Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| influence of cellulose polymers on the semipermanent dyestuff process for yak hair: an analytical investigation. | the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of some cellulose polymers mixed in a semipermanent dyestuff on the dye uptake of yak hair fiber and color fading after repeated washing cycles. two different classes of commercial polymers were tested: non-ionic and cationic. formulations based on a mixture of hc and basic dyes, with different molecular sizes, were employed as representative dyestuffs. uv-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements were used to analyze the extracted dyes fr ... | 2008 | 18408868 |
| correlating bayesian date estimates with climatic events and domestication using a bovine case study. | the tribe bovini contains a number of commercially and culturally important species, such as cattle. understanding their evolutionary time scale is important for distinguishing between post-glacial and domestication-associated population expansions, but estimates of bovine divergence times have been hindered by a lack of reliable calibration points. we present a bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 481 mitochondrial d-loop sequences, including 228 radiocarbon-dated ancient dna sequences, using a mu ... | 2008 | 18426745 |
| analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of chinese yak breeds (bos grunniens) using microsatellite markers. | nine chinese yak breeds (maiwa, tianzhu white, qinghai plateau, sibu, zhongdian, pali, tibetan high mountain, jiulong, and xinjiang) and gayal were analyzed by means of 16 microsatellite markers to determine the level of genetic variation within populations, genetic relationship between populations, and population structure for each breed. a total of 206 microsatellite alleles were observed. mean f-statistics (0.056) for 9 yak breeds indicated that 94.4% of the genetic variation was observed wit ... | 2008 | 18439980 |
| an update on reproduction in yak and mithun. | yak and mithun are two domesticated herbivores of high economic importance to the farming community living in highlands. improved yak and mithun production could significantly enhance the living standards of these highlanders. over the years, their dwindling numbers have been a cause of serious concern. in view of the lack of knowledge on the reproductive physiology of these ruminants, studies have been undertaken to investigate their reproductive endocrinology in recent years. this paper attemp ... | 2008 | 18638127 |
| development of embryos after in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes with sperm from either yaks (bos grunniens) or cattle (bos taurus). | the objectives of this study were to investigate differences in fertilization and development of embryos after in vitro fertilization of bos taurus (cow) oocytes with sperm from either yaks (bos grunniens) or holstein bulls. frozen-thawed spermatozoa (holstein n=5 sires; yak n=5 sires) were evaluated for motility (forward progression) and acrosomal status immediately post-thaw and then 1, 2, 3, and 8h later. in vitro-matured cow oocytes (n=1652) were inseminated with either holstein bull or yak ... | 2008 | 17889459 |
| the arterial supply of the eye of the yak (bos grunniens). | the heads and necks of 10 yaks were dissected to study the arterial supply to the eye of the yak in the qinghai-tibetan plateau. the supply came from the internal ophthalmic, external eight ophthalmic, superficial temporal and malar arteries. the internal ophthalmic was one of sources of the posterior long ciliary artery. the external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle and otherwise, and to take part in the formation of the ophthalmic rete mirabile. the o ... | 2008 | 17950766 |
| application of sensitive enzymeimmunoassay for determination of testosterone in blood plasma of yaks (poephagus grunniens l.). | as an alternative to radioimmunoassays, a simple, highly sensitive and quick enzymeimmunoassay (eia) for determination of testosterone in blood plasma of yaks on microtitreplates using second antibody coating technique and testosterone-horseradish peroxidase as a label has been developed for the first time. the wells of the microtitreplate were coated with affinity-purified goat immunoglobulin (antirabbit igg) that binds the hormone specific antibody. the eia was carried out directly in 20 micro ... | 2008 | 18713630 |
| short communication: new alleles of the bovine kappa-casein gene revealed by resequencing and haplotype inference analysis. | we tested the hypothesis that extensive undiscovered genetic diversity exists in important functional genes from domestic and wild cattle species (bos spp.). we resequenced 483 bp of a key exon (exon iv) from the kappa (kappa)-casein gene (csn3) for a panel of samples of domestic cattle from 8 countries and a close relative species, the gayal (bos frontalis). six single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. haplotype inference revealed 12 haplotypes, of which 8 were newly discovered. among t ... | 2008 | 18765626 |
| yak lactate dehydgogenase a4: purification, properties, and cdna cloning. | lactate dehydrogenase a4 (ldh-a4) was purified for yak skeletal muscle. michaelis constant (km) analysis showed that yak ldh-a4 for pyruvate was significantly higher than that of cattle. cdna cloning of ldh-a revealed two amino acid substitutions between yak and cattle. we suggest that the higher km of yak ldh-a4 might be a result of molecular adaptation to a hypoxic environment. | 2008 | 18776664 |
| [differentiation of bos grunniens, bos taurus, and bubalus from meat products mixture based on mitochondrion 12s rrna gene]. | mitochondrial dna sequence is highly conserved within species. gene 12s rrna is able to endure degeneration and high temperature, which allows identification of feedstuff, fresh meat, processed meat, and traceability. in the present study, three unique restriction sites were detected in the fragments of mitochondrial 12s rrna gene regions amplified with universal primer, which were able to distinguish bos grunniens, bos. taurus, and bubalus in fresh meat and processed meat mixture. the fragment ... | 2008 | 18779150 |
| identification of yak lactate dehydrogenase b gene variants by gene cloning. | native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that two types of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) existed in yaks. based on the electrophoresis characteristics of ldh isoenzymes, yak ldh variants were speculated to be the gene mutation on h subunit encoded by b gene. according to the mobility in electrophoresis, the fast-band ldh type was named ldh-hf and the slow-band ldh type ldh-hs. in order to reveal the gene alteration in yak ldh variants, total rna was extracted from heart tissues of yaks wit ... | 2008 | 18785588 |
| phylogenetic position of the saola (pseudoryx nghetinhensis) inferred from cytogenetic analysis of eleven species of bovidae. | previous morphological and molecular analyses failed to resolve the phylogenetic position of the critically endangered saola (pseudoryx nghetinhensis) with respect to its placement in bovina (cattle, bison, and yak) or bubalina (asian and african buffaloes). in the present study, g- and c-banding, ag-staining and fish with 28s and telomeric probes was undertaken for 17 bovid species. an analysis of these data allowed us to identify 49 structural rearrangements that included autosomes, gonosomes ... | 2008 | 18931485 |
