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occurrence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infections in ovine and caprine abortions.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are closely related cyst-forming apicomplexan parasites identified as important causes of reproductive failure in cattle and small ruminants, respectively. protozoan abortion in small ruminants is traditionally associated with t. gondii, but the importance of n. caninum remains uncertain. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of n. caninum and t. gondii infections in abortion cases in small ruminants submitted for diagnosis. for this purpose ...201222260901
cytokine gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from neospora caninum naturally infected dams throughout gestation.neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle but it is not known why some infected animals suffer abortion while others do not. an essential role in protective immunity against n. caninum has been proposed for th1 cytokines such as ifn-γ and il-12 although cytokine patterns in n. caninum infected pregnant cattle have been scarcely addressed. in this study, gene expression of the cytokines ifn-γ, il-12, il-10, il-4 and tnf-α was analyzed by real time rt-pcr in peripheral blood mononucl ...201221846584
Efficacy of a Neospora caninum killed tachyzoite vaccine in preventing abortion and vertical transmission in dairy cattle.A clinical trial was undertaken to assess the efficacy of Bovilis(®) Neoguard, a killed Neospora caninum tachyzoite vaccine on 5 commercial dairy farms in New Zealand with a history of Neospora-associated abortion. Cattle were enrolled in the trial at 30-60 days of gestation and randomly allocated to treatment or control groups. Treatment consisted of 5mL doses of Bovilis Neoguard administered subcutaneously at enrolment then 4 weeks later. Isotonic saline was administered to the control group. ...201221925752
phenotypic characterisation of the cellular immune infiltrate in placentas of cattle following experimental inoculation with neospora caninum in late gestation.despite neospora caninum being a major cause of bovine abortion worldwide, its pathogenesis is not completely understood. neospora infection stimulates host cell-mediated immune responses, which may be responsible for the placental damage leading to abortion. the aim of the current study was to characterize the placental immune response following an experimental inoculation of pregnant cattle with n. caninum tachyzoites at day 210 of gestation. cows were culled at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post ino ...201323876124
effect of vaccination of cattle with the low virulence nc-spain 1h isolate of neospora caninum against a heterologous challenge in early and mid-gestation.live vaccines have emerged as one of the most potentially cost-effective measures for the control of bovine neosporosis. previous studies have shown that nc-spain 1h is a naturally attenuated isolate of neospora caninum and that immunisation with live nc-spain 1h tachyzoites generated a protective immune response in mice. the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immunisation in cattle. n. caninum-seronegative heifers were immunised subcutaneously twice with 107 live nc-sp ...201324180373
on the efficacy and safety of vaccination with live tachyzoites of neospora caninum for prevention of neospora-associated fetal loss in cattle.infection of cattle with neospora caninum may result in abortion or the birth of a congenitally infected calf. vaccination with live n. caninum protects against experimental infection of cattle and mice, and the naturally attenuated nc-nowra strain of n. caninum is of particular interest as a potential vaccine candidate. vaccination of heifers prior to breeding with live nc-nowra tachyzoites by either the subcutaneous or the intravenous route reduced the rate of abortion and the presence of the ...201323175289
toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and tick-transmitted bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in one selected goat farm in slovakia.parasitic diseases of livestock together with poor welfare conditions can negatively affect the health status and production of small ruminants. protozoan parasites and tick-borne infectious agents are common threat of livestock including small ruminants mostly during the pasture season. therefore the priority of the study was to analyse the circulation and presence of two protozoan parasites toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum as well as tick-transmitted bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum i ...201324338316
neospora caninum and wildlife.bovine neosporosis caused by neospora caninum is among the main causes of abortion in cattle nowadays. at present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. serological evidence in domestic, wild, and zoo animals indicates that many species have been exposed to this parasite. however, many aspects of the life cycle of n. caninum are unknown and the role of wildlife in the life cycle of n. caninum is still not completely elucidated. in north america, there are data consistent with a sylvatic cyc ...201327335866
evaluation of a real-time pcr assay based on the single-copy sag1 gene for the detection of toxoplasma gondii.real-time pcr-based detection of toxoplasma gondii is very sensitive and convenient for diagnosing toxoplasmosis. however, the performance of the pcr assays could be influenced by the target gene chosen. here we evaluate a real-time pcr assay using double-stranded dna dyes (sybr(®) green i assay) with a new set of primers targeting the sag1 gene for the fast and specific detection of t. gondii. the assay showed higher sensitivity than conventional pcr protocols using t. gondii dna as template. t ...201323867074
library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways: a manually curated database for metabolic pathways of apicomplexan parasites.the library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways (lamp, http://www.llamp.net) is a web database that provides near complete mapping from genes to the central metabolic functions for some of the prominent intracellular parasites of the phylum apicomplexa. this phylum includes the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis and theileriosis-diseases with a huge economic and social impact. a number of apicomplexan genomes have been sequenced, but the accurate annotation of gene function remains challe ...201323193253
t and b lymphocytes in the brains of dogs with concomitant seropositivity to three pathogenic protozoans: leishmania chagasi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.visceral leishmaniasis is a disease with great variability regarding the clinical manifestations in humans and dogs. chronically infected dogs may develop neurological disorders, however, there are few reports that characterize the lesions and make clear the pathogenesis of the canine cerebral leishmaniasis. concomitant with leishmania chagasi, dogs may be infected by opportunistic pathogens, such as toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, which may contribute to the occurrence of lesions in the ...201323758819
first isolation of hammondia heydorni from dogs in china.fecal samples of 945 dogs were examined microscopically in 2 refuge facilities in china from march 2010 to november 2011. in 8 dogs, oocysts, 9-14 μm in size, were found. their morphology was similar to those of hammondia heydorni and neospora caninum. sporulated hammondia/neospora-like oocysts were fed to 2 dogs, 2 gerbils, 2 guinea pigs, and 2 km mice; tissues from these inoculated animals were then fed to coccidia-free dogs to determine species susceptibility to these oocysts. oocysts were no ...201323731857
