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risk indicators for the tick ixodes ricinus and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in sweden.the distributional area of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.), the primary european vector to humans of lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) and tick-borne encephalitis virus, appears to be increasing in sweden. it is therefore important to determine which environmental factors are most useful to assess risk of human exposure to this tick and its associated pathogens. the geographical distribution of i. ricinus in sweden was analysed with respect to vegetation zones and clim ...200919712153
borrelia burgdorferi stimulates macrophages to secrete higher levels of cytokines and chemokines than borrelia afzelii or borrelia garinii.to delineate the inflammatory potential of the 3 pathogenic species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, we stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy human donors with 10 isolates each of b. burgdorferi, borrelia afzelii, or borrelia garinii recovered from erythema migrans skin lesions of patients with lyme borreliosis from the united states or slovenia. b. burgdorferi isolates from the united states induced macrophages to secrete significantly higher levels of interleukin (il)-8, ccl3 ...200919909078
[the heterogeneity of the ospa gene of borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii in western siberia and mongolia].48 full-length borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii from west siberia and mongolia ospa gene nucleotide sequences was determined. four groups of borrelia garinii were revealed using the analysis of nucleotide sequences. the most variable ospa gene region was demonstrated to be included in region where the antigenic determinants of protein were encoded. high homology level was shown for nucleotide sequences corresponding to isolates of borrelia afzelii.200920050161
differential role of passerine birds in distribution of borrelia spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in central europe.borrelia spirochetes in bird-feeding ticks were studied in the czech republic. during the postbreeding period (july to september 2005), 1,080 passerine birds infested by 2,240 ixodes ricinus subadult ticks were examined. borrelia garinii was detected in 22.2% of the ticks, borrelia valaisiana was detected in 12.8% of the ticks, borrelia afzelii was detected in 1.6% of the ticks, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was detected in 0.3% of the ticks. after analysis of infections in which the bl ...200919060160
molecular detection of borrelia bissettii dna in serum samples from patients in the czech republic with suspected borreliosis.until recently, three spirochete genospecies were considered to be the causative agents of lyme borreliosis (lb) in europe: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii. however, the dna of borrelia valaisiana, borrelia lusitaniae, borrelia spielmanii and borrelia bissettii has already been detected in samples of human origin, or the spirochetes were isolated from the patients with symptoms of lb. molecular analysis of 12 selected serum samples collected in the regio ...200919187198
local borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia afzelii strains in a single mixed antigen improves western blot sensitivity.this study evaluates the use of local borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia afzelii strains in a single mixed antigen for in-house igg western blots in the routine diagnostic setting by comparing it with the current in-house protocol.200919240047
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in dogs in the czech republic.the aim of this study is to present molecular, serologic, and clinical findings for dogs that were naturally infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum or borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) in the czech republic. this data can provide information relevant to human infection. in total, blood samples from 296 dogs and 118 engorged ticks were examined. samples were tested for a. phagocytophilum using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification, nested pcr, and direct sequencing of the 16s rdna, ...200919271998
species of borrelia burgdorferi complex that cause borrelial lymphocytoma in france.only about 30 cases of borrelial lymphocytoma (bl) with identification of the causative species of borrelia have been published to date, mainly from eastern or central european countries.200919302068
lyme neuroborreliosis: manifestations of a rapidly emerging zoonosis.lyme disease has a worldwide distribution and is the most common vector-borne disease in the united states. incidence, clinical manifestations, and presentations vary by geography, season, and recreational habits. lyme neuroborreliosis (lnb) is neurologic involvement secondary to systemic infection by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in the united states and by borrelia garinii or borrelia afzelii species in europe. enhanced awareness of the clinical presentation of lyme disease allows inclus ...200919346313
detection of the dna of borrelia afzelii, anaplasma phagocytophilum and babesia canis in blood samples from dogs in warsaw.each month, from march 2003 to february 2004, 34 blood samples from dogs were randomly selected from the blood samples delivered to two veterinary laboratories in warsaw and tested for the dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia canis and hepatozoon canis. borrelia dna was detected in seven of the 408 dogs, a phagocytophilum dna was found in two, and b canis dna was found in 48 (11.8 per cent). the dna of h canis was not found in any of the blood samples. seque ...200919363228
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in lizards and their ticks from hungary.to investigate the involvement of lizard species in the natural cycle of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in hungary, a total of 186 reptiles belonging to three species--126 green lizards (lacerta viridis), 40 balkan wall lizards (podarcis taurica), and 20 sand lizards (lacerta agilis)--were captured in 2007 and 2008. all ticks removed from the lizards were ixodes ricinus, either larvae (324/472; 68.6%) or nymphs (148/472; 31.4%). more than half (66/126; 52.4%) of l. viridis individuals we ...200919492950
[analysis of borrelia burgdorferi genostrains among patients with lyme disease].lyme borreliosis is a zoonose which can be transmitted to the humans during ixodes tick bite to the skin. the disease is caused by bacteria--spirochetes of the borrelia species, classified as borrelia burgdorferi strain. in poland lyme borreliosis is caused by borrelia garinii, borrelia afzelii and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. the presence of borrelia spielmani was recently reported.200921033412
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.we genotyped 102 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from ticks, animals, and patients in 11 provinces in china by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) amplification of 5s (rrf)-23s (rrl) rrna gene spacer amplicons and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa). the results showed that borrelia garinii was the main genotype in china (65/102) and that it was distributed mainly in northern china. borrelia afzelii was the second most frequently found species (22/102), and i ...201021106783
prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ticks in belgium.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a genetically diverse group of spirochetes that includes the agent of lyme borreliosis in which genospecies tend to be associated with specific clinical features. the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in 524 ticks collected in woods of a western province of belgium. presence of spirochetes in ticks was determined by phase contrast microscopy. the mean infection rate of ticks was 12.0%. vari ...201021128558
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china.thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ...201021142958
first isolation and molecular identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia afzelii from skin biopsies of patients in taiwan.in order to clarify the transmission cycle and genetic identity of borrelia spirochetes in the non-endemic country of taiwan, the causative agents responsible for human borreliosis were isolated from skin biopsies of patients and their genetic identities were determined.201021147012
synanthropic birds influence the distribution of borrelia species: analysis of ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on passerine birds.ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 835 birds and from vegetation in the czech republic were analyzed. host-seeking ticks (n = 427) were infected predominantly by borrelia afzelii (25%). ticks (n = 1,012) from songbirds (passeriformes) were infected commonly by borrelia garinii (12.1%) and borrelia valaisiana (13.4%). juveniles of synanthropic birds, eurasian blackbirds (turdus merula) and song thrushes (turdus philomelos), were major reservoir hosts of b. garinii.201021148704
expression and sequence diversity of the complement regulating outer surface protein e in borrelia afzelii vs. borrelia garinii in patients with erythema migrans or neuroborreliosis.outer surface protein e (ospe) is a complement factor h-binding virulence factor of borrelial subspecies. it is usually absent from in vitro grown borrelia garinii, although in vivo b. garinii causes neuroborreliosis (nb). we analyzed the presence and sequence spectrum of the ospe genes in vivo in borrelia spirochetes. dna samples from the skin, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of patients with infections caused by borrelia afzelii or b. garinii were studied, and anti-ospe antibodies in the c ...201020603210
prevalence and diversity of borrelia species in ticks that have bitten humans in sweden.members of the genus borrelia are among the most common infectious agents causing tick-borne disease in humans worldwide. here, we developed a light upon extension (lux) real-time pcr assay that can detect and quantify borrelia species in ticks that have fed on humans, and we applied the assay to 399 such ticks. borrelia pcr-positive ticks were identified to species level by sequencing the products of conventional pcr performed using borrelia group-specific primers. there was a 19% prevalence of ...201020844223
established and emerging pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from birds on a conservation island in the baltic sea.tick-borne pathogens such as lyme borreliosis spirochaetes, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia spp. and babesia spp. cause a great variety of diseases in animals and humans. although their importance with respect to emerging human diseases is increasing, many issues about their ecology are still unclear. in spring 2007, 191 ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks were collected from 99 birds of 11 species on a bird conservation island in the baltic sea in order to test them for borrelia spp., ...201020868431
the genetic structure of borrelia afzelii varies with geographic but not ecological sampling scale.the genetic structure of a pathogen is an important determinant of its potential rate of adaptation and can thereby influence the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. we investigated how the genetic structure of borrelia afzelii varies with geographic and ecological sampling scale. genetic structure was measured as the degree of linkage disequilibrium (ld) across three loci. to test for the effects of geographic and ecological scale, we calculated ld across or within populations 4-82 km apart ...201020964784
detection of tick blood parasites in egypt using pcr assay ii- borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the etiologic agent of lyme borrelosis (lb), was determined for the first time in egypt by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). questing 5243 hard and soft ticks were collected from animal farms throughout giza governorate. dna from 500 individual tick species was extracted and pcr was performed. primers verified from the sequence of german strain pko of borrelia afzelii were used. fragments of 642 bp were generated and sequenced. the p ...201021268526
are birds reservoir hosts for borrelia afzelii?it is known that birds are competent reservoir hosts of particular borrelia species like b. garinii and b. valaisiana but not for b. afzelii, a rodent-associated genospecies. since they can carry infected ticks over long distances, they are also important covectors for lyme borreliosis spirochaetes. to assess the role of different bird species in transmission and dispersal of borrelia ospa types, we examined 191 ixodes ricinus ticks from 99 birds, captured on a german conservation island in the ...201021771517
integration of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato into mountain ecosystems, following a shift in the altitudinal limit of distribution of their vector, ixodes ricinus (krkonose mountains, czech republic).the altitudinal shift in the limit of ixodes ricinus occurrence above the previously established altitude of 750 m above sea level has been monitored over the long-term (2002-2008) in the krkonose mts. (giant mts.), the highest in the czech republic, along two vertical transects in their eastern and central parts (600-1020 and 600-1270 m). ticks were collected by flagging three times annually, and examined individually by pcr or rt-pcr for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato or tick- ...201019492952
[enzyme immunoassay-based analysis of ospc recombinant proteins from borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii isolated in west siberia].to study the ability of ospc recombinant proteins from borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii isolated in west siberia to interact with serum antibodies from patients with tick-borne borreliosis (tbb).201020218339
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans: a case report and review of the literature.acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) is a rare tertiary manifestation of lyme borreliosis, manifesting as inflammatory and atrophic lesions on acral skin. although aca rarely has been reported in the united states, it may be seen in approximately 10% of european cases of lyme borreliosis, most commonly associated with the genospecies borrelia afzelii. we report a presumptive case of aca involving an american woman from pennsylvania with convincing clinical, histopathologic, and serologic fi ...201020540415
