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the ameliorative effects of exogenous melatonin on grape cuttings under water-deficient stress: antioxidant metabolites, leaf anatomy, and chloroplast morphology.grapes are an important economic crop and are widely cultivated around the world. most grapes are grown in arid or semi-arid regions, and droughts take a heavy toll in grape and wine production areas. developing effective drought-resistant cultivation measures is a priority for viticulture. melatonin, an indoleamine, mediates many physiological processes in plants. herein, we examined whether exogenously applied melatonin could improve the resistance of wine grape seedlings grown from cuttings t ...201425039750
management practices impact vine carbohydrate status to a greater extent than vine productivity.light pruning and deficit irrigation regimes are practices which are widely used in high yielding commercial vineyards in the warm climate regions of australia. little information is available on their impacts on carbohydrate dynamics in vegetative organs within and between seasons, and on the resulting plant capacity to maintain productivity and ripen fruits. this study was conducted to address this gap in knowledge over five vintages on vitis vinifera l. cv. cabernet franc, shiraz, and caberne ...201425018758
phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of young wines made from yan73 (vitis vinifera l.) and cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera l.) grapes treated by 24-epibrassinolide.the grape berries of two varieties, yan73 (vitis vinifera l.) and cabernet sauvignon (cs) (vitis vinifera l.) were treated with 0.40 mg/l 24-epibrassinolide (ebr), 1.00 mg/l brassinazole (brz), and deionized water (control), at the veraison period. the ebr treatment significantly increased total phenolic content (tpc), total tannin content (ttc) and total anthocyanin content (tac) of yan73 and cs wines, whereas brz treatment decreased tpc, total flavonoid content (tfc), tac in the two wines. mor ...201425025149
metabolic changes of vitis vinifera berries and leaves exposed to bordeaux mixture.since the development of bordeaux mixture in the late 1800's, copper-based fungicides have been widely used against grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) diseases, mainly in organic but also in conventional viticulture; however their intensive use has raised phytotoxicity concerns. in this study, the composition of grape berries and leaves upon bordeaux mixture treatment was investigated during the fructification season by a metabolomic approach. four applications of bordeaux mixture till 3 weeks before ...201425022258
enhancement of phenolics, resveratrol and antioxidant activity by nitrogen enrichment in cell suspension culture of vitis vinifera.ammonium nitrate (nh4no3), an important nitrogen source (34% n), has been used as an elicitor to stimulate plant growth and development as well as induce secondary metabolites under controlled conditions. in the present paper, we investigated the enhancement of cell biomass, total phenolics, resveratrol levels, and antioxidant activity of vitis vinifera cv. pok dum by nitrogen enrichment (ms medium supplemented with nh4no3 at 0, 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 mg/l). the highest accumulations of bi ...201424962393
multiple loss-of-function 5-o-glucosyltransferase alleles revealed in vitis vinifera, but not in other vitis species.wild and loss-of-function alleles of the 5 - o - glucosyltransferase gene responsible for synthesis of diglucoside anthocyanins in vitis were characterized. the information aids marker development for tracking this gene in grape breeding. anthocyanins in red grapes are present in two glycosylation states: monoglucoside (3-o-glucoside) and diglucoside (3, 5-di-o-glucoside). while monoglucoside anthocyanins are present in all pigmented grapes, diglucoside anthocyanins are rarely found in the culti ...201425208644
natural bioactive compounds from winery by-products as health promoters: a review.the relevance of food composition for human health has increased consumers' interest in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as foods enriched in bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals. this fact has led to a growing attention of suppliers on reuse of agro-industrial wastes rich in healthy plant ingredients. on this matter, grape has been pointed out as a rich source of bioactive compounds. currently, up to 210 million tons of grapes (vitis vinifera l.) are produced annually, being ...201425192288
genome-wide transcriptional profiles of the berry skin of two red grape cultivars (vitis vinifera) in which anthocyanin synthesis is sunlight-dependent or -independent.global gene expression was analyzed in the berry skin of two red grape cultivars, which can ('jingyan') or cannot ('jingxiu') synthesize anthocyanins after sunlight exclusion from fruit set until maturity. gene transcripts responding to sunlight exclusion in 'jingyan' were less complex than in 'jingxiu'; 528 genes were induced and 383 repressed in the former, whereas 2655 genes were induced and 205 suppressed in 'jingxiu'. they were regulated either in the same or opposing manner in the two cult ...201425158067
a forensic perspective on the genetic identification of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) varieties using str markers.the grapevine (vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. a long interest in the historical origins of ancient and cultivated current grapevines, as well as the need to establish phylogenetic relationships and parentage, solve homonymies and synonymies, fingerprint cultivars and clones, and assess the authenticity of plants and wines has encouraged the development of genetic identification methods. str analysis is currently the most commonly used m ...201425146979
[evaluation of root and bud cold hardiness of wine grape varieties based on temperature-injury relation].a system for differential thermal analysis (dta) was applied for low temperature exotherms (lte) analysis of roots and buds of eight wine grape varieties, and the temperature-injury (lt-i) regression functions of buds, phloem and xylem of roots were established to evaluate the cold hardiness of roots and buds of the different varieties. the order of phloem 50% lethal temperature of the eight grapevines was marselan > cabernet franc > cabernet sauvignon > petit manseng > chardonnay > cabernet ger ...201425011289
mitochondria change dynamics and morphology during grapevine leaf senescence.leaf senescence is the last stage of development of an organ and is aimed to its ordered disassembly and nutrient reallocation. whereas chlorophyll gradually degrades during senescence in leaves, mitochondria need to maintain active to sustain the energy demands of senescing cells. here we analysed the motility and morphology of mitochondria in different stages of senescence in leaves of grapevine (vitis vinifera), by stably expressing a gfp (green fluorescent protein) reporter targeted to these ...201425009991
photooxidation of tryptophan leading to 2-aminoacetophenone--a possible reason for the untypical aging off-flavor in wine.2-aminoacetophenone (aap) was recognized as the key compound for the so-called untypical aging off-flavor (uta) in vitis vinifera wines. in this study, it was shown that aap can be formed by photooxidation of free and protein-bound tryptophan (trp) in combination with a subsequent storage in model wine. solutions of trp and lysozyme were exposed to artificial sunlight both in the presence and in the absence of the photosensitizer riboflavin. aliquots of the irradiation batches were stored in mod ...201425047450