characterisation of full-length mitochondrial copies and partial nuclear copies (numts) of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i genes of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, hammondia heydorni and hammondia triffittae (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae).genomic dna was extracted from three oocyst isolates of hammondia triffittae from foxes and two oocyst isolates of hammondia heydorni from dogs, as well as from cell culture-derived tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) and neospora caninum (nc-liverpool strain), and examined by pcr with primers targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) genes in order to characterise both genes and, if possible, the remainder of the mitochondrial genome of these speci ...201323358734
temporal trends in bulk milk antibodies to salmonella, neospora caninum, and leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in irish dairy herds.bulk milk samples were collected from 309 irish dairy herds at four time points during 2009 and tested for antibodies to salmonella spp., n. caninum, and l. hardjo, three abortifacient agents in irish dairy herds. of the 312 study herds, 49% vaccinated against salmonella and 76% vaccinated against l. hardjo. in unvaccinated herds, the overall prevalence of antibody positive herds was 49% for salmonella, 19% for n. caninum and 86% for l. hardjo. there was no association between both testing posit ...201323117041
characterization of neospora caninum macrophage migration inhibitory factor.the present study is the first characterization of neospora caninum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (ncmif). blast-n analysis of ncmif revealed high similarity (87%) to the toxoplasma gondii mif. ncmif was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli in 3 forms, ncmif (mature protein), ncmifm (mutation of proline-2 to glycine), and ncmifhis (addition of a polyhistidine tag at the n-terminus). none of these recombinant ncmifs (rncmif) had tautomerase, oxidoreductase, or immunologic regulatory ...201323850997
cloning, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics study of ncsrs2 gene, an immunogen from iranian isolate of neospora caninum.neosporosis is caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa neospora caninum which infect variety of hosts. ncsrs2 is an immuno-dominant antigen of n. caninum which is considered as one of the most promising targets for a recombinant or dna vaccine against neosporosis. as no study has been carried out to identify the molecular structure of n. caninum in iran, as first step, we prepared a scheme to identify this gene in this parasite in iran.201323682269
neospora caninum surface antigen (p40) is a potential diagnostic marker for cattle neosporosis.neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan that infects domestic and wild canids as well as many warm-blooded animals as shown by the isolation of viable parasites. the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for detecting specific antibodies against n. caninum is hampered by potential cross-reaction with other coccidia. so, there is currently an urgent need for a sensitive and specific diagnostic assay for detecting n. caninum in animals. the n. caninum 40-kd surface antigen (p40), similar to ncs ...201323435920
gene cloning and characterization of the protein encoded by the neospora caninum bradyzoite-specific antigen gene bag1.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes repeated abortion and stillbirth in cattle. the aim of this study was to clone the gene encoding the n. caninum orthologue (ncbag1) of the toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific protein tgbag1 and characterize its expression pattern in the parasite. isolation of the full-length 684-bp gene revealed that it shared 78.3% sequence similarity with tgbag1. ncbag1 encodes a predicted protein of 227 amino acids with 80.3% similarity to tgbag1. a p ...201323245337
structural and evolutionary adaptation of rhoptry kinases and pseudokinases, a family of coccidian virulence factors.the widespread protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii interferes with host cell functions by exporting the contents of a unique apical organelle, the rhoptry. among the mix of secreted proteins are an expanded, lineage-specific family of protein kinases termed rhoptry kinases (ropks), several of which have been shown to be key virulence factors, including the pseudokinase rop5. the extent and details of the diversification of this protein family are poorly understood.201323742205
encephalitozoon cuniculi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in invasive eastern cottontail rabbits sylvilagus floridanus in northwestern italy.sylvilagus floridanus is a lagomorph introduced for hunting purposes from north america to europe where, in certain areas like northern italy, its population reached high densities. brain, kidney and skeletal muscle of 144 eastern cottontail rabbits s. floridanus were examined by pcr for encephalitozoon cuniculi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. dna of e. cuniculi was found with a prevalence of 9.72% (ci 95% 0.058-0.156). t. gondii and n. caninum dna was detected in 2.08% (ci 95% 0.0071-0 ...201323747104
simultaneous detection of chlamydia spp., coxiella burnetii, and neospora caninum in abortion material of ruminants by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction.chlamydia spp., coxiella burnetii, and neospora caninum are responsible for reproductive diseases and are closely linked with high abortion rates in ruminants. furthermore, c. burnetii and chlamydia spp. have zoonotic potential. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of chlamydia spp., c. burnetii, and n. caninum. the detection of beta-actin as internal control in the same pcr reaction provides additional information about sample quality by ...201323942900
geographical distribution modelling for neospora caninum and coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle farms in northeastern spain.maximum entropy ecological niche modelling and spatial scan statistic were utilized to predict the geographical range and to investigate clusters of infections for neospora caninum and coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle farms in catalonia, northeastern spain, using the maxent and satscan programs, respectively. the geographical distribution of neospora and coxiella with the highest level of probability (p > 0·60) covers central catalonia and spreads towards northeastern catalonia which contains a ...201322370223
fecal shedding of toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes and coyotes on prince edward island, canada.knowledge of parasites shed by wild canids can assist in recognizing risk to human and domestic animal health. our aim was to estimate the prevalence of patent infections with toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) in prince edward island, canada. identification of parasite species was based on microscopic examination of feces, with the use of a sucrose fecal flotation method. sample collection was performed in winter on carcasses of 271 and 185 h ...201323568915
evaluation of cross immunity and histopathological findings in experimentally infected balb/c mice with neospora caninum and besnoitia caprae.caprine besnoitiosis is an economically important disease of goats. neospora caninum, another coccidian parasite of worldwide distribution, infects several animal species and is a major cause of abortion in cattle. combined infections of n. caninum and besnoitia caprae can occur in geographical areas endemic for both species of parasite in goats. this experiment was conducted to investigate the possible cross-immunity between these two infections in experimentally infected balb/c mice.201323682267