a comparative analysis of molecular markers for the detection and identification of borrelia spirochaetes in ixodes ricinus.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, carried by ixodes ticks, is one of the most significant human pathogens, causing lyme disease. as there is no standardized pcr method for detection and identification of spirochaete dna, we carried out a comparative analysis using a set of complementary primers for three regions in the genomic dna of these bacteria (genes fla and rrs and the non-coding rrs-rrla region). dna extracted from 579 ixodes ricinus ticks was subjected to nested pcr. dna of the examined s ...201020007765
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in belgrade area.lyme borreliosis is vector-borne zoonosis. the causative agent of lyme borreliosis is a spirochete of borrelia burgdorferi (bb) sensu lato complex, which is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the aim of our paper is to estimate the prevalence of i. ricinus ticks, the level of their infectivity by bb, and the prevalence of certain genospecies of bb sensu lato in ixodide ticks inhabiting belgrade.201020017716
prevalence of five pathogenic agents in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from western france.in europe, ixodes ricinus ticks are vectors of many emerging pathogens, including borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), anaplasma phagocytophilum, spotted fever group rickettsia sp., babesia sp., and very likely bartonella sp. in this study, we looked for the presence of dna of these microorganisms in 572 ticks from two forests in the west of france. dna extraction and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification were performed on individual nymphal, male, and female i. ricinus ticks. amplifica ...201020020814
binding of the complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein to lyme disease borreliae.the lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii, are tick-borne pathogens that can cause chronic disseminated infections. to survive in the human host borreliae need to evade the immune system. it is already well known that b. burgdorferi ss. and b. afzelii bind the complement (c) alternative pathway inhibitor factor h from serum using ospe and crasp-1/bba68 proteins to escape c attack. in the presence of natural antibodies and in chronic i ...201020022381
serological survey of five zoonoses, scrub typhus, japanese spotted fever, tularemia, lyme disease, and q fever, in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.we investigated the seroprevalence of five tick- or mite-borne zoonoses, scrub typhus (orientia tsutsugamushi), japanese spotted fever (rickettsia japonica), tularemia (francisella tularensis), lyme disease (borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii), and q fever (coxiella burnetii), in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured in hokkaido and kanagawa prefectures in japan. of the 559 raccoons captured in hokkaido, 8 (1.4%), 3 (0.5%), 1 (0.2%), and 1 (0.2%) carried antibodies against o. tsutsugamushi ...201120553108
transmission dynamics of borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia afzelii among ixodes ricinus, lizards, and mice in tuscany, central italy.to estimate the basic reproduction number (r(0)) of borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia afzelii, we formulated a mathematical model considering the interactions among the tick vector, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens in a 500-ha enclosed natural reserve on le cerbaie hills, tuscany, central italy. in the study area, ixodes ricinus were abundant and were found infected by b. lusitaniae and b. afzelii. lizards (podarcis spp.) and mice (apodemus spp.), respectively, are the reservoir hosts of these two ...201120482342
[Southern taiga combined natural foci of spirochetoses].Study of possibility of existence of combined natural foci of spirochetoses (ixodes tick borrelioses and leptospiroses) in typical taiga forests, and their etiologic and reservoir-host structure.201122145345
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china.thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ...201121870355
Borrelia afzelii ospC genotype diversity in Ixodes ricinus questing ticks and ticks from rodents in two Lyme borreliosis endemic areas: contribution of co-feeding ticks.In Europe, the Lyme borreliosis (LB) agents like Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), B. afzelii, and B. garinii are maintained in nature by enzoonotic transmission cycles between vertebrate hosts and Ixodes ricinus ticks. The outer surface protein C is a highly antigenic protein expressed by spirochaetes during transmission from ticks to mammals as well as during dissemination in the vertebrate hosts. Previous studies based on analysis of ospC gene sequences have led to the classification o ...201121890066
Inhibition of fibroblast apoptosis by Borrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella henselae.Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanism of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Borrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii, and Bartonella henselae bacteria on apoptosis measured as the level of caspase 3 activity in human fibroblast cells HEL-299. Our findings show that C. burnetii bacteria may inhibit the process of apoptosis in the host cells for a long time. This can permit intracellular survival in the host a ...201122184936
Effect of tick saliva on immune interactions between Borrelia afzelii and murine dendritic cells.Interaction between mouse dendritic cells (DCs) and Borrelia afzelii spirochetes was monitored on three different levels: phagocytosis of spirochetes by DCs, production of cytokines by Borrelia-stimulated DCs and the ability of Borrelia-exposed DCs to activate specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. The effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on each of these interactions was examined. Tick saliva was shown to decrease the number of phagocytosing DCs. The ability of Borrelia-exposed DCs to induce both prolife ...201121910742
whole-genome sequences of two borrelia afzelii and two borrelia garinii lyme disease agent isolates.human lyme disease is commonly caused by several species of spirochetes in the borrelia genus. in eurasia these species are largely borrelia afzelii, b. garinii, b. burgdorferi, and b. bavariensis sp. nov. whole-genome sequencing is an excellent tool for investigating and understanding the influence of bacterial diversity on the pathogenesis and etiology of lyme disease. we report here the whole-genome sequences of four isolates from two of the borrelia species that cause human lyme disease, b. ...201122123755
