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lawsonia intracellularis in the feces of wild rodents and stray cats captured around equine farms.proliferative enteropathy is a global enteric disease of particular importance in pigs. the causative bacterium, lawsonia intracellularis, has a wide range of susceptible host species. recently, l. intracellularis has been recognized as an etiologic agent of an emerging enteric disease in foals called equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). the presence of l. intracellularis in nonruminant wildlife has raised questions regarding the role of these species in epe transmission.201728800756
identification of lawsonia intracellularis putative hemolysin protein a and characterization of its immunoreactivity.despite the recent global increase in fatal endemic outbreaks of proliferative enteropathy (pe) caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium lawsonia intracelluralis (li) in the swine industry, development of effective prevention strategies or immunodiagnostic tests has been delayed due to the difficulty of cultivating this pathogen in vitro. although several genetic analyses have been performed at the level of gene transcription after the complete genome sequence of li was made available, the ...201728622862
survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (sus scrofa) from guam, marianna islands, usa.pigs (sus scrofa) were introduced to guam in the 1600's and are now present in high densities throughout the island. wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. the close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent oppo ...201728622856
lawsonia intracellularis in pigs: progression of lesions and involvement of apoptosis.the purpose of this study was to follow the progression of gross and histologic lesions and apoptosis events in lawsonia intracellularis-infected enterocytes through the course of the disease, proliferative enteropathy (pe). thirty 5-week-old pigs were divided into 2 groups: 20 challenged and 10 control animals. groups of 3 pigs, 2 challenged and 1 control, were euthanized at 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 19, 24, 29, and 35 days after inoculation. complete necropsies were performed with gross evaluation. ...201728622490
a cross-sectional study of oral antibacterial treatment patterns in relation to specific diarrhoeal pathogens in weaner pigs.according to international guidelines, the use of antibacterials should be evidence based and prudent. this register-based, cross-sectional study investigates the potential effect of laboratory findings on the patterns of antibacterial oral (batch) medication of weaner pigs, and the level of compliance with national guidelines for antibacterial use. the study population includes 1,736 weaner herds (≈65% of all danish weaner pigs) that were subject to laboratory analysis from the national veterin ...201728619141
draft genome sequence of lawsonia intracellularis strain e40504, isolated from a horse diagnosed with equine proliferative enteropathy.reported herein is the draft genome sequence of equine-origin lawsonia intracellularis strain e40504, an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiological agent of equine proliferative enteropathy. the 1.69-mb draft genome sequence includes 1,380 protein-coding genes and 49 rna genes, and it lacks a genomic island reported in swine-origin l. intracellularis strain phe/mn1-00.201728495781
comparison of the antimicrobial consumption in weaning pigs in danish sow herds with different vaccine purchase patterns during 2013.there is growing concern about development of antimicrobial resistance due to use of antimicrobials (ams) in livestock production. identifying efficient alternatives, including vaccination, is a priority. the objective of this study was to compare the herd-level amount of ams prescribed for weaner pigs, between danish sow herds using varying combinations of vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (myc) and lawsonia intracellularis (law). it was hypothesised th ...201628405449
effect of tetracycline dose and treatment-mode on selection of resistant coliform bacteria in nursery pigs.this study describes results of a randomized clinical trial investigating the effect of oxytetracycline treatment dose and mode of administration on selection of antibiotic resistant coliform bacteria in fecal samples from nursery pigs. nursery pigs (pigs of 4-7 weeks of age) were treated with oxytetracycline against lawsonia intracellularis induced diarrhea in five pig herds. each group was randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: oral flock treatment with (i) high (20 mg/kg), (ii) m ...201728389548
lawsonia intracellularis exploits β-catenin/wnt and notch signalling pathways during infection of intestinal crypt to alter cell homeostasis and promote cell proliferation.lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes proliferative enteropathy (pe) in pigs. l. intracellularis infection causes extensive intestinal crypt cell proliferation and inhibits secretory and absorptive cell differentiation. however, the affected host upstream cellular pathways leading to pe are still unknown. β-catenin/wnt signalling is essential in maintaining intestinal stem cell (isc) proliferation and self-renewal capacity, while notch signalling go ...201728323899
no clear effect of initiating vaccination against common endemic infections on the amounts of prescribed antimicrobials for danish weaner and finishing pigs during 2007-2013.it is often stated that vaccines may help reduce antimicrobial use in swine production. however, limited evidence is available outside clinical trials. we studied the change in amounts of antimicrobials prescribed for weaners and finishers in herds following initiation of vaccination against five common endemic infections: mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, porcine circovirus type ii, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and lawsonia intracellularis. compa ...201628138438
maternal short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation increases intestinal cytokine secretion, goblet cell number, butyrate concentration and lawsonia intracellularis humoral vaccine response in weaned pigs.prebiotic supplementation modulates immune system development and function. however, less is known about the effects of maternal prebiotic consumption on offspring intestinal defences and immune system responsiveness. we investigated the effects of maternal short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (scfos) supplementation on mucin-secreting cells, ileal secretory iga and cytokine secretion of weaned offspring and their humoral response to an oral vaccine against obligate intracellular lawsonia intracel ...201728115029