a critical review on extraction techniques and gas chromatography based determination of grapevine derived sesquiterpenes.vitis vinifera l. (common grapevine) is considered one of the major world fruit crops based on the extent of cultivated land and on its economic value. grapevine is composed by several different chemical compounds, including sesquiterpenic ones. sesquiterpenic compounds play a significant role in varietal aromas, contributing to fruity and flowery odours, and are also well known for their potential health benefits. the advantages and drawbacks of different extraction and gas chromatographic tech ...201425220138
assessment of insecticide resistance of lobesia botrana (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in emilia-romagna region.the european grapevine moth, lobesia botrana (denis & schiffermüller) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), is the key pest of vineyard, vitis vinifera l. in italy, failures in field chemical pest control have been recently reported. the susceptibility to insecticides indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, and emamectin benzoate was then evaluated in a l. botrana population collected from a vineyard in emilia-romagna (northeastern italy) where pest management programs achieved unsatisfactory results. the field tria ...201425026689
structural characterization of lignin from grape stalks (vitis vinifera l.).the chemical structure of lignin from grape stalks, an abundant waste of winemaking, has been studied. the dioxane lignin was isolated from extractive- and protein-free grape stalks (vitis vinifera l.) by modified acidolytic procedure and submitted to a structural analysis by wet chemistry (nitrobenzene and permanganate oxidation (po)) and spectroscopic techniques. the results obtained suggest that grape stalk lignin is an hgs type with molar proportions of p-hydroxyphenyl (h), guaiacyl (g) and ...201424892733
beneficial insects attracted to native flowering buckwheats (eriogonum michx) in central washington.native plant and beneficial insect associations are relatively unstudied yet are important in native habitat restoration programs aimed at improving conservation biological control in perennial crops such as wine grapes. beneficial insects (predators, parasitoids, pollinators) attracted to 10 species of flowering native wild buckwheat (eriogonum spp.) in central washington were identified and counted on transparent sticky traps. combining all categories of beneficial insects, the mean number per ...201424960157
factors influencing the aroma composition of chardonnay wines.chardonnay is one of the oldest and most widely distributed wine grape cultivars and is of commercial importance for the world's wine-producing nations. it is an extremely flexible variety that has adapted to different regions with varied weather and soil characteristics. somewhat uniquely among white wines, chardonnay lends itself to a wide variety of production styles, which can be tailored to the target market. techniques such as skin maceration, barrel and stainless steel fermentation, use o ...201424954266
optimization of extraction of bioactive compounds from different types of grape pomace produced at wineries and distilleries.natural extracts obtained from grape pomace are particularly interesting, due to the substantial variety of valuable compounds present with health benefits, specifically phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, trans-resveratrol, quercetin, and proanthocyanidins. the production of such extracts has been recognized as a profitable way to valorize grape byproducts, which are low-value and most abundant. first, the effect of the solvent on the extraction of bioactive compounds from grape pomace is ...201424891032
protein-precipitable tannin in wines from vitis vinifera and interspecific hybrid grapes (vitis ssp.): differences in concentration, extractability, and cell wall binding.although they possess significant viticultural advantages, interspecific hybrid grapes (vitis spp.) are reported to produce wine with lower tannin concentrations than european wine varieties (vitis vinifera). however, extensive quantitative data on this phenomenon as well as mechanistic explanations for these differences are lacking. a survey of primarily commercial wines from the finger lakes american viticultural area (new york) using a protein precipitation method determined that hybrid-based ...201425017417
antitumoural activity of viniferin-enriched extracts from vitis vinifera l. cell cultures.the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of stilbenes from different cultivars of vitis vinifera on tumour proliferation. extracts were obtained from elicited v. vinifera cell cultures and characterised by hplc/dad/ms. cell growth was evaluated in four human cancer cell lines and in normal human fibroblasts. the cells were exposed to the extracts or to trans-resveratrol, used as reference molecule, for 48 h, at 1-10 μm concentrations of total stilbenoids. all the extracts exhibited antipr ...201424949881
proanthocyanidin accumulation and biosynthesis are modulated by the irrigation regime in tempranillo seeds.the main effects of three different irrigation regimes, i.e., sustained deficit irrigation (sdi), regulated deficit irrigation (rdi) and non-irrigated (ni), on seed traits namely proanthocyanidins (pas) were evaluated in the wine grape cultivar aragonez (syn. tempranillo) grown in alentejo (portugal) over two growing seasons. results showed that while the number of seeds per berry was not affected by water availability, seed fresh weight differed among treatments, the ni treatment exhibiting the ...201425000262
assessment of (poly)phenols in grape (vitis vinifera l.) stems by using food/pharma industry compatible solvents and response surface methodology.a box-behnken design of response surface methodology (rsm) was conducted to analyse the effect of time (10-30 min), temperature (25-95°c), and solvents concentration (5-90%) on the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, ortho-diphenols, and anthocyanins as well as to assess the abts(+) scavenging capacity, which were considered as response variables. values coefficients of determination (r(2)), ranging from 0.903 to 0.996, fitted for describing efficient extraction of bioactive (poly)phenols ...201424996343
a preliminary characterization of aglianico (vitis vinifera l. cv.) grape proanthocyanidins and evaluation of their reactivity towards salivary proteins.the flavan-3-ol and proanthocyanidin composition of aglianico seeds and skins were for the first time determined by hplc-ms in comparison with the international grapes merlot and cabernet sauvignon. monomers [(+)-catechin c, (-)-epicatechin ec, (-)-epicatechin-3-o-gallate, ecg] and oligomers [b1, b2, b3, b4 dimers and trimer c1] were identified and quantified in grape extracts. in order to evaluate the reactivity towards salivary proteins of model wine solutions of seeds and skins monomeric/olig ...201424996317
origin of the pinking phenomenon of white wines.pinking is the terminology used for the salmon-red blush color that may appear in white wines produced exclusively from white grape varieties. the isolation of pinking compounds and their analysis by rp-hplc-dad and esi-ms(n) showed that the origin of the pinking phenomenon in white wines from vitis vinifera l. of sı́ria grape variety are the anthocyanins, mainly malvidin-3-o-glucoside. the analysis showed that the anthocyanins were located both in the pulp and in the skin. wine pinking severity ...201424857316