| a homogenous nature of native chinese duck matrilineal pool. | china, with around 30 unique breeds, has a diverse duck genetic pool. currently, there is no systematic report which investigates the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and matrilineal genetic structure of these domestic breeds and wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | 2008 | 18957137 |
| [study on cornu bos grunniens from tibet substituting cornu rhinoceri]. | comparing the pyretolysis effect of cornu rhinoceri soup, an ancient prescription of traditional chinese medicine, on fever model of rabbits after cornu bos grunniens from tibet substituting cornu rhinoceri, in order to find the succedaneums of cornu rhinoceri, a rare animal medicine. | 2008 | 18998561 |
| left hand polydactyly: a case report. | abstract: | 2008 | 19025618 |
| the subpleural pulmonary microvasculature in newborn yak (bos grunniens). | yak is a unique domestic animal of qinghai-tibetan plateau. its unique adaptability to the high altitude environment has been hypothesized due to special pulmonary microvasculature. however, the anatomical evidence is still less. the present study characterized the subpleural pulmonary microvascular architecture of newborn yak by vascular corrosion cast and the scanning electron microscopy. the results showed the dense vascular network occurred in subpleural area in newborn yak. subpleural vascu ... | 2009 | 19031108 |
| in vitro production of cattlexbuffalo hybrid embryos using cattle oocytes and african buffalo (syncerus caffer caffer) epididymal sperm. | interspecies hybridization of bovids occurs between domestic cattle and at least three other species; american bison (bison bison), yak (bos grunniens) and banteng (bos banteng). birth of a cattlexbuffalo (bubalus bubalis) hybrid has reportedly occurred in russia and in china, but these reports were not authenticated. such hybrids could be important in improving livestock production and management of diseases that impede production in tropical africa. this study investigated hybridization betwee ... | 2009 | 19118889 |
| cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the bovine boule protein. | the deleted in azoospermia (daz) genes encode potential rna-binding proteins that are expressed exclusively in the germ-line. the bovine deleted in azoospermia-like gene is a strong candidate for male cattle-yak infertility. in this work, with the goe goal to further reveal the genetic cause of male cattle-yak sterility, another bovine daz family gene, b-boule, was isolated and characterized. the b-boule gene is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 295 amino acids with an rnp-type rna recognitio ... | 2009 | 18987886 |
| selenomonas bovis sp. nov., isolated from yak rumen contents. | two strictly anaerobic, crescent-shaped bacterial strains, designated wgt and ycb08, were isolated from a cellulose-degrading mixed culture enriched from yak rumen contents. the strains were gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile, with four to six flagella situated at the centre of the concave side of the cell. the cells were 0.9-1.1x4-6 microm. growth was observed at 27-46 degrees c (optimum 39 degrees c) and ph 4.2-8.3 (optimum ph 7.0-7.2). arabinose, glucose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose ... | 2009 | 19605710 |
| divergent evolution in the cytoplasmic domains of prlr and ghr genes in artiodactyla. | prolactin receptor (prlr) and growth hormone receptor (ghr) belong to the large superfamily of class 1 cytokine receptors. both of them have been identified as candidate genes affecting key quantitative traits, like growth and reproduction in livestock. we have previously studied the molecular anatomy of the cytoplasmic domain of ghr in different cattle breeds and artiodactyl species. in this study we have analysed the corresponding cytoplasmic signalling region of prlr. | 2009 | 19622175 |
| [re-evaluation of the medical practice and the medicine in the later half of the chosun dynasty]. | the state-running medical institutions which had been instituted in the earlier period of the chosun dynasty substantially downsized during the reconstructing process after the major wars with japan and qing dynasty. the downsizing was mainly due to the malfunctioning public financial system; but it was also due to the growth of the private medical market. the growth of the private medical market reoriented the focus of the public health system of the chosun dynasty from providing treatment for ... | 2009 | 19636190 |
| antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extracts of glycine max (l.) merr and rhynchosia nulubilis seeds. | the aim of this study was to assess the in vivo potential of ethanolic extracts of glycine max (l.) merr. (soritae) and rhynchosia nulubilis (yak-kong) seeds as natural anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents. to assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential, the ethanolic extracts of soritae and yak-kong seeds were tested in arachidonic acid-induced ear edema, carrageenan induced paw edema, formalin-induced licking time, acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate-induced the ... | 2009 | 20087462 |
| status, ecology, and conservation of the himalayan griffon gyps himalayensis (aves, accipitridae) in the tibetan plateau. | the dramatic population crashes of 3 species of gyps vulture have raised concerns about the status of their lesser-known congeners. among these is the himalayan griffon, g. himalayensis, an iconic vulture of the tibetan plateau. the continued existence of this scavenger has not only ecological but also cultural implications because of their unique role in the centuries-old sky burial tradition that is followed by nearly 5 million tibetan people. a lack of baseline information of the himalayan gr ... | 2009 | 19580034 |
| sequence characterization of the mc1r gene in yak (poephagus grunniens) breeds with different coat colors. | melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r) gene plays a key role in determining coat color in several species, including the cattle. however, up to now there is no report regarding the mc1r gene and the potential association of its mutations with coat colors in yak (poephagus grunniens). in this study, we sequenced the encoding region of the mc1r gene in three yak breeds with completely white (tianzhu breed) or black coat color (jiulong and maiwa breeds). the predicted coding region of the yak mc1r gene res ... | 2009 | 19584942 |
| [expression levels of cdc2 and cdc25a mrna in cattle, yak, and cattle-yak testis]. | the infertility of cattle-yak, which is the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak, is a difficult problem in crossbreeding and improvement of yak. cdc2 and cdc25a are the key genes of meiosis. the decline of their expression levels will cause the spermatogenesis failure and lead to infertility. therefore, this study was conducted to study the relationship between the infertility of cattle-yak and the expression levels of cdc2/cdc25a genes. the expression profiles were obtained by rt-pcr. cdc2 and c ... | 2009 | 19586844 |
