Publications

profiles of plasma progesterone before and at the onset of puberty in yak heifers.	sixty yak heifers were closely observed to determine their ages at sexual maturity and 15 heifers were used to analyze the plasma progesterone by radioimmunoassay before and at the attainment of puberty. yak heifers began cyclic activity at a mean (+/-s.d.) age of 33 +/- 6.7 months, but with wild variation. fifteen heifers used to determine plasma progesterone were divided into three age groups: group i (10-14 months, n = 5), group ii (20-24 months, n = 5) and group iii (30-36 months, n = 5). gr ...	2001	11182509
an x-y paint set and sperm fish protocol that can be used for validation of cattle sperm separation procedures.	x and y chromosome paints were developed from sorted yak chromosomes for sexing cattle spermatozoa. clear hybridization signals were obtained for every spermatozoon using a modified sperm decondensation protocol and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). the procedure was evaluated using the established beltsville sperm sexing technology, which separates spermatozoa by flow cytometry into x- and y-bearing fractions. close agreement was found between the assessment of sperm separation by flow ...	2001	11277872
characterization of bovidae sex-determining gene sry.	in mammals, testis determination is under the control of the sex-determining gene sry. this y-linked gene encodes a protein with a dna binding domain similar to those found in high-mobility-group proteins. here we report the cloning and sequences of the sry genes of yak and chinese native cattle. our data show that sry genes in bovidae are less divergent, especially in the coding and 3' regions.	2001	11742636
the protein kinase yaka regulates g-protein-linked signaling responses during growth and development of dictyostelium.	a genetic screen for dictyostelium mutants that phenotypically resemble cells lacking the g-protein beta-subunit yielded the protein kinase yaka. like gbeta-null cells, yaka-null cells fail to enter development and display slow growth on bacterial lawns. we created a temperature-sensitive yaka mutant and showed that yaka activity is required not only at the onset but also during development. the yaka-null cells have strong defects in folic acid-induced responses, such as actin polymerization and ...	2001	11410593
coevolution of the telomeric retrotransposons across drosophila species.	as in other eukaryotes, telomeres in drosophila melanogaster are composed of long arrays of repeated dna sequences. remarkably, in d. melanogaster these repeats are produced, not by telomerase, but by successive transpositions of two telomere-specific retrotransposons, het-a and tart. these are the only transposable elements known to be completely dedicated to a role in chromosomes, a finding that provides an opportunity for investigating questions about the evolution of telomeres, telomerase, a ...	2002	12136015
phylogeny of bovine species based on aflp fingerprinting.	the bovini species comprise both domestic and wild cattle species. published phylogenies of this tribe based on mitochondrial dna contain anomalies, while nuclear sequences show only low variation. we have used amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting in order to detect variation in loci distributed over the nuclear genome. computer-assisted scoring of electrophoretic fingerprinting patterns yielded 361 markers, which provided sufficient redundancy to suppress stochastic effe ...	2002	11813106
dynamin is a minibrain kinase/dual specificity yak1-related kinase 1a substrate.	the minibrain kinase (mnbk)/dual specificity yak 1-related kinase 1a (dyrk1a) gene is implicated in the mental retardation associated with down's syndrome. it encodes a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase whose function has yet to be defined. we have used a solid-phase mnbk/dyrk1a kinase assay to aid in the search for the cellular mnbk/dyrk1a substrates. the assay revealed that rat brain contains two cytosolic proteins, one with a molecular mass of 100 kda and one with a molecular mass of 1 ...	2002	11877424
haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks transmit at least two different theileria species: one is infective to yaks, one is infective to sheep.	adult haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks from gannan area, where ovine theileriosis is prevalent but bovine theileriosis has not been reported, transmitted theileria parasites to yaks and sheep. blood from the infected yak contained theileria parasites that were infective to yaks, but not sheep. in contrast, blood from the infected sheep did not contain theileria parasites infective to yaks. these results suggested that the ticks from the gannan area were infected with two species of theileria one ...	2002	12072211
polymorphism in mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of yak (bos grunniens).	mitochondrial dnas (mtdna) from 21 yaks (bos grunniens) were assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms by using 20 restriction endonucleases, six of which (avai, avaii, bgiii, ecori, hindiii, and hpai) detected polymorphism. four different mtdna haplotypes were identified. combining this with previous reports about the mtdna rflps of b. indicus and b. taurus, there are obvious differences in mtdna polymorphism between the yak and other bos species. we estimated that the divergence ti ...	2002	12137333
effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak bos grunniens or poephagus grunniens.	thirty growing yaks bos grunniens or poephagus grunniens, 1.0-3.5 years and 50-230 kg, from their native altitudes (3000-4000 m), were used to study the basal metabolism in this species and to evaluate the effects of high altitude and season on the energy metabolism. fasting heat production (fhp) was measured at altitudes of 2260, 3250 and 4270 m on the tibetan plateau in both the summer and the winter, after a 90 d adaptation period at each experimental site. gas exchanges of the whole animals ...	2002	12144722
gamma herpesvirus carrier status of captive artiodactyls.	between 1998 and 2000, 103 individuals of 19 species of the order artiodactyla at whipsnade wild animal park were tested for evidence of infection with gamma herpesviruses in order to distinguish between species which are susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) of wildebeest (connochaetes sp.) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) of domestic sheep, and species which carry related viruses sub-clinically. gamma herpesvirus dna was detected in the kno ...	2002	12208112
a comprehensive survey for polymorphisms in the bovine ifn-gamma gene reveals a highly polymorphic intronic dna sequence allowing improved genotyping of bovinae.	this study aimed to identify interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) gene variants in cattle for diagnostic purposes. therefore, the entire bovine ifn-gamma gene (boifng) and 2605 bp of its promoter dna were sequenced. the boifng dna sequence conforms to the published part of bo-ifn-gamma cdna. primer extension experiments show the presence of a 5' extension of exon 1 by 42 nucleotides (nt). one sine element (bov-a2) is located in the 5'-region, and two sine elements (bov-ta, bov-b) are contained in the 3' ...	2002	12396714
serological differentiation of brucella-vaccinated and -infected domesticated animals by the agar gel immunodiffusion test using brucella polysaccharide in mongolia.	to investigate brucella infection in cattle, sheep, goat, reindeer and yak in mongolia, serological reactions of brucella-infected and -vaccinated domestic animals were compared by the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test with a polysaccharide (poly-b) of the b. abortus strain s-19. the sensitivity and specificity were compared with conventional serological tests that are commonly used in mongolia, such as the rose bengal test, the tube agglutination test and the compliment fixation test. a tota ...	2002	12399611