treatment strategies for high resveratrol induction in vitis vinifera l. cell suspension culture.bioprocesses capable of producing large scales of resveratrol at nutraceutical grade are in demand. this study herein investigated treatment strategies to induce the production of resveratrol in vitis vinifera l. cell suspension cultures. among seven investigated elicitors, jasmonic acid (ja), salicylic acid, β-glucan (glu), and chitosan enhanced the production of intracellular resveratrol manyfold. the combined treatment of ja and glu increased extracellular resveratrol production by up to tenf ...201428435798
a useful approach for the differentiation of wines according to geographical origin based on global volatile patterns.in this study, the feasibility of solid-phase extraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in tandem with partial least squares discriminant analysis was evaluated as a useful strategy to differentiate wines according to geographical origin (azores, canary and madeira islands) and types (white, red and fortified wine) based on their global volatile patterns. for this purpose, 34 monovarietal wines from these three wine grape-growing regions were investigated, combining the h ...201424830411
genetic control and evolution of anthocyanin methylation.anthocyanins are a chemically diverse class of secondary metabolites that color most flowers and fruits. they consist of three aromatic rings that can be substituted with hydroxyl, sugar, acyl, and methyl groups in a variety of patterns depending on the plant species. to understand how such chemical diversity evolved, we isolated and characterized methylation at three2 (mt2) and the two methylation at five (mf) loci from petunia spp., which direct anthocyanin methylation in petals. the proteins ...201424830298
molecular cloning and functional characterization of the anthocyanidin reductase gene from vitis bellula.anthocyanidin reductase (anr) is an nadph-/nadh-dependent enzyme that transfers two hydrides to anthocyanidins to produce three types of isomeric flavan-3-ols. this reductase forms the anr pathway toward the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (pas, which are also called condensed tannins). here, we report cloning and functional characterization of an anr (called vbanr) homolog from the leaves of vitis bellula, a newly developed grape crop in southern china. the open reading frame (orf) of vbanr i ...201424880552
determination of abscisic acid and its glucosyl ester in embryogenic callus cultures of vitis vinifera in relation to the maturation of somatic embryos using a new liquid chromatography-elisa analysis method.the levels of abscisic acid (aba), its conjugate aba-ge, and iaa were determined in embryogenic calli of vitis vinifera l. (cv. mencía) cultured in dm1 differentiation medium, to relate them to the maturation process of somatic embryos. to achieve this goal, we developed an analytical method that included two steps of solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation by hplc, aba-ge hydrolysis, and sensitive elisa quantification. because the aba immunoassay was based on new polyclonal antibodie ...201424877677
enhanced salt-induced antioxidative responses involve a contribution of polyamine biosynthesis in grapevine plants.the possible involvement of polyamines in the salt stress adaptation was investigated in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) plantlets focusing on photosynthesis and oxidative metabolism. salt stress resulted in the deterioration of plant growth and photosynthesis, and treatment of plantlets with methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (mgbg), a s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (samdc) inhibitor, enhanced the salt stress effect. a decrease in psii quantum yield (fv/fm), effective psii quantum yield (y(ii ...201424877669
genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of the auxin response factor gene family in vitis vinifera.our study has identified and analyzed the vvarf gene family that may be associated with the development of grape berry and other tissues. auxin response factors (arfs) are transcription factors that regulate the expression of auxin responsive genes through specific binding to auxin response elements (auxres). the arf genes are represented by a large multigene family in plants. until now, many arf families have been characterized based on genome resources. however, there is no specialized researc ...201424792421
differential proteomic analysis of grapevine leaves by itraq reveals responses to heat stress and subsequent recovery.high temperature is a major environmental factor limiting grape yield and affecting berry quality. thermotolerance includes the direct response to heat stress and the ability to recover from heat stress. to better understand the mechanism of the thermotolerance of vitis, we combined a physiological analysis with itraq-based proteomics of vitis vinifera cv cabernet sauvignon, subjected to 43°c for 6 h, and then followed by recovery at 25/18°c.201424774513
day and night heat stress trigger different transcriptomic responses in green and ripening grapevine (vitis vinifera) fruit.global climate change will noticeably affect plant vegetative and reproductive development. the recent increase in temperatures has already impacted yields and composition of berries in many grapevine-growing regions. physiological processes underlying temperature response and tolerance of the grapevine fruit have not been extensively investigated. to date, all studies investigating the molecular regulation of fleshly fruit response to abiotic stress were only conducted during the day, overlooki ...201424774299
the application of chitosan and benzothiadiazole in vineyard (vitis vinifera l. cv groppello gentile) changes the aromatic profile and sensory attributes of wine.this work reports the effects of resistance inducers on wine aroma compounds and sensory attributes. resistance inducers are a class of products able to elicit the plant defence mechanisms against pathogens, incurring lower toxicological risks than conventional agrochemicals. among them, chitosan (cht) and benzothiadiazole (bth) are particularly effective in stimulating the biosynthesis of bioactive phytochemicals. they were used in a two-year survey conducted to assess experimental wines obtain ...201424874376
effect of shooting medium and source of material on grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) shoot tip recovery after cryopreservation.selecting experimental material at the optimal physiological stage is of paramount importance for successful cryopreservation.201424872156
study of the effects of proline, phenylalanine, and urea foliar application to tempranillo vineyards on grape amino acid content. comparison with commercial nitrogen fertilisers.the aim of this work was to study the influence of foliar application of different nitrogen sources on grape amino acid content. the nitrogen sources applied to tempranillo grapevines were proline, phenylalanine, urea, and two commercial nitrogen fertilisers, both without and with amino acids in their formulations. all treatments were applied at veraison and one week later. proline treatment did not affect the must nitrogen composition. however, phenylalanine and urea foliar application enhanced ...201424912708
recovery and fine structure variability of rgii sub-domains in wine (vitis vinifera merlot).rhamnogalacturonan ii (rgii) is a structurally complex pectic sub-domain composed of more than 12 different sugars and 20 different linkages distributed in five side chains along a homogalacturonan backbone. although rgii has long been described as highly conserved over plant evolution, recent studies have revealed variations in the structure of the polysaccharide. this study examines the fine structure variability of rgii in wine, focusing on the side chains a and b obtained after sequential mi ...201424908680