| analysis of yak muc1 protein polymorphisms and the corresponding vntr structure. | the genotypes and protein polymorphisms of milk epithelial mucin (muc1) were analyzed by touch-down pcr and sds-page respectively using blood samples and milk collected from 50 lactating yaks. a total of seven alleles were revealed, namely a, b, c, d, e, f, and g, and the corresponding number of repetitive units of variable number tandem repeat (vntr) in muc1 gene were 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, and 15, respectively. fifteen genotypes of muc1 were observed in yaks. the genotypes of muc1 gene matche ... | 2009 | 19937497 |
| the effect of retroviral vector on uptake of human lactoferrin dna by yak (bos grunniens) spermatozoa and their fertilizability in vitro. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the transfection effectiveness of retroviral vector plncx2 in yak sperm-mediated gene transfer (smgt) and the effect of smgt on sperm motility and fertilizability. human lactoferrin (hlf) dna was ligated into plncx2 to construct recombinant plasmid plncx2-hlf, then, using plncx2-hlf+fugene 6 to generate smgt yak spermatozoa for fertilizing bovine oocytes. the result showed that dna-binding rate increased with the extension of incubation period and dn ... | 2009 | 19937500 |
| seroprevalence of brucellosis in yaks (poephagus grunniens) in india and evaluation of protective immunity to s19 vaccine. | the present study was carried out to explore the seroprevalence of brucellosis in yaks of north-eastern hilly yak tracts of arunachal pradesh, india. of 374 animals tested, 23.79, 21.11 and 18.98% were found positive for brucellosis using avidin-biotin elisa (ab-elisa), rose-bengal plate test (rbpt) and standard tube-agglutination test (stat), respectively. the relative sensitivity and specificity for stat were 79.77 and 100%, respectively and the same for rbpt were 88.76 and 100%, respectively ... | 2009 | 18763048 |
| strategies to optimize reproductive efficiency by regulation of ovarian function in yak (poephagus grunniens l.). | ovulatory response to the first gnrh of ovsynch is the critical determinant for successful synchronization of ovulation in animals. an attempt was made in this study to design a pre-ovsynch hormonal strategy in yaks to increase the ovulatory response to the first gnrh injection of ovsynch so that overall synchronization rate to ovsynch could be improved. non-lactating cyclic yak cows (n=33) were assigned to receive either no treatment before ovsynch (control) or 0.375 mg of pgf2alpha (prep) foll ... | 2009 | 18691837 |
| season of the year influences semen output and concentrations of testosterone in circulation of yaks (poephagus grunniens l.). | seasonal changes in plasma testosterone concentration and semen quality were evaluated in yak bulls throughout a 1-year period. blood samples were collected every week from adult yak bulls (n=15). these blood samples were analyzed for testosterone using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. ejaculates were collected from five representative bulls each week. ejaculate volume, progressive motility, live sperm count and sperm concentrations were determined. mean testosterone in plasma was 1 ... | 2009 | 19157729 |
| [studies on isolation, purification and antibacterial activities of beta-defensin in yak neutrophils]. | to isolate and purify beta-defensin from the neutrophils of yak. | 2009 | 19257988 |
| a comparative study on urinary purine derivative excretion of yak (bos grunniens), cattle (bos taurus), and crossbred (bos taurus x bos grunniens) in the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china. | two experiments were conducted to determine the urinary purine derivative (pd) excretion rates and to analyze potential variations in pd excretions between yak, tibetan indigenous cattle, and their crossbreds under similar ecological environment, and to develop prediction equations based on pd excretion for estimating rumen microbial protein supply. three tibetan castrated male yaks, and similar numbers of indigenous cattle and their crossbreds, were used in a fasting trial followed by a feeding ... | 2009 | 19286819 |
| rapid detection of bovine milk in yak milk using a polymerase chain reaction technique. | yak milk contains a greater percentage of protein and has better quality than bovine milk. there has been an increasing focus on yak milk and milk products during the last few years. in the present study, a pcr-based assay was developed for the specific identification of bovine milk in yak milk by designing 3 primers targeting the mitochondrial nd1 gene. the use of 3 primers in a single pcr reaction set yielded 2 amplification fragments of 293 and 190 bp from bovine milk dna, whereas only 1 ampl ... | 2009 | 19307616 |
| diagnosis and treatment of babesia odocoilei in captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and recognition of three novel host species. | two captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) at a new york zoological institution were diagnosed with babesia odocoilei. clinical signs consistent with acute babesiosis included fever, hemoglobinuria, and hemolytic anemia. both episodes were precipitated by stressful events that may have compromised their immunocompetence. the diagnosis was confirmed by visualization of intraerythrocytic parasites on stained blood smears, polymerase chain reaction, and speciation of the babesia by sequencin ... | 2009 | 19368255 |
| characterization and genetic analysis of bovine alpha s1-casein i variant. | the aim of this study was to identify the molecular genetic origin underlying the i variant of alpha(s1)-casein and to develop a dna-based test for this polymorphism as a tool for genetic analyses independent of milk sample testing. all coding exons and flanking regions of the alpha(s1)-casein gene were sequenced in dna samples from cattle of known alpha(s1)-casein genotypes (bi, ci, ii, cc), determined by isoelectric focusing of milk samples. a nucleotide substitution (a>t) in exon 11 (g.19836a ... | 2009 | 19392822 |
| the indel polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (prnp ) in chinese yak. | 2009 | 19392829 | |
| phylogenetic reconstruction and the identification of ancient polymorphism in the bovini tribe (bovidae, bovinae). | the bovinae subfamily incorporates an array of antelope, buffalo and cattle species. all of the members of this subfamily have diverged recently. not surprisingly, a number of phylogenetic studies from molecular and morphological data have resulted in ambiguous trees and relationships amongst species, especially for yak and bison species. a partial phylogenetic reconstruction of 13 extant members of the bovini tribe (bovidae, bovinae) from 15 complete or partially sequenced autosomal genes is pr ... | 2009 | 19393045 |
| an examination of positive selection and changing effective population size in angus and holstein cattle populations (bos taurus) using a high density snp genotyping platform and the contribution of ancient polymorphism to genomic diversity in domestic cattle. | identifying recent positive selection signatures in domesticated animals could provide information on genome response to strong directional selection from domestication and artificial selection. with the completion of the cattle genome, private companies are now providing large numbers of polymorphic markers for probing variation in domestic cattle (bos taurus). we analysed over 7,500 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) in beef (angus) and dairy (holstein) cattle and outgroup speci ... | 2009 | 19393053 |
