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nematodes of amphibians from java, indonesia, with a description of <br />new species, meteterakis wonosoboensis n. sp. (nematoda : heterakoidea).during a survey on the parasites of amphibians of indonesia, toads (30 bufo melanostictus) and 246 frogs (213 fejervarya cancrivora, 11 f. limnocharis, 22 rana macrodon from west java and 68 f. cancrivora from central java) were examined for parasitic nematodes. three species of nematodes were found and described, i.e. meteterakis wonosoboensis n. sp. from fejervaria cancrivora; meteterakis japonica from bufo melanostictus, f. cancrivora and f. limnocharis; and chabaudus sp. from f. cancrivora, ...201526249921
bufalin inhibits migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma sk-hep1 cells through the inhibitions of nf-kb and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9-signaling pathways.metastasis plays an important role in mortality of cancer patients. migration and invasion are the major characteristics of tumor metastasis. the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) such as mmp-2 and -9 are particularly important for the invasiveness of various cancer cells. bufalin, a class of toxic steroids, was purified from the skin glands of bufo gargarizans or bufo melanostictus; it is known to inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells. in this study, we investigated the antiin ...201523949904
cholinesterase localization in the developing foregut of the toad (bufo melanostictus). 20154653285
effect of testosterone propionate on testicular compensatory hypertrophy in the toad, bufo melanostictus (schn). 20154537217
tadpoles of three common anuran species from thailand do not prey on mosquito larvae.tadpoles are often considered to be predators of mosquito larvae and are therefore beneficial for the control of certain disease vectors. nevertheless, only a few species have actually been recorded to prey on mosquito larvae. the mosquito larvae predation rates of tadpoles of three common thai anuran species (bufo melanostictus, kaloula pulchra and hylarana raniceps) were experimentally tested. tadpoles in varying developmental stages were used to assess a size/age effect on the predation rate. ...201526611955
intramuscular single-dose toxicity test of bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture in sprague-dawley rats.bufonis venonum (bv) is the dried white secretions of the auricular and skin glands of the toads bufo bufo gargarizans or bufo melanosticus schneider. this study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of intramuscularly- administered bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture (bvp) and to calculate its approximate lethality through a single-dose test with sprague-dawley (sd) rats.201526998390
intoxication after ingestion of toad soup: report of two cases.intoxication after ingestion of toad is rare, but it results in severe morbidity and high mortality. recently, we encountered 2 children, one a 15-month-old boy and one a 20-month-old girl, who were fed cooked toad (bufo melanostictus) soup. the boy expired of ventricular fibrillation. the girl presented with varying degrees of a-v block with congestive heart failure which, however, was completely resolved after intensive treatment. in our experience, early identification and intervention are ne ...20159473822
effects of seasonal variation on oxidative stress physiology in natural population of toad bufo melanostictus; clues for analysis of environmental pollution.natural population of bufo melanostictus in response to environmental cues shows several physiologic changes such as reproductive activity, hibernation, aestivation and metabolic depression in different seasons. we investigated the effects of seasonal fluctuations on oxidative stress (os) physiology biomarkers, such as endogenous (elpx) and induced (ilpx) lipid peroxidation, front-line redox regulatory enzymes (superoxide dismutase: sod and catalase) and two non-enzyme antioxidant metabolites (a ...201627568195
sexual dimorphism in baseline urinary corticosterone metabolites and their association with body-condition indices in a peri-urban population of the common asian toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus).field endocrinology research through the quantification of glucocorticoids or stress hormones in free-living wildlife is crucial for assessing their physiological responses towards pervasive environmental changes. urinary corticosterone metabolite (ucm) enzyme-immunoassay (eia) has been validated for numerous amphibian species as a non-invasive measure of physiological stress. body-condition indices (bcis) have also been widely used in amphibians as an indirect measure of animal health. field en ...201626478192
effect of hypobaric hypoxia on spermatogenesis, leydig cells and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in toad.the effect of different grades of hypobaric hypoxia for 48 hours was studied on spermatogenesis, leydig cells and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in toad (bufo melanostictus). maximum inhibition of testicular activity was noted in 7,315 m exposed animals. the impairment of testicular function at high altitude is possibly due to inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion.20163869809