contribution of leptospira, neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus to fetal loss of beef cattle in new zealand.the profitability of beef breeding farms in new zealand depends principally on optimal reproductive performance. the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of four major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), neospora caninum (n. caninum), leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo (hardjo), and leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (pomona), on rates of fetal loss in commercial beef breeding herds. farms reporting fetal loss were recruited, and a blood sample from aborting cows (cas ...201323932894
detection of antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp., and apicomplexa protozoa in water buffaloes in the northeast of argentina.water buffalo industry has become a profitable activity worldwide, including the northeast of argentina (nea). however, research on diseases affecting this species is scarce. the aim of the present study was to detect antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp., neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, and sarcocystis spp. in 500 water buffalo cows from five ranches (100 animals each) in the nea. serum samples were tested for b. abortus by fluorescence polarization assay, leptospira spp. by ...201323765549
serologic survey of infectious diseases in populations of maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus) and crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous) from aguas emendadas ecological station, brazil.domestic dogs are reservoirs for many infectious diseases and may represent a potential source of infection for wild canid populations. a serologic investigation of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, brucella abortus, and leptospira spp. was conducted on three maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) and seven crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous), all free-living, at the aguas emendadas ecological station (esecae), federal district, brazil, between february and october 2006. out of th ...201323505716
seroprevalence rates of antibodies against leishmania infantum and other protozoan and rickettsial parasites in dogs.canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) is caused by the protozoan leishmania infantum, which infects dogs and humans in many regions of brazil. the present study involved an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to analyze l. infantum, ehrlichia spp., babesia canis, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection rates in serum samples from 93 dogs in a rural settlement in ilha solteira, sp, brazil. the seroprevalence rates of anti-l. infantum, anti-ehrlichia, anti-b. canis, anti-t. gondii and ...201324252965
babesia divergens and neospora caninum apical membrane antigen 1 structures reveal selectivity and plasticity in apicomplexan parasite host cell invasion.host cell invasion by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, including plasmodium (malaria) and toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), requires a step-wise mechanism unique among known host-pathogen interactions. a key step is the formation of the moving junction (mj) complex, a circumferential constriction between the apical tip of the parasite and the host cell membrane that traverses in a posterior direction to enclose the parasite in a protective vacuole essential for intracellular survival ...201323169033
the absence of zoonotic agents in invasive bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) in belgium and the netherlands.exotic invasive bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) are considered to exert a considerable negative impact on native amphibian communities. this can be due to competition and predation, but they are also a notorious source of the infectious diseases chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis, affecting amphibian populations globally. little is known regarding their carriage of other microbial agents that might be transferred to humans or other animals. in this study we determined the occurrence of the amp ...201324162797
combination of monoclonal antibodies improves immunohistochemical diagnosis of neospora caninum.histological analysis is commonly used for a conclusive diagnosis of neosporosis. immunohistochemistry (ihc) using monoclonal (mab) and polyclonal (pab) antibodies can improve diagnosis; however, the use of pab may induce cross-reactivity with other related parasites. the aims of this study were to compare the performance of mabs and their combinations with that of pab in ihc and evaluate the usefulness of mab to identify neospora caninum infection in aborted bovine fetal tissues. for this purpo ...201323927916
novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis.diagnosis of acute bovine besnoitiosis is a major diagnostic problem. we developed diagnostic tests to serologically diagnose and differentiate acute and chronic cases of bovine besnoitiosis using affinity purified antigens of besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites in immunoblots and in both, a conventional elisa and an avidity elisa. sera of acutely and chronically infected cattle were investigated using these tests. acutely infected cattle initially recognised an antigen of 74 kda relative molecular m ...201323160022
a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain.the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ...201323992795
prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in dogs.toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are parasitic diseases of global importance. the present study had the objective to determine the influence of age, sex and breed in the prevalence of antibodies against both diseases in dogs from brotas city, são paulo state, brazil. blood samples of 342 dogs were collected, and the age, sex and breed of each animal were recorded. the serological diagnosis for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis were performed using the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). the fischer ...201324688530
characterization of the inflammatory response in the uteri of cows infected naturally by neospora caninum.bovine neosporosis manifests during gestation, when the fetus may be vulnerable to pathogens. experimental studies of neospora caninum-infected cattle have been performed, but little is known about the in-utero inflammatory response. the aim of this study was to characterize the inflammatory response in the uteri of pregnant and non-pregnant cows infected naturally with n. caninum. four groups of seven animals were studied. two groups consisted of n. caninum-seropositive pregnant and non-pregnan ...201322784781
prevalence of neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cattle and water buffaloes and associated abortions in the plateau of southern peninsular india.a seroprevalence study of bovine neosporosis was conducted among 1,927 dairy cattle and 341 water buffaloes from karnataka and andhra pradesh states in plateau of southern peninsular india by employing competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. overall, 12.61 and 9.97 % sera samples were found positive for the presence of neospora caninum antibody, respectively, among cattle and water buffaloes. out of 1,927 sera samples from cattle, 912 and 1,015 samples were collected from unorganized and ...201322644733