| ecology, economics, and equity of the pastoral systems in the khangchendzonga national park, sikkim himalaya, india. | the khangchendzonga national park is a part of the eastern himalaya global biodiversity hotspot and is located in the sikkim state of india. increasing livestock populations coupled with the government policy to ban grazing and its selective implementation resulted in conflict. hence we undertook this multidisciplinary study involving consultations with traditional resource users, field surveys, and remote sensing. we found that in the greater himalayan part, over the past 6 decades sheep have b ... | 2009 | 19431939 |
| [bacterial diversity in guangxi buffalo rumen]. | to analyze the diversity of bacterial community in guangxi buffalo rumen and to identify the possible cellulolytic bacterial group. | 2009 | 19445183 |
| [investigation on echinococcosis in animals in gannan tibetan autonomous prefecture]. | to make an investigation on echinococcosis among animals in gannan tibetan autonomous prefecture. | 2009 | 19459495 |
| virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profile of shiga-toxin-producing escherichia coli prevalent in captive yaks (poephagus grunniens). | 2009 | 19477084 | |
| developmental competence of embryos derived from reciprocal in vitro fertilization between yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus). | the purpose of this study was to investigate fertilization ability and embryo development to the blastocyst stage after reciprocal in vitro fertilization (ivf) between yak and cattle in an attempt to clarify the problem of low conception rate after mating yak females with cattle bulls. in vitro-matured (ivm) cattle and yak oocytes were inseminated with either holstein or yak spermatozoa, and after an 18-h of coincubation period, a proportion of the oocytes was fixed and examined for sperm penetr ... | 2009 | 19521055 |
| comparison of nutrition and microbiological compositions between two types of fermented milk from tibet in china. | twenty-nine traditional fermented yak milk (kurut) and 15 traditional fermented mongolian cow milk (fmcm) samples were collected from three regions of tibet in china, and their chemical composition and microbiological properties were analyzed. average levels of the major composition of kurut and fmcm, respectively, were as follows: total solid, 16.91+/-1.30 g/100 g and 12.65+/-1.14 g/100 g; fat, 6.83+/-1.18 g/100 g and 3.92+/-0.92 g/100 g; total protein, 4.93+/-0.36 g/100 g and 3.33+/-0.71 g/100 ... | 2009 | 19521897 |
| development of an assay for rapid identification of meat from yak and cattle using polymerase chain reaction technique. | yak meat is of good quality with fine texture, high protein and low fat content, and rich in amino acids compared with that of cattle, and it lacks anabolic steroids or other drugs. in general terms, however, the meat yield of yak is relatively low compared with that of the cattle. in order to prevent possible adulteration of yak meat with cattle meat, based on the sequence of mitochondrial 12s rrna gene, a multiplex pcr-based approach was proposed for rapid identification of the meat from yak a ... | 2009 | 20416705 |
| a serological survey of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus-1 in yak (poephagus grunniens) in arunachal pradesh in india. | serum samples were collected from 254 yak (poephagus grunniens, presently bos grunniens) in different yak tracts of india. these samples were then screened by virus neutralisation test (vnt) and avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ab-elisa) to study the seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1). the overall seroprevalence in yak was found to be 41% (105) by vnt and ab-elisa. the sex of the animal, whether it was on a farm or free-ranging and the location ... | 2009 | 20462162 |
| serological evidence of antibodies against chlamydophila abortus in free-ranging yak (poephagus grunniens) in arunachal pradesh, india. | serum samples were randomly collected from 172 free-ranging yak (poephagus grunniens, presently bos grunniens) from six different yak tracts of arunachal pradesh, india, and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the presence of specific antibodies against chlamydophila abortus. the overall prevalence of this disease in yak was 35%. the prevalence of cp. abortus-specific antibodies was significantly higher in yak cows (41%) than among bulls (25%). the highest prevalence (39%: 9 ... | 2009 | 20462163 |
| genetic diversity in farm animals--a review. | domestication of livestock species and a long history of migrations, selection and adaptation have created an enormous variety of breeds. conservation of these genetic resources relies on demographic characterization, recording of production environments and effective data management. in addition, molecular genetic studies allow a comparison of genetic diversity within and across breeds and a reconstruction of the history of breeds and ancestral populations. this has been summarized for cattle, ... | 2010 | 20500753 |
| histochemical and ultrastructural observations of respiratory epithelium and gland in yak (bos grunniens). | submucous glands and epithelial mucous cells of yak (bos grunniens) respiratory tract have been studied by a variety of histochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy for differentiating and characterizing serous and mucous cells. by light microscopy, the distribution, numbers of mucous cells, volume of mucous glands (reid index), and the ratio of mucous cell to serous cell in the bronchial tree were measured with different staining. histochemically, a majority of mucous cells, prese ... | 2010 | 20583266 |
| morphological study on microvasculature of left ventricular wall in infant and adult yaks. | observations on the microvasculature in the left ventricular wall of infant and adult yaks under light and scanning electron microscope (sem) were presented. moreover, the diameter of different microvasculature and the density of the capillaries in three layers of the ventricular myocardium were measured using image pro-plus 5.0. the results showed that the average luminal diameter of arterioles and precapillary arterioles in adult yak's hearts were, in most cases, larger than those in infant ya ... | 2010 | 20652942 |
| morphometric analysis of yak placentomes during gestation. | to study the morphological characteristics of placentomes during gestation, thirty-one yaks were used to determine anatomical and histological data of placentomes by morphometric method. the results showed that there were no significant changes in the total number of yak placentomes during gestation, but remarkably fewer placentomes in the non-pregnant horn compared with the pregnant horn. the mean size of placentomes increased significantly from <61 days to 181-210 days and decreased in 211+ da ... | 2010 | 20830763 |
| microbiological studies of ethnic meat products of the eastern himalayas. | native microorganisms from some ethnic meat products of the eastern himalayas such as lang kargyong, yak kargyong, faak kargyong, lang satchu, yak satchu and suka ko masu were isolated and characterized. the bacterial isolates included lactobacillus sake, lactobacillus curvatus, lactobacillus divergens, lactobacillus carnis, lactobacillus sanfrancisco, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus casei, lactobacillus brevis, enterococcus faecium, leuconostoc mesenteroides, pediococcus pentosaceous, ba ... | 2010 | 20416835 |