effect of atp on smooth muscle of toad urinary bladder.adenosine 5'-triphosphate (atp), at a dose range of 1.8 to 116 microm, produced an initial phasic contraction followed by a rhythmic contraction in urinary bladder smooth muscle of the toad (bufo melanostictus). acetylcholine produced a rhythmic contraction which was antagonized by atropine (1.5 microm) and potentiated by neostigmine (1.7 microm), indicating activation of muscarinic receptors. however, both phasic and rhythmic components of atp contraction were atropine-resistant. quinidine (26- ...20162122823
deep genetic structure and ecological divergence in a widespread human commensal toad.the asian common toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a human commensal species that occupies a wide variety of habitats across tropical southeast asia. we test the hypothesis that genetic variation in d. melanostictus is weakly associated with geography owing to natural and human-mediated dispersal facilitated by its commensal nature. phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence variation, and predictive species distribution modelling, unexpectedly reco ...201626763213
lethal and sub-lethal effects on the asian common toad duttaphrynus melanostictus from exposure to hexavalent chromium.chromium discharged in industrial effluents frequently occurs as an environmental pollutant, but the lethal and sub-lethal effects the heavy metal might cause in animals exposed to it have been insufficiently investigated. selecting the amphibian duttaphrynus melanostictus, we carried out laboratory tests to investigate the effects of short and long term exposure to hexavalent chromium (cr(vi)) in both tadpoles and adult toads. the concentrations used were 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0mg/l, the ...201627262939
relaxant effect of prostaglandin e 1 on the isolated intestine of the toad (bufo melanostictus). 20164999919
phylogeographic and population insights of the asian common toad (bufo gargarizans) in korea and china: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages.the effects of ice ages on speciation have been well documented for many european and north american taxa. in contrast, very few studies have addressed the consequences of such environmental and topographical changes in north east asian species. more precisely, the korean peninsula offers a unique model to assess patterns and processes of speciation as it hosts the northern- and eastern-most distribution limit of some widespread asian taxa. despite this, studies addressing phylogeographic patter ...201729201561
first report of seuratascaris numidica seurat, 1917 (nematoda: ascarididae) and other helminths from amphibians of west bengal, india.studies on nematode parasites from anuran hosts from eastern india, particularly west bengal, are rare. to our knowledge, there is a report of larvae of monhysterides sp. (a fish parasite) from cysts within the body cavity and musculature of duttaphrynus melanostictus, hoplobatrachus tigerinus and euphlyctis hexadactylus as well as descriptions of aplectana duttaphryni from d. melanostictus, aplectana dubrajpuri from h. tigerinus, cosmocerca microhylae from microhyla rubra and rhabdias bulbicaud ...201728316428
detection of antidiabetic activity by crude paratoid gland secretions from common indian toad (bufomelano stictus).amphibians have provided a remarkable array of biological active compounds, which are secreted from socalled granular skin glands which serve to protect the amphibians from predators due to its noxious effects on buccal tissue and at least in the case of some peptides, to protect from bacterial (or) protozoan infections. given the respiratory and antimicrobial functions of amphibian skin, it is likely that some of the novel molecules found in amphibian granular gland secretions might be of use i ...201726283844
toxic toad invasion of wallacea: a biodiversity hotspot characterized by extraordinary endemism.(a) a map of wallacea showing islands invaded by duttaphrynus melanostictus in red, islands inhabited by varanus komodoensis in blue, and localities of genetic samples in yellow points. (b) a d. melanostictus from lombok island. (c) environmental niche model for the sunda islands clade of d. melanostictus projected into wallacea. green color indicates very high suitability, yellow color indicates high suitability, and orange color indicates moderate suitability.201728833907
signals of forest degradation in the demography of common asian amphibians.lowland areas in tropical east and southeast asia have a long history of conversion from forestland to agricultural land, with many remaining forests being chronically degraded by wood cutting, livestock grazing, and burning. wetland-breeding amphibians that have evolved in lowland forests in the region have adjusted to changes in habitat composition caused by humans' activities, and populations continue to persist. however, we have little understanding of the impacts of forest disturbance on th ...201829404203
molecular mechanisms underlying the antimetastatic activity of bufalin.bufalin is a monomer compound extract from chansu, which is a traditional chinese medicine obtained from the skin and parotid venom glands of toads, such as bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider. chansu had been used in traditional chinese medicine for >1,000 years due to its cardiac, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. previous studies identified bufalin as the main anticancer compound of chansu, and recent evidence has corroborated its anticancer properties. bu ...201829732152