investigating the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, primarily associated with bovine abortion. the only definitive hosts discovered to date are carnivores. this study aimed to identify the role of mammalian carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis. a sample bank of serum, fecal and brain samples was established: american mink (mustela vison), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), pine martens (martes martes), badgers (meles meles), stoats (mustela erminea), otters (lutra lutra) and feral ferrets (mustela ...201323068142
low rates of neospora caninum infection reactivation during gestation are observed in both chronically and congenitally infected mice.endogenous transplacental transmission (entt) of neospora caninum is the most common route of infection in cattle and occurs as a consequence of a reactivation of n. caninum infection that may lead to abortion or to the birth of congenitally infected calves. the reactivation of n. caninum infection was studied during the gestation of chronically infected dams and, for the first time, in their congenitally infected pups. balb/c mice were infected with nc-spain 7 (group 1) or nc-spain 3h (group 2) ...201323058003
differential effects of intranasal vaccination with recombinant ncpdi in different mouse models of neospora caninum infection.in this study, mice were vaccinated intranasally with recombinant n. caninum protein disulphide isomerase (ncpdi) emulsified in cholera toxin (ct) or cholera toxin subunit b (ctb) from vibrio cholerae. the effects of vaccination were assessed in the murine nonpregnant model and the foetal infection model, respectively. in the nonpregnant mice, previous results were confirmed, in that intranasal vaccination with recncpdi in ct was highly protective, and low cerebral parasite loads were noted upon ...201323046358
reproductive disorders in relation to neospora caninum, brucella spp. and bovine viral diarrhoea virus serostatus in breeding and dairy farms of central and southern ethiopia.abortion and stillbirth are important reproductive disorders in the dairy industry and are often caused by infectious agents. this study investigated whether bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), brucella spp., and neospora caninum are associated with abortion and/or stillbirth in dairy cattle in ethiopia. dairy cattle from 99 farms were categorized as cases (n=134) or controls (n=268) according to reproductive data. blood samples were screened for antibodies for these infectious agents. the over ...201323034138
development of maternal and foetal immune responses in cattle following experimental challenge with neospora caninum at day 210 of gestation.this study examined the immunological responses of pregnant cattle and their foetuses following an experimental challenge with live neospora caninum tachyzoites at day 210 of gestation. animals were bled prior to and weekly throughout the experiment and sacrificed at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post inoculation (dpi). at post mortem examination, samples of lymph nodes and spleen were collected from both dam and foetus for immunological analysis. subcutaneous (sc) inoculation over the left prefemoral ...201324090114
evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays performed on milk and serum samples for detection of neosporosis and leukosis in lactating dairy cows.serum and milk samples from 1229 cows on 22 ontario dairy farms were individually tested for antibodies specific for bovine leukosis virus (blv) and neospora caninum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). antibodies against blv were present in 361 serum samples (29.4%) and 369 milk samples (30.0%). comparing the 2 tests, agreement was almost perfect (k = 0.86; 95% ci = 0.83 to 0.90) and the proportions of samples positive were not significantly different (p = 0.56). both tests identified ...201324082160
an outbreak of sarcocystis calchasi encephalitis in multiple psittacine species within an enclosed zoological aviary.a total of 5 psittacine birds in an enclosed zoological exhibit, including 2 princess parrots and 3 cockatoos of 2 different species, developed severe central nervous system clinical signs over a 2-3-month period and died or were euthanized. histologically, all birds had a lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic encephalitis with intralesional protozoa consistent with a sarcocystis species in addition to intramuscular tissue sarcocysts. by immunohistochemical staining, merozoites in brain and tissue c ...201324081928
development and standardization of dot - elisa for detection of neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and comparison with standard indirect elisa and direct agglutination test (dat).neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite from phylum apicomplexa and an important agent causing abortion in cattle which produce notable economic loss all around the world.201325516747
seroprevalence and risk factors of neospora spp. in donkeys from southern italy.in some european countries there is an increasing interest on donkey. despite there are few data regarding the donkey's parasitic diseases especially those with a protozoal etiology as neosporosis. samples used in the study were collected from 238 domestic donkeys during year 2010 in southern italy from 207 females and 31 males of five breeds (martina-franca, amiata, sicilian-grey, ragusano, sardinian) and crossbreeds with the average age 9 years (1 month - 24 year). sera were tested by a compet ...201324050943
quails are resistant to infection with neospora caninum tachyzoites.the aim of this study was to characterize the role of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) as intermediate hosts for neospora caninum. fifty-eight 20-day old quails were individually identified with numbered rings and kept in cages adequate for the species. the birds were fed commercial feed and distilled water ad libitum. they were weighed daily during the first month and every seven days from then on. the birds were randomly distributed into 3 groups; 40 quails (group a) and 8 quails (group b) ...201324041486
neospora caninum and reproductive wastage in extensively managed queensland beef herds.to compare reproduction in extensively managed, tropically adapted beef cows that were either seropositive or seronegative to neospora caninum.201323980832
in vitro effects of novel ruthenium complexes in neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites.upon the screening of 16 antiproliferative compounds against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, two hydrolytically stable ruthenium complexes (compounds 16 and 18) exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations of 18.7 and 41.1 nm (t. gondii) and 6.7 and 11.3 nm (n. caninum). to achieve parasiticidal activity with compound 16, long-term treatment (22 to 27 days at 80 to 160 nm) was required. transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the rapid impact on and ultrastructural alterations in both p ...201323979747
identification of a highly antigenic region of subtilisin-like serine protease 1 for serodiagnosis of neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion in cattle; hence, accurate diagnosis of this pathogen is important to the cattle farming industry. our previous proteomics and immunoscreening analyses revealed that the n. caninum subtilisin-like serine protease 1 (ncsub1) has potential as a serodiagnostic tool for neospora. consequently, we expressed two fragments containing five ncsub1 tandem repeat copies covering amino acids (aa) 524 to 843 (ncsub1t) and 555 to 679 (ncsub1tr) ...201323966554
