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molecular cloning and characterization of ncrop2fam-1, a member of the rop2 family of rhoptry proteins in neospora caninum that is targeted by antibodies neutralizing host cell invasion in vitro.recent publications demonstrated that a fragment of a neospora caninum rop2 family member antigen represents a promising vaccine candidate. we here report on the cloning of the cdna encoding this protein, n. caninum rop2 family member 1 (ncrop2fam-1), its molecular characterization and localization. the protein possesses the hallmarks of rop2 family members and is apparently devoid of catalytic activity. ncrop2fam-1 is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein that is matured to 2 proteins of 49 and 55 k ...201323743240
comparative study of protective activities of neospora caninum bradyzoite antigens, ncbag1, ncbsr4, ncmag1, and ncsag4, in a mouse model of acute parasitic infection.neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes severe neuromuscular diseases, repeated abortion, stillbirth, and congenital infection in livestock and companion animals. the development of an effective vaccine against neosporosis in cattle is an important issue due to the significant worldwide economic impact of this disease. we evaluated the immunogenicity of four bradyzoite antigens, ncbag1 (first described in this study), ncbsr4, ncmag1, and ncsag4, using an acut ...201323229317
plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins measured using anti-bovine pag-2 antibodies on day 120 of gestation predict abortion in dairy cows naturally infected with neospora caninum.the present study sought to determine: (i) the effects of neospora caninum infection and twin pregnancy on plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-2 (pag-2) concentrations throughout pregnancy and (ii) whether plasma pag-2 concentrations could predict abortion in n. caninum-infected cows. the study was performed on a commercial holstein-friesian dairy herd in northeastern spain and the final data included those recorded in 53 non-aborting and 19 aborting animals. blood samples were collected im ...201323228018
development of a disperse dye immunoassay technique for detection of antibodies against neospora caninum in cattle.in this study a disperse dye immunoassay method was standardized and evaluated for detection of antibodies against neospora caninum in cattle. sera from 150 cattle with a recent history of abortion were collected and tested by commercial elisa kit and a standardized in-house dye immunoassay system. the positivity rate for the sera used in this study was 34.6% for the disperse dye immunoassay (ddia) compared to 32% obtained by elisa kit. this study showed no significant difference between ddia an ...201323467930
risk factors associated with seroprevalence of neospora caninum in dogs from urban and rural areas of milk and coffee production in minas gerais state, brazil.this study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies and to investigate the risk factors related to seroprevalence in dogs from urban and rural areas with distinct economic activities (milk and coffee production) in minas gerais state, brazil. for this purpose, blood samples from 703 dogs were collected and questionnaires addressing epidemiological aspects were completed by dog-owners. the sera were analysed for anti-n. caninum antibodies by indirect fluor ...201323419686
development of an immunochromatographic assay based on dense granule protein 7 for serological detection of toxoplasma gondii infection.dense granule antigen proteins derived from toxoplasma gondii (tggras) are potential antigens for the development of diagnostic tools. tggra7 and tggra14 were detected in the peritoneal fluid of t. gondii-infected mice, suggesting that tggras may be highly antigenic proteins. here, tggra7 and tggra14 were evaluated as candidates for the development of a marker for a rapid diagnostic test. the specificity and sensitivity of purified recombinant proteins of tggra7 and tggra14 were compared in an i ...201323408523
effects of neospora caninum infection on brain microvascular endothelial cells bioenergetics.the brain is the most commonly affected organ during neospora caninum infection but the mechanisms utilized by this protozoan parasite for traversal of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) are not yet understood. herein, we investigate the cellular pathogenicity of n. caninum infection on bioenergetics of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmecs), a fundamental component of the bbb.201323351811
specific antibody responses against neospora caninum recombinant rncgra7, rncsag4, rncbsr4 and rncsrs9 proteins are correlated with virulence in mice.the intraspecific diversity of neospora caninum is a determinant for in vivo parasite virulence and in vitro parasite behaviour. the relationship between isolate virulence and specific antibody responses against key parasite proteins has not been well characterized. the response kinetics and the differences in specific anti-rncgra7, -rncsag4, -rncbsr4 and -rncsrs9 antibody levels were analysed by recombinant protein-based elisa in groups of mice inoculated with 10 different n. caninum isolates t ...201323343779
neospora caninum causes severe economic losses in cattle in the humid pampa region of argentina.this work estimates the economic losses due to neospora abortions in the humid pampa region of argentina.the total dairy and beef cattle population at risk of abortion is 1,771,326 and 9,726,684 head, respectively. in dairy cattle, there was an 8 % risk of experiencing abortion due to a variety of causes, but 16.5 % of them were due to neospora caninum. the economic losses were estimated at us$1,415 (1,400-1,431) per abortion, which equates to a total loss of us$33,097,221 (15,622,600-119,349,69 ...201323325013