| seroprevalence of brucella infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibet plateau of china. | the seroprevalence of brucella infection in yaks was surveyed on the qinghai-tibet plateau of china in 2010. a total of 621 serum samples was collected from six counties and were tested by serum agglutination test. the results showed that 56 (9%) of the samples were positive for brucella. the results of the present investigation indicate that brucellosis is common in yaks on the qinghai-tibet plateau of china. | 2010 | 21082247 |
| abundant variations of mc4r gene revealed by phylogenies of yak (bos grunniens) and other mammals. | mc4r gene was proved to play important roles in body weight regulation in many mammals and exhibit higher homology among different species. the mutations mc4r significantly correlated to the restricted feeding weight, fat deposition and energy balance. in this work, orf sequences of mc4r gene of bos grunniens were cloned and phylogenetic relationships of yak and other mammals were analyzed on the basis of mc4r genes. totally 290 variable sites were examined in 25 sequences from 22 different mamm ... | 2010 | 21088906 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a yak (bos grunniens) κ-casein cdna from lactating mammary gland. | κ-casein is one of the major proteins in the milk of mammals. it plays an important role in determining the size and specific function of milk micelles. we have previously identified and characterized a genetic variant of yak κ-casein by evaluating genomic dna. here, we isolate and characterize a yak κ-casein cdna harboring the full-length open reading frame (orf) from lactating mammary gland. total rna was extracted from mammary tissue of lactating female yak, and the κ-casein cdna were synthes ... | 2010 | 21104027 |
| 16s ribosomal dna analysis and characterization of lactic acid bacteria associated with traditional tibetan qula cheese made from yak milk. | twenty strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from six traditional tibetan qula cheese made from yak which were collected from northwest china, including tibet, qinghai and gansu province. these isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genetic analyses. all isolates were gram-positive and catalase-negative cocci that produced gas from glucose and formed d(-) isomer of lactate. most isolates were able to grow in de man, rogosa and sharpe (mrs) broth at ph values 3.0-9.0 and in 6.5% nacl ( ... | 2010 | 21108692 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 isolated from cattle in india. | previous studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) subtype b is predominantly circulating in indian cattle. during testing for exotic pestiviruses between 2007 and 2010, bvdv-2 was identified by real time rt-pcr in two of 1446 cattle blood samples originating from thirteen states of india. the genetic analysis of the isolated virus in 5' utr, n(pro), entire structural genes (c, e(rns), e1 and e2), nonstructural genes ns2-3 besides 3' utr demonstrated that the nucleotid ... | 2010 | 21112633 |
| species authentication of commercial beef jerky based on pcr-rflp analysis of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene. | in this study, we determined species-specific variations by analyzing the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene sequence variation (∼440 bp) in 17 newly obtained sequences and 90 published cattle, yak, buffalo, goat, and pig sequences, which represent 62 breeds and 17 geographic regions. based on the defined species-specific variations, two endonucleases, alu i and bfa i, were selected for species authentication using raw meat/tissue samples and the pcr-rflp method. goat and pig were identified using the ... | 2010 | 21115170 |
| complete genome sequence of streptococcus thermophilus strain nd03. | streptococcus thermophilus strain nd03 is a chinese commercial dairy starter used for the manufacture of yogurt. it was isolated from naturally fermented yak milk in qinghai, china. we present here the complete genome sequence of nd03 and compare it to three other published genomes of streptococcus thermophilus strains. | 2010 | 21131489 |
| dominant bacterial communities in the rumen of gayals (bos frontalis), yaks (bos grunniens) and yunnan yellow cattle (bos taurs) revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. | the dominant rumen bacteria in gayals, yaks and yunnan yellow cattle were investigated using pcr-dgge approach. the analysis of dgge profiles, identification of dominant bands and phylogenetic analysis 16s rdna sequences in dgge profiles were combined to reveal the dominant bacterial communities and compared the differences between those cattle species. dgge profiles revealed that gayals had the most abundant dominant bacteria and the lowest similarity of intraspecies between individuals than ot ... | 2010 | 21140219 |
| domestication relaxed selective constraints on the yak mitochondrial genome. | wild yaks roaming in the high-altitude qinghai-tibetan plateau have to maintain high metabolic efficiency. however, domestic yaks do not require such high efficiency because of their limited activity. hence, domestication may have caused the relaxation of selective constraints on the yak mitochondrial genome because mitochondrial mutations are extremely sensitive to energy-related selective pressures. we have tested this hypothesis by analyzing the mitochondrial genomes of 51 domestic yaks and 2 ... | 2010 | 21156878 |
| [food habits and hunting patterns of tibetan brown bear during warm seasons in kekexili region on qinghai-tibetan plateau]. | tibetan brown bear (ursus arctos pruinosus) is an endemic subspecies of brown bear on the qinghai-tibetan plateau. we once reported a preliminary study on the summer food habit of tibetan brown bear from july to august, 2005 in the kekexili (hoh xil).. however, the hunting modes of the tibetan brawn bear have not been reported. from july to august, 2009, we collected additional data on food habits and hunting patterns of tibetan brown bear in the kekexili region. we found tibetan brown bears are ... | 2010 | 21174359 |
| flavor evaluation of yak butter in tsinghai-tibet plateau and isolation of microorganisms contributing flavor. | yak butter in tsinghai-tibet plateau possesses the characters of high energy, abundant alimentation and a special flavor with certain medical and health care functions. in this paper the organoleptic flavor of yak butter was estimated, and 28 kinds of substance with different flavors were identified with the technique of coupling gas chromatography to mass spectroscopy (gc-ms). the results showed that there are many microorganisms in yak butter with natural inoculation, which contribute to the f ... | 2010 | 21269370 |
| detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 sequences in yaks (bos grunniens) with keratoconjunctivitis, using a highly sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction. | thirty-seven yaks (bos grunniens) with keratoconjunctivitis and 22 healthy yaks were used to investigate the role of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) in keratoconjunctivitis in yaks. nucleic acid sequences of bohv-1 glycoproteins b and e were detected in conjunctival swabs from all yaks with keratoconjunctivitis using a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in 21 yaks, bohv-1 sequences were detected along with moraxella bovis (m. bovis) and neisseria spp. the amplified bohv-1 sequences were ident ... | 2010 | 21309468 |