functional characterization of a new grapevine myb transcription factor and regulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in grapes.a new regulator of proanthocyanidin (pa) biosynthesis in grapes was found by screening genes coordinately expressed with pa accumulation under different light conditions using a substantially improved method of serial analysis of gene expression (supersage). this r2r3-myb transcription factor, vvmybpar, shows high protein sequence similarity with pa biosynthesis-regulating plant mybs, such as vvmybpa2 and transparent testa2. its transcript levels were relatively high in the skins of young berrie ...201424860184
characterization of est-derived and non-est simple sequence repeats in an f₁ hybrid population of vitis vinifera l.among different classes of molecular markers, expressed sequence tags (ests) are a new resource for developing simple sequence repeat (ssr) functional markers for genotyping and genetic mapping in f1 hybrid populations of vitis vinifera l. recently, because of the availability of an enormous amount of data for ests in the public domain, the emphasis has shifted from genomic ssrs to est-ssrs, which belong to transcribed regions of the genome and may have a role in gene expression or function. the ...201424737470
microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes engaged in fruit development between table and wine grape.microarray analysis of genes can provide individual gene-expression profiles and new insights for elucidating biological mechanisms responsible for fruit development. to obtain an overall view on expression profiles of metabolism-related genes involved in fruit development of table and wine grapes, a microarray system comprising 15,403 ests was used to compare the expressed genes. the expression patterns from the microarray analysis were validated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain rea ...201424728608
genome-wide analysis and expression profile of the bzip transcription factor gene family in grapevine (vitis vinifera).basic leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factor gene family is one of the largest and most diverse families in plants. current studies have shown that the bzip proteins regulate numerous growth and developmental processes and biotic and abiotic stress responses. nonetheless, knowledge concerning the specific expression patterns and evolutionary history of plant bzip family members remains very limited.201424725365
comparison of extraction protocols to determine differences in wine-extractable tannin and anthocyanin in vitis vinifera l. cv. shiraz and cabernet sauvignon grapes.cabernet sauvignon and shiraz grapes were sourced from different regions within australia, and microvinified with a skin contact period of 6 days. grape samples were extracted using two protocols: a 15% v/v ethanol, 10 g/l tartaric acid extract of gently crushed berries (wine-like, wl) and a 50% v/v ethanol, ph 2 extract of grape berry homogenate. it was found that in wl extracts, grape tannin and anthocyanin concentrations were strongly related to wine tannin, anthocyanin and color density achi ...201424773241
evaluation of tannins interactions in grape (vitis vinifera l.) skins.tannins have a central role in grapevine berries both for their physiological and enological implications. in the skin tissue they can be in vacuolar solution, or associated to the cell walls through weak or strong physicochemical interactions. the present work aims to separate vacuolar, non-covalently and covalently bonded tannins fractions. a specific extraction procedure was developed. a first extraction in ethanol at low temperature allowed the quantification of vacuolar tannins. an urea tre ...201424767062
postharvest treatments with ethylene on vitis vinifera (cv sangiovese) grapes affect berry metabolism and wine composition.grapes (vitis vinifera, cv sangiovese), harvested at standard commercial maturity, were treated for 36 h with ethylene (et, 1000 ppm) or air (control, ct) before vinification. the composition of the grapes, must and wine was different in the ct and et samples. in the et wine, higher concentrations of specific phenol compounds, belonging to the classes of flavonols, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes, were detected. et induced a significant change in the wine aroma profile by increasing fr ...201424767053
profiling viral infections in grapevine using a randomly primed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/macroarray multiplex platform.crop-specific diagnostics to simultaneously detect a large number of pathogens provides an invaluable platform for the screening of vegetative material prior to its propagation. here we report the use of what is to-date the largest published example of a crop-specific macroarray for the detection of 38 of the most prevalent or emergent viruses to infect grapevine. the reusable array consists of 1,578 virus-specific 60 to 70mer oligonucleotide probes and 19 plant and internal control probes spott ...201424111573
the cell membrane is the main target of resveratrol as shown by interdisciplinary biomolecular/cellular and biophysical approaches.one of the research lines developed in our laboratory is focused on the study of the bioactivity of natural substances. resveratrol (rv) is a polyphenol nonflavonoid compound present in a number of plant species but mainly in the berries of the red grape vitis vinifera. the powerful antioxidant action of this molecule is well documented. in this work we evaluated the effects of this substance by adopting diverse experimental strategies. in particular, we studied the effects on cell vitality and ...201424166779
microbial biogeography of wine grapes is conditioned by cultivar, vintage, and climate.wine grapes present a unique biogeography model, wherein microbial biodiversity patterns across viticultural zones not only answer questions of dispersal and community maintenance, they are also an inherent component of the quality, consumer acceptance, and economic appreciation of a culturally important food product. on their journey from the vineyard to the wine bottle, grapes are transformed to wine through microbial activity, with indisputable consequences for wine quality parameters. wine g ...201424277822
a pilot, randomized controlled trial to examine the health outcomes of raisin consumption in patients with diabetes.dried fruits, like their fresh homologues, contain relatively high concentrations of antioxidants. the aim of this study was to determine the health outcomes of raisin consumption on patients with diabetes.201424262513
a negative myb regulator of proanthocyanidin accumulation, identified through expression quantitative locus mapping in the grape berry.flavonoids are secondary metabolites with multiple functions. in grape (vitis vinifera), the most abundant flavonoids are proanthocyanidins (pas), major quality determinants for fruit and wine. however, knowledge about the regulation of pa composition is sparse. thus, we aimed to identify novel genomic regions involved in this mechanism. expression quantitative trait locus (eqtl) mapping was performed on the transcript abundance of five downstream pa synthesis genes (dihydroflavonol reductase (v ...201424147899
a modern ampelography: a genetic basis for leaf shape and venation patterning in grape.terroir, the unique interaction between genotype, environment, and culture, is highly refined in domesticated grape (vitis vinifera). toward cultivating terroir, the science of ampelography tried to distinguish thousands of grape cultivars without the aid of genetics. this led to sophisticated phenotypic analyses of natural variation in grape leaves, which within a palmate-lobed framework exhibit diverse patterns of blade outgrowth, hirsuteness, and venation patterning. here, we provide a morpho ...201424285849