batch medication of intestinal infections in nursery pigs-a randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of treatment strategy, type of antibiotic and bacterial load on average daily weight gain.previous research projects have demonstrated the need for better diagnostic tools to support decisions on medication strategies for infections caused by escherichia coli f4 (f4) and f18 (f18), lawsonia intracellularis (li) and brachyspira pilosicoli (pilo). this study was carried out as a randomised clinical trial in three danish pig herds and included 1047 nursery pigs, distributed over 10 batches and 78 pens. the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the effect of four 5-day treatment s ...201728107883
proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis in chickens.proliferative enteropathy (pe) is an infectious disease caused by lawsonia intracellularis (li), an obligate intracellular bacterium. pe is endemic in swine herds and has been reported in a variety of mammals including horses, hamsters, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, foxes, dogs, sheep, deer and non-human primates. avian cases are reported only in ratite birds, including emus and ostriches. some studies show an absence of lawsonia spp. infection in chickens. in this study, we performed mor ...201728034455
comprehensive mirna expression profiles in the ilea of lawsonia intracellularis-infected pigs.to analyze the mirna expression profiles in lawsonia intracellularis-infected porcine intestines, infected pigs were first identified using pcr (polymerase chain reaction). then, rna from infected intestines and control tissues were isolated and subjected to microarray analysis and rt-pcr. results showed that a total of 83 mirnas were differentially expressed between the infected samples and controls, out of which 53 were upregulated and 30 were downregulated. validation using rt-pcr showed a hi ...201727916787
first report of mixed entamoeba polecki (st 1) and e. suis infection in piglets shedding abnormalfeces by histopathological and molecular surveys.of the three species of entamoeba found in swine, namely e. histolytica, e. polecki and e. suis, e. histolytica can also infect humans, producing colitis or abscesses of liver and leading to death. however, the pathogenicity of other species of entamoeba has not been fully characterized. here, we conducted histopathology and molecular surveys on a pig farm where piglets had blackish feces or muddy diarrhea. histopathological examination of two piglets showed necrosis of the mucous surface at the ...201627787199
effect of feeding sodium butyrate in the late finishing period on salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs.pork is an important source of human salmonellosis and low-cost on-farm control measures may provide a useful element in reducing the prevalence of this pathogen in food. this study investigated the effectiveness of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate administered to finisher pigs for ∼4-weeks prior to slaughter to control salmonella shedding on highly contaminated farms. two trials (a and b) were conducted on two commercial pig farms, which had a history of high salmonella seroprevalen ...201627544256
lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type-2 infection in estonia.the present study describes the reasons of post-weaning distress in estonian pig herds. here we examined the natural cases of lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection and co-infections. the presence of l. intracellularis in swine herds were tested by pcr and by histopathological methods, whereas pcv2 was detected by real-time-pcr and immunohistochemical stainings. seven of the 11 investigated herds with signs of post-weaning wasting were infected with l. intracellularis ...201627487502
prevalence of antibody to and dna of lawsonia intracellularis in samples from wild animals in korea.we evaluated the prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis infection in three wild animal species in korea; the korean water deer ( hydropotes inermis ), siberian roe deer ( capreolus pygargus ), and raccoon dogs ( nyctereutes procyonoides ). we collected 136 sera and 109 fecal samples from individuals in 10 wildlife rescue and conservation centers. serum samples were tested for anti- l. intracellularis antibodies using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa), and fecal samples were s ...201627487235
use of flow cytometry and pcr analysis to detect 5-carboxyfluoroscein-stained obligate intracellular bacteria lawsonia intracellularis invasion of mccoy cells.in this study, we describe a method to quantify invasion of obligate intracellular bacteria, lawsonia intracellularis, inside mccoy cells. in immunological research, the cell-permeable fluorescent dye 5'-carboxyfluoroscein succidyl ester (cfse) is commonly used to quantify eukaryotic cellular proliferation. instead of using it in this traditional way, we stained l. intracellularis with cfse dye prior to infection of mccoy cells. flow cytometry was performed to quantify the percentage of eukaryot ...201627154728
prevalence and risk factors for lawsonia intracellularis, brachyspira hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. in finishing pigs in polish farrow-to-finish swine herds.the aim of the study was to estimate the herd-level, within-herd prevalence, the frequency of mixed infections and risk factors for l. intracellularis, b. hyodysenteriae and salmonella spp. in selected farrow-to-finish polish pig herds. a total of 254 pooled fecal samples were collected from 9 to 24 week-old pigs in 70 herds. real time pcr for detection of l. intracellularis and b. hyodysenteriae was performed. for salmonella spp. bacteriological examination was performed. the herd-level prevale ...201526812826
the efficacy of oxytetracycline treatment at batch, pen and individual level on lawsonia intracellularis infection in nursery pigs in a randomised clinical trial.antimicrobial consumption in animal husbandry is of great scientific and political concern due to the risk of selection of resistant bacteria. whilst a reduction in the use of antimicrobials is therefore preferable, the efficacy of treatment must be maintained in order to ensure animal welfare and profitability of pig production. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three treatment strategies under field conditions against lawsonia intracellularis (li)-related diarrhoea. a ...201626774445
a randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of oxytetracycline dose through water medication of nursery pigs on diarrhoea, faecal shedding of lawsonia intracellularis and average daily weight gain.oral treatment with antimicrobials is widely used in pig production for the control of gastrointestinal infections. lawsonia intracellularis (li) causes enteritis in pigs older than six weeks of age and is commonly treated with antimicrobials. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three oral dosage regimens (5, 10 and 20mg/kg body weight) of oxytetracycline (otc) in drinking water over a five-day period on diarrhoea, faecal shedding of li and average daily weight gain (adg) ...201626718056