Identification and characterization of Borrelia antigens as potential vaccine candidates against Lyme borreliosis.The three Borrelia species, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii are the main species causing the most common tick-borne zoonosis, Lyme borreliosis. By applying a genomic approach relying on human antibodies we have identified 122 antigenic Borrelia proteins associated with Lyme borreliosis, including already known and published protective antigens. The heterogeneity of the Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis makes the search for conserved antigens providing broad pr ...201122100635
Absence of Lyme Disease Spirochetes in Larval Ixodes ricinus Ticks.Abstract To determine which kind of spirochete infects larval Ixodes ricinus, we examined questing larvae and larvae derived from engorged females for the presence of particular spirochetal DNA that permitted species differentiation. Borrelia miyamotoi was the sole spirochete detected in larval ticks sampled while questing on vegetation. Questing nymphal and adult ticks were infected mainly by Borrelia afzelii, whereas larval ticks resulting from engorged females of the same population were so ...201121923267
Prospective study on the incidence of infection by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato after a tick bite in a highly endemic area of Switzerland.The periurban forest of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) is a high-risk area for Lyme Borreliosis, due to a high density of infected Ixodes ricinus ticks. In this study, we evaluated the risk of subclinical (seroconversion) and clinical infection after a tick bite in Neuchâtel inhabitants from 2003 to 2005. Inhabitants have been invited, through media, to visit a physician after a tick bite. A questionnaire was filled out and two blood samples were taken at 8-week interval. EIA screening tests for IgM an ...201121890065
small risk of developing symptomatic tick-borne diseases following a tick bite in the netherlands.in the netherlands, the incidence of lyme borreliosis is on the rise. besides its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., other potential pathogens like rickettsia, babesia and ehrlichia species are present in ixodes ricinus ticks. the risk of disease associated with these microorganisms after tick-bites remains, however, largely unclear. a prospective study was performed to investigate how many persons with tick-bites develop localized or systemic symptoms and whether these are associated w ...201121310036
evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for the detection, genotyping, and quantification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ticks in a routine laboratory setting.testing of saved ixodes ticks for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi after biting a patient may be helpful to assess the risk of bacterial transmission and to decide upon preventive antibiotic treatment. a commercially available real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of borrelia burdorferi sensu lato species (lightmix kit for the detection of borrelia spp., tib molbiol) was evaluated.201121391467
the expanding lyme borrelia complex--clinical significance of genomic species?ten years after the discovery of spirochaetes as agents of lyme disease in 1982 in the usa, three genomic species had diverged from the phenotypically heterogeneous strains of borrelia burgdorferi isolated in north america and europe: borrelia afzelii, b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (further b. burgdorferi), and borrelia garinii. whereas b. burgdorferi remained the only human pathogen in north america, all three species are aetiological agents of lyme borreliosis in europe. another seven genospeci ...201121414082
loss of plasmids of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato during prolonged in vitro cultivation.in the present study we analyzed stability of plasmid content in 34 borrelia strains of three different species (13 borrelia afzelii, 10 borrelia garinii and 11 borrelia burgodorferi sensu stricto) using pulse field gel electrophoresis (pfge). during long-term in vitro cultivation consisting of 50 passages, plasmid loss was established in 46% of b. afzelii, 40% of b. garinii and 36% of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto strains. loss of plasmids occurred as early as between the 5th and 10th passage, a ...201121419795
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in skin of norwegian mountain hares (lepus timidus) without signs of dissemination.the mountain hare (lepus timidus) population in southern norway appears to be in decline. necropsy and laboratory examinations of 36 hares found dead or diseased during 2007-2009 in vest- and aust-agder counties showed that disease and deaths were attributed to multiple causes, with no specific etiology emerging as a cause for population decline. to investigate whether borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) infection is associated with mortality in mountain hares, tissues and ticks collected fro ...201121441181
correlation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the western palearctic.this meta-analysis of reports examining ticks throughout the western palearctic region indicates a distinct geographic pattern for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the greatest prevalence was reported between the 5°e and 25°e longitudes based on an analysis of 123 collection points with 37,940 nymphal tick specimens (87.43% of total nymphs; 56.35% of total ticks in the set of reports over the target area). climatic traits, such as temperature a ...201121498767
decorin binding by dbpa and b of borrelia garinii, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto.background. decorin adherence is crucial in the pathogenesis of lyme borreliosis. decorin-binding proteins (dbp) a and b are the adhesins that mediate this interaction. dbpa and b of borrelia garinii, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss) differ in their amino acid sequence, but little attention has been paid to the potential difference in their decorin binding. methods. we expressed recombinant dbpa and dbpb of b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. burgdorferi ss and studied th ...201121628660
acylated cholesteryl galactosides are ubiquitous glycolipid antigens among borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.lyme disease (ld) is the most common tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. it is caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in particular b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii and b. afzelii. however, other genospecies have been implicated as causative factors of ld as well. b. burgdorferi exhibits numerous immunogenic lipoproteins, but due to strong heterogeneity, the use of these proteins for serodiagnosis and vaccination is hampered. we and others have identified acylated choleste ...201121635569
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals and ectoparasites in hungary.abstract the aim of our study was to investigate the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals and ticks using polymerase chain reaction and to gain information about the prevalence and possible coexistence of these pathogens at a selected site in hungary. two hundred seventy-seven small mammals were trapped in south-eastern hungary during 2009. tissue samples and a total of 831 ectoparasites (ixodes ricinus, ixodes acuminatus, haemaphysali ...201121736488