suspension culture of neospora caninum by theileria annulata-infected cell line.there are some limiting aspects of scaling up the neospora caninum tachyzoites in continuous cell lines, particularly as related to the absence of surface attachment. in this study, suspension cell culture of theileria annulata-infected lymphoblastoid (til) was used as a host cell for the continous production of n. caninum tachyzoites. the numbers of free tachyzoites in the medium supernatant were showed regularly increased up to the day 6 post-cultivation. transmission electron microscopy demon ...201323959501
genetic diversity and geographic population structure of bovine neospora caninum determined by microsatellite genotyping analysis.the cyst-forming protozoan parasite neosporacaninum is one of the main causes of bovine abortion worldwide and is of great economic importance in the cattle industry. recent studies have revealed extensive genetic variation among n. caninum isolates based on microsatellite sequences (mss). mss may be suitable molecular markers for inferring the diversity of parasite populations, molecular epidemiology and the basis for phenotypic variations in n. caninum, which have been poorly defined. in this ...201323940816
mucosal and systemic t cell response in mice intragastrically infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.the murine model has been widely used to study the host immune response to neospora caninum. however, in most studies, the intraperitoneal route was preferentially used to establish infection. here, c57bl/6 mice were infected with n. caninum tachyzoites by the intragastric route, as it more closely resembles the natural route of infection through the gastrointestinal tract. the elicited t-cell mediated immune response was evaluated in the intestinal epithelium and mesenteric lymph nodes (mln). e ...201323937079
immune response and protection provided by live tachyzoites and native antigens from the nc-6 argentina strain of neospora caninum in pregnant heifers.the aim of the present study was to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of live tachyzoites and native antigen extract obtained from the nc-6 argentina strain against vertical transmission of neospora caninum, following experimental challenge in pregnant heifers with the nc-1 strain. sixteen pregnant heifers were divided in 4 groups of 4 animals, each receiving different inoculation before mating: group a animals were intravenously (iv) inoculated with 6.25×10(7) live tachyzoites ...201323932455
neospora caninum exposure in overlapping populations of coyotes (canis latrans) and feral swine (sus scrofa).limited information exists on neospora caninum transmission dynamics in wildlife. this coccidian parasite, whose presence can lead to substantial economic losses in cattle operations, requires a canid definitive host for reproduction. we examined exposure in a definitive host, coyotes (canis latrans), and in overlapping populations of feral swine (sus scrofa) to determine if spatial proximity between a definitive and incidental host influences the likelihood of parasite exposure. eighteen percen ...201324502735
detection of neospora caninum in ovine abortion in iran.the present study was designed to assess the importance of ovine neosporosis in abortion of iraninan sheep. seventy aborted foetuses and dams from ovine dairy farms in northwest of iran were analyzed to investigate the role of neospora caninum (n. caninum) in ovine abortion. diagnosis of the infection was determined by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 70 aborted dairy ovine were blood sampled and used to evaluate serological status for n. caninum infection by enzyme-linke ...201324431549
unravelling the neospora caninum secretome through the secreted fraction (esa) and quantification of the discharged tachyzoite using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics.the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum causes neosporosis, a disease that leads to abortion or stillbirth in cattle, generating an economic impact on the dairy and beef cattle trade. as an obligatory intracellular parasite, n. caninum needs to invade the host cell in an active manner to survive. the increase in parasite cytosolic ca2+ upon contact with the host cell mediates critical events, including the exocytosis of phylum-specific secretory organelles and the activation of the parasite i ...201324267406
neospora caninum: evaluation of vertical transmission in slaughtered dairy cows (bos taurus).neospora caninum is a worldwide parasite recognized as one of the main parasites responsible for abortion in cattle. the objective of this study was to evaluate vertical transmission of n. caninum in dairy cows (bos taurus) that were slaughtered at an abattoir in the state of santa catarina, southern brazil. blood samples (with and without edta) from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart and liver) from their fetuses were collected and used for pcr and serologic ...201324252950
hepatic neosporosis in a dog treated for pemphigus foliaceus.a 4-year-old, female, spayed border collie dog was presented for progressive lethargy, inappetence, and weakness of 4 days duration. the animal had been diagnosed with pemphigus foliaceus 3 months prior and was receiving combination immunosuppressive therapy. serum biochemistry revealed severely elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin, and humane euthanasia was elected. gross postmortem examination revealed a diffusely pale tan to slightly yellow, enlarged, markedly friable liver with an enhanced r ...201324202993
neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cows and domestic dogs from vojvodina, serbia.neospora caninum, the causative agent of neosporosis, is a protozoan parasite responsible for high rate of abortion in cattle worldwide. in dogs, consequences of infection vary from severe neuromuscular disorders to asymptomatic infection and shedding of environmentally resistant oocysts. in this study, we determined the occurrence of n. caninum antibodies in dairy cattle and dogs in vojvodina (northern province of serbia) and possible risk factors. n. caninum antibodies were found in 15.4% (55/ ...201324152767
study on outbreak of neospora caninum-associated abortion in dairy cows in tabriz (northwest iran) by serological, molecular and histopathologic methods.to determine neospora caninum (n. caninum) as a cause of bovine abortion in dairy cows by elisa, pcr and pathological methods in tabriz, northwest of iran.201324144024
neospora caninum: activity of cholinesterases during the acute and chronic phases of an experimental infection in gerbils.neosporosis is an infectious disease primarily of dogs and cattle which has been found in many countries around the world. neospora caninum causes an important immune response (cellular and humoral) in animals that it infects. since the participation of the cholinergic system in the immune response is well documented, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between n. caninum infection and activities of acetylcholinesterase (ache) and butyrylcholinesterase (bche) during the acute ...201324140613
seroprevalence of neospora caninum antibodies in chicken samples from delta egypt using a recombinant ncsag1 protein-based elisa.neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes abortion and economic loss in the cattle industry. this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anti-n. caninum antibodies in chicken using elisa methods based on the surface antigen 1 of n. caninum (ncsag1t). the overall prevalence of n. caninum in chicken was 15.51%. the seroprevalence was high in qalyoubiya, minufiya, kafr el-shaykh, gharbiya, dakahlia provinces; (34%, 17.39%, 14.75%, 14.29%, and 12.25% respectively). in co ...201323888555