prevalence of sarcocystis infection in meat-producing animals in mongolia.	a survey of sarcocystis infection was conducted in mongolia between june 1998 and july 1999. samples of muscle were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus,and intercostal region of cattle, yak, hainag, sheep, horses, and camels. a muscle compress method was used to determine the prevalence of infection: cattle 90.0% (27/30), yak 93.3% (28/30), hainag 100% (30/30), sheep 96.9% (753/777), horses 75% (3/4) and camels 100% (5/5). of the various muscles, heart was the most commonly infect ...	2002	12693581
detection of water buffalo sex chromosomes in spermatozoa by fluorescence in situ hybridization.	in order to identify x- and y-bearing spermatozoa in water buffalo by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish), some available probes of closely related species were examined. an x- and y-specific probe set, made from flow sorted yak chromosomes, labelled in somatic metaphases of water buffalo the whole x and y, respectively, except their centromere regions. a cattle y-chromosome repeat sequence (bc1.2) showed strong signal on the telomere region of the buffalo y-chromosome, demonstrating the e ...	2003	12950688
phylogenies using mtdna and sry provide evidence for male-mediated introgression in asian domestic cattle.	using nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) cytochrome b and sry genes, we examined the genetic status of two major groups of domestic cattle, the humpless taurine (bos taurus) and humped zebu (b. indicus), using 10 cattle populations in asia. several sequence polymorphisms specific for each major group were found, although the frequency of these polymorphisms varied in each population. six major mtdna-sry composite types were observed. the mishima, mongolian, korean, chinese yel ...	2003	12648092
pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in the yak (bos grunniens).	the yak (bos grunniens) belongs to the cattle family bovidae and lives in the mountains of china and adjacent areas. due to the physiological adaptations of yak to its environment and the lack of data, the ivermectin pharmacokinetic was studied following a single subcutaneous dose at the recommended dose for cattle (0.2 mg kg(-1)). the observed peak plasma concentration (cmax) was 48.93 ng ml(-1) and the time to reach cmax (tmax) was 0.73 day. these results show a faster rate of absorption than ...	2003	14597289
short report: identification of echinococcus species from a yak in the qinghai-tibet plateau region of china.	the species identification of an echinococcal lesion in the liver of a yak in the qinghai-tibet plateau region of china, where both echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis are present, was difficult to determine because of the atypical appearance of the lesion. polymerase chain reaction-based mitochondrial genotyping allowed us to discriminate the echinococcus species. nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes amplified from the echinoc ...	2003	14640506
reproduction in female yaks (bos grunniens) and opportunities for improvement.	this paper reviews seasonal breeding, puberty, postpartum anestrus, embryonic loss and calf survival and their constraints in female yaks. methods for improving fertility in postpartum yak cows are also considered. yaks are seasonal breeders with mating and conception restricted in the warm season. puberty generally occurs in the 2nd to the 4th warm season following birth, i.e. between 13 and 36 months of age. the cows usually have a long postpartum anestrus period; only a small proportion of th ...	2003	12527077
cardiopulmonary hemodynamics of blue-sheep, pseudois nayaur, as high-altitude adapted mammals.	the blue-sheep, pika, and yak live in the tibetan highlands at an altitude of 6,100 m and are typical mammals adapted to high-altitudes. these animals have a long history of habitation at high-altitudes and are considered to be "animals completely adapted to high-altitudes" because of their physiological and morphological traits that are well adapted to high-altitude environments. to evaluate the physiological characteristics of high-altitude adaptation in the blue-sheep, changes in the pulmonar ...	2003	14975184
[the construction of yak liver cdna library].	yak is a very useful animal. the cdna library of yak liver was constructed, which made a preparation for further cloning and expressing of wanted genes.mrna from yak liver was extracted and purified, and cdna was obtained by reverse transcription,and then cdna library was constructed using plasmid psport1 as the vector. the volume of the library was 1 x 10(6) transformants/microg cdna and the rate of recombination was 93%. the results indicated that the cdna library had enough volume for selecti ...	2003	15639904
scanning electron microscopic study of third-instar warbles in yak in china.	scanning electron microscopic observations were performed to compare the structures of third-instar of three species of warbles (hypoderma bovis, h. lineatum and h. sinense) that infest yak in china. the heads of the warbles consisted of mouths and opercular sutures with spinal bands between them. we could not detect any morphological differences in the shape of the warble's heads among these three species. the spiracular plate of h. bovis was strongly concaved and had numerous spines at the spi ...	2004	15110414
milk trait heritability and correlation with heterozygosity in yak.	382 yak cows were examined for milk yield, fat, protein and lactose contents. six polymorphic loci, alphas1-cn, kappa-cn, beta-cn, beta-lg, alpha-la and muc-1, were scored by page electrophoresis for each individual. the values of milk yield, fat, protein and lactose content were 247.13 kg, 5.81%, 5.18% and 4.93%, respectively. based on the 6 polymorphism loci, the average heterozygosity of the yak population was 0.1794. calculated by the marker-based method, heritability estimates for milk yiel ...	2004	15131352
migration of warble fly larvae in the yak and optimum timing of ivermectin treatment.	sixty yaks were autopsied to determine the migration pattern of warble fly larvae. in august, first instars were observed in the body of yak for the first time. these larvae peaked in number in october. from november to february, second instars were detected and their number peaked in january. third instars appeared in january and peaked in march. forty-five yaks were administered with ivermectin: 15 animals in september, 15 in october and 15 in november. between december and june, the number of ...	2004	15297767
absolute configuration of a hydroxyfuranoid acid from the pelage of the genus bos, 18-(6s,9r,10r)-bovidic acid.	pelage extracts of the banteng (bos javanicus), the domestic cattle (b. taurus), the gaur (b. frontalis), and the yak (b. grunniens) were investigated by fabms and nmr. an 18-carbon hydroxyfuranoid acid, 1 (10-hydroxy-6,9-oxidooctadecanoic acid), first reported from the wool of the domestic sheep (ovis aries) was confirmed in b. frontalis; we suspend judgment on the occurrence of this compound in the other species we examined. the stereochemistry of 1, determined by mosher nmr and cd tweezer met ...	2004	15332870