host migration impacts on the phylogeography of lyme borreliosis spirochaete species in europe.the geographic patterns of transmission opportunities of vector-borne zoonoses are determined by a complex interplay between the migration patterns of the host and the vector. here we examine the impact of host migration on the spread of a tick-borne zoonotic disease, using lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaetal species in europe. we demonstrate that the migration of the lb species is dependent on and limited by the migration of their respective hosts. we note that populations of borrelia spp. assoc ...201120722696
a new approach to a lyme disease vaccine.a single recombinant outer surface protein a (ospa) antigen designed to contain protective elements from 2 different ospa serotypes (1 and 2) is able to induce antibody responses that protect mice against infection with either borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ospa serotype-1) or borrelia afzelii (ospa serotype-2). protection against infection with b burgdorferi ss strain zs7 was demonstrated in a needle-challenge model. protection against b. afzelii species was shown in a tick-challenge model ...201121217174
"Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people.To estimate the likelihood of people coming into contact with the recently described tick-borne agent "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", we compared its frequencies with those of Lyme disease spirochetes and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing adult Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in various Central European sites and examined ticks, which had been removed from people, for the presence of these pathogens. Whereas spirochetes infected questing adult ticks most frequently (22.3%), more than a ...201122205824
global ecology and epidemiology of borrelia garinii spirochetes.lyme borreliosis (lb) is a tick-transmitted infectious disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.). in europe, three different borrelia species are the main causative agents of lb: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii. the latter depends heavily on birds as its main reservoir hosts. in fact, birds can act both as biological carriers of borrelia and transporters of infected ticks. the seasonal migration of many bird species not only aid in the ...201122957111
tick-borne infections as a cause of heart transplantation.many bacterial species can be a cause of various heart diseases, such as: borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, coxiella burnetii and bartonella spp. the aim of the present studies was to establish if any tick-borne infections can contribute to serious heart disorders resulting in the need for heart transplantation. myocardium, aortic and mitral valve samples from hearts removed from patients undergoing heart transplantation were tested. the presence of bartonella spp., borrelia afzeli and c. burneti ...201122390070
serological detection of lyme borreliosis agents in patients from korea, 2005-2009.laboratory tests are now being used to identify seropositive cases in patients suspected of having a lyme borreliosis (lb) infection. from 2005 to 2009, we analyzed the serological and epidemiological characteristics of 53 lb positive cases in korea using immunoblot assay.201124159447
genome sequence of borrelia afzelii strain hlj01, isolated from a patient in china.we report here the genome sequence of borrelia afzelii strain hlj01, isolated from a patient with lyme disease in china. it is the first report of the whole genome of a b. burgdorferi sensu lato isolate from a human in china.201223209254
the lymphocyte transformation test for borrelia detects active lyme borreliosis and verifies effective antibiotic treatment.borrelia-specific antibodies are not detectable until several weeks after infection and even if they are present, they are no proof of an active infection. since the sensitivity of culture and pcr for the diagnosis or exclusion of borreliosis is too low, a method is required that detects an active borrelia infection as early as possible. for this purpose, a lymphocyte transformation test (ltt) using lysate antigens of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii and ...201223091571
dipa, a pore-forming protein in the outer membrane of lyme disease spirochetes exhibits specificity for the permeation of dicarboxylates.lyme disease borreliae are highly dependent on the uptake of nutrients provided by their hosts. our study describes the identification of a 36 kda protein that functions as putative dicarboxylate-specific porin in the outer membrane of lyme disease borrelia. the protein was purified by hydroxyapatite chromatography from borrelia burgdorferi b31 and designated as dipa, for dicarboxylate-specific porin a. dipa was partially sequenced, and corresponding genes were identified in the genomes of b. bu ...201222590556
whole-genome sequences of borrelia bissettii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia spielmanii.it has been known for decades that human lyme disease is caused by the three spirochete species borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii. recently, borrelia valaisiana, borrelia spielmanii, and borrelia bissettii have been associated with lyme disease. we report the complete genome sequences of b. valaisiana vs116, b. spielmanii a14s, and b. bissettii dn127.201222207749
Tick saliva suppresses IFN signalling in dendritic cells upon Borrelia afzelii infection.Type I interferons (IFN-a and IFN-ß) are crucial determinants of the host immune response and tick saliva modulates this response, thus facilitating the transmission of tickborne pathogens. The current study therefore examines the effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on IFN-ß signalling in murine dendritic cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Borrelia afzelii spirochaetes as inducers. Activated dendritic cells secret IFN that activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT ...201222097894
multiple tick-associated bacteria in ixodes ricinus from slovakia.eighty ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the rovinka forest in slovakia were tested by real-time and routine single-step pcr for the presence of different pathogenic and endosymbiotic bacteria. no evidence of coxiella burnetii, diplorickettsia massiliensis, or bartonella spp. was found. however, we identified, as the pathogenic bacteria, anaplasma phagocytophilum in 8%, rickettsia helvetica in 11%, borrelia afzelii in 9%, bo. garinii in 8%, bo. burgdorferi sensu stricto in 5%, bo. valaisiana in ...201223182274
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ixodes ricinus ticks from four localities in bavaria, germany.as a part of a larger survey a total of 599 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from four locations (neustadt an der waldnaab, amberg, poppenricht and lintach) in the north of the upper palatinate in bavaria were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) species using the 5s-23s intergenic spacer of rrna gene as a target in a nested pcr (rijpkema et al., 1995) and a sequencing method. overall, 15.8% ticks were infected with b. burgdorferi s. i. borrelia afzelii (43.1%) w ...201223045802