development of two murine antibodies against neospora caninum using phage display technology and application on the detection of n. caninum.neosporosis, caused by an intracellular parasite, neospora caninum, is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs. it occurs worldwide and causes huge damages to dairy farms. in this study, we immunized mice with recombinant surface-associated protein 1 of n. caninum (rncsag1) and developed two novel monoclonal antibodies, a10 and h3, against ncsag1 using phage-display technology. both clones bound to purified rncsag1 and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of a10 and h3 are 50 an ...201323308179
proteins mediating the neospora caninum-host cell interaction as targets for vaccination.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that is capable of infecting, a wide range of tissues. the fact that neospora represents an important abortion-causing parasite in cattle has transformed neosporosis research from an earlier, rather esoteric field, to a significant research topic, and considerable investments have been made in the last years to develop an efficacious vaccine or other means of intervention that would prevent infection and abortion due to n. caninum infection in cattle. ...201323276967
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and associated risk factors in intensive or semi-intensively managed dairy and breeding cattle of ethiopia.a cross-sectional study of neospora caninum infection was conducted in major milksheds of ethiopia. cattle (n=2334) from 273 farms were bled and the sera screened for antibodies against n. caninum using a commercial elisa kit. herd and individual animal level data were collected from farm records and a semi-structured questionnaire format. the overall animal level seroprevalence was 13.3%, while the prevalence at farm level was 39.6%. in urban and peri-urban smallholder dairy farms, the seroprev ...201323261087
what is the global economic impact of neospora caninum in cattle - the billion dollar question.neospora caninum is regarded as one of the most important infectious causes of abortions in cattle worldwide, yet the global economic impact of the infection has not been established. a systematic review of the economic impact of n. caninum infections/abortions was conducted, searching pubmed with the terms 'cattle' and 'neospora'. this yielded 769 publications and the abstracts were screened for economically relevant information (e.g. abortion prevalence and risk, serological prevalence). furth ...201323246675
tissue distribution of neospora caninum in experimentally infected cattle.histopathology and quantitative pcr (qpcr) were used to determine the tissue distribution of neospora caninum in calves at 80 days postinfection. our findings revealed that the most appropriate brain areas for researching n. caninum pathogenesis were the amygdala and hippocampus for qpcr and the corpus striatum and diencephalon for histopathology.201323239805
expression of neospora caninum ncsrs2 surface protein in pichia pastoris and its application for serodiagnosis of neospora infection.neospora caninum is considerd a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. the antigenic domain of ncsrs2 in n. caninum is an important surface antigen present in the membrane of this parasite. in the present study, the pichia pastoris expression system proved to be a useful tool for the production of recombinant protein. the truncated ncsrs2 gene (by removal of the n-terminal hydrophobic sequence), was cloned in the vector ppiczalphab, and integrated on the genome of the methylotrophic yeast ...201323683365
neospora caninum nc-6 argentina induces fetopathy in both serologically positive and negative experimentally inoculated pregnant dams.neospora caninum infection is a major cause of abortion in cattle. the objectives of this study were to genetically characterize the n. caninum nc-6 argentina isolate using a multilocus microsatellite analysis approach and to study its biological behavior by experimental inoculations into seronegative and seropositive pregnant cattle, evaluating the humoral and cellular immune response elicited and the occurrence of transplacental transmission and fetopathy. pregnant cows (65 days of gestation) ...201323666227
differential effects on survival, humoral immune responses and brain lesions in inbred balb/c, cba/ca, and c57bl/6 mice experimentally infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.c57bl/6, balb/c, and cba/ca mouse strains with different mhc-i haplotypes were compared with respect to susceptibility to neospora caninum infection. groups of 5 mice received 1 × 10(6), 5 × 10(6), or 25 × 10(6) tachyzoites of the nc-liverpool isolate by intraperitoneal injection and were observed for disease symptoms. humoral responses, splenocyte interferon-γ (ifn-γ) production, cerebral parasite loads, and histopathology were evaluated at human end points or the latest at 34 days postinfectio ...201327335863
use of a th1 stimulator adjuvant for vaccination against neospora caninum infection in the pregnant mouse model.vertical transmission from an infected cow to its fetus accounts for the vast majority of new neospora caninum infections in cattle. a vaccine composed of a chimeric antigen named recncmic3-1-r, based on predicted immunogenic domains of the two microneme proteins ncmic1 and ncmic3, the rhoptry protein ncrop2, and emulsified in saponin adjuvants, significantly reduced the cerebral infection in non-pregnant balb/c mice. protection was associated with a mixed th1/th2-type cytokine response. however ...201325437035