| milk protein polymorphisms in cattle (bos indicus), mithun (bos frontalis) and yak (bos grunniens) breeds and their hybrids indigenous to bhutan. | in the current study, milk protein variation was examined in cattle (bos indicus), mithun (bos frontalis), yak (bos grunniens) and their hybrid populations in bhutan to estimate genetic variability, conduct genetic characterization and assess the possibility of gene flow between mithun and cattle. isoelectric focusing of 372 milk samples from 11 populations detected four molecular types of β-lactoglobulin (a, b, e and m), five molecular types of α(s1) -casein (a, b, c, e and x) and three molecul ... | 2010 | 20887304 |
| a report on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in yaks (bos poephagus) in the cold desert area of north sikkim, india. | faecal samples were collected from 348 yaks(bos poephagus) in and around gurudogmer plateau, a cold desert area in north sikkim, india. the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection was recorded at 10.05% in both the organized and traditionally managed farms of yak. the pattern of infection was either single (2.58%) or mixed (7.47%) with a faecal egg count range of 100-200 eggs per gram of faeces in positive animals. among the helminths, haemonchus spp. infection was predominant (6.89%) ... | 2010 | 19548102 |
| yak (bos grunniens) stomach lysozyme: molecular cloning, expression and its antibacterial activities. | the cdna coding for stomach lysozyme in yak was cloned. the cloned cdna contains a 432 bp open reading frame and encodes 143 amino acids (16.24 kda) with a signal peptide of 18 amino acids. further analysis revealed that its amino acid sequence shares many common properties with cow milk lysozyme. expression of this gene was also detected in mammary gland tissue by rt-pcr. phylogenetic relationships among yak stomach lysozyme and 8 cow lysozymes indicated that the yak enzyme is more closely rela ... | 2010 | 20024784 |
| a single nucleotide polymorphism and sequence analysis of csn1s1 gene promoter region in chinese bos grunniens (yak). | the aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of the csn1s1 gene promoter region in 4 chinese yak breeds, and compare the yak csn1s1 gene promoter region sequences with other ruminants. a polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism protocol was developed for rapid genotyping of the yak csn1s1 gene. one hundred fifty-eight animals from 4 chinese yak breeds were genotyped at the csn1s1 locus using the protocol developed. a single nucleotide polymorphism of the csn ... | 2010 | 20024785 |
| high-altitude adaptation of yak based on genetic variants and activity of lactate dehydrogenase-1. | this study investigates the molecular mechanism by which yaks (bos grunniens) adapt to hypoxia based on lactate dehydrogenase (ldh). three ldh1 variants of the yak were revealed in tissue extracts by electrophoresis, including ldh1-f, ldh1-m, and ldh1-s. kinetic analysis using purified ldh1 variants showed that the yak ldh1-m variant exhibited a similar k (m) (nadh) and the same mobility on a gel as bovine ldh1, and the ldh1-f variant showed significant differences in k (m) values for nadh or py ... | 2010 | 20047072 |
| oocyte morphology from primordial to early tertiary follicles of yak. | the objective of this study was to investigate the developmental morphology of yak oocytes from the primordial follicle to the tertiary follicle. yak oocytes from resting primordial (n = 6), activated primordial (n = 12), primary (n = 9), secondary (n = 7) and early tertiary (n = 5) follicles were processed and analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. the resting primordial follicular oocyte was characterized by relatively smooth surface on the oolemma, the accumulation of free an ... | 2010 | 20059745 |
| morphological analysis of the lung of neonatal yak. | although yaks play an important role as companion or pack and draught animals on chinese plateaus in alpine and sub-alpine regions, morphological studies and anatomical data on the lung of yak are sparse. to provide anatomical descriptions and morphometric data, 10 one-day-old yaks were examined by means of dissection, light and electron microscopy. the measurements of lung were made on dissected specimens and histological sections. unequal dichotomous branching was demonstrated in the dissected ... | 2010 | 20070291 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel small antifungal peptide from bacillus megaterium d4 isolated from the dung of wild plateau yak in china. | a novel small antifungal peptide-producing strain d4 was isolated from the dung of wild plateau yak and identified as bacillus megaterium. the purification procedure of peptide consisted of acid precipitation, methanol extract and c(18) reverse-phase chromatography. the amino acid composition of peptide yp differed from those of antifungal peptides which have been reported to date. peptide yp was proved to be a novel small antifungal cyclic peptide. it exhibited strong inhibitory activity agains ... | 2010 | 19594429 |
| serological evidence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1) infection in yaks (peophagus grunniens) from the national research centre on yak, india. | bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1) causes a variety of disease syndromes including, respiratory, nervous and reproductive disorders both in domestic as well as wild bovines and the disease is prevalent throughout the world including india. in this study, serum samples of yaks were screened for serological evidence of bohv-1 in a yak farm with history of abortion and kerato-conjuctivitis by competition-elisa. the result of seroprevalence of bohv-1 infections in yaks (poephagus grunniens) revealed that ... | 2010 | 20143159 |
| characterization of bison (bison bison) myoglobin. | bison is an alternate meat species gaining increased popularity in north america. although previous investigations reported that bison meat discolors faster than beef, the molecular basis of this observation has not been investigated. therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the redox stability, thermostability, and primary structure of bison myoglobin (mb), in comparison with beef mb. purified bison and beef myoglobins were analyzed for autoxidation, lipid oxidation-induce ... | 2010 | 20374756 |
| morphological adaptations of yak (bos grunniens) tongue to the foraging environment of the qinghai-tibetan plateau. | using light and scanning electron microscopy, the morphological adaptations of the yak (bos grunniens) tongue to its foraging environment in the qinghai-tibetan plateau were studied. the tongue of the yak was compared with that of cattle (bos taurus). compared with cattle, yak tongues are on average 4 cm shorter (p < 0.001), and yak consume forages using the labia oris, rather than by extending the tongue into the harsh environment. the lingual prominence of yak is greater (p < 0.001) and more d ... | 2010 | 20382869 |