lyme endocarditis.lyme borreliosis is a common tick-borne disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. cardiac involvement has been reported during both the acute phase (atrioventricular block, pericarditis) and the chronic stage (dilated cardiomyopathy), but is rare (<5%). here we describe the first case of borrelia afzelii lyme endocarditis, in a 61-year-old man living in an endemic area of france. the diagnosis was confirmed by detection of b. afzelii dna in the mitral valve by specific real-time pc ...201223043635
co-infection of borrelia afzelii and bartonella spp. in bank voles from a suburban forest.we report the molecular detection of borrelia afzelii (11%) and bartonella spp. (56%) in 447 bank voles trapped in a suburban forest in france. adult voles were infected by significantly more borrelia afzelii than juveniles (p<0.001), whereas no significant difference was detected in the prevalence of bartonella spp. between young and adult individuals (p=0.914). six percent of the animals were co-infected by both bacteria. analysis of the bank vole carrier status for either pathogen indicated t ...201222898354
effect of tick saliva on signalling pathways activated by tlr-2 ligand and borrelia afzelii in dendritic cells.dendritic cells are a sentinel in defending against pathogens and tick saliva facilitates transmission of tick-borne pathogens by modulating the host immune response. the maturation of dendritic cells is inhibited by tick saliva. to elucidate the mechanism of this inhibition, we tested the impact of ixodes ricinus tick saliva on signalling pathways activated by toll-like receptor (tlr-2) ligand and borrelia afzelii in spleen dendritic cells. the activation of nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb) p65 and ph ...201222709526
expression of genes associated with h factor in fibroblasts infected with borrelia spirochaetes.infection with borrelia spirochaetes leads to the launch of specific and non-specific immunological response in humans. activation of the complement system is one of the first defence mechanisms against penetrating pathogens. the aim of this study was to select genes related to the alternative pathway of the complement system [including complement factor h (cfh)], differentiating the type of infection in the system model, that is, a culture of normal human diploid fibroblasts infected with three ...201222686626
infection intensity and infectivity of the tick-borne pathogen borrelia afzelii.the 'trade-off' hypothesis for virulence evolution assumes that between-host transmission rate is a positive and saturating function of pathogen exploitation and virulence, but there are as yet few tests of this assumption, in particular for vector-borne pathogens. here, i show that the infectivity (probability of transmission) of the tick-borne bacterium borrelia afzelii from two of its natural rodent hosts (bank vole and yellow-necked mouse) to its main tick vector increases asymptotically wit ...201222536945
development of real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.universal primers and probes were selected on the basis of the 16s rrna gene sequence of borrelia burgdorferi in genbank®, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detection of b. burgdorferi was established. the results showed that this method could specifically detect the b31 strain (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto), the bo23 strain (borrelia afzelii), and the sz strain (borrelia garinii), without cross-reaction with genome dna of theileria (t. luwenshuni, t. uilenbergi, t ...201222448677
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in endomyocardial biopsy specimens in individuals with recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy.recent studies in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) have detected the genome of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (bbsl) in endomyocardial biopsy (emb) specimens using a qualitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr), suggesting a causal link between lyme disease and dcm in areas in which lyme disease is endemic. we aimed to study this relationship using a comprehensive molecular analysis detecting bbsl in emb samples.201222379178
[borrelia burgdorferi genostrains detected in the silesian voivodeship in years 2010-2012].the aim of this study was to analyze borrelia burgdorferi genostrains appearing in the silesian voivodeship in years 2010-2011 and the first half of 2012. material and methods. the analysis was conducted on blood samples of persons bitten by ticks and ticks provided to the provincial sanitary epidemiological station in katowice from patients. the material was examined under the angle of three genostrains of borrelia burgdorferi: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii and borrelia g ...201223484385
molecular detection and genetic identification of borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii from patients presenting with a rare skin manifestation of prurigo pigmentosa in taiwan.to determine the genetic identity of borrelia spirochetes isolated from patients with an unusual skin lesion of prurigo pigmentosa (pp) in taiwan. the causative agents responsible for human borreliosis were clarified.201324103333
rodent species as natural reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in different habitats of ixodes ricinus in the netherlands.rodents are natural reservoirs for human pathogenic spirochaetes of the borrelia burgdorferi complex [b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.)], and the pathogens are transmitted by ixodes ricinus ticks to humans in the netherlands. b. burgdorferi s.l. infection prevalence in questing ticks, rodents, and ticks feeding on these rodents, all sampled within the same short time span of five days in three different areas in the netherlands, were compared in order to establish the relationship between ticks, ...201323891104
geographical distribution and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in questing ixodes ricinus from romania: a countrywide study.the paper reports the prevalence and geographical distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and its genospecies in 12,221 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected at 183 locations from all the 41 counties of romania. the unfed ticks were examined for the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. by pcr targeting the intergenic spacer 5s-23s. reverse line blot hybridization (rlb) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis were performed for identification of b. burgdorferi gen ...201323890805
the propensity of voles and mice to transmit borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection to feeding ticks.lyme borreliosis (lb) caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is the most common tick-borne zoonosis in the northern hemisphere. b. burgdorferi s.l. can infect humans and wild and domestic animals. ixodes ricinus is the main vector, and small rodents are the most important mammalian reservoirs hosts of b. burgdorferi s.l. in europe. the prevalence of b. burgdorferi s.l. in i. ricinus ticks from captured rodents, calculated specific infectivities, and transmission coefficients we ...201323849517