berry ripening: recently heard through the grapevine.grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is a non-climacteric fruit species used as table fruit, dried raisins, and for vinification (wines) and distillation (liquors). in recent years, our knowledge of the molecular basis of ripening regulation has improved. water status, light conditions, and temperature may hasten, delay, or enhance ripening. hormones seem to play a central role, as their concentrations change prior to and during ripening and in response to several environmental cues. the review summari ...201424285825
perturbation of polyamine catabolism affects grape ripening of vitis vinifera cv. trincadeira.grapes are economically the most important fruit worldwide. however, the complexity of biological events that lead to ripening of nonclimacteric fruits is not fully understood, particularly the role of polyamines' catabolism. the transcriptional and metabolic profilings complemented with biochemical data were studied during ripening of trincadeira grapes submitted to guazatine treatment, a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase activity. the mrna expression profiles of one time point (el 38) corr ...201424296250
the role of hexokinases from grape berries (vitis vinifera l.) in regulating the expression of cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase genes.in plants, hexokinase (hxk, ec 2.7.1.1) involved in hexose phosphorylation, plays an important role in sugar sensing and signaling. in this study, we found that at phase i of grape berry development, lower hexose (glucose or fructose) levels were concomitant with higher hxk activities and protein levels. after the onset of ripening, we demonstrated a drastic reduction in hxk activity and protein levels accompanied by a rising hexose level. therefore, our results revealed that hxk activity and pr ...201424213599
assessment of flower number per inflorescence in grapevine by image analysis under field conditions.flowers, flowering and fruit set are key determinants of grapevine yield. currently, practical methods to assess the flower number per inflorescence, necessary for fruit set estimation, are time and labour demanding. this work aims at developing a simple, cheap, fast, accurate and robust machine vision methodology to be applied to rgb images taken under field conditions, to estimate the number of flowers per inflorescence automatically.201424302287
portable nir-aotf spectroscopy combined with winery ftir spectroscopy for an easy, rapid, in-field monitoring of sangiovese grape quality.a near infrared acousto-optically tunable filter (nir-aotf) spectrophotometer was tested for three seasons on four different vineyards with the aim of monitoring the ripening evolution of the italian red wine grape variety sangiovese. predictive models for the estimation of several enological parameters were carried out applying the partial least squares chemometric approach. reference analysis was conducted using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir). spectral detections were obtained ...201424037743
pancreatic lipase inhibitory stilbenoids from the roots of vitis vinifera.bioassay-guided isolation of an aqueous methanolic extract of vitis vinifera using pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity led to isolation of seven stilbenoids, wilsonol c (1), heyneanol a (2), ampelopsin a (3), pallidol a (4), cis-piceid (5), trans-piceid (6) and trans-resveratrol (7). the structures were established on the basis of nmr and ms spectroscopic data interpretation. all isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase, and stilbenoid 1 exhibited potent inhibi ...201424020412
bioactive stilbenes from vitis vinifera grapevine shoots extracts.viticultural residues from commercial viticultural activities represent a potentially important source of bioactive stilbenes such as resveratrol. the main aim of the present study was therefore to isolate, identify and perform biological assays against amyloid-β peptide aggregation of original stilbenes from vitis vinifera shoots.201423929536
the comparative analysis of the potential relationship between resveratrol and stilbene synthase gene family in the development stages of grapes (vitis quinquangularis and vitis vinifera).resveratrol is positively correlated with grapevine disease resistance and its consumption is also highly beneficial to human health. hplc analyses showed that resveratrol content was significantly higher in most wild chinese grapevines than in most european vitis vinifera grapevine cvs. fruit of the wild chinese genotype vitis quinquangularis danfeng-2 contains much higher levels of resveratrol than some others. because stilbene synthase is responsible for resveratrol biosynthesis, 41 full-leng ...201424246671
garnacha tintorera-based sweet wines: detailed phenolic composition by hplc/dad-esi/ms analysis.sweet wines are traditionally elaborated in galicia (the n.w. corner of spain). the denomination of origin (do) valdeorras, one of the five dos in galicia, wants to promote the production and marketing of new sweets wines. the first one is made with dried red grapes vitis vinifera l. garnacha tintorera (gnsw); this cultivar is a teinturier cultivar which has excellent potential to produce wines from raisined grapes. the second one, a fortified sweet wine aged in oak barrels (gfsw). additionally ...201424054241
enhanced antioxidant effect of trans-resveratrol: potential of binary systems with polyethylene glycol and cyclodextrin.trans-resveratrol, a polyphenol extracted from vitis vinifera, has different beneficial effects following its administration on the skin. here the potential use of binary systems to enhance in vitro and in vivo activity of trans-resveratrol was investigated. thus the aqueous solubility of trans-resveratrol was investigated in the presence of growing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (peg) or β-cyclodextrin (βcd) as solubilizing excipients. then, the solid dispersion of trans-resveratrol with ...201423862976
immunomodulating and anti-allergic effects of negroamaro and koshu vitis vinifera fermented grape marc (fgm).polyphenols contained in fgm from negroamaro (n) and koshu (k) vitis vinifera have been shown to exhibit several immunomodulating activities. for instance, mice affected by experimental colitis when administered with k-fgm showed an attenuation of the inflammatory process. in murine asthma, k-fgm reduced ige production and eosinophil number in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. in vitro, both n- and k-fgm were able to induce t regulatory cells in terms of foxp-3 molecule expression and release of ...201423701568
effect of ultrafine grinding on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of dietary fiber from wine grape pomace.wine grape pomace dietary fiber powders were prepared by superfine grinding, whose effects were investigated on the composition, functional and antioxidant properties of the wine grape pomace dietary fiber products. the results showed that superfine grinding could effectively pulverize the fiber particles to submicron scale. as particle size decrease, the functional properties (water-holding capacity, water-retention capacity, swelling capacity, oil-binding capacity, and nitrite ion absorption c ...201423733819