comparative analysis of hydrophilic ingredients in toad skin and toad venom using the uhplc-hr-ms/ms and uplc-qqq-ms/ms methods together with the anti-inflammatory evaluation of indolealkylamines.toad skin and toad venom, as two kinds of chinese medicine, are prepared from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider. however, they display distinct properties in traditional application, and the hydrophilic ingredients are the possible distinguishing chemicals between them. in this work, 36 and 22 hydrophilic components were characterized from toad skin and venom, respectively, by uhplc-hr-ms/ms, including amino acids, nucleosides, polypeptides, and indolealkylamines (iaa ...201830591646
widespread vulnerability of malagasy predators to the toxins of an introduced toad.invasive species are a key factor contributing to the global decline of biodiversity, and understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial to mitigate detrimental effects [1]. one such mechanism is the introduction of invasive species with defensive strategies, such as novel toxins, that can disrupt native predator communities [2]. disruption of such communities can produce trophic cascades, impacting a diverse array of taxa [2]. madagascar, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot, has rec ...201829870701
biochemical analyses of proteins from duttaphrynus melanostictus (bufo melanostictus) skin secretion: soluble protein retrieval from a viscous matrix by ion-exchange batch sample preparation.a crucial step in scientific analysis can be sample preparation, and its importance increases in the same rate as the sensitivity of the following employed/desired analytical technique does. the need to analyze complex, viscous matrices is not new, and diverse approaches have been employed, with different success rates depending on the intended molecules. solid-phase extraction, for example, has been successfully used in sample preparation for organic molecules and peptides. however, due to the ...201829948543
atypical assortative mating based on body size in an explosive-breeding toad from a tropical island of southern china.mating patterns exhibit considerable intra- and interspecific variation. sexual selection can lead to the occurrence of random and assortative mating in different populations of the same species. thus, understanding variation in mating decisions is crucial to understanding variation in the direction of sexual selection. we investigated natural mating patterns in black-spectacled toads (duttaphrynus melanostictus), an explosive-breeding species that breeds throughout the year. we captured amplect ...201829481845
effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos, on hatching, mortality and morphology of duttaphrynus melanostictus embryos.in an attempt to assess the effects of chlorpyrifos [o,o-diethyl o-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate], the second largest selling insecticide in india, studies were made with reference to some non-target organisms. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects in the embryos of duttaphrynus melanostictus caused by the commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos (tricel, chlorpyrifos, 20% ec). the lc50 value for duttaphrynus melanostictus embryos after 48 h (h) of treatment wi ...201830208551
geographic body size variation of a tropical anuran: effects of water deficit and precipitation seasonality on asian common toad from southern asia.two previous studies on interspecific body size variation of anurans found that the key drivers of variation are the species' lifestyles and the environments that they live in. to examine whether those findings apply at the intraspecific level, we conducted a study of the asian common toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus), a terrestrial anuran distributed in tropical regions. the body size of toads from 15 locations, covering the majority of their geographic range, and local environmental data were ...201931706264
proteomic analysis of soluble proteins retrieved from duttaphrynus melanostictus skin secretion by iex-batch sample preparation.amphibians display a toxic secretion that works as chemical defenses against predators and/or microorganisms that is stored in specialized glands located in the tegument. for some animals, such glands have accumulated in specific regions of the body and formed prominent structures known as macroglands. the bufonidae family displays conspicuous macroglands in a post-orbital position, termed parotoids, which secretions are known to be extremely viscous and rich in alkaloids and steroids. few prote ...201931526902
protein identification from the parotoid macrogland secretion of duttaphrynus melanostictus.bufonid parotoid macrogland secretion contains several low molecular mass molecules, such as alkaloids and steroids. nevertheless, its protein content is poorly understood. herein, we applied a sample preparation methodology that allows the analysis of viscous matrices in order to examine its proteins.201931467513
the protection of indolealkylamines from lps-induced inflammation in zebrafish.toad skin came from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider. as the traditional chinese medicine, it had the effect of clearing away heat and detoxification. in traditional applications, toad skin was often used for the treatment of cancer and inflammation. total indolealkylamines (iaas) from this medicine were proved the main compounds exert anti-inflammatory activity in our previous research.201931356965