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, and borrelia valaisiana in ixodes ricinus ticks from the northwest of norway.over a 3-y period, ixodes ricinus ticks were randomly collected to study the prevalence of 4 borrelia species: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. afzelii, b. garinii and b. valaisiana. while b. burgdorferi s. s., b. afzelii, and b. garinii have been associated with human borreliosis in norway for several years, b. valaisiana was reported in a norwegian tick for the first time in 2010.201323808719
host response to borrelia afzelii in balb/c mice tested by immunoblotting.the aim was to find if there is variability in the production of specific antibodies by balb/c mice to certain antigens of three individual borrelia afzelii (dead cell suspension) strains originally isolated from different sources. analysis of the borrelian proteins immunogenicity was performed and determined to particular strains by immunoblotting. some differences in production of specific igm and igg antibodies in each individual group of tested mice were found. the antigenic influence of osp ...201324364462
geodemographic analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato using the 5s-23s rdna spacer region.lyme borreliosis is the predominant tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere, with considerable heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. here, we evaluated one genetic marker for its use in population genetic based analysis. for that we collected molecular and epidemiological records of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ticks, animals and humans at various sites in the netherlands and worldwide.201323602839
co-infection with 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' and borrelia afzelii in ixodes ricinus ticks in southern sweden.the tick-borne bacterium 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' has recently been recognized as a human pathogen in europe and appears to be the second most common pathogenic bacterium in ixodes ricinus ticks in central europe, second to borrelia afzelii. here, we investigate the prevalence of 'candidatus n. mikurensis' in host-seeking ticks in southern sweden and the rate of co-infection with b. afzelii. we developed a real-time qpcr assay targeting the groel gene of 'candidatus n. mikurensis' an ...201323590321
fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of dna from borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ixodes ricinus ticks.in this work we present a method for detection of motile and immotile borrelia burgdorferi genomic dna, in relation with infectious and noninfectious spirochetes. an ft-ir study of dna isolated from b. burgdorferi sensu lato strains and from positive and negative ixodes ricinus ticks, respectively, is reported. motile bacterial cells from the species b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii were of interest. also, ft-ir absorbance spectra of dna from immotile spirochet ...201323563637
multiple-strain infections of borrelia afzelii: a role for within-host interactions in the maintenance of antigenic diversity?genetically diverse infections are common but little is known about what effects coinfecting strains have on each other in natural host-parasite systems. to explore the nature and consequences of interactions in the wild, we studied the tick-transmitted bacterium borrelia afzelii in one of its main reservoir hosts, the bank vole myodes glareolus. we measured overall infection intensity with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and resolved the composition of multiple infections using str ...201323535618
molecular evidence of ehrlichia canis and rickettsia massiliae in ixodid ticks of carnivores from south hungary.to monitor the emergence of thermophilic, mediterranean ixodid tick species and tick-borne pathogens in southern hungary, 348 ticks were collected from shepherd dogs, red foxes and golden jackals during the summer of 2011. golden jackals shared tick species with both the dog and the red fox in the region. dermacentor nymphs were collected exclusively from dogs, and the sequence identification of these ticks indicated that dogs are preferred hosts of both d. reticulatus and d. marginatus nymphs, ...201323439290
a study of the technique of western blot for diagnosis of lyme disease caused by borrelia afzelii in china.to study the technique of western blot for the diagnosis of lyme disease caused by borrelia afzelii in china and to establish the standard criteria by operational procedure.201323425802
differential tick burdens may explain differential borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii infection rates among four, wild, rodent species in hokkaido, japan.the ecologies of lyme disease borrelia spp. are very specific to location, as they are dependent upon the spirochete species and genotypes, the vectors and the host vertebrates present. in hokkaido, japan, where two human pathogenic, lyme disease borrelia spp. are present, and human cases are reported annually, the ecologies have been poorly studied. our goal was to determine whether variation in borrelial infection rates among rodent species sharing an environment, is due to immunological or ec ...201323391510
spatial spread and demographic expansion of lyme borreliosis spirochaetes in eurasia.the lyme borreliosis (lb) group of spirochaetes currently comprises 18 named species that vary in their geographic distribution, host specificity and ability to cause disease in humans. in europe three species are most abundant, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana but only two of these (b. garinii and b. afzelii) are regularly found in asia as well. a recently published study has shown that borrelia species associated with birds, such as b. garinii, showed limited geograph ...201323219915
spatial stratification of various lyme disease spirochetes in a central european site.to determine whether the genospecies composition of lyme disease spirochetes is spatially stratified, we collected questing ixodes ricinus ticks in neighboring plots where rodents, birds, and lizards were present as reservoir host and compared the prevalence of various genospecies. the overall prevalence of spirochetes in questing ticks varied across the study site. borrelia lusitaniae appeared to infect adult ticks in one plot at the same frequency as did borrelia afzelii in the other plots. th ...201323062207
molecular evidence for bacterial and protozoan pathogens in hard ticks from romania.the aim of the present study was to provide a preliminary insight into the diversity of tick-borne pathogens circulating at the domestic host-tick interface in romania. for this, feeding and questing ticks were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma platys, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, and by pcr and subsequent sequencing for rickettsia spp., babesia spp. and theileria spp. a total of 382 ticks, encompas ...201323428204