evaluating the risk of pathogen transmission from wild animals to domestic pigs in australia.wild animals contribute to endemic infection in livestock as well as the introduction, reintroduction and maintenance of pathogens. the source of introduction of endemic diseases to a piggery is often unknown and the extent of wildlife contribution to such local spread is largely unexplored. the aim of the current study was to quantitatively assess the probability of domestic pigs being exposed to different pathogens from wild animals commonly found around commercial piggeries in australia. spec ...201626711303
serological profile, seroprevalence and risk factors related to lawsonia intracellularis infection in swine herds from minas gerais state, brazil.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent of proliferative enteropathy, which causes diarrhea in several animal species, including swine. serology can be used both to determine the prevalence of antibodies against a specific pathogen in a herd and to obtain the serological profile, which is used to determine the dynamics of infection in the herd. the objective of this study was to determine the serological profile and seroprevalence of anti-l. intracellularis antibodies in swine herds from ...201526695404
changes in the porcine intestinal microbiome in response to infection with salmonella enterica and lawsonia intracellularis.salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food borne illness. recent studies have shown that s. enterica is a pathogen capable of causing alterations to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. a recent prospective study of french pork production farms found a statistically significant association between lawsonia intracellularis and carriage of s. enterica. in the current study the composition of the gut microbiome was determined in pigs challenged with s. enterica serovar typhimurium and ...201526461107
occurrence of diarrhoea and intestinal pathogens in non-medicated nursery pigs.intestinal disease in nursery pigs is the most common cause of antibiotic usage in pigs in denmark. the decision to initiate batch medication of intestinal diseases in nursery pigs is typically made by the stock personnel based on clinical assessments of pigs and counting of diarrhoeic faecal pools on the pen floor. the target population of this study was batches of nursery pigs (10-66 days after weaning) where the stock personnel assessed the pigs to be without signs of intestinal disease and t ...201526419751
lawsonia intracellularis infection of intestinal crypt cells is associated with specific depletion of secreted muc2 in goblet cells.the expression patterns of secreted (muc2 and muc5ac) and membrane-tethered (muc1, muc4, muc12 and muc13) mucins were monitored in healthy pigs and pigs challenged orally with lawsonia intracellularis. these results showed that the regulation of mucin gene expression is distinctive along the gi tract of the healthy pig, and may reflect an association between the function of the mucin subtypes and different physiological demands at various sites. we identified a specific depletion of secreted muc ...201526377360
disease risks associated with free-ranging wild boar in saskatchewan.this study investigated the disease status of saskatchewan's feral wild boar population. whole carcasses, tissue samples, and/or serum from 81 hunter-killed boars from saskatchewan were submitted to the canadian wildlife health cooperative (cwhc) between 2009 and 2014. serological tests were negative for prrs, h1n1, and h3n2 swine influenza, pcv-2, and tge/prcv in 22/22 boars and for toxoplasma gondii and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in 20/20 boars. of 20 boars whose sera were tested 20 were positiv ...026246630
clinical utility and performance of sock sampling in weaner pig diarrhoea.low pathogen diarrhoea is a group-level diagnosis, characterised by non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea. in the current study, the apparent prevalence of low pathogen diarrhoea outbreaks in danish herds was investigated along with the clinical utility of a laboratory examination for intestinal disease, agreement between three consecutive herd examinations from the same herd and agreement between quantitative pcr results from pooled faecal samples and sock samples. twenty-four veterinarians submitted faec ...201525975665
first molecular identification of entamoeba polecki in a piglet in japan and implications for aggravation of ileitis by coinfection with lawsonia intracellularis.parasitic entamoeba spp. are found in many vertebrate species including humans, as well as many livestock including pigs. in pigs, three entamoeba spp., e. suis, and e. polecki and e. histolytica as zoonotic species, have been identified, but their pathogenicity has not been fully characterized. here, we report the bacteriological, virological, and histopathological examination of three piglets with chronic diarrhea. two animals appeared to be additionally infected with lawsonia intracellularis, ...201525963884
effect of the route of administration on the mucosal and systemic immune responses to lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in pigs.in an on-farm study, 40 weaned piglets aged 3 weeks were vaccinated with lawsonia intracellularis vaccine orally, im or ip while a fourth group remained unvaccinated. all vaccinated animals showed increased serum levels of l. intracellularis-specific igg antibodies, but significantly elevated concentrations of specific igg, iga and cytokines were generated in ileal mucosal secretions from the orally and ip vaccinated pigs when examined at 17 days after vaccination.201525817978
exposure of feral swine (sus scrofa) in the united states to selected pathogens.feral swine (sus scrofa) are widely distributed in the united states. in 2011 and 2012, serum samples and tonsils were recovered from 162 and 37 feral swine, respectively, in the us to evaluate exposure to important swine endemic pathogens. antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were found in 2.5% and 25.3% of tested sera, respectively. positive serological reactions against mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and actinobacillus p ...025673913
serum folate, cobalamin, homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in pigs with acute, chronic or subclinical lawsonia intracellularis infection.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy. the clinical presentation can be acute (i.e. proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, phe), chronic (i.e. porcine intestinal adenomatosis, pia) or subclinical. in humans with chronic enteropathies, low serum folate (vitamin b(9)) and cobalamin (vitamin b(12)) concentrations have been associated with increased serum concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (mma), which reflect the availability of both ...201525618855
proteomic analysis of lawsonia intracellularis reveals expression of outer membrane proteins during infection.lawsonia intracellularis is the aetiological agent of the commercially significant porcine disease, proliferative enteropathy. current understanding of host-pathogen interaction is limited due to the fastidious microaerophilic obligate intracellular nature of the bacterium. in the present study, expression of bacterial proteins during infection was investigated using a mass spectrometry approach. lc-esi-ms/ms analysis of two isolates of l. intracellularis from heavily-infected epithelial cell cu ...201425457368