[construction and identification on enriched microsatellite library from yak genome].	we constructed the first microsatellite-enriched library of yak according to the strong affinity between biotin and streptavidin. the method included ligation of 300 approximately 1 000 bp enzyme-digested fragments and adaptors, affinity capture of microsatellite repeat using biotinylated oligoprobe ((ca)12, (ccg) 8, (cag)8, (tttc) 8) attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, pcr amplification using the 21-mer adaptor oligonucleotide as primer to obtain double-stranded targeted fragments, ...	2004	15478610
molecular phylogeny of the tribe bovini (bovidae, bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the kouprey, bos sauveli urbain 1937.	the kouprey is a very rare bovid species of the indochinese peninsula, and no living specimen has been described for a long time, suggesting that it is possibly extinct. its systematic position within the tribe bovini remains confused since the analyses of morphological characters have led to several conflicting hypotheses. some authors have also suggested that it could be a hybrid species produced by the crossing of the banteng with gaur, zebu, or water buffalo. here we performed a molecular ph ...	2004	15522811
a third species of hypoderma (diptera: oestridae) affecting cattle and yaks in china: molecular and morphological evidence.	cattle and yak hypodermosis in china is caused by hypoderma bovis and h. lineatum, with a prevalence reaching up to 98-100% of the animals and maximum intensities exceeding 400 warbles for each animal. a third species, h. sinense, is also considered by chinese researchers to affect livestock. the molecular characterization of the most variable region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i gene and of the ribosomal 28s gene has been performed for the third-stage larvae collected from cattle an ...	2004	15562593
pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in zebu gobra (bos indicus).	plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin was evaluated in a west african cattle breed. five clinically healthy zebu gobra cattle (bos indicus) weighing 220-270 kg were treated (0.2 mg kg-1) with a commercially available ivermectin formulation for cattle. blood samples were collected by jugular puncture at different times between 0.5 h and 40 days post-treatment. after plasma extraction and derivatization, samples were analysed by hplc with fluorescence detection. ivermectin was detected in plas ...	2004	15725548
maternal and paternal lineages in cross-breeding bovine species. has wisent a hybrid origin?	the tribe bovini comprises cattle and cattle-like species. reconstructions of their phylogeny have so far been incomplete and have yielded conflicting conclusions about the relationship of american bison and wisent (european bison). we have compared the sequences of three mitochondrial and two y-chromosomal dna segments. mitochondrial dna indicates that four distinct maternal lineages diverged after an early split-off of the buffalo species, leading to (1) taurine cattle and zebu, (2) wisent, (3 ...	2004	14739241
phylogenetic analysis of theileria species transmitted by haemaphysalis qinghaiensis.	the phylogenetic relationships between six isolates of theileria spp. infective to small ruminants, and two isolates of theileria spp. infective to yak, all transmitted by haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, together with the theileria orientalis/sergenti/buffeli group and t. sinensis, were analyzed using the 18s ssrrna gene sequence. the target dna segment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr product was used either for direct sequencing or was ligated to the pcr ii vector for sequ ...	2004	14598167
synchronization of ovulation in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.) using pgf(2alpha) and gnrh.	the objective of this study was to test the efficacy of estrus synchronization in yaks using the ovsynch protocol. to eight non-lactating cycling yaks were administered gnrh analogue followed by pgf(2alpha) analogue treatment 7 days later and further injected with a second injection of same gnrh analogue 2 days after the pgf(2alpha) analogue administration. ovulation was detected by rectal palpation at 2 h intervals from the initial signs of estrus till ovulation. for lh and progesterone the blo ...	2004	15910929
sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12s rrna gene can identify meat species.	in this study, sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12s rrna has been applied for meat species identification. the procedure involves polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial (mt) 12s rrna gene and sequencing of amplicons. amplified product of mt 12s rrna gene was 456 bp in size. species sequenced include cattle (bos indicus), buffalo (bubalus bubalis), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus) and mithun (bos frontalis). sequences were compared with the reported ...	2004	22060864
development of interspecies cloned embryos in yak and dog.	interspecies nuclear transfer (nt) could be an alternative to replicate animals when supply of recipient oocytes is limited or in vitro embryo production systems are incomplete. in the present study, embryonic development was assessed following interspecies nt of donor cumulus cells derived from yak and dog into the recipient ooplasm of domestic cow. the percentages of fusion and subsequent embryo development to the eight-cell stage of interspecies nt embryos were comparable to those of intraspe ...	2005	15971981
circadian variations in plasma concentrations of melatonin and prolactin during breeding and non-breeding seasons in yak (poephagus grunniens l.).	circadian variations of plasma melatonin and prolactin concentrations were determined during breeding as well as non-breeding seasons in yak. blood samples (5 ml) were collected during different phases of estrous cycle, viz. early (0-6 days), mid (7-12 days) and late luteal (13-19 days) at 2 h interval for 24 h from eight yaks during one breeding month (november); the same yaks were bled at 2 h interval during one non-breeding month (february) for 24 h. plasma melatonin concentrations rose sharp ...	2005	16257604
immunohistochemical identification of amyloid, using an anti-human serum amyloid p component (sap) antibody, is possible in ruminants but not in dogs and cats.	amyloidosis represents a heterogenous group of diseases that have in common the deposition of fibrils composed of proteins of beta-pleated sheet structure, a structure which can be specifically identified by histochemistry using the congo red or similar stains. amyloid consists primarily of the amyloid fibrils but also of the amyloid p component (ap). this component, which is identical with the serum counterpart (sap), is found in all types of human amyloid, and immunohistochemical identificatio ...	2005	16268955
peripheral plasma progesterone: a marker for determining cyclicity in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.).	an attempt was made to determine cyclicity in yaks using plasma progesterone during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. fifteen non-lactating yaks were used in this experiment. during the breeding season (july to november), blood samples were collected from 8 yaks at least twice weekly until estrus was observed and then at 2 days interval for 30 days. during the non-breeding season (february to march), blood samples were collected from the same number of yaks at 2-day interval for 30 days. pr ...	2005	16286728
application of bovine microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of swiss yak (poephagus grunniens).	in order to assess the applicability of bovine microsatellite markers for population genetic studies in swiss yak, 131 bovine microsatellite markers were tested on a panel of 10 animals. efficient amplification was observed for 124 markers (94.6%) with a total of 476 alleles, of which 117 markers (94.3%) were polymorphic. the number of alleles per locus among the polymorphic markers ranged from two to nine. seven loci (ilsts005, bms424b, bms1825, bms672, bm1314, eth123 and bm6017) failed to ampl ...	2005	16293121