| cellulosilyticum ruminicola, a newly described rumen bacterium that possesses redundant fibrolytic-protein-encoding genes and degrades lignocellulose with multiple carbohydrate- borne fibrolytic enzymes. | cellulosilyticum ruminicola h1 is a newly described bacterium isolated from yak (bos grunniens) rumen and is characterized by its ability to grow on a variety of hemicelluloses and degrade cellulosic materials. in this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of c. ruminicola h1 and observed a comprehensive set of genes encoding the enzymes essential for hydrolyzing plant cell wall. the corresponding enzymatic activities were also determined in strain h1; these included endoglucanases, ce ... | 2010 | 20400560 |
| cloning and characterization of the yak gene coding for calpastatin and in silico analysis of its putative product. | the calcium-activated neutral proteases, mu- and m-calpain, along with their inhibitor, calpastatin, have been demonstrated to mediate a variety of ca(2+)-dependent processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, differentiation, apoptosis, membrane fusion, platelet activation and skeletal muscle protein degradation. the cdna coding for yak calpastatin was amplified and cloned by rt-pcr to investigate and characterize the nucleotide/amino-acid sequence and to ... | 2010 | 20300663 |
| diversity and phylogeny of mitochondrial dna isolated from mithun bos frontalis located in bhutan. | we sequenced the 16s rrna gene in mitochondrial dna to characterize mithun located in bhutan and to increase our understanding of its origin. we compared mithun with yak, european cattle, bhutanese zebu and indian zebu. sequencing revealed low nucleotide diversity within the mithun population and their phylogenetic proximity to gaur. a close relationship between bhutanese mithun and gaur was confirmed by an additional comparison with wild gaur specimens from three locations in bhutan. direct dom ... | 2010 | 20331596 |
| identification and characterization of the dominant lactic acid bacteria from kurut: the naturally fermented yak milk in qinghai, china. | forty-three samples of kurut, a kind of traditional naturally-fermented yak milk, were collected in qinghai, china. one hundred and forty-eight lactic acid bacterial (lab) strains were isolated and identified from the kurut samples according to phenotypic characterization and 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. among them, 52 isolates belonged to the lactobacillus strains. ninety-six isolates were resolved to coccoid lab. the results showed that these isolates belonged to five genera and thirteen d ... | 2010 | 20339214 |
| a new insight into cattle's maternal origin in six asian countries. | the domestication of cattle fuelled the development of agricultural society in the history of human being. the evolution and genetic relationship of cattle can be elucidated by investigating the variation of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop sequence. in this study, we built a cattle phylogeny with a pool of 856 individual d-loop sequences, of which 264 chinese cattle d-loop sequences were obtained in this study (141 ones were first analyzed, and 123 were first submitted) and the rest sequences o ... | 2010 | 20347826 |
| yak interferon-alpha loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled release. | to explore the potential of a novel animal interferon formulation for controlled release, the yak interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) glutathione s-transferase (gst) fusion protein was expressed in escherichia coli (e. coli) and the purified recombinant ifn-alpha was encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (sln) by double emulsion solvent evaporation (w/o/w) method. the particle size and zeta potential of ifn-alpha-loaded sln were 124.2+/-10.2 nm and -11.2+/-0.6 mv. the encapsulation efficiency of ... | 2010 | 19647842 |
| cellulosilyticum ruminicola gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the rumen of yak, and reclassification of clostridium lentocellum as cellulosilyticum lentocellum comb. nov. | an obligate anaerobic, gram-staining-negative, mesophilic, cellulolytic bacterium, strain h1(t), was isolated from the rumen content of yak. cells were straight to slightly curved rods, 0.8-1.0 x 3.0-4.0 microm in size, non-motile and encapsulated with mucous materials. elliptical and terminal spores that swelled the cells were produced occasionally. the strain grew at 25-45 degrees c (optimum, 38 degrees c) and ph 6.0-7.8 (optimum, ph 6.7). cellulose, cellobiose, xylan, xylose and maltose were ... | 2010 | 19661493 |
| seasonal variations in plasma glucocorticoid levels in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.) (bos grunniens). | the changes of glucocorticoid concentrations were measured by highly sensitive enzymeimmunoassay procedures using second antibody coating technique and cortisol -hrp amplified system for one whole calendar year in yaks. the year was divided into seasons of cool, intermediate and hot seasons. the glucocorticoid values were lower (p < .01) in hotter months than in cool and intermediate seasons. rectal temperature and respiration rates were indicative of heat stress in the hot temperature season an ... | 2010 | 19728135 |
| efficacy of ovsynch protocol with antiprolactin treatment for timed artificial insemination during non-breeding seasons in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.). | an attempt was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of ovsynch protocol for timed artificial insemination (tai) with or without norprolac (antiprolactin) treatment during non-breeding season (winter months) in yaks (n = 25). during non-breeding season, plasma prolactin profile has been reported high due to cold and nutritional stress. the norprolac dose of i.m. administration was standardized for prolactin suppression. three different doses viz. 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg were attempted and the dose ... | 2010 | 19735436 |
| phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences reveals rumen bacterial diversity in yaks (bos grunniens). | six matured male yaks (bos grunniens) with a mean live weight of 450 +/- 23 kg (mean +/- sd), were housed indoors in metabolism cages and fed pelleted lucerne (medicago sativum). after an adjustment period of 24 days of feeding the diet, samples of rumen content were obtained for analysis of the bacteria in the liquor. the diversity of rumen bacteria was investigated by constructing a 16s rrna gene clone library using the general bacterial primers f27 and r1492. a total of 130 clones, comprising ... | 2010 | 19757178 |
| proteiniclasticum ruminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic proteolytic bacterium isolated from yak rumen. | two strictly anaerobic, proteolytic bacterial strains, designated strain d3rc-2(t) and d3rc-3r, were isolated from a cellulose-degrading mixed culture enriched from yak rumen content. the strains were gram-stain negative and non-spore-forming with cell sizes of 0.5-0.8 x 0.6-2.0 mum. the temperature range for growth was 24-46 degrees c (optimum 38-39 degrees c) and the ph range was between 5.6 and 8.7 (optimum 7.0-7.3). both strains used soya peptone, tryptone, l-phenylalanine, l-leucine, l-meth ... | 2010 | 19915115 |
