisms with different ancestors adopt similar adaptations to environmental stresses. convergent (sometimes called parallel) evolution at the genetic level is now known to be more common than previously suspected. studying convergent evolution at the molecular level makes it possible to gain a better understanding of the common mechanisms deployed by different species. yak (bos grunniens) and tibetan antelope (pantholops hodgsonii), which are endemic to the qingha ...201526275942
impacts of climate change on distributions and diversity of ungulates on the tibetan plateau.climate change has significant impacts on species' distributions and diversity patterns. understanding range shifts and changes in richness gradients under climate change is crucial for conservation. the tibetan plateau, home to wild yak, chiru, and kiang, contains a biome with many endemic ungulates. it is highly sensitive to climate change and a region that merits particular attention with regard to the impacts of global climate change on its biomes. maximum entropy approaches were used to est ...201526255355
evaluation of composition and individual variability of rumen microbiota in yaks by 16s rrna high-throughput sequencing technology.the yak (bos grunniens) is a unique species of ruminant animals that is important to agriculture of the tibetan plateau, and has a complex intestinal microbial community. the objective of the present study was to characterize the composition and individual variability of microbiota in the rumen of yaks using 16s rrna gene high-throughput sequencing technique. rumen samples used in the present study were obtained from grazing adult male yaks (n = 6) in a commercial farm in ganzi autonomous prefec ...201525911445
association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of fatty acid synthase gene and meat quality traits in datong yak (bos grunniens).fatty acid synthase (fasn) is a key enzyme in fatty acid anabolism that plays an important role in the fat deposit of eukaryotic cells. therefore, in this study, we detected 2 novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the fasn gene in 313 adult individuals of datong yak using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism and dna sequencing techniques. snp g.5477c>t is located in intron 3 of fasn, and 3 genotypes, hh, hg, and gg, were detected in this mutation site. snp ...201525867409
insulinlike growth factor i improves yak (bos grunniens) spermatozoa motility and the oocyte cleavage rate by modulating the expression of bax and bcl-2.the aim of our present study was to examine the effects of insulinlike growth factor 1 (igf-1) on yak sperm motility during in vitro capacitation and the relationship between the effects of igf-1 on yak sperm motility and apoptosis was evaluated. frozen-thawed yak spermatozoa were incubated at 38 °c for 1 hour in tyrode's bicarbonate-buffered medium for sperm culture (sp-talp) with different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 ng/ml) of igf-1. in every treatment, the sperm motility was measured ...201526065339
developmental competence of mature yak vitrified-warmed oocytes is enhanced by igf-i via modulation of cirp during in vitro maturation.the objective of this study was to investigate whether developmental competence of mature vitrified-warmed yak (bos grunniens) oocytes can be enhanced by supplemented insulin-like growth factor i (igf-1) during in vitro maturation (ivm), and its relationship with the expression of cold-inducible rna-binding protein (cirp). in experiment 1, immature yak oocytes were divided into four groups, and ivm supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 200 ng/ml igf-1 was evaluated; the mrna and protein expression le ...201526519204
secondary structure estimation and properties analysis of stretched asian and caucasian hair.in this previous work, we investigated the secondary structure changes of stretched yak hairs by deconvolution, secondary derivation, and curve fitting and determined the number of bands and their positions in order to resolve the protein spectrum of raman spectroscopy.201525073800
review of the 2012 epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in domestic ruminants in the united states.an unusually large number of cases of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) were observed in united states cattle and white-tailed deer in the summer and fall of 2012. usda aphis veterinary services area offices were asked to report on foreign animal disease investigations and state diagnostic laboratory submissions which resulted in a diagnosis of ehd based on positive pcr results. ehd was reported in the following species: cattle (129 herds), captive white-tailed deer (65 herds), bison (8 herds) ...201526244773
genetic diversity and classification of tibetan yak populations based on the mtdna coiii gene.to determine the level of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among tibetan yak populations, the mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (coiii) genes of 378 yak individuals from 16 populations were analyzed in this study. the results showed that the length of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 gene sequences was 781 bp, with nucleotide frequencies of 29.2, 29.4, 26.1, and 15.2% for t, c, a, and g, respectively. a total of 26 haplotypes were identified, with 69 polymorphic site ...201525867320
molecular characterization and epigenetic regulation of mei1 in cattle and cattle-yak.mei1 is required for the homologous recombination of meiosis during the mammalian spermatogenesis. however, the knowledge about bovine mei1 (bmei1) is still limited. in the present study, we cloned and characterized the bmei1, and investigated the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of bmei1 expression in vivo and in vitro. the full length coding region of bmei1 was 3819bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 1272 amino acids. real-time pcr showed that the mrna expression level of bmei1 in the testis of ...201526165450
effect of dna extraction methods on the apparent structure of yak rumen microbial communities as revealed by 16s rdna sequencing.to more efficiently identify the microbial community of the yak rumen, the standardization of dna extraction is key to ensure fidelity while studying environmental microbial communities. in this study, we systematically compared the efficiency of several extraction methods based on dna yield, purity, and 16s rdna sequencing to determine the optimal dna extraction methods whose dna products reflect complete bacterial communities. the results indicate that method 6 (hexadecyltrimethylammomium brom ...201526094313
genome-wide characterization of perfect microsatellites in yak (bos grunniens).microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (ssrs) constitute a significant portion of genomes and play an important role in gene function and genome organization. the availability of a complete genome sequence for yak (bos grunniens) has made it possible to carry out genome-wide analysis of microsatellites in this species. we analyzed the abundance and density of perfect ssrs in the yak genome. we found a total of 723,172 ssrs with 1-6 bp nucleotide motifs, indicating that about 0.47 % of the ya ...201526071092