prokaryote diversity in the rumen of yak (bos grunniens) and jinnan cattle (bos taurus) estimated by 16s rdna homology analyses.	prokaryote diversity in the rumen of yak (bos grunniens) and jinnan cattle (bos taurus) was estimated by 16s rdna homology analysis. two rumen 16s rdna libraries were constructed. of the 194 clones in the library of yak rumen, the sequences were mainly clustered to two phyla, low g+c gram-positive bacteria (lgcgpb, 54.12% total clones) and bacteroidetes (30.93%), respectively. while in the 197 clone-library of the cattle rumen, the sequences were mainly related to three phyla, bacteroidetes (39. ...	2005	16701570
timing of ovulation in relation to onset of estrus and lh peak in yak (poephagus grunniens l.).	the objective of the study was to determine the timing of ovulation in relation to onset of estrus and the preovulatory lh peak in yaks. for this purpose, a sensitive lh enzymeimmunoassay previously established in buffaloes was successfully validated for measuring the hormone in yak plasma. plasma lh and progesterone were estimated from blood samples collected from eight non-lactating cycling yaks at 2 h intervals after estrus onset until 6 h after ovulation (ovulation was confirmed by palpation ...	2005	15766812
nitric oxide inhibitor altitude-dependently elevates pulmonary arterial pressure in high-altitude adapted yaks.	we studied the effect of n(w)-nitro-l-arginine (nla) on yak pulmonary vascular tone in a climatic (hypobaric/hyperbaric adjusted) chamber. five young male yaks that had been born and reared at an altitude greater than 3800 m a.s.l. were used. after measuring control values, 20 mg/kg of nla was administered via the jugular vein to each animal, and pulmonary hemodynamics and blood gases were repeatedly measured at simulated altitudes of 0, 2260 and 4500 m. the mean pao2 decreased in an altitude-de ...	2005	15766910
short report: inadequacy of yaks as hosts for the sheep dog strain of echinococcus granulosus or for e. multilocularis.	hydatid disease (echinococcosis) has a two-host cycle involving the domestic dog and grazing animals. humans are also infected by the dog. both unilocular (echinococcus granulosus in yaks, sheep, and goats) and multilocular (alveolar) (e. multilocularis in hares and rodents) hydatids are common in western sichuan in the people's republic of china. humans and dogs are equally infected with both species. many yaks (bos grunniens) were found with multilocular cysts that visually were deemed to be e ...	2005	15772323
[study on mitochondrial dna genetic polymorphism of some yak breeds in china].	this study determined yak's complete sequence of mitochondrial dna control region (d-loop) of 35 individuals in 5 yak breeds at the first time. the result showed that the length of d-loop in yak was 891 -895 bp. content of nucleotide t, c, a, g were 28.5%, 25.3%, 32.5% and 13.7% respectively. there were 55 polymorphic sites (6.16% in total analyzed sites). the transition,transversion and insertion/deletion were found in this region.24 haplotypes was defined in this study, in which haplotype h4 a ...	2005	16018255
seasonal changes in weight and body composition of yak grazing on alpine-meadow grassland in the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.	forty-five male yaks (born april 2001) were studied to determine how seasonal changes on the qinghai-tibetan plateau affected bw and body composition. thirty yaks were weighed monthly from birth to 26 mo of age to determine seasonal changes in bw. the remaining 15 yaks were allocated randomly to five groups (three yaks per group), designated for slaughter at 13, 15, 18, 22, and 25 mo to measure seasonal effects on body chemical composition. all yaks were grazed on the alpine-meadow grassland of ...	2005	16024711
iminosugar-producing thai medicinal plants.	alpha-1-c-hydroxymethylfagomine (7), 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-dmdp (12), and 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-glucitol (13) were isolated from the thai traditional crude drug "non tai yak" (stemona tuberosa), which also contains a high concentration level of alpha-homonojirimycin (0.1% dry weight). "thopthaep" (connarus ferrugineus) and "cha em thai" (albizia myriophylla) contained 1-deoxymannojirimycin (dmj) (10) at levels of 0.083% (dry weight) and 0.17% (dry weight), respectively. 2-o-alpha-d-galacto ...	2005	16124768
genetic diversity and differentiation of mongolian and russian yak populations.	in this study we examined the genetic diversity of yak populations in the northernmost part of their current global distribution. five mongolian and one russian yak populations as well as one chinese yak population from the qinghai-tibetan plateau, the putative centre of yak domestication, were analysed with 15 microsatellite loci to determine the level of genetic variation within populations as well as the genetic differentiation and relationship between populations. a total of 116 microsatelli ...	2005	16130478
a mitochondrial genome sequence of the tibetan antelope (pantholops hodgsonii).	to investigate genetic mechanisms of high altitude adaptations of native mammals on the tibetan plateau, we compared mitochondrial sequences of the endangered pantholops hodgsonii with its lowland distant relatives ovis aries and capra hircus, as well as other mammals. the complete mitochondrial genome of p. hodgsonii (16,498 bp) revealed a similar gene order as of other mammals. because of tandem duplications, the control region of p. hodgsonii mitochondrial genome is shorter than those of o. a ...	2005	16144518
cloned endangered species takin (budorcas taxicolor) by inter-species nuclear transfer and comparison of the blastocyst development with yak (bos grunniens) and bovine.	interspecies cloning might be used as an effective method to conserve endangered species and to support the study of nuclear-cytoplasm interaction. in this study, we describe the development of takin-bovine embryos in vitro produced by fusing takin ear fibroblasts with enucleated bovine oocytes and examine the fate of mitochondrial dna in these embryos. we also compare the blastocyst development of takin-bovine embryos with yak-bovine and bovine-bovine embryos and compare the cell numbers of the ...	2006	16220543
application of sensitive enzymeimmunoassays for oxytocin and prolactin determination in blood plasma of yaks (poephagus grunniens l.) during milk let down and cyclicity.	highly sensitive and specific enzymeimmunoassays for oxytocin and prolactin determination in yak plasma using the biotin-streptavidin amplification system and the second antibody coating technique were validated and applied for determining their profiles during milk let down and cyclicity in yaks. oxytocin eia was conducted taking duplicate 200 microl of unknown plasma samples and standards per well. the lowest detection limit was 0.2 pg/well, which corresponded to 1pg/ml plasma. prolactin eia w ...	2006	16045973
is the yak (poephagus grunniens l.) really a seasonal breeder?	yaks are considered to be seasonally polyestrous and breeding occurs from july to november. here we show that some yaks in peak non-breeding season do exhibit cyclic luteal activity without exhibiting any behavioral signs around expected estrus. a total of eight non-lactating yaks were selected from the yak farm belonging to national research centre on yak for various sets of experiments. the animals were maintained as per semi range system of management. they were allowed to graze during daytim ...	2006	16084578