berry composition and climate: responses and empirical models.climate is a strong modulator of berry composition. accordingly, the projected change in climate is expected to impact on the composition of berries and of the resultant wines. however, the direction and extent of climate change impact on fruit composition of winegrape cultivars are not fully known. this study utilised a climate gradient along a 700 km transect, covering all wine regions of western australia, to explore and empirically describe influences of climate on anthocyanins, ph and titra ...201423958789
effects of ankaferd on anastomotic healing of colon.ankaferd (ankaferd blood stopper®, abs) is a recently developed topical hemostatic agent. abs is a standardized mixture of the plants thymus vulgaris, glycyrrhiza glabra, vitis vinifera, alpinia officinarum, and urtica dioica. through its effects on the endothelium, blood cells, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, vascular dynamics, and cell mediators; ankaferd plays a part in inflammation and hemostasis processes. the aim of this experimental study is to assess the effects of abs on the left ...201423987308
effect of maceration time on free and bound volatiles of red wines from cv. karaoğlan (vitis vinifera l.) grapes grown in arapgir, turkey.skin maceration is an essential winemaking technique that affects sensory properties and aroma of red wines. the aim of this study was to investigate aroma profiles of red wines made from cv. karaoğlan, a grape variety grown in arapgir (malatya, turkey) and the effect of maceration time (5, 10, and 15 d) on free and bound aroma compounds and sensory properties. three maceration times were applied in durations of 5, 10, and 15 d. free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds were analyzed using g ...201525677953
deconvoluting effects of vine and soil properties on grape berry composition.grape berry composition is influenced by several factors including grapevine and soil properties and their interactions. understanding how these factors interact to determine berry composition is integral to producing berries with desired composition. here we used extensive spatio-temporal data to identify significant vine and soil features that influence shiraz berry composition.201524756770
effects of uv exclusion on the physiology and phenolic composition of leaves and berries of vitis vinifera cv. graciano.ultraviolet (uv) radiation induces adaptive responses that can be used for plant production improvement. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of solar uv exclusion on the physiology and phenolic compounds of leaves and berry skins of vitis vinifera l. cv. graciano under field conditions. phenolic compounds were analyzed globally and individually in both the vacuolar fraction and, for the first time in grapevine, the cell wall-bound fraction. these different locations may represent dive ...201524820651
enantiodifferentiation of 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine in different species using multidimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches.with respect to the current hypothesis that natural amino acids may serve as starting material for the biosynthesis of alkyl-methoxypyrazines, the enantiomeric distribution of the potent aroma compound 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine (sbmp) was determined in various species using heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatography (h/c mdgc) or comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (gc × gc). complementary to an earlier described separation on octakis-(6-o-methyl-2,3-di-o-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextr ...201525146352
evaluating wild grapevine tolerance to copper toxicity.we evaluate copper tolerance and accumulation in vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris in populations from a copper contaminated site and an uncontaminated site, and in the grapevine rootstock "41b", investigating the effects of copper (0-23 mm) on growth, photosynthetic performance and mineral nutrient content. the highest cu treatment induced nutrient imbalances and inhibited photosynthetic function, causing a drastic reduction in growth in the three study plants. effective concentration was higher t ...201525025740
cavitation: a blessing in disguise? new method to establish vulnerability curves and assess hydraulic capacitance of woody tissues.the hydraulic performance of woody species during drought is currently of high interest in the context of climate change. it is known that woody species have the capacity to mitigate water shortage by using internally stored water. elastic shrinkage of living cells and also water release during cavitation contribute to the so-called 'hydraulic capacitance' (c) of the plant, which adds water to the transpiration stream and buffers fluctuations in water potential. although sap-conducting conduits ...201525030935
effect of power ultrasound application on aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from grape pomace (vitis vinifera l.): experimental kinetics and modeling.the kinetics of both conventional (mechanical stirring, 200rpm) and acoustic (55±5khz, 435±5w/l) aqueous extraction of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity from grape pomace by-products (vitis vinifera l.) have been experimentally evaluated and modeled at different extraction temperatures (20, 35 and 50°c). a gradual and significant increase of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the extracts was observed as the temperature increased, the highest values being obtained i ...201524970116
volatile components of vine leaves from two portuguese grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.), touriga nacional and tinta roriz, analysed by solid-phase microextraction.the purpose of this work was to study the volatile composition of vine leaves and vine leaf infusion prepared from vine leaves collected at 30 and 60 days after grape harvest of two vitis vinifera l. species. eighteen volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in vine leaves and in vine leaf infusions. it was observed that the volatile compounds present in vine leaves are dependent on the time of harvest, with benzaldehyde being the major volatile present in vine ...201525226431
plasticity of vulnerability to leaf hydraulic dysfunction during acclimation to drought in grapevines: an osmotic-mediated process.previous studies have reported correlation of leaf hydraulic vulnerability with pressure-volume parameters related to cell turgor. this link has been explained on the basis of the effects of turgor on connectivity among cells and tissue structural integrity, which affect leaf water transport. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that osmotic adjustment to water stress would shift the leaf vulnerability curve toward more negative water potential (ψ leaf ) by increasing turgor at low ψ leaf . w ...201525132228
analytical phenolic composition and sensory assessment of selected rare greek cultivars after extended bottle ageing.the hellenic vineyard embraces a large number of native cultivars, which are mostly unexploited for their ageing potential. therefore, it was thought that analyzing some quality parameters of 14 red wines produced by rare native varieties would be of great importance in obtaining a general picture of their potential for commercial use. various analytical methods were applied to the selected wines, at bottling and after 8 years of ageing, in an attempt to provide reliable answers to this issue. i ...201525103612
tracing flavonoid degradation in grapes by ms filtering with stable isotopes.anthocyanin degradation has been proposed as one of the primary causes for reduced colour and quality in red wine grapes grown in a warm climate. to study anthocyanin degradation we infused berries with l-phenyl-(13)c₆-alanine and then tracked the fate of the anthocyanins comparing normal (25 °c) and warm (45 °c) temperature conditions. an untargeted metabolomics approach was aided by filtering the ms data using software algorithms to extract all m and m+6 isotopic peak pairs, allowing the analy ...201525053079