sub-isotypic differences in the immunoglobulin g response to lawsonia intracellularis in vaccinated, seropositive, and equine proliferative enteropathy-affected horses.in the horse, lawsonia intracellularis infection results in equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). while upwards of 100% of weanlings on an endemic farm may seroconvert, only a small percentage (approximately 5%) will develop clinical disease. cell-mediated immune mechanisms likely play a role in resistance to l. intracellularis and the absence of a l. intracellularis-specific ifn-γ response has been associated with the development of epe. the goal of this study was to determine whether protect ...201425446848
vaccination of pigs with attenuated lawsonia intracellularis induced acute phase protein responses and primed cell-mediated immunity without reduction in bacterial shedding after challenge.lawsonia intracellularis causes porcine proliferative enteropathy and is one of the most economically important diseases in modern pig production worldwide. the enterisol ileitis vaccine have been shown to reduce clinical disease and to increase weight gain, however, while the natural infection with l. intracellularis can provide complete protection against re-infection, this has not been achieved by this vaccine. we therefore undertook a detailed characterization of immune responses to l. intra ...201525444804
herd diagnosis of low pathogen diarrhoea in growing pigs - a pilot study.the major indication for antibiotic use in danish pigs is treatment of intestinal diseases post weaning. clinical decisions on antibiotic batch medication are often based on inspection of diarrhoeic pools on the pen floor. in some of these treated diarrhoea outbreaks, intestinal pathogens can only be demonstrated in a small number of pigs within the treated group (low pathogen diarrhoea). termination of antibiotic batch medication in herds suffering from such diarrhoea could potentially reduce t ...201425392732
lawsonia intracellularis and equine proliferative enteropathy.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent for equine proliferative enteropathy (epe), which typically affects weanling and yearling horses. in north america, epe cases often occur between august and january, although cases outside of this time frame have been reported. clinical signs of epe are usually nonspecific and include lethargy, pyrexia, anorexia, peripheral edema, weight loss, colic, and diarrhea. diagnosis is based on the presence of hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia along with ...201425300636
the effect of passively acquired antibodies on lawsonia intracellularis infection and immunity in the horse.multiple hypotheses into the age-based susceptibility of animals to lawsonia intracellularis exist, including the decline of passively acquired antibodies.201525138347
down-regulation of mechanisms involved in cell transport and maintenance of mucosal integrity in pigs infected with lawsonia intracellularis.lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium, responsible for the disease complex known as proliferative enteropathy (pe). l. intracellularis is associated with intestinal crypt epithelial cell proliferation but the mechanisms responsible are yet to be defined. microarray analysis was used to investigate the host-pathogen interaction in experimentally infected pigs to identify pathways that may be involved. ileal samples originating from twenty-eight weaner pigs experimentally ...201424885874
detection of enteric pathogens in turkey flocks affected with severe enteritis, in brazil.twenty-two flocks of turkeys affected by enteric problems, with ages between 10 and 104 days and located in the southern region of brazil, were surveyed for turkey by pcr for turkey astrovirus type 2 (tastv-2), turkey coronavirus (tcov), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), rotavirus, reovirus, salmonella spp., and lawsonia intracellularis (li) infections. eleven profiles of pathogen combination were observed. the most frequently encountered pathogen combinations were tcov-li, followed by tcov-tas ...201424817479
seroprevalence of lawsonia intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in china.porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis (l. intracellularis) is a major concern to the pig industry worldwide. although 8.3 billion pigs are produced each year in china, few reports on the prevalence of l.intracellularis infection are available. the aim of the current study was to estimate the seroprevalence of l. intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in china.201424774304
efficacy of gallium maltolate against lawsonia intracellularis infection in a rabbit model.antimicrobial efficacy against lawsonia intracellularis is difficult to evaluate in vitro, thus, the effects of gallium maltolate's (gam) were investigated in a rabbit model for equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). juvenile (5-6-week-old) does were infected with 3.0 × 10(8) l. intracellularis/rabbit and allocated into three groups (n = 8). one week postinfection, one group was treated with gam, 50 mg/kg; one, with doxycycline, 5 mg/kg; and one with a sham-treatment (control). feces and blood ...201424730377
pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate in lawsonia intracellularis-infected and uninfected rabbits.oral gallium maltolate (gam) pharmacokinetics (pk) and intestinal tissue (it) concentrations of elemental gallium ([ga]) and iron ([fe]) were investigated in a rabbit model of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). new zealand white does (uninfected controls and epe-infected, n = 6/group) were given a single oral gam dose (50 mg/kg). serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 216 h post-treatment (pt) and it samples after euthanasia. serology, qpcr, and immunohistochemistry confirmed, or exc ...201424628462
pooling of porcine fecal samples for quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real-time polymerase chain reaction.procedures in which biological specimens are mixed and tested as 1 sample (pooling) have been applied for various biological specimens and laboratory examinations. the objective of the current study was to investigate agreement between laboratory testing of fecal pools and theoretical values obtained by averaging test results from individual fecal samples in relation to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) test for lawsonia intracellularis. ten diarrheic and 10 normal fecal samples we ...201424621847
immunomodulatory factors and infectious agents associated with the hepatic gene expression of the igf system in nursery pigs.recent findings suggest there is a complex interaction between the igf system and the inflammatory immune response. the objective of this study was to determine whether gene expression of growth factors (igf-1, igf-binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) and growth hormone receptors (ghr)) in the liver is associated with gene expression of immunomodulators in the liver, including c-reactive protein (crp), serum amyloid a (saa), haptoglobin (hp), interferon-α (ifn-α), ifn-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), ...201424576503