quantitative proteomic analysis of whey proteins in the colostrum and mature milk of yak (bos grunniens).yak (bos grunniens) is an important natural resource in mountainous regions. to date, few studies have addressed the differences in the protein profiles of yak colostrum and milk. we used quantitative proteomics to compare the protein profiles of whey from yak colostrum and milk. milk samples were collected from 21 yaks after calving (1 and 28 d). whey protein profiles were generated through isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (itraq)-labelled proteomics.201524935403
influence of succinylation on the conformation of yak casein micelles.succinylation modifies the physicochemical characteristics and improves the functional properties of proteins. this study assessed the effects of succinylation on the conformation of yak casein micelles with seven degree of modification. the results revealed that succinylation contributed to the dissociation of casein micelles. with the increase of succinylated degree, soluble nitrogen and minerals content increased, while casein micelle size and polydispersity index of micelles decreased. succi ...201525722161
isolation and cdna characteristics of mhc-dra genes from gayal (bos frontalis) and gaytle (bos frontalis × bos taurus).the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc) plays important roles in pathogen recognition and disease resistance. in the present study, the coding sequence and the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mhc class ii dr alpha chain (the dra gene) from rare gayal and gaytle were cloned and analyzed to dissect structural and functional variations. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences for the dra genes in gayal (bofr-dra) and gaytle (bofr × bola-dra) were almost identical to those for cattle ...201526019617
pparα signal pathway gene expression is associated with fatty acid content in yak and cattle longissimus dorsi muscle.intramuscular fatty acid (fa) is related to meat qualities such as juiciness, tenderness, palatability, and shear force. pparα plays an important role in lipid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle. this study investigated fa composition in yaks and cattle, in order to ascertain whether a correlation between pparα signal pathway genes as candidate genes and meat fa composition in yaks and cattle exists. statistical analyses revealed that levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (mufa) and poly ...201526600505
effect of thawing methods on frozen semen quality of yak (poephagus grunniens l.) bulls.to evaluate different thawing temperatures and duration on the post-thaw semen quality of indian yaks bulls.201527047161
recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 6 enhances oocyte reprogramming potential and subsequent development of the cloned yak embryos.this study investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic protein 6 (bmp6) supplementation in the medium during in vitro maturation (ivm) on the developmental potential of oocytes and in the subsequent development of cloned yak embryos. cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) were aspirated from the antral follicles of yak ovaries and cultured with different concentrations of recombinant human bmp6 in oocyte maturation medium. following maturation, the metaphase ii (mii) oocytes were used for somatic ce ...201526655079
y-str inra189 polymorphisms in chinese yak breeds.to further explore y-str inra189 polymorphisms in the yak, and to determine the genetic differences among yak breeds, genotyping analysis of inra189 in 102 male yak individuals from three yak breeds in qinghai province of china was performed. genotyping revealed the presence of four alleles, with sizes of 149, 155, 157, and 159 bp, respectively. of these, the 157-bp allele, which was found with the highest frequency in the three yak breeds, was the dominant allele. interestingly, the 149-bp alle ...201526782536
[identification of ecological corridors for tibetan antelope and assessment of their human disturbances in the alpine desert of qinghai-tibet plateau].the alpine desert of qinghai-tibet plateau (qtp) provides the largest habitats for those endangered ungulates (e.g., tibetan antelope, tibetan kiang and wild yak) on the earth. however, human disturbance especially infrastructure constructions (e.g., railway & highway) has increasingly fragmented the habitats of those endangered ungulates by disturbing and interrupting their ecological corridors for their seasonal migration. aiming at identifying the potential ecological corridors for tibetan an ...201526685615
effects of forage:concentrate ratio on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in housing-feeding yaks.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of forage: concentrate ratio (f:c) on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of housing-feeding yaks. thirty-two maiwa male yaks (initial body weight = 207.99±3.31 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (8 yaks per treatment). experimental diets were: a, b, c, d which contained 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60 f:c ratios, respectively. dry matter intake and average daily gain in yaks fed the c and d diets ...201526580441
effects of orvus es paste on the motility and viability of yak (bos grunniens) epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa after freezing and thawing.the addition of the detergent orvus es paste (oep) to semen freezing extenders has been observed to improve the post-thaw survival and longevity of spermatozoa from various species but has never been evaluated for yak spermatozoa.201526576001
identification and characterization of chlamydia abortus isolates from yaks in qinghai, china.recently, the yak population has exhibited reproductive disorders, which are considered to be associated with chlamydia abortus (c. abortus) in qinghai, china. in this study, a total of 9 aborted fetuses (each from a different herd) and 126 vaginal swab samples from the 9 herds were collected and analyzed. c. abortus dna was detected from all of the 9 aborted fetuses and 30 of the 126 vaginal swab samples (23.81%) from yak cows in the selected herds. four c. abortus strains were isolated from em ...201526060818
prevalence study and genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in four bovine species in china.to determine the nationwide status of persistent bvdv infection in different bovine species in china and compare different test methods, a total of 1379 serum samples from clinical healthy dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks (bos grunniens), and water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) were collected in eight provinces of china from 2010 to 2013. the samples were analyzed using commercial antibody (ab) and antigen (ag) detection kits, and rt-pcr based on the 5'-utr and npro gene sequencing. results showed th ...201525849315
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