first report of antibodies to neospora caninum in nigerian cattle. 201323857393
gc/ms analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography fractions from sophora flavescens and torilis japonica extracts and their in vitro anti-neosporal effects on neospora caninum.we analyzed alcoholic extracts of herbs possessing anti-neosporal activity against neospora (n.) caninum. to identify the chemical components of sophora (s.) flavescens and torilis (t.) japonica associated with anti-neosporal activity, specific fractions were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). in vitro activity of the fractions against n. caninum was then assessed. gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (gc/ms) was used to identify and quantify specific anti-neosporal mole ...201323820198
detection of neospora caninum dna in semen of experimental infected rams with no evidence of horizontal transmission in ewes.recent reports from new zealand indicate neospora caninum has a possible role in causing abortions in sheep. transmission of n. caninum via semen has been documented in cattle. this study aimed to investigate if horizontal transmission through semen was also possible in sheep. initially, 6-month old crossbred ram lambs (n=32), seronegative to n. caninum, were divided into 4 equal groups. group 1 remained uninoculated whilst the remainder were inoculated with n. caninum tachyzoites intravenously ...201323819894
prevalence and dynamics of antibodies against ncsag1 and ncgra7 antigens of neospora caninum in cattle during the gestation period.bovine abortion caused by the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum is a major economic problem in the livestock industry worldwide. our study measured the prevalence and temporal changes in levels of antibodies specific for two n. caninum derived antigens, ncsag1 and ncgra7, to determine an appropriate strategy for serodiagnosis. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), blood samples showed that 71 cows out of 129 were positive for anti-ncsag1 antibodies and that only nine cows were ...201323782543
first molecular detection of neospora caninum in european brown bear (ursus arctos).neospora caninum is an important intracellular protozoan parasite with an affinity to the central nervous system of many animals and a major causative agent of repeated abortions in cattle. in total, 45 muscle, liver, or spleen samples of brown bear sampled in different locations of central slovakia were examined by pcr. genotyping of n. caninum was based on amplification of nc-5 gene and its1 rrna fragments and subsequent sequencing. presence of n. caninum dna was confirmed in 24.4% (11/45) of ...201323770068
molecular cloning and characterization of ncrop2fam-1, a member of the rop2 family of rhoptry proteins in neospora caninum that is targeted by antibodies neutralizing host cell invasion in vitro.recent publications demonstrated that a fragment of a neospora caninum rop2 family member antigen represents a promising vaccine candidate. we here report on the cloning of the cdna encoding this protein, n. caninum rop2 family member 1 (ncrop2fam-1), its molecular characterization and localization. the protein possesses the hallmarks of rop2 family members and is apparently devoid of catalytic activity. ncrop2fam-1 is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein that is matured to 2 proteins of 49 and 55 k ...201323743240
oligomannose-coated liposome-entrapped dense granule protein 7 induces protective immune response to neospora caninum in cattle.neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes abortion in cows. vaccination is an important strategy for control of neosporosis, and a safe and effective vaccine suitable for cattle is required. dense granule protein 7 of n. caninum (ncgra7) is a secretory protein with high antigenicity in hosts. we demonstrated previously that ncgra7 entrapped in liposomes coated with mannotriose (m3-ncgra7) could induce a parasite-specific t-helper type 1 immune response and produce humor ...201323742998
sag2a protein from toxoplasma gondii interacts with both innate and adaptive immune compartments of infected hosts.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes relevant clinical disease in humans and animals. several studies have been performed in order to understand the interactions between proteins of the parasite and host cells. sag2a is a 22 kda protein that is mainly found in the surface of tachyzoites. in the present work, our aim was to correlate the predicted three-dimensional structure of this protein with the immune system of infected hosts.201323735002
gra 14, a novel dense granule protein from neospora caninum. 201323722878
generation and immunity testing of a recombinant adenovirus expressing ncsrs2-ncgra7 fusion protein of bovine neospora caninum.neospora caninum is the etiologic agent of bovine neosporosis, which affects the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. the transmembrane protein, ncsrs2, and dense-granule protein, ncgra7, were identified as protective antigens based on their ability to induce significant protective immune responses in murine neosporosis models. in the current study, ncsrs2 and ncgra7 genes were spliced by overlap-extension pcr in a recombinant adenovirus termed ad5-ncsrs2-ncgra 7, expressing the ncsrs2- ...201323710096
dose-dependent immunogenicity of a soluble neospora caninum tachyzoite-extract vaccine formulated with a soy lecithin/β-glucan adjuvant in cattle.mice immunized with a soluble extract of neospora caninum tachyzoites (sncag) formulated with providean-avec, an aqueous soy-based adjuvant, are fully protected from n. caninum multiplication. here we evaluated the dose-dependent immunogenicity of this vaccine formulation in cattle. cattle (n=3 per group) were immunized with two applications (30 days apart) of formulations containing providean-avec and different payloads of sncag (100, 50 and 10 μg), that were five to fifty times lower than the ...201323692926
comparison of use of vero cell line and suspension culture of murine macrophage to attenuation of virulence of neospora caninum.in this study the tachyzoite yields of neospora caninum were compared in two cell lines: vero (african green monkey kidney) and suspension culture of murine macrophage (j774) cell lines. then, n. caninum were continuously passaged in these cell lines for 3 months and the effect of host cells on virulence of tachyzoites was assessed by broiler chicken embryonated eggs. inoculation was performed in the chorioallantoic (ca) liquid of the embryonated eggs with different dilutions (0.5 × 10(4), 1.0 × ...201323684321
expression of neospora caninum ncsrs2 surface protein in pichia pastoris and its application for serodiagnosis of neospora infection.neospora caninum is considerd a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. the antigenic domain of ncsrs2 in n. caninum is an important surface antigen present in the membrane of this parasite. in the present study, the pichia pastoris expression system proved to be a useful tool for the production of recombinant protein. the truncated ncsrs2 gene (by removal of the n-terminal hydrophobic sequence), was cloned in the vector ppiczalphab, and integrated on the genome of the methylotrophic yeast ...201323683365