molecular cloning and expression of yak (bos grunniens) lactoferrin cdna in pichia pastoris.	cdna encoding lactoferrin from yak was isolated by rt-pcr and then sequenced. the cloned cdna (2127 bp) encodes a 709 amino acid precursor molecule of yak lactoferrin with a signal peptide of 19 amino acids. the yak lactoferrin cdna was expressed in pichia pastoris. the recombinant protein, purified by ni-nta affinity column, had a molecular weight of 76 kda and reacted with an antibody raised against native bovine lactoferrin. the iron-binding behavior and antimicrobial activity of the purified ...	2006	16810449
hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha cdna cloning and its mrna and protein tissue specific expression in domestic yak (bos grunniens) from qinghai-tibetan plateau.	adaptation to hypoxia is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (hif-1), a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of an oxygen-regulated alpha-subunit and a constitutively expressed beta-subunit. how animals living on qinghai-tibetan plateau adapt to the extreme hypoxia environment is known indistinctly. in this study, the qinghai yak, which has been living at 3000-5000 m altitude for at least two millions of years, was selected as the model of high hypoxia-tolerant adaptation species. t ...	2006	16876112
polymorphism of the growth hormone gene of red deer (cervus elaphus).	in mammals, pituitary growth hormone (gh) is usually encoded by a single gene, but in some caprine ruminants there are two gh genes, and higher primates have a cluster of at least 5 gh-like genes. we have previously shown that in several artiodactyls (chevrotain, giraffe, and hippopotamus) there are two gh gene sequences, differing by 5-21 nucleotides (nt), but whether these arise from two distinct gene loci is unclear. we report here that in the red deer (cervus elaphus) also there are two main ...	2006	16356499
studies of a naturally occurring molybdenum-induced copper deficiency in the yak.	the clinical signs of a disorder known locally as "shakeback disease" in yaks in the north of the qing hai-tibetan plateau of china were defined: they included emaciation, unsteady gait, a 'shivering' back and deprived appetites. coat colour was not affected. the mineral composition of soil and forages, and samples of blood and hair from yaks in affected ranches in this region were compared with those of 20 samples from unaffected areas. the mean concentration of molybdenum (mo) in soil and fora ...	2006	16490720
interferon-alpha genes from bos and bubalus bubalus.	interferon-a genes were cloned from six breeds of three species of two genera (three chinese native cattle breeds of yellow cattle, wild yak and huanhu domestic yak, one european breed of holstein cow, and two water buffalo breeds of fuan water buffalo and fuzhong water buffalo) by direct pcr. the pcr products were directly inserted into the expression vector to be sequenced and expressed. sequence analysis showed that ifn-a genes of six clones were composed of 498 nucleotides, encoding a mature ...	2006	16621760
induction of estrus in suckled female yaks (bos grunniens) and synchronization of ovulation in the non-sucklers for timed artificial insemination using progesterone treatments and co-synch regimens.	the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the induction of estrus and fertility in yak cows treated with co-synch regimens or progesterone (p(4)). in experiment 1, postpartum suckled yaks were assigned to three treatments: (1) a (n=28), insertion of an intravaginal device containing p(4) (cidr) on day 0, pgf(2alpha) (i.m.) on day 6 and pmsg (i.m.) at the time of cidr removal on day 7 (p(4)-pgf(2alpha)-pmsg); (2) b (n=21), pgf(2alpha) (i.m.) on day 6 and pmsg on day 7; (3) c (n=26), co ...	2006	16011882
calves born from anestrus yaks (poephagus grunniens l.) subjected to ovsynch and superovulation treatment.	an attempt was made to induce estrus and ovulation in eight anestrus yaks by use of the ovsynch protocol. six out of eight yaks were successfully induced into estrus, and ovulation occurred in all the responding yaks 1-2 days after the second gnrh administration. out of the six animals that responded to the treatment, two mated naturally with yak bulls, and calves were obtained from them. the other four animals were further administered a superovulatory regimen of folltropin (fsh-p). following f ...	2006	16971791
origin of mitochondrial dna diversity of domestic yaks.	the domestication of plants and animals was extremely important anthropologically. previous studies have revealed a general tendency for populations of livestock species to include deeply divergent maternal lineages, indicating that they were domesticated in multiple, independent events from genetically discrete wild populations. however, in water buffalo, there are suggestions that a similar deep maternal bifurcation may have originated from a single population. these hypotheses have rarely bee ...	2006	16995938
copper deficiency in yaks on pasture in western china.	the clinical signs of a disorder in yaks (bos grunniens), known locally as "swayback ailment," in the qing hai-tibetan plateau are described. the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility that swayback ailment is iron (fe)-induced copper (cu) deficiency. the mean concentrations of cu in soil and forage from affected areas and unaffected areas are similar and within the normal ranges. the mean concentrations of cu in blood and hair from the affected yaks was significantly lower (p < ...	2006	17017658
heat shock response and mammal adaptation to high elevation (hypoxia).	the mammal's high elevation (hypoxia) adaptation was studied by using the immunological and the molecular biological methods to understand the significance of hsp (hypoxia) adaptation in the organic high elevation, through the mammal heat shock response. (1) from high elevation to low elevation (natural hypoxia): western blot and conventional rt-pcr and real-time fluorescence quota pcr were adopted. expression difference of heat shock protein of 70 (hsp70) and natural expression of brain tissue ...	2006	17172058
biology of the wool follicle: an excursion into a unique tissue interaction system waiting to be re-discovered.	wool fibres are hairs and the term 'wool' is usually restricted to describe the fine curly hairs that constitute the fleece produced by sheep. in a broader sense, it can be used to describe the fleeces produced by related species such as goat or yak. research into the biology of wool growth and the structure of the wool fibre has been driven by the demands of the wool industry to improve both the efficiency of growing wool and the quality of the product. well beyond this very applied perspective ...	2006	17083360
[the academic trend of oriental medicine during the japanese colonial period as observed through the publication of medical books].	this thesis examines the academical trend of oriental medicine in the japanese colonial period observed through medical books published during the japanese colonial period. this is a period in which western medicine was introduced, and due to the lean-to-one-side policy by the japanese, western medicine became the mainstream medical science while oriental medicine was pushed to the outskirts. even after all this, the academic activity was flourishing during this period compared to any other peri ...	2006	17214426