pathogen presence in feral pigs and their movement around two commercial piggeries in queensland, australia.feral pigs are wild animal reservoirs of infectious pathogens transmissible to other species, all of which are transmissible to domestic pigs. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of harmful production-limiting pathogens; brucella suis, leptospira species, lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a feral pig population within a 10 km radius of two large-scale commercial piggeries in southern queensland, australia. the movement pa ...201424572722
recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of lawsonia intracellularis infections.proliferative enteropathy is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, lawsonia intracellularis, and characterized by thickening of the intestinal epithelium due to enterocyte proliferation. the disease is endemic in swine herds and has been occasionally reported in various other species. furthermore, outbreaks among foals began to be reported on breeding farms worldwide within the past 5 years. cell proliferation is directly associated with bacterial infection and rep ...201424476941
seroprevalence of porcine proliferative enteropathy among wild boars in the republic of korea.the importance of the wild boar as a reservoir of lawsonia intracellularis was assessed by investigating the seroprevalence of this pathogen among wild boars in the republic of korea. the extent of exposure to l. intracellularis among wild boars (sus scrofa coreanus) was monitored by a country-wide serological survey using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay.201424393381
the critical threshold of lawsonia intracellularis in pig faeces that causes reduced average daily weight gains in experimentally challenged pigs.serology indicates that lawsonia intracellularis infection is widespread in many countries, with most pigs seroconverting before 22 weeks of age. however, the majority of animals appear to be sub-clinically affected, demonstrated by the low reported prevalence of diarrhoea. production losses caused by sub-clinical proliferative enteropathy (pe) are more difficult to diagnose, indicating the need for a quantitative l. intracellularis assay that correlates well with disease severity. in previous s ...201424388631
lawsonia intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in 5 weanling foals.this report describes 5 cases of fatal lawsonia intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in weanling thoroughbred and standardbred foals. the lesions are similar to those of the l. intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis syndrome in pigs. two foals had concurrent severe typhlo-colitis as a result of a large burden of encysted cyathostomes. the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges, and the potential complications encountered d ...201324155489
species-specificity of equine and porcine lawsonia intracellularis isolates in laboratory animals.lawsonia intracellularis infection causes proliferative enteropathy (pe) in many mammalian species, with porcine and equine proliferative enteropathy (ppe and epe) known worldwide. hamsters are a well-published animal model for ppe infection studies in pigs. there is no laboratory animal model for epe infection studies and it is not known whether there is species-specificity for equine or porcine isolates of l. intracellularis in animal models. the objective of this study was to determine whethe ...201324124268
the rabbit as an infection model for equine proliferative enteropathy.the objective of this study was to demonstrate the susceptibility of rabbits to lawsonia intracellularis obtained from a case of clinical equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). this is a preliminary step toward developing a rabbit infection model for studying pathogenesis and therapy of epe in horses. nine does were equally assigned to 3 groups. animals in 2 groups (group 1 and group 2) were orally inoculated with different doses of cell-cultured l. intracellularis. controls (group 3) were sham ...201324082402
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism lawsonia intracellularis. this organism is unique in that it causes proliferation of infected enterocytes, resulting in thickening of the intestinal epithelium, most often the small intestine. this disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral edema, diarrhea, colic and weight loss. the diagnosis of epe may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoprot ...201323871678
efficacy of a commercial live attenuated lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in a large scale field trial in korea.porcine proliferative enteropathy (ppe) is known as one of the most important risk factors causing economic losses in swine industry worldwide. this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial oral attenuated lawsonia intracellularis vaccine (enterisol ileitis) against ppe under a commercial pig farm condition in korea.201323858405
comparative genome sequencing identifies a prophage-associated genomic island linked to host adaptation of lawsonia intracellularis infections.lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy (pe). the disease is endemic in pigs, emerging in horses and has also been reported in a variety of other animal species, including nonhuman primates. comparing the whole genome sequences of a homologous porcine l. intracellularis isolate cultivated for 10 and 60 passages in vitro, we identified a 18-kb prophage-associated genomic island in the passage 10 (pathogenic variant) that ...201323826661
laser microdissection coupled with rna-seq analysis of porcine enterocytes infected with an obligate intracellular pathogen (lawsonia intracellularis).lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiologic agent of proliferative enteropathy. the disease is endemic in pigs, emerging in horses and has been described in various other species including nonhuman primates. cell proliferation is associated with bacterial replication in enterocyte cytoplasm, but the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction is unknown. we used laser capture microdissection coupled with rna-seq technology to characterize the transcript ...201323800029
prevalence of campylobacter spp. relative to other enteric pathogens in grow-finish pigs with diarrhea.salmonella spp., lawsonia intracellularis, and brachyspira spp. are pathogens commonly associated with diarrhea in growing and finishing pigs. brachyspira spp. infection has recently reemerged as a significant concern due to an increase in the incidence of swine dysentery; however, the mechanisms underlying this increase in dysentery remain largely unknown. pigs are also well-recognized as potential carriers of campylobacter spp., particularly campylobacter coli, yet enteric disease in swine ass ...201323792232