neospora caninum nc-6 argentina induces fetopathy in both serologically positive and negative experimentally inoculated pregnant dams.neospora caninum infection is a major cause of abortion in cattle. the objectives of this study were to genetically characterize the n. caninum nc-6 argentina isolate using a multilocus microsatellite analysis approach and to study its biological behavior by experimental inoculations into seronegative and seropositive pregnant cattle, evaluating the humoral and cellular immune response elicited and the occurrence of transplacental transmission and fetopathy. pregnant cows (65 days of gestation) ...201323666227
parasiticidal activity of a novel synthetic peptide from the core α-helical region of nk-lysin.nk-lysin is an anti-microbial peptide that plays a critical role in innate immunity against infectious pathogens through its selective membrane disruptive property. we previously expressed and purified a full-length chicken nk-lysin (cnkl) recombinant protein, and demonstrated its in vitro anti-parasitic activity against the apicomplexan protozoan, eimeria, the etiologic agent of avian coccidiosis. this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo anti-parasitic properties of a synthetic peptide (cn ...201323664157
bovine neosporosis: clinical and practical aspects.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with a wide host range but with a preference for cattle and dogs. since the description of n. caninum as a new genus and species in 1988, bovine neosporosis has become a disease of international concern as it is among the main causes of abortion in cattle. at present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. this review focuses on the epidemiology of the disease and on prospects for its control in cattle. finally, based on the implications of clinical f ...201323659742
neospora caninum: infection induces high lysosomal activity.neospora caninum is a protozoan that causes abortion in cattle and neuromuscular lesions in dogs, making it an important target of veterinary medicine. lysosomes are cellular organelles responsible for important biological functions as cellular defense mechanisms. the aim of this work was to evaluate the lysosomal stability of rat gliocytes infected in vitro with n. caninum. rat glial cultures were infected at a ratio of 1:1 (cell/parasite). the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (orthophosp ...201323648665
a novel dense granule protein, gra22, is involved in regulating parasite egress in toxoplasma gondii.the intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii is capable of invading any nucleated cell and replicates within a parasitophorous vacuole (pv). this microenvironment is modified by secretory proteins from organelles named rhoptries and dense granules. in this report, we identify a novel dense granule protein, which we refer to as gra22. gra22 has no significant homology to any other known proteins. gra22 possesses a signal peptide at the n-terminal end which is responsible for dense granu ...201323623919
congenital transmission of neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).neosporosis is an important cause of bovine abortion worldwide. many aspects of transmission of neospora caninum in nature are unknown. the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is considered one of the most important wildlife reservoirs of n. caninum in the usa. during the hunting seasons of 2008, 2009, and 2010, brains of 155 white-tailed deer fetuses were bioassayed in mice for protozoal isolation. viable n. caninum (ncwtdmn1, ncwtdmn2) was isolated from the brains of two fetuses by bioa ...201323566408
diagnosis and isolation of toxoplasma gondii in horses from brazilian slaughterhouses.this study aimed to investigate anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies and to isolate the parasite from the brains of horses processed at slaughterhouses in brazil. we collected brain and blood samples from 398 horses of various ages, from six brazilian states. serum samples were evaluated by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat cut-off titre ≥ 1:64), and brains were submitted to mouse bioassay. among the 398 horses, positivity for t. gondii was identified in 46 (11.6%) by ifat and in 14 (3.5%) b ...201323538498
antibody kinetics in goats and conceptuses naturally infected with neospora caninum.neospora caninum is a protozoan which can cause abortions in caprines. however, information regarding the humoral immune response and the occurrence of reproductive disorders is scarce. this is the first study in which the kinetics of antibodies is studied in pregnant goats naturally infected by n. caninum, as well as their respective conceptuses. the subclasses of igg (igg1 and igg2) were also evaluated in pregnant goats. reproductive problems related to neosporosis (abortion and stillbirth) oc ...201323537945
efficacy of decoquinate against sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures.decoquinate is a quinolone anticoccidial approved for use in the prevention of intestinal coccidiosis in farm animals. this compound has good activity against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in cell cultures. the drug acts on the parasites' mitochondria. the activity of decoquinate against developing merozoites of 2 isolates of sarcocystis neurona was examined in cell culture. merozoite production at 10 days was completely inhibited when decoquinate was used at 20 or 240 nm. the ic50 of d ...201323523012
display of neospora caninum surface protein related sequence 2 on rous sarcoma virus-derived gag protein virus-like particles.virus-like particles (vlps) displaying antigen have been increasingly recognized as a potential vaccine in the livestock industry. in this study, neospora caninum surface protein related sequence (ncsrs)2 was displayed on the surface of rous sarcoma virus group-antigen protein (rsv-gag) vlps. two types of bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (bmnpv) bacmids, encoding rsv-gag and ncsrs2 genes, were co-injected into silkworm larvae to produce vlps-ncsrs2. at 7 days post-injection, vlps-ncsrs2 were col ...201323511652
mice congenitally infected with low-to-moderate virulence neospora caninum isolates exhibited clinical reactivation during the mating period without transmission to the next generation.endogenous transplacental transmission (entt) is the major transmission route of neospora caninum in cattle. thus, the development of a standardised experimental model of entt is needed for more appropriate testing of parasite biology and control strategies. a recent study reported up to 40-50% entt rates in chronically infected dams with either high or low-to-moderate virulence isolates, although low fertility rates were observed in dams inoculated with the high virulence isolate. therefore, lo ...201323501806
first report of seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in dairy sheep from humid pampa, argentina.the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in dairy sheep from the humid pampa region, argentina. blood samples from 704 dairy sheep belonging to six flocks were collected. using a cut off titer of 1:50, an indirect fluorescence antibody test was used. antibodies to t. gondii or n. caninum were detected in 17.3 % (n = 122) and 3 % (n = 21), respectively. all the flocks had at least one seropositive animal to t. gondii but two of t ...201323494577
development of a disperse dye immunoassay technique for detection of antibodies against neospora caninum in cattle.in this study a disperse dye immunoassay method was standardized and evaluated for detection of antibodies against neospora caninum in cattle. sera from 150 cattle with a recent history of abortion were collected and tested by commercial elisa kit and a standardized in-house dye immunoassay system. the positivity rate for the sera used in this study was 34.6% for the disperse dye immunoassay (ddia) compared to 32% obtained by elisa kit. this study showed no significant difference between ddia an ...201323467930