the c. elegans dyrk kinase mbk-2 marks oocyte proteins for degradation in response to meiotic maturation.	the oocyte-to-embryo transition transforms a differentiated germ cell into a totipotent zygote capable of somatic development. in c. elegans, several oocyte proteins, including the meiotic katanin subunit mei-1 and the oocyte maturation protein oma-1, must be degraded during this transition . degradation of mei-1 and oma-1 requires the dual-specificity yak-1-related (dyrk) kinase mbk-2 . here, we demonstrate that mbk-2 directly phosphorylates mei-1 and oma-1 in vitro and that this activity is es ...	2006	16338136
[characteristics of the g-loads in sports stunt flying].	thirty well-qualified flying sportsmen, aged 22-42, who performer 210 aerobatic flights onboard a sporting airplane yak-50, were examined, using an automatic monitoring system. the flyers were exposed to +9 gz and -6 gz as a maximum the duration of which was 10 s and 5 s, respectively. the onset rate varied from 0.5 to 2.5 g/s (with the mean rate 1 g/s), reaching 4.2 g/s as a maximum. on the average, the training flight lasts 25 min, 45-50% of which the pilot experiences acceleration of various ...	2006	4087854
[effect of vibration and noise on the work capacity indices of the crews of the mi-4 helicopters].	the study of certain parameters of performance of crewmembers of mi-4 helicopters revealed their significant changes after a working day. the percentage of errors in the reproduction of a preassigned muscular tension increased, the percentage of precise reactions to the moving object decreased, the critical frequency of light flickering decreased, the number of contacts during static tremometry increased. in the control group consisting of crewmembers of the aircraft yak-40 these parameters vari ...	2006	692071
abe and yak: the interactions of abraham m. lilienfeld and jacob yerushalmy in the development of modern epidemiology (1945-1973).	this paper explores the relationship between 2 persons much involved in the development of modern epidemiology, jacob yerushalmy and abraham m. lilienfeld. the formation of that relationship is described and the resulting influences by each individual on the other's professional work are discussed. interactions between these 2 men contributed to several areas of epidemiologic development, including the effects of misclassification on observational study data, elements of epidemiologic causal inf ...	2007	17568222
wide geographic distribution of cryptosporidium bovis and the deer-like genotype in bovines.	recent studies in the united states reported that approximately 85% of pre-weaned dairy calves were infected with zoonotic cryptosporidium parvum, whereas only 1-2% of post-weaned calves and 1-2-year-old heifers were infected with this species. cryptosporidium bovis and cryptosporidium deer-like genotype were much more prevalent in the post-weaned animals. it is not clear whether the same infection pattern also occurs in other geographic areas. in this study, to determine whether the same crypto ...	2007	17097231
characterization of metallothioneins (mt-i and mt-ii) in the yak.	the cdna-encoding sequences for yak metallothionein isoforms i (mt-i) and ii (mt-ii) were amplified and cloned by reverse-transcription pcr to characterize the nucleotide sequence and protein structure of metallothionein in the yak. the cdna sequences of mt-i and mt-ii were subjected to blast searching at the national center for biotechnology information, and the results indicated that the nucleotide sequences of yak mt-i and mt-ii, when compared among different species of mammals, are highly co ...	2007	17121968
occurrence of enterotoxic staphylococcus aureus in raw milk from yaks and cattle in mongolia.	staphylococcal food poisoning is considered one of the leading foodborne illnesses in humans worldwide and is associated with contaminated foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products. in this study, we investigated the occurrence of staphylococci and the enterotoxigenic properties of staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk from yaks (bos mutus) and cattle in mongolia. staphylococci were isolated from 72 (74%) of the 97 raw milk samples. of the samples containing staphylococci, 6 ...	2007	17685350
molecular characterization of cryptosporidium from animal sources in qinghai province of china.	the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts in 20 zoo animals of the xining zoo, 16 farm yaks and 42 farm goats in qinghai province, china was investigated by an immunofluorescence test (ift). the species and/or genotypes were determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequence analysis of a fragment of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 16 zoo animals, 2 yaks, and 15 goats by ift. the ift positive samples were further investigated by pcr, and 16 o ...	2007	17701218
successful embryo transfer in tianzhu white yak using standard protocol.	the present study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of superovulation, oestrus synchronization, and embryo recovery in tianzhu white yaks and also to confirm the pregnancy rate of black yaks, to which embryos collected from white yaks were transplanted. forty-seven yaks were selected from different experiment groups, including 10 tianzhu white female yaks (donor, group a) and 37 black female yaks (recipient, groups b and c). superovulation of the donor was induced by the application ...	2007	17879065
[determination of nutrition elements in yak milk powder by atomic absorption spectrometry].	in the present paper, orthogonal design test was planed by changing cinefaction temperature, cinefaction time, and the concentration of hydrochloric acid. yak milk powder and milk powder were digested by dry method. the contents of elements ca, mg, fe, cu, zn, mn, k and na were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. the best conditions for the digestion were obtained as follows: the temperature was 510 degrees c, cinefaction time 4 hours, and hydrochloric acid concentration 1 : 5. m ...	2007	18330317
mitochondrial dna sequence diversity and origin of chinese domestic yak.	in order to clarify the origin and genetic diversity of yak in china, we analysed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region sequences (approximately 891 bp) in 52 individuals from four domestic yak (poephagus grunniens) breeds, as well as from a hybrid between yak and cattle (pianniu). twenty-five samples were further selected for partial (420 bp) cytochrome b sequencing based on control region sequence information. two yak samples shared sequences with chinese cattle (bos taurus); the remaining ...	2007	17257194
effect of yak milk casein hydrolysate on th1/th2 cytokines production by murine spleen lymphocytes in vitro.	yak casein hydrolysate was derived from the enzymatic alcalase-hydrolysate of a typical northwestern china milk product called qula. an in vitro study was conducted to examine their immunoregulatory effects on murine t cells, including con-a-induced lymphoproliferation and splenocyte cell cycle, production, and messenger rna (mrna) expression of interleukin-2 (il-2), interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), and interleukin-4 (il-4). the results showed that yak casein hydrolysate had lymphoproliferation act ...	2007	17263454
genetic structure and differentiation of three chinese indigenous cattle populations.	levels of genetic differentiation, gene flow, and genetic structure of three indigenous cattle populations (luxi, bohai, and minnan) and two reference cattle populations (chinese holstein and qinhai yak) in china were estimated using the information from 12 microsatellites, and 141 microsatellite alleles were identified. the mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.9005 in yak to 4.9722 in holstein. the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.5325 (yak) to 0.7719 (holstein); 29 private allel ...	2007	17265139