infectious agents associated with diarrhoea in neonatal foals in central kentucky: a comprehensive molecular study.diarrhoea caused by infectious agents is common in foals but there is no comprehensive molecular work-up of the relative prevalence of common agents and appearance of coinfections.201423773143
epidemiological survey of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine farms in shanghai, china.an epidemiological survey of porcine diarrheal disease prevalence between september 2011 and january 2012 revealed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) contributed to outbreaks of diarrhea in pig farms in shanghai, china. the distribution profile of 10 pedv strains revealed three distinct genotypes coexisting in the same pig farm. two of the ten field strains that were isolated exhibited a distinct evolution from the others. in addition to pedv, other enteric pathogens, including porcine ...201323685898
risk factors associated with lawsonia intracellularis in english pig farms.porcine proliferative enteropathy (ppe) caused by the bacterium lawsonia intracellularis causes considerable economic loss to the pig industry. the objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of l. intracellularis exposure in different age groups of pigs (growers to finishers) within english farms and to identify potential risk factors. samples were obtained in a cross-sectional study of 147 farms between 2008 and 2009. twelve samples (six growers and six finishers) from each farm ...201323683854
equine proliferative enteropathy--a review of recent developments.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism lawsonia intracellularis. this emerging disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral oedema, diarrhoea, colic and weight loss. the diagnosis of epe may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinaemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed upon abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of l. intra ...201323662705
diagnostic performance of fecal quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of lawsonia intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy in nursery pigs.quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) tests for detection and quantification of lawsonia intracellularis in feces from pigs have been developed. the objective of the current study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a fecal qpcr test for detection of nursery pigs with l. intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy (pe) under field conditions. furthermore, the diagnostic performance for different subpopulations of pigs was investigated, including pigs infected or noninf ...201323536614
immunological responses to vaccination following experimental lawsonia intracellularis virulent challenge in pigs.although a live attenuated vaccine has been used extensively to provide immunity against porcine proliferative enteropathy (pe) caused by lawsonia intracellularis, the nature of the protective response is an area of considerable interest for the control of pe. two trials investigated immune responses in pigs after oral and intramuscular (im) vaccination followed by virulent l. intracellularis challenge. after an oral vaccination with 10(5.9) tcid50 organisms, significantly increased serum and mu ...201323478250
genome sequence of lawsonia intracellularis strain n343, isolated from a sow with hemorrhagic proliferative enteropathy.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (pe), causing mild or acute hemorrhagic diarrhea in infected animals. here we report the genome sequence of strain n343, isolated from a sow that died of hemorrhagic pe. n343 contains 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 90 indels compared to the reference strain phe/mn1-00.201323472224
longitudinal evaluation of three commercial diagnostic assays for lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. 201323428424
association between faecal load of lawsonia intracellularis and pathological findings of proliferative enteropathy in pigs with diarrhoea.the study was designed to investigate correlation between histological findings of lawsonia intracellularis in porcine cases of diarrhoea and the quantitative detection of lawsonia intracellularis in faeces. a total of 156 pigs (10 to 70 days post weaning) with diarrhoea were randomly selected from 20 herds: the pigs were subjected to necropsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and faecal quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real time pcr.201223092367
comparative transcriptional analysis of homologous pathogenic and non-pathogenic lawsonia intracellularis isolates in infected porcine cells.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy. this disease affects various animal species, including nonhuman primates, has been endemic in pigs, and is an emerging concern in horses. non-pathogenic variants obtained through multiple passages in vitro do not induce disease, but bacterial isolates at low passage induce clinical and pathological changes. we hypothesize that genes differentially expressed between pathogenic (passage 10) and non-pathogenic (passage 60 ...201223056413
acute deterioration and death with necrotizing enteritis associated with lawsonia intracellularis in 4 weanling horses. 201623039901
association between average daily gain, faecal dry matter content and concentration of lawsonia intracellularis in faeces.the objective of this study was to investigate the association between average daily gain and the number of lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in faeces of growing pigs with different levels of diarrhoea.201223013807
attenuation of virulence of lawsonia intracellularis after in vitro passages and its effects on the experimental reproduction of porcine proliferative enteropathy.non-pathogenic lawsonia intracellularis variants have been obtained through multiple passages in cell culture but there is no information regarding the number of passages necessary to attenuate a pathogenic isolate. the present study evaluated the susceptibility of pigs to l. intracellularis after 10, 20 and 40 passages in vitro. three groups (six animals/group) were inoculated with pure culture of l. intracellularis on passage 10, 20 or 40 and one group with placebo. the animals were monitored ...201322939985
infectious risk factors for individual postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) development in pigs from affected farms in spain and denmark.two prospective longitudinal studies in 13 postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected farms from spain (n=3) and denmark (n=10) were performed. blood samples from pigs were longitudinally collected from 1st week until the occurrence of the pmws outbreak. wasted and healthy age-matched pigs were euthanized, necropsied and histopathologically characterised. pmws diagnosis was confirmed by means of lymphoid lesions and detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in these tissues b ...201222884005