a probabilistic model in cross-sectional studies for identifying interactions between two persistent vector-borne pathogens in reservoir populations.in natural populations, individuals are infected more often by several pathogens than by just one. in such a context, pathogens can interact. this interaction could modify the probability of infection by subsequent pathogens. identifying when pathogen associations correspond to biological interactions is a challenge in cross-sectional studies where the sequence of infection cannot be demonstrated.201323840418
polymorphisms at the innate immune receptor tlr2 are associated with borrelia infection in a wild rodent population.the discovery of the key role of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in initiating innate immune responses and modulating adaptive immunity has revolutionized our understanding of vertebrate defence against pathogens. yet, despite their central role in pathogen recognition and defence initiation, there is little information on how variation in tlrs influences disease susceptibility in natural populations. here, we assessed the extent of naturally occurring polymorphisms at tlr2 in wild bank voles (myodes ...201323554395
borrelia miyamotoi infections among wild rodents show age and month independence and correlation with ixodes persulcatus larval attachment in hokkaido, japan.to clarify how borrelia miyamotoi is maintained in the environment in hokkaido, we examined ixodes persulcatus for its prevalence among wild rodents and its tick vector by detecting a portion of the borrelial flab gene in rodent urinary bladder and blood samples, and from whole ticks. we compared b. miyamotoi infection rates to borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii, which are human lyme disease pathogens also carried by wild rodents, and which are transmitted by the same vector tick. whereas b. ...201323210636
infection dynamics of the tick-borne pathogen "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" and coinfections with borrelia afzelii in bank voles in southern sweden.the tick-borne bacterium "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" has recently been recognized as a human pathogen. together with borrelia afzelii, it is one of the most common pathogens found in the tick ixodes ricinus. here, we compared the epidemiologies of "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" and b. afzelii by longitudinal sampling from may to september in one of their most abundant vertebrate hosts, the bank vole (myodes glareolus), using real-time pcr for detection and quantification. the prevalences ...201324375128
co-infection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and rickettsia species in ticks and in an erythema migrans patient.lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in europe. ixodes ricinus also carries other pathogenic bacteria, but corresponding human diseases are rarely reported. here, we compared the exposure to rickettsia helvetica and rickettsia monacensis with that to lyme borreliosis spirochetes. we assumed that their exposure corresponds to their infection rate in questing i. ricinus.201324326096
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in tick populations in estonia.estonia is located in a unique area of co-distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus, which are the main tick vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in the last decade, the incidence rate of lyme borreliosis in estonia has increased dramatically up to 115.4 per 100,000 in 2012. here we present the first survey of the presence, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of b. burgdorferi s.l. complex spirochetes in the tick population in estonia.201323837798
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks from different geographical locations in belarus.worldwide, ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. besides lyme borreliosis, a variety of other bacterial and protozoal tick-borne infections are of medical interest in europe. in this study, 553 questing and feeding ixodes ricinus (n = 327) and dermacentor reticulatus ticks (n = 226) were analysed by pcr for borrelia, rickettsia, anaplasma, coxiella, francisella and babesia species. overall, the pathogen prevalence in ticks was 30.6% for i. ricinus and 45.6% for d. reticulatu ...201323349900
complete genome sequencing of borrelia valaisiana and borrelia afzelii isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia.lyme disease, caused by bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is the most frequent tick-borne infection in eurasia. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the borrelia valaisiana tom 4006 and borrelia afzelii tom 3107 strains isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia.201425540343
pathogens in ticks collected from dogs in berlin/brandenburg, germany.tick-borne diseases are a major health risk for humans and dogs. in addition to collection and analysis of questing ticks, analysis of host-associated ticks for the presence of pathogens is a valuable method to gain insight into transmission patterns of tick-borne diseases.201425441762
early cytokine release in response to live borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes is largely complement independent.here we investigated the role of complement activation in phagocytosis and the release of cytokines and chemokines in response to two clinical isolates: borrelia afzelii k78, which is resistant to complement-mediated lysis, and borrelia garinii lu59, which is complement-sensitive.201425265036
the heterogeneity, distribution, and environmental associations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of lyme borreliosis, in scotland.lyme borreliosis is an emerging infectious human disease caused by the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex of bacteria with reported cases increasing in many areas of europe and north america. to understand the drivers of disease risk and the distribution of symptoms, which may improve mitigation and diagnostics, here we characterize the genetics, distribution, and environmental associations of b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies across scotland. in scotland, reported lyme borreliosis cases have ...201425221774
ticks infesting humans in italy and associated pathogens.ticks may transmit a large variety of pathogens, which cause illnesses in animals and humans, commonly referred to as to tick-borne diseases (tbds). the incidence of human tbds in italy is underestimated because of poor surveillance and the scant amount of studies available.201425023709
multiple infections of rodents with zoonotic pathogens in austria.rodents are important reservoirs for a large number of zoonotic pathogens. we examined the occurrence of 11 viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents in rodent populations in austria, including three different hantaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, orthopox virus, leptospira spp., borrelia spp., rickettsia spp., bartonella spp., coxiella burnetii, and toxoplasma gondii. in 2008, 110 rodents of four species (40 clethrionomys glareolus, 29 apodemus flavicollis, 26 apodemus sylvaticus, and ...201424915446
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