carnivore-caused livestock mortality in trans-himalaya.	the loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among trans-himalayan pastoralists. because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. in the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard uncia uncia, tibetan wolf canis lupus chanku, and eurasian lynx lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely gya, rumtse, and sasoma, within the propose ...	2007	17318699
the arterial supply to the brain of the yak (bos grunniens).	fifteen head specimens of the yak were dissected to study the arterial supply to the brain. the supply comes from the internal carotid, maxillary, occipital and vertebral arteries. except for the internal carotid artery, the branches of the above-mentioned arteries contributed in the formation of the rete mirable of which the vascular diameter was larger and the wall was thinner. the brain was mainly supplied by branches from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries in which the blood is oxyg ...	2007	17319606
nuclear reprogramming in embryos generated by the transfer of yak (bos grunniens) nuclei into bovine oocytes and comparison with bovine-bovine scnt and bovine ivf embryos.	although inter-species scnt may be useful for increasing and preserving populations of endangered species, there are many reports that inter-species nuclear transfer embryos only develop to the blastocyst stage. in this study, yak-bovine scnt blastocysts were successfully implanted in the surrogate bovine uterus but failed to develop to term or aborted. to clarify the reasons, we examined yak-bovine scnt blastocyst development, total cell number, inner cell mass (icm) number, trophoblast (te) ce ...	2007	17416410
sequence variation and molecular evolution of hormone-sensitive lipase genes in species of bovidae.	the partial sequences of exon i of hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) genes in yak (bos grunniens), cattle (bos taurus), zebu (bos indicus), and buffalo (bubalus bubalis) were analyzed. comparisons of these sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences with the homologous hsl gene and protein sequences in other mammalian species including pig (sus scrofa), human (homo sapiens), mouse (mus musculus), and rat (rattus sp.) retrieved from the genbank were carried out and finally a phylogenetic tree was ...	2007	17469775
the challenges and progress in the management of reproduction in yaks.	this paper deals with the progress in the management of reproduction in domestic yaks, including female reproductive biology, male reproductive biology and the main reproductive technologies in both female and male yaks. further studies and actions with some immediate measures are also recommended.	2007	17491154
phylogenetic relationships and status quo of colonies for gayal based on analysis of cytochrome b gene partial sequences.	thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b(cytb) gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. together with sequences of bos indicus, bos taurus, bos grunniens and bos gaurus with bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of cytb gene were analyzed. the phylogenetic trees were constructed by the nj method and the mp method respectively, both supporting almo ...	2007	17560527
genetic variation of mitochondrial d-loop region and evolution analysis in some chinese cattle breeds.	the complete mitochondrial d-loop region from 123 individuals in 12 chinese cattle breeds and two individuals in germany yellow cattle breed was sequenced and analyzed. the results were shown as follows: 93 variations and 57 haplotypes were detected, and the average number of nucleotide difference was 22.708, nucleotide diversity (d) was 0.0251 +/- 0.00479, and haplotype diversity (hd) was 0.888 +/- 0.026, indicating very high genetic diversity in chinese cattle breeds. in the neighbor-joining t ...	2007	17601610
application of sensitive enzymeimmunoassay for determination of cortisol in blood plasma of yaks (poephagus grunniens l.).	as an alternative to radioimmunoassays, a simple, highly sensitive and quick enzymeimmunoassay (eia) for determination of cortisol in blood plasma of yaks on microtiterplates using second antibody coating technique and cortisol-horseradish peroxidase as a label has been developed. the wells of the microtiterplate were coated with affinity-purified goat igg (antirabbit igg) that binds the hormone specific antibody. the eia was carried out directly in 20 microl of heat treated plasma after 1:5 dil ...	2007	17655848
shuffling of pig interleukin-2 gene and its enhancing of immunity in mice to pasteurella multocida vaccine.	in order to explore the safe and effective adjuvant for promotion of immunity of animals against infection, the experiment was carried out to shuffle tibet pig il-2 cdna with other il-2 cdna from human, yak and mouse, and the effect of shuffled il-2 (il-2s) gene in vivo was investigated on immunity of mice to pasteurella multocida. the il-2s protein was found to remarkably promote the proliferation of pig lymphoblasts than the native pig il-2 protein. then the il-2s gene was cloned into vr1020 e ...	2007	17959278
cdna cloning, gene organization and variant specific expression of hif-1 alpha in high altitude yak (bos grunniens).	hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (hif-1) is a heterodimeric basic-helix-loop-helix-per-arnt-sim (bhlh-pas) transcription factor consisting of hif-1alpha and hif-1beta subunits. hif-1alpha is the oxygen-regulated subunit of hif-1, which regulates the transcription of genes involved in oxygen homeostasis in response to hypoxia. yak (bos grunniens), a mammal native to high altitude (ha) region ( approximately 3500-5500 m), has successfully adapted over many generations to the chronic hypoxia of ha. in th ...	2007	17045424
in vitro development of yak (bos grunniens) embryos generated by interspecies nuclear transfer.	interspecies cloning may be used as an effective method to conserve highly endangered species, but at present it suffers from relatively low levels of efficiency. in order to find a technique that could be used in conservation of the wild yak (bos grunniens), we designed in six separate experiments to investigate the following factors that might influence the efficiency of interspecies cloning: (1) maturation rates of the recipient bovine oocytes; (2) nuclear donor cell types; (3) age of the yak ...	2007	17055195
yak milk casein as a functional ingredient: preparation and identification of angiotensin-i-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides.	yak milk casein derived from qula, a traditional tibetan acid curd cheese, was hydrolyzed by six commercially available proteases (trypsin, pepsin, alcalase, flavourzyme, papain and neutrase). these hydrolysates were assayed for their inhibitory activity of angiotensin-i-converting enzyme (ace). the hydrolysates obtained by neutrase from bacillus amyloliquefaciens showed the highest ace inhibitory activity. the ic50 value of neutrase-hydrolysate was 0.38 mg/ml. the hydrolysate obtained by neutra ...	2007	16987434
complete sequence of the yak (bos grunniens) mitochondrial genome and its evolutionary relationship with other ruminants.	the yak (bos grunniens) is the most important domesticated species in the qinhai-tibetan plateau. in present study, the complete sequence of the yak mitochondrial genome was determined. sequence analysis revealed that there are no differences with cattle in the yak mitochondrial genome organization. interestingly, within the d-loop, the conserved sequence blocks are less conserved than surrounding regions. neighbor-joining (nj) trees based on single genes, gene sets and concatenated genes of mit ...	2007	16942892