investigation of the association of growth rate in grower-finishing pigs with the quantification of lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2.as a part of a prospective cohort study in four herds, a nested case control study was carried out. five slow growing pigs (cases) and five fast growing pigs (controls) out of 60 pigs were selected for euthanasia and laboratory examination at the end of the study in each herd. a total of 238 pigs, all approximately 12 weeks old, were included in the study during the first week in the grower-finisher barn. in each herd, approximately 60 pigs from four pens were individually ear tagged. the pigs w ...201322854321
application of real-time pcr for detection of lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae in fecal samples from pigs.the aim of the study was to develop and validate real-time pcr method for the quantification of lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae in porcine feces. before the optimization process was performed two different extraction methods were compared to select the more efficient one. based on the results achieved at this stage the boiling procedure was rejected and a commercially available silica-membrane based method was chosen for further analysis. the primers and the taqman probe ...201222844704
transmission of lawsonia intracellularis to weanling foals using feces from experimentally infected rabbits.the aim of this study was to investigate whether feces from rabbits experimentally infected with lawsonia intracellularis were infectious to foals. two rabbits were infected with l. intracellularis, while two rabbits served as controls. eight foals received daily feces from either the infected or the control rabbits. all rabbits and foals were monitored daily for clinical signs for the entire study period (21days for rabbits, 42days for foals). feces and blood were collected for the pcr detectio ...201322841447
seroprevalence of lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and pcv2 in commercial pig farms in russia. 201222791518
within-day repeatability for absolute quantification of lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in feces from growing pigs.absolute quantification of lawsonia intracellularis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is now possible on a routine basis. poor repeatability of quantification can result in disease status misclassification of individual pigs when a single fecal sample is obtained. the objective of the current study was to investigate overall variation within a day for fecal numbers of l. intracellularis bacteria determined by real-time pcr in growing pigs. from each of 30 pigs with an infection of l. ...201222786973
evidence of host adaptation in lawsonia intracellularis infections.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, an endemic disease in pigs and an emerging concern in horses. enterocyte hyperplasia is a common lesion in every case but there are differences regarding clinical and pathological presentations among affected species. we hypothesize that host susceptibility to l. intracellularis infection depends on the species of origin of the bacterial isolate. the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of pigs ...201222715937
further investigation of exposure to lawsonia intracellularis in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy.this study investigated the exposure to lawsonia intracellularis in wild birds, mice, rabbits, raccoons, coyotes and squirrels, and feral cats and pigs on 10 farms with confirmed equine proliferative enteropathy (epe). serum samples from all resident foals (417 samples) as well as fecal (461) and serum (106) samples from wild and feral animals were collected for serological and molecular detection of l. intracellularis following the diagnosis of epe in index cases. a total of three cats from two ...201222627048
elevated fat skatole levels in immunocastrated, surgically castrated and entire male pigs with acute dysentery.boar taint is due to androstenone and skatole (3-methyl-indole) accumulation in fat tissues. during a study to investigate the effect of immunocastration on fattening pigs, an outbreak of acute dysentery occurred caused by lawsonia intracellularis and brachyspira hyodysenteriae and resulted in cachexia and high mortality. low androstenone levels in the immunocastrates (0.25 ± 0.04 μg/g liquid fat) suggested that the immunocastration had been effective, but unusually high skatole concentrations i ...201222613221
efficacy of an avirulent live vaccine against lawsonia intracellularis in the prevention of proliferative enteropathy in experimentally infected weanling foals.to determine the efficacy of an avirulent lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in preventing proliferative enteropathy in weanling foals.201222533409
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
immunohistochemical detection of lawsonia intracellularis in tissue sections from pigs.the aim of the present study was to develop an immunohistochemical method (ihc) for detection of lawsonia intracellularis (l. intracellularis) in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded sections of intestines from pigs and to implement this method in differential diagnosis of swine diseases with diarrhea in postweaning pigs. the study was conducted on 165 sections of intestines (ileum, caecum and colon) collected from 76 pigs, representing 42 polish pig farms. the animals included in the analysis suff ...201122439321
comparison of a commercial elisa with an indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies to lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally challenged pigs.the ability of a new commercial elisa to detect pigs with subclinical proliferative enteropathy (pe) was compared with the traditional indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat).201222339121
pathology in practice. severe proliferative enteritis caused by lawsonia intracellularis and acute diffuse severe colitis due to salmonella sp. infection. 201222332621
cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs following primary and challenge-exposure to lawsonia intracellularis.to investigate immune responses upon re-infection with lawsonia intracellularis, local and peripheral humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to primary and challenge inoculations were studied in 22 pigs. pigs were orally inoculated with virulent l. intracellularis at the age of 5-6 weeks, treated with antibiotics and challenged with a re-inoculation (re) at the age of 12 weeks. treatment control (tc) pigs received only the primary inoculation and challenge control (cc) pigs received only the ...201222316065
a multi-laboratory profile of mycoplasma contamination in lawsonia intracellularis cultures.during the routine laboratory cultivation of lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma contamination has been a frequent problem. when mycoplasma contamination occurs in laboratories that study l. intracellularis, the cultures must be discarded for 4 reasons: 1) mycoplasma is inevitably concentrated along with l. intracellularis during the passage of l. intracellularis; 2) mycoplasma inhibits the growth of l. intracellularis; and 3) it is impossible to selectively eliminate mycoplasma in l. intracell ...201222284165