meteterakis asansolensis sp. nov. (nematoda: heterakidae) in duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider, 1899) (amphibia: anura: bufonidae) from asansol coalfield area, paschim bardhaman, west bengal, india.meteterakis asansolensis sp. nov. (nematoda: heterakidae) recovered from the rectum of asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider, 1899), collected from asansol coalfield area in paschim bardhaman district of west bengal, india, is described and illustrated. this species is characterised by the presence of a precloacal sucker, a gubernaculum and two equal and similar spicules (0.31-0.32 mm in length). this species differs from other reported species of the oriental region by morpho ...201931263327
description of a new species of rhabdias stiles and hassall, 1905 (nematoda, rhabdiasidae) in duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider, 1899) from west bengal, india.the purpose of this article is to describe a new species of rhabdias stiles and hassall, 1905 from west bengal, india. rhabdias bengalensis sp. nov. (nematoda, rhabdiasidae) recovered from the lungs of asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider, 1899), collected from illambazar town, birbhum district of west bengal, india.201930645738
identification of antitumor constituents in toad venom by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and investigation on its pharmacologic mechanism.(1) background: toad venom (bufonis venenum, known as 'chansu' in chinese), the secretion of the ear-side gland and skin gland of bufo gargarizans cantor or duttaphrynus melanostictus schneider, has been utilized to treat several diseases in china for thousands of years. however, due to the chemical variability of the components, systematic chemical composition and the key pharmacophores in toad venom have not yet fully understood. besides, it contains a variety of effective compounds with diffe ...202032961837
understanding the ultrastructural aspects of berberine-induced skin-darkening activity in the toad, bufo melanostictus, melanophores.berberine is an active compound of berberis vulgaris (daruhaldi) with known multiple pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and anticancer effects. the present work aimed to study the ultrastructural effects of berberine to determine its skin-darkening potential using bufo melanostictus melanophores, which has not been done to date. light and electron microscopic analysis of isolated dorsal skin melanophores of b. melanostictus ha ...202030023201
impact of the mid-pleistocene revolution and anthropogenic factors on the dispersion of asian black-spined toads (duttaphrynus melanostictus).divergence-time estimation critically improves the understanding of biogeography processes underlying the distribution of species, especially when fossil data is not available. we hypothesise that the asian black-spined toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus, expanded into the eastern indomalaya following the quaternary glaciations with the subsequent colonisation of new landscapes during the last glacial maximum. divergence dating inferred from 364 sequences of mitochondrial trnagly nd3 supported the ...202032650538
cathelicidin-dm is an antimicrobial peptide from duttaphrynus melanostictus and has wound-healing therapeutic potential.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are a class of templates with application potential for drug development. amphibians are important sources of amps. duttaphrynus melanostictus is the main source of traditional chinese medicine "chansu", which has anti-infection effect while without a clear mechanism. this study aimed to find the cathelicidin peptide in d. melanostictus and then investigate the activity in vivo and in vitro, and an amp-encoding gene (cathelicidin-dm, genbank: kj820824.1) was obtaine ...202032363280
two new 19-hydroxy bufadienolides with cytotoxic activity from the skins of bufo melanosticus.two new 19-hydroxy bufadienolides, named bufohydrolide a (1) and bufohydrolide b (2), and four known analogs (3-6) were isolated from the aqueous extracts of the skins of bufo melanosticus. their structures were established by spectral data analyses, such as uv, ir, 1 d/2d nmr and mass spectra. compounds 1-6 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against smmc-7721, ht-29 and a549 cells. noteworthily, all six isolates exhibited various levels of anti-proliferative activities with ic50 values ...202032202160
morphological description of opalina obtrigonoidea metcalf, 1923 (heterokonta, opalinea) from duttaphrynus melanostictus and evaluation of the its region as a suitable genetic marker for inter-species identification in opalina.the redescription of opalina obtrigonoidea metcalf, 1923, collected from the rectum of the toads duttaphrynus melanostictus, is presented in this paper based on detailed morphological information and molecular data. our results revealed that o. obtrigonoidea varies greatly in body dimensions. its morphological characteristics allow its differentiation from opalina undulata. surprisingly, we sequenced its ssu rdna-its1-5.8s rdna-its2-lsu rdna (5' end) and found the ssu rdna of o. obtrigonoidea is ...202032169658
inter-population variation in thermal sensitivity of the tropical toad duttaphrynus melanostictus, across a small spatial scale in sri lanka.inter-population disparities in a species have been shown to occur as an adaptation to different thermal regimes in the environment. we investigated the thermal sensitivities of the tropical toad duttaphrynus melanostictus (asia common toad) from two populations at different altitudes: nuwara-eliya - 1870 m, and polonnaruwa - 25 m, above mean sea level. the two locations were separated by what may be considered a short direct distance - 110 km. thermal sensitivity trials were conducted at six te ...202032364998
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