phenological synchrony between scaphoideus titanus (hemiptera: cicadellidae) hatchings and grapevine bud break: could this explain the insect's expansion?scaphoideus titanus is the invasive vector of the phytoplasma causing the flavescence dorée in european vineyards. this epidemic is a serious threat to viticulture that has been increasing for more than 60 years in europe. we studied the effect of synchrony with the plant phenology and the effect of plant-sap quality on the individual fitness. thus, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine if insect hatchings were synchronized with grapevine bud break. we used two natural populations: on ...201525339543
assessment of cluster yield components by image analysis.berry weight, berry number and cluster weight are key parameters for yield estimation for wine and tablegrape industry. current yield prediction methods are destructive, labour-demanding and time-consuming. in this work, a new methodology, based on image analysis was developed to determine cluster yield components in a fast and inexpensive way.201525041796
variable hydraulic resistances and their impact on plant drought response modelling.plant drought responses are still not fully understood. improved knowledge on drought responses is, however, crucial to better predict their impact on individual plant and ecosystem functioning. mechanistic models in combination with plant measurements are promising for obtaining information on plant water status and can assist us in understanding the effect of limiting soil water availability and drought stress. while existing models are reliable under sufficient soil water availability, they g ...201525273815
domain analysis of 3 keto acyl-coa synthase for structural variations in vitis vinifera and oryza brachyantha using comparative modelling.the long chain fatty acids incorporated into plant lipids are derived from the iterative addition of c2 units which is provided by malonyl-coa to an acyl-coa after interactions with 3-ketoacyl-coa synthase (kcs), found in several plants. this study provides functional characterization of three 3 ketoacyl coa synthase like proteins in vitis vinifera (one) and oryza brachyantha (two proteins). sequence analysis reveals that protein of oryza brachyantha shows 96% similarity to a hypothetical protei ...201525239516
variability in chemical composition of vitis vinifera cv mencía from different geographic areas and vintages in ribeira sacra (nw spain).a chemical study was conducted from 2009 to 2012 to examine spatial and seasonal variability of red vitis vinifera mencía located in different geographic areas (amandi, chantada, quiroga-bibei, ribeiras do sil and ribeiras do miño) from nw spain. mencía samples were analysed for phenolic, (flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, acids and resveratrol), nitrogen (tac, tan, yan and tas) and volatiles compounds (alcohols, c6 compounds, ethyl esters, terpenes, aldehydes, acids, lactones, volatile phe ...201525236215
flavonol profiles in berries of wild vitis accessions using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.the flavonol profiles of grape berry skins were analysed in order to assess phenotypic variation between six grapevines belonging to six different species: vitis vinifera, vitiscandicans, vitischampinii, vitisamurensis, vitiscinerea and vitisdoaniana. high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (lc-ms) and nmr spectrometry (lc-nmr) were used to separate and identify the flavonols present in these species. the combination of lc-ms and lc-nmr data resulted in the identifica ...201525236197
influence of the use of fungicides on the volatile composition of monastrell red wines obtained from inoculated fermentation.the influence of six fungicides (famoxadone, fenhexamid, fluquinconazole, kresoxim-methyl, quinoxyfen and trifloxystrobin) on the volatile composition of red wines obtained from inoculated fermentation was studied. although treatments were carried out under critical agricultural practices (cap), the residues in the wines were below their maximum residue limit (mrl). ethyl decanoate was the compound most influenced by these fungicides, while diethyl succinate, decanoic acid, β-ionone, and citrone ...201525306363
protective effect of punica granatum peel and vitis vinifera seeds on den-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in rats.this study was designed to find out the efficacy of ethanol extracts of punica granatum peel and vitis vinifera seeds on diethylnitrosamine (den)-induced oxidative stress and hepatocellular damage in wistar rats. rats were divided into four groups. the first group served as normal control, and the second group received den at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by single intraperitoneal administration. the third one received den as in den-treated group and co-treated with 400 mg/kg p. granatum peel ...201525304489
from uvr8 to flavonol synthase: uv-b-induced gene expression in sauvignon blanc grape berry.the aim of this research was to determine the effect of development and uv-b on flavonols and the regulation of gene activity in vitis vinifera l. var. sauvignon blanc grapes. particular emphasis was placed on gene activity associated with the low and high fluence uv-b responses. flavonols, particularly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, increased substantially upon fruit exposure due to uv-b, with spatial analysis locating the changes to the berry skin. of five vvfls genes in grapes, two (vvf ...201524738597
methoxypyrazine analysis and influence of viticultural and enological procedures on their levels in grapes, musts, and wines.this review discusses the factors that affect the concentrations of methoxypyrazines (mps) and the techniques used to analyze mps in grapes, musts, and wines. mps are commonly studied pyrazines in food science due to their contribution of aroma and flavor to numerous vegetables such as peas and asparagus. they are described as highly odorous compounds with a very low olfactory threshold. the grape varietals that exhibit green or herbaceous aromas that are characteristic of mps are predominantly ...201524915378
phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of pomaces from four grape varieties (vitis vinifera l.).phenolic compounds are widely distributed secondary metabolites in plants usually conferring them with unique taste, flavour and health-promoting properties. in fruits of vitis vinifera l., phenolic composition is highly dependent on grape variety. differential extraction of these compounds from grapes during winemaking is critically associated with wine quality. by-products of winemaking, such as grape pomace, can contain significant amounts of polyphenols. however, information concerning the v ...201525082193
partitioning the grapevine growing season in the douro valley of portugal: accumulated heat better than calendar dates.temperature and water status profiles during the growing season are the most important factors influencing the ripening of wine grapes. to model weather influences on the quality and productivity of the vintages, it is necessary to partition the growing season into smaller growth intervals in which weather variables are evaluated. a significant part of past and ongoing research on the relationships between weather and wine quality uses calendar-defined intervals to partition the growing season. ...201525344018