the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the yak (bos grunniens).	the heads and necks of 10 yaks were dissected to study the shape, location, arrangement, and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion. the ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, mean length 19.72 mm, width 7.65 mm and depth 4.55 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of the m. longus capitis. approximately 25% of the ganglion was covered by the tympanic bulla, the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. the branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal and external carotid nerves, ...	2007	16246603
assessment of superovulatory responses in terms of palpable corpora lutea and embryo recovery using plasma progesterone in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.).	plasma progesterone profiles were used to assess superovulatory responses in cyclic yaks (n=10) in terms of the number of ovulations and the number of embryos recovered. the animals were synchronized into oestrus following ovsynch treatment. all the animals received a total of 200 mg folltropin divided into morning and evening and spread over 4 days, beginning on day 10 of the oestrus cycle (day of expected oestrus=day 0). plasma samples for progesterone estimation were collected daily starting ...	2008	18187170
the analysis of genetic diversity and differentiation of six chinese cattle populations using microsatellite markers.	a total of 321 individuals from six cattle populations of four species in a bovine subfamily in china were studied using 12 pairs of microsatellite markers. the genetic diversities within and between populations were calculated. the phylogenetic trees were constructed by (delta mu)(2) and da distances, and the divergence times between populations were estimated by (delta mu)(2). altogether, 144 microsatellite alleles were detected including 24 private alleles and nine shared alleles. chinese hol ...	2008	18222406
seroepidemiology of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in qinghai, china.	neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite and is closely related to toxoplasma gondii, but they are antigenically different. n. caninum and t. gondii infection in a variety of animals such as cattle, dogs, and cats has been reported, but there is little information on the infection of these parasites in domestic yaks. seroprevalence of antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum in yaks (bos grunniens) from eight regions of qinghai, china were investigated by the indirect agglutination test (iat) and ...	2008	18242860
fatty acid composition of yak (bos grunniens) cheese including conjugated linoleic acid and trans-18:1 fatty acids.	the esterified fatty acid composition of cheese (yc) from yak ( bos grunniens), reared in the highlands of the nepalese himalayas, was studied using capillary gas-liquid chromatography and compared with that of dairy cow cheddar cheese (dc) purchased in a local market. the yc was collected from dolakha, nepal. the yc had a lower (p<0.001) myristic acid (c14:0; 6.7 vs 10.3%, yc vs dc, respectively) and palmitic acid content (c16:0; 23.3 vs 29.2%, yc vs dc, respectively) compared to dc. the yc had ...	2008	18266317
genetic variation in the kappa-casein gene (csn3) of chinese yak (bos grunniens) and phylogenetic analysis of csn3 sequences in the genus bos.	variants of kappa-casein (csn3) have been extensively studied in cattle and 13 alleles have been identified at the protein and dna levels to date. evolution of some of these alleles and a possible common ancestor remain unclear. polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) analysis of csn3 exon iv in domesticated yak revealed a 2-allele polymorphism showing migration patterns different from known cattle variants. the pcr products of both yak csn3 sscp alleles were ...	2008	18292276
short communication: characterization of a kappa-casein genetic variant in the chinese yak, bos grunniens.	a pcr-single strand conformation polymorphism protocol has been developed for rapid genotyping of the yak kappa-casein gene. a total of 307 yaks from the tianzhu white, jiulong, maiwa, and datong breeds in china were genotyped at the kappa-casein locus using the protocol developed in the present study. a polymorphism of kappa-casein gene exon 4 has been identified in tianzhu white breed by evaluating genomic dna. the polymorphic site consists of a single nucleotide substitution g-->c at position ...	2008	18292277
identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from tibetan qula cheese.	fourteen strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from qula, a tibetan traditional yak cheese, were divided into four groups (a-d) according to morphological and biochemical characteristics. on the basis of the 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, group a and group b strains were placed in the cluster making up the genus leuconostoc, which together with leuconostoc mesenteroides and leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, formed a distinct cluster. the group c strain was clearly identified as enteroc ...	2008	18323681
identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 in yaks (bos poephagus grunniens) in the himalayan region.	since cattle are widely infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in india, we searched for pestivirus infection in yaks. of 71 pure and crossbred yaks from himalayan region, pestivirus antigen was detected by ag-elisa in three animals. pestivirus in leukocyte and cell culture isolated virus samples originating from positive yaks was also confirmed by rt-pcr using panpestivirus specific primers selected from 5'-untranslated region (5' utr). the 5' utr, n(pro) and e2 regions were sequenced a ...	2008	17663013
efficacy of heatsynch protocol for induction of estrus, synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination in yaks (poephagus grunniens l.).	the objective of this study was to test the efficacy of induction of estrus, synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination in anestrous yaks using the heatsynch protocol. in experiment 1, 10 anestrous yaks were administered an analogue of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) followed by prostaglandin (pg)f2alpha 7 days later and then estradiol cyponate (ecp) 24 h after that. ovulation was detected by rectal palpation at 2h intervals beginning at the initial signs of estrus. blo ...	2008	17383122
molecular anatomy of the cytoplasmic domain of bovine growth hormone receptor, a quantitative trait locus.	quantitative trait loci (qtl) studies have indicated growth hormone receptor (ghr) as a candidate gene affecting cattle milk yield and composition. in order to characterize genetic variation at ghr in cattle, we studied european and east african breeds with different histories of selection, and bos grunniens, ovis aries, sus scrofa, bison bison and rangifer tarandus as references. we sequenced most of the cytoplasmic domain (900 bp of exon 10), 89 bp of exon 8, including the putative causative m ...	2008	18381258
cloning and sequence analysis of multiple splice variants of lactate dehydrogenase c in yak testes.	lactate dehydrogenase c (ldh-c) has been reported to play a role in the energy metabolism of mammal spermatozoa. however, the functions and expression patterns of ldh-c still remain unclear. in order to elucidate the functions and expression patterns of ldh-c, we cloned the cdna of yak ldh-c. total rna was extracted from yak testes and reverse transcribed and amplified by pcr. the full length open reading frame (orf) of ldh-c and its five splice variants were obtained. the full length orf contai ...	2008	18408355