generation of a monoclonal antibody against mycoplasma following accidental contamination during production of a monoclonal antibody against lawsonia intracellularis.this report describes mycoplasma contamination of lawsonia intracellularis cultures that led to the unintended acquisition of a monoclonal antibody against mycoplasma during the attempted generation of a monoclonal antibody against l. intracellularis.201222247145
an alternative method for cultivation of lawsonia intracellularis.an alternative method for the cultivation of lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, was developed using an original space bag inflated with a mixture of gas containing 10% hydrogen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 80% nitrogen. the flexibility of this protocol allows the testing of various environmental conditions for static cultivation of this bacterium and the development of diagnostic techniques.201222219308
adaptation and validation of a bacteria-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm-specific lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence in central kentucky thoroughbreds.lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe), a disease for which no large-scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted.201122180950
proliferative enteropathy (pe)-induced changes in the calbindin-immunoreactive (cb-ir) neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglion supplying the descending colon in the pig.a subpopulation of the pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (img) neurons projecting to the colon exhibit calbindin-like immunoreactivity. it is not known if there are any changes in the chemical coding patterns of these neurons during porcine proliferative enteropathy (pe). to answer this question, juvenile large white polish pigs with clinically diagnosed lawsonia intracellularis infection (pe; n = 3) and a group of uninfected controls (c; n = 3) were compared. the retrograde tracer fast blue (fb) ...201122170039
lawsonia intracellularis-associated proliferative enteritis in weanling foals in the netherlands.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) is an emerging infectious enteric disease caused by the obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium lawsonia intracellularis. epe was tentatively diagnosed in six weanling foals, aged between 5 and 7 months. clinical signs included depression, anorexia, ventral oedema, and weight loss. plasma biochemistry consistently revealed severe hypoproteinaemia. the ante-mortem diagnosis of epe was based on clinical signs, hypoproteinaemia (6/6), the detection of m ...201122111417
Adaptation and validation of a bacteria-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm-specific Lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence in central Kentucky Thoroughbreds.Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), a disease for which no large-scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted. Objectives: To validate and use an equine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for L. intracellularis to determine the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis on numerous farms.201122082442
Analysis of bacterial load and prevalence of mixed infections with Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and/or Brachyspira pilosicoli in German pigs with diarrhoea.Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis, Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli are important pathogens in domestic pig production world-wide, responsible for porcine intestinal adenomatosis, swine dysentery, and porcine intestinal spirochetosis, respectively. Conventional PCR is the major diagnostic tool in the detection of the three pathogens, but the sole detection of bacterial DNA might lead to misinterpretations of results with respect to their clinical relevance, especially with mixed inf ...201122059295
Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella spp. and Eimeria spp. in Healthy and Diarrheic Pet Rabbits.A total of 170 fresh fecal samples (healthy; n=137, diarrheic; n=33) were collected from pet rabbits. By using PCR and formol-ether concentration method, a total 13/137 healthy rabbit feces were positive for L. intracellularis, 6/137 for Salmonella, and 13/137 for Eimeria. On the other hand, a total 17/33 diarrheic rabbit fecal samples were positive for L. intracellularis, 10/33 for Salmonella, and 21/33 for Eimeria. From these results, more than 20% of clinically normal and 97% of diarrheic rab ...201121959895
a follow up study on antibodies against lawsonia intracellularis in mares and foals from two breeding farms in germany.equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) caused by lawsonia (l.) intracellularis is an emerging disease in foals, particularly in north america. since a case report in germany exists, the objective of this study was to examine the incidence of l. intracellularis-antibodies in healthy horses from two german breeding farms. in group 1, serum samples from 24 (year 1) and 16 (year 2) haflinger mares and their foals were taken. in group 2, over a period of five months, serum samples of six warmblood ma ...201121848042
microarray and cytokine analyses of field cases of pigs with diarrhoea.this field study explored the cytokine expression in intestinal tissue and serum from 19 diarrhoeic and 9 healthy pigs in herds with a long-time history of lawsonia intracellularis-infection. the disease, proliferative enteropathy (pe), is associated with diarrhoea and poor performance in growers and haemorrhagic diarrhoea and sudden death in finisher pigs, but the immunopathology is poorly understood. histopathology, demonstration of l. intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in in ...201121741782
evaluation of the field efficacy of an avirulent live lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in foals.equine proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis is an emerging disease with as yet unaddressed preventative measures. the hypothesis of this study was that vaccination will prevent clinical and sub-clinical disease. weanling thoroughbreds (n=202) from central kentucky were randomly assigned into two groups (vaccinated and non-vaccinated). vaccinated foals received 30ml of an avirulent, live l. intracellularis vaccine intra-rectally twice, 30days apart. foals were monitored fo ...201121741284
characterization of the interferon gamma response to lawsonia intracellularis using an equine proliferative enteropathy challenge (epe) model.lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of infectious intestinal hyperplasia for which several clinical diseases have been described including proliferative enteropathy (pe), intestinal adenomatosis, and ileitis. while initially recognized as the causative agent of pe in pigs, l. intracellularis is now viewed as an emerging cause of intestinal hyperplasia in a wide range of mammalian species, including horses. equine proliferative enteropathy (epe) has been reported worldwide though de ...201121719114
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