risk factors associated with seroprevalence of neospora caninum in dogs from urban and rural areas of milk and coffee production in minas gerais state, brazil.this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies and to investigate the risk factors related to seroprevalence in dogs from urban and rural areas with distinct economic activities (milk and coffee production) in minas gerais state, brazil. for this purpose, blood samples from 703 dogs were collected and questionnaires addressing epidemiological aspects were completed by dog-owners. the sera were analysed for anti-n. caninum antibodies by indirect fluor ...201323419686
development of an immunochromatographic assay based on dense granule protein 7 for serological detection of toxoplasma gondii infection.dense granule antigen proteins derived from toxoplasma gondii (tggras) are potential antigens for the development of diagnostic tools. tggra7 and tggra14 were detected in the peritoneal fluid of t. gondii-infected mice, suggesting that tggras may be highly antigenic proteins. here, tggra7 and tggra14 were evaluated as candidates for the development of a marker for a rapid diagnostic test. the specificity and sensitivity of purified recombinant proteins of tggra7 and tggra14 were compared in an i ...201323408523
effects of neospora caninum infection on brain microvascular endothelial cells bioenergetics.the brain is the most commonly affected organ during neospora caninum infection but the mechanisms utilized by this protozoan parasite for traversal of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) are not yet understood. herein, we investigate the cellular pathogenicity of n. caninum infection on bioenergetics of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmecs), a fundamental component of the bbb.201323351811
specific antibody responses against neospora caninum recombinant rncgra7, rncsag4, rncbsr4 and rncsrs9 proteins are correlated with virulence in mice.the intraspecific diversity of neospora caninum is a determinant for in vivo parasite virulence and in vitro parasite behaviour. the relationship between isolate virulence and specific antibody responses against key parasite proteins has not been well characterized. the response kinetics and the differences in specific anti-rncgra7, -rncsag4, -rncbsr4 and -rncsrs9 antibody levels were analysed by recombinant protein-based elisa in groups of mice inoculated with 10 different n. caninum isolates t ...201323343779
neospora caninum causes severe economic losses in cattle in the humid pampa region of argentina.this work estimates the economic losses due to neospora abortions in the humid pampa region of argentina.the total dairy and beef cattle population at risk of abortion is 1,771,326 and 9,726,684 head, respectively. in dairy cattle, there was an 8 % risk of experiencing abortion due to a variety of causes, but 16.5 % of them were due to neospora caninum. the economic losses were estimated at us$1,415 (1,400-1,431) per abortion, which equates to a total loss of us$33,097,221 (15,622,600-119,349,69 ...201323325013
development of two murine antibodies against neospora caninum using phage display technology and application on the detection of n. caninum.neosporosis, caused by an intracellular parasite, neospora caninum, is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs. it occurs worldwide and causes huge damages to dairy farms. in this study, we immunized mice with recombinant surface-associated protein 1 of n. caninum (rncsag1) and developed two novel monoclonal antibodies, a10 and h3, against ncsag1 using phage-display technology. both clones bound to purified rncsag1 and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of a10 and h3 are 50 an ...201323308179
proteins mediating the neospora caninum-host cell interaction as targets for vaccination.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that is capable of infecting, a wide range of tissues. the fact that neospora represents an important abortion-causing parasite in cattle has transformed neosporosis research from an earlier, rather esoteric field, to a significant research topic, and considerable investments have been made in the last years to develop an efficacious vaccine or other means of intervention that would prevent infection and abortion due to n. caninum infection in cattle. ...201323276967
differential effects on survival, humoral immune responses and brain lesions in inbred balb/c, cba/ca, and c57bl/6 mice experimentally infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.c57bl/6, balb/c, and cba/ca mouse strains with different mhc-i haplotypes were compared with respect to susceptibility to neospora caninum infection. groups of 5 mice received 1 × 10(6), 5 × 10(6), or 25 × 10(6) tachyzoites of the nc-liverpool isolate by intraperitoneal injection and were observed for disease symptoms. humoral responses, splenocyte interferon-γ (ifn-γ) production, cerebral parasite loads, and histopathology were evaluated at human end points or the latest at 34 days postinfectio ...201327335863
use of a th1 stimulator adjuvant for vaccination against neospora caninum infection in the pregnant mouse model.vertical transmission from an infected cow to its fetus accounts for the vast majority of new neospora caninum infections in cattle. a vaccine composed of a chimeric antigen named recncmic3-1-r, based on predicted immunogenic domains of the two microneme proteins ncmic1 and ncmic3, the rhoptry protein ncrop2, and emulsified in saponin adjuvants, significantly reduced the cerebral infection in non-pregnant balb/c mice. protection was associated with a mixed th1/th2-type cytokine response. however ...201325437035
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and associated risk factors in intensive or semi-intensively managed dairy and breeding cattle of ethiopia.a cross-sectional study of neospora caninum infection was conducted in major milksheds of ethiopia. cattle (n=2334) from 273 farms were bled and the sera screened for antibodies against n. caninum using a commercial elisa kit. herd and individual animal level data were collected from farm records and a semi-structured questionnaire format. the overall animal level seroprevalence was 13.3%, while the prevalence at farm level was 39.6%. in urban and peri-urban smallholder dairy farms, the seroprev ...201323261087
what is the global economic impact of neospora caninum in cattle - the billion dollar question.neospora caninum is regarded as one of the most important infectious causes of abortions in cattle worldwide, yet the global economic impact of the infection has not been established. a systematic review of the economic impact of n. caninum infections/abortions was conducted, searching pubmed with the terms 'cattle' and 'neospora'. this yielded 769 publications and the abstracts were screened for economically relevant information (e.g. abortion prevalence and risk, serological prevalence). furth ...201323246675
tissue distribution of neospora caninum in experimentally infected cattle.histopathology and quantitative pcr (qpcr) were used to determine the tissue distribution of neospora caninum in calves at 80 days postinfection. our findings revealed that the most appropriate brain areas for researching n. caninum pathogenesis were the amygdala and hippocampus for qpcr and the corpus striatum and diencephalon for histopathology.201323239805
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