| assessment of cattle genetic introgression into domestic yak populations using mitochondrial and microsatellite dna markers. | hybridization between yak poephagus grunniens and taurine bos taurus or indicine b. indicus cattle has been widely practiced throughout the yak geographical range, and gene flow is expected to have occurred between these species. to assess the impact of cattle admixture on domestic yak, we examined 1076 domestic yak from 29 populations collected in china, bhutan, nepal, india, pakistan, kyrgyzstan, mongolia and russia using mitochondrial dna and 17 autosomal microsatellite loci. a cattle diagnos ... | 2010 | 19917041 |
| plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin f2alpha, progesterone and cortisol during periparturient period in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.). | an attempt was made to determine plasma concentrations of, 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin f(2alpha) (pgfm), cortisol and progesterone during periparturient period in yak. plasma pgfm level showed an increasing trend beginning day 5 prior to parturition (0.48 +/- 0.14 ng/ml) and increased steeply thereafter to reach a peak level (17.16 +/- 1.31 ng/ml) on the day of parturition. the levels, then, declined sharply on day 1 postpartum to reach 1.20 +/- 0.40 ng/ml and thereafter declined gradua ... | 2010 | 19144009 |
| [about spatial orientation of flying staff in air]. | were learned peculiarities of spatial orientation by altitude of pilots and students in conditions of flying over a sea and on link trainer yak-40, were educed psychophysiological and psychological mechanisms of perception of altitude. was effectuated a valuation of existing and possible methods of teaching of effective orientation in air. was shown, that pilots with different professional rate make faults as well in visual flying as visual detecting of the altitude. were made conclusions about ... | 2010 | 20536051 |
| [peculiarities of respiratory function in elderly patients with ulcerative colitis]. | this article presents a comparative analysis of the frequency and types of violations of respiratory function (rf) in ulcerative colitis (uc) in 29 elderly patients and in 108 patients younger than 60 years. pulmonary function was studied by spirometry and record the flow curve--forced expiratory volume ("eton-1"). prescribe a higher rate of airflow obstruction in older compared with patients younger than 60 years (from 65.5 and 39.8% respectively, p < 0.05), which increased with the duration of ... | 2010 | 21560623 |
| [arthritis deformans in poephagus grunniens l]. | 2010 | 13073261 | |
| the expression of fas/fasl and apoptosis in yak placentomes. | to clarify the status and distribution of fas and fas-ligand (fasl) in yak's placentomes, immunohistochemistry (ihc) was carried out to analyze the expression and location of fas and fasl in paraffin embedded sections. the area of positive stained sites was selected and measured using image analyses software (image pro-plus 6.0). so the positive index (pi) was calculated to estimate the intensity of protein expression according to the percentage of positive area in corresponding compartment of t ... | 2011 | 22014664 |
| [indoor air pollution in the nam co and ando regions in the tibetan plateau]. | concentrations and variations of fine particulate matter (pm2.5) and carbon monoxide (co) within tents from the nam co and ando regions were observed at summer 2009, in order to understand the concentrations and variations of pm2.5 and co in these tents (or in rooms) and their main affect factors, as well as the exposure of different residents. the result indicates that the twenty-four hour average concentrations of pm2.5 and co (v/v) in the tents without chimney are 1.272 mg x m(-3) and 5.035 x ... | 2011 | 21780573 |
| [analysis of xylanases derived from the metagenomic bac clone library of yak rumen]. | the diversity of rumen microbial xylanases and their degradation characteristics were studied and the resources of new xylanases genes and enzymes were provided. | 2011 | 22233058 |
| polymorphism of dlk1 and clpg gene and their association with phenotypic traits in chinese cattle. | dlk1 and clpg were located in dlk1-gtl2 imprinted cluster. they all affected muscle growth and meat tenderness. the functional importance of dlk1 and clpg imply that the variation of the genes could affect the growth traits of animal. pcr-sscp and sequencing were used to analyze the four loci of dlk1 gene and clpg gene in 1109 individuals, which belong to eight breeds/species of bovidae, including cattle, buffalo and yak. a synonymous mutation (c451t) was detected in exon 5 of dlk1 in qinchuan c ... | 2011 | 20352349 |
| the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the white yak (bos grunniens). | the heads of 12 white yaks (four castrated, four male and four female, 3-8 years old) were dissected to study the shape, location and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion macroscopically. the ganglion was a greyish arciform structure, with a mean length of 17.3 mm, a width of 8.0 mm and a thickness of 3.9 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of m. longus capitis. approximately 5% of the ganglion was covered laterally by the tympanic bulla and the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. the branch ... | 2011 | 21923896 |
| cloning and characterization of two β-glucosidase/xylosidase enzymes from yak rumen metagenome. | two β-glucosidase/xylosidase genes, rubg3a and rubg3b, were cloned from yak rumen uncultured microorganisms by metagenome method and function-based screening. recombinant rubg3a and rubg3b purified from escherichia coli were characterized for enzymatic properties, and they exhibited activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-d: -glucopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d: -xylopyranoside, suggesting bifunctional β-glucosidase/xylosidase activity. chromatography analysis showed that they could effectively hydro ... | 2011 | 22020745 |
| anesthesia of tibetan yak (bos grunniens) using thiafentanil - xylazine and carfentanil - xylazine. | the use of 0.025 +/- 0.012 mg/kg (median +/- interquartile range) thiafentanil with 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg/kg xylazine (tx) and 0.011 +/- 0.0015 mg/kg carfentanil with 0.25 +/- 0.093 mg/kg xylazine (cx), with dosages based on estimated bodyweight, was used in the anesthesia of 37 tibetan yak (bos grunniens) housed within a drive-through animal park setting. the median time to lateral recumbency was 5 and 7 min for each group, respectively. with the addition of propofol in 8 cx animals and 17 tx animal ... | 2011 | 22204068 |
| Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. | A comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species-level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g(-1) ) were 0.7-16.1 for total fat, 1.6-10.5 for protein, 2.6-6.6 for lactose, and 67.9-90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concent ... | 2011 | 22083874 |
| Safety evaluation in vitro of Enterococcus durans from Tibetan traditional fermented yak milk. | Despite its ubiquity in fermented dairy products, the safety of lactic acid enterococcal bacteria remains controversial. In this study, five Enterococcus durans strains - A1, A2, B1, B2, and C1 - were isolated from traditional fermented yak milk from Tibet. To evaluate the strains' safety, biogenic amine production, antibiotic resistance and presence of known virulence determinants were investigated. Strain A1 can produce biogenic amines for histamine, spermine, and spermidine (mean values: 8.64 ... | 2011 | 22068487 |