enzymatic formation of a resorcylic acid by creating a structure-guided single-point mutation in stilbene synthase.a novel c17 resorcylic acid was synthesized by a structure-guided vitis vinifera stilbene synthase (sts) mutant, in which threonine 197 was replaced with glycine (t197g). altering the architecture of the coumaroyl binding and cyclization pocket of the enzyme led to the attachment of an extra acetyl unit, derived from malonyl-coa, to p-coumaroyl-coa. the resulting novel pentaketide can be produced strictly by sts-like enzymes and not by chalcone synthase-like type iii polyketide synthases; due to ...201525402946
formulation and evaluation on human skin of a water-in-oil emulsion containing muscat hamburg black grape seed extract.vitis vinifera 'muscat hamburg' (vitaceae) is a blue-black grape variety commonly found in pakistan. it has been consumed and used in traditional medicine for centuries. compared to other grapes, m. hamburg records one of the greatest amount of polyphenols and displays potent antioxidant activities, which make it a great candidate for its exploitation in the development of stable cream emulsions destined to improve the skin appearance.201525402429
zibibbo nero characterization, a red-wine grape revertant of muscat of alexandria.muscat of alexandria is known in italy as zibibbo. zibibbo nero, red-wine grapes, is a sport mutation of zibibbo variety. a biochemical and molecular characterization of berry colour (vvmyba1 and vvmyba2 genes, vitis vinifera myeloblastosis) and aroma muscat (vvdxs gene, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase) traits in both zibibbo cultivars was performed, as well as ampelographic and genetic identification analyses. molecular investigations were performed also for two putative zibibbo parents ...201525380987
long-term impact of deficit irrigation on the physical quality of berries in 'crimson seedless' table grapes.in table grapes, berry firmness influences consumer acceptance so it is important to avoid berry shattering and dehydration during their post-harvest life. since studies of irrigation effects on table grape quality are comparatively rare, sensory evaluation aimed to identify high-quality berries obtained under different deficit irrigation treatments. a 3-year study examined the effects of deficit irrigation strategies on some physical quality attributes at harvest, after 28 days of cold storage ...201525367131
optimization of supercritical fluid consecutive extractions of fatty acids and polyphenols from vitis vinifera grape wastes.in this study, supercritical fluid extraction has been successfully applied to a sequential fractionation of fatty acids and polyphenols from wine wastes (2 different vitis vinifera grapes). to this aim, in a 1st step just fatty acids were extracted and in a 2nd one the polyphenols. the variables that affected to the extraction efficiency were separately optimized in both steps following an experimental design approach. the effect of extraction temperature flow, pressure, and time were thoroughl ...201525471637
evolutionary and expression analysis of a mads-box gene superfamily involved in ovule development of seeded and seedless grapevines.mads-box transcription factors are involved in many aspects of plant growth and development, such as floral organ determination, fruit ripening, and embryonic development. yet not much is known about grape (vitis vinifera) mads-box genes in a relatively comprehensive genomic and functional way during ovule development. accordingly, we identified 54 grape mads-box genes, aiming to enhance our understanding of grape mads-box genes from both evolutionary and functional perspectives. synteny analysi ...201525429734
grapevine (vitis vinifera l.).grapevine (vitis) is considered to be one of the major fruit crops in the world based on hectares cultivated and economic value. grapes are used not only for wine but also for fresh fruit, dried fruit, and juice production. wine is by far the major product of grapes, and the focus of this chapter is on wine grape cultivars. grapevine cultivars of vitis vinifera l. have a reputation for producing premium quality wines. these premium quality wines are produced from a small number of cultivars that ...201525416258
fruit-localized photoreceptors increase phenolic compounds in berry skins of field-grown vitis vinifera l. cv. malbec.sunlight exposure has multiple effect on fruits, as it affects the light climate perceived by fruit photoreceptors and fruit tissue temperature. in grapes (vitis vinifera l.), light exposure can have a strong effect on fruit quality and commercial value; however, the mechanisms of light action are not well understood. the role of fruit-localized photoreceptors in the control of berry quality traits was evaluated under field conditions in a commercial vineyard in mendoza (argentina). characteriza ...201525514818
rapid monitoring of grape withering using visible near-infrared spectroscopy.wineries need new practical and quick instruments, non-destructive and able to quantitatively evaluate during withering the parameters that impact product quality. the aim of the work was to test an optical portable system (visible near-infrared (nir) spectrophotometer) in a wavelength range of 400-1000 nm for the prediction of quality parameters of grape berries during withering.201525523419
bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of vitis vinifera l. cultivated under distinct agricultural practices in argentina.plants interact with a myriad of microbial cells in the rhizosphere, an environment that is considered to be important for plant development. however, the differential structuring of rhizosphere microbial communities due to plant cultivation under differential agricultural practices remains to be described for most plant species. here we describe the rhizosphere microbiome of grapevine cultivated under conventional and organic practices, using a combination of cultivation-independent approaches. ...201525527391
predicting the anthocyanin content of wine grapes by nir hyperspectral imaging.the aim of this study was to demonstrate the capability of hyperspectral imaging in predicting anthocyanin content changes in wine grapes during ripening. one hundred twenty groups of cabernet sauvignon grapes were collected periodically after veraison. the hyperspectral images were recorded by a hyperspectral imaging system with a spectral range from 900 to 1700 nm. the anthocyanin content was measured by the ph differential method. a quantitative model was developed using partial least squares ...201525442621
evolution of phenolic compounds and sensory in bottled red wines and their co-development.this study aimed to assess the correspondence between the evolution of phenolic compounds and the development of appearance and mouthfeel in cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera l. cv.) dry red wines during 18-month aging in bottle. the wines were sealed with six types of bottle stoppers. the results showed that phenolic compounds presented four evolution patterns along with wine aging in bottle, mainly depending on their chemical nature. most of the anthocyanins had significant differences in con ...201525442593
distinct regulation in inflorescence carbohydrate metabolism according to grapevine cultivars during floral development.carbohydrate metabolism is important in plant sexual reproduction because sugar contents are determining factors for both flower initiation and floral organ development. in woody plants, flowering represents the most energy-consuming step crucial to reproductive success. nevertheless, in these species, the photosynthesis performed by flowers supplies the carbon required for reproduction. in grapevine (vitis vinifera), the inflorescence has a specific status because this organ imports carbohydrat ...201525585972
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