neospora caninum infection in dogs from southern romania: coproparasitological study and serological follow-up.neospora caninum is an important cause of bovine abortion worldwide for which dogs are the definitive host. the present study was aimed at investigating the exposure to n. caninum infection based on lifestyle categories of dogs from southern romania. for this purpose, randomly selected rural and urban dogs were examined for fecal n. caninum -like oocysts and were serologically tested for the presence of anti- n. caninum igg antibodies. of the 386 dog fecal samples, n. caninum -like oocysts were ...201322931541
prevalence of neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cattle and water buffaloes and associated abortions in the plateau of southern peninsular india.a seroprevalence study of bovine neosporosis was conducted among 1,927 dairy cattle and 341 water buffaloes from karnataka and andhra pradesh states in plateau of southern peninsular india by employing competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. overall, 12.61 and 9.97 % sera samples were found positive for the presence of neospora caninum antibody, respectively, among cattle and water buffaloes. out of 1,927 sera samples from cattle, 912 and 1,015 samples were collected from unorganized and ...201322644733
characterization of the inflammatory response in the uteri of cows infected naturally by neospora caninum.bovine neosporosis manifests during gestation, when the fetus may be vulnerable to pathogens. experimental studies of neospora caninum-infected cattle have been performed, but little is known about the in-utero inflammatory response. the aim of this study was to characterize the inflammatory response in the uteri of pregnant and non-pregnant cows infected naturally with n. caninum. four groups of seven animals were studied. two groups consisted of n. caninum-seropositive pregnant and non-pregnan ...201322784781
prevalence and risk factors associated with neospora caninum infection in dairy herds in jordan.a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and to identify risk factors associated with neospora caninum infection in 62 dairy herds (n = 671 cows) in jordan between january and june 2007. information regarding herd management was recorded through personal interviews with farmers. antibodies against n. caninum were detected using an indirect elisa test. chi-square analysis and multivariable logistic regression model were used to identify risk factors associated with ...201322869339
investigating the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, primarily associated with bovine abortion. the only definitive hosts discovered to date are carnivores. this study aimed to identify the role of mammalian carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis. a sample bank of serum, fecal and brain samples was established: american mink (mustela vison), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), pine martens (martes martes), badgers (meles meles), stoats (mustela erminea), otters (lutra lutra) and feral ferrets (mustela ...201323068142
low rates of neospora caninum infection reactivation during gestation are observed in both chronically and congenitally infected mice.endogenous transplacental transmission (entt) of neospora caninum is the most common route of infection in cattle and occurs as a consequence of a reactivation of n. caninum infection that may lead to abortion or to the birth of congenitally infected calves. the reactivation of n. caninum infection was studied during the gestation of chronically infected dams and, for the first time, in their congenitally infected pups. balb/c mice were infected with nc-spain 7 (group 1) or nc-spain 3h (group 2) ...201323058003
differential effects of intranasal vaccination with recombinant ncpdi in different mouse models of neospora caninum infection.in this study, mice were vaccinated intranasally with recombinant n. caninum protein disulphide isomerase (ncpdi) emulsified in cholera toxin (ct) or cholera toxin subunit b (ctb) from vibrio cholerae. the effects of vaccination were assessed in the murine nonpregnant model and the foetal infection model, respectively. in the nonpregnant mice, previous results were confirmed, in that intranasal vaccination with recncpdi in ct was highly protective, and low cerebral parasite loads were noted upon ...201323046358
occurrence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies in dogs in rural areas in minas gerais, brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-neospora caninum antibodies and risk factors associated with seropositivity in 240 dogs from rural areas of the lavras, belo horizonte and nanuque regions, state of minas gerais, brazil. the indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat) with a cutoff of 50 was used to assess the frequency of seropositive dogs. the risk factor analysis was performed using the chi-square test (χ2) and multiple logistic regression. the frequency of seroposit ...201322832759
occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies in cats with outdoor access in são luís, maranhão, brazil.the present study aimed to investigate the frequency of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies in cats with outdoor access in são luís, maranhão, brazil. the presence of igg anti-t. gondii and anti-n. caninum antibodies was tested using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). igg anti-t. gondii and anti-n. caninum antibodies were detected in 101 (50.5%) and 54 (27%) sampled cats, respectively. the titers of anti-t. gondii antibodies ranged from 40 (cut-off) to 2 ...201322832749
evaluation of a real-time pcr assay based on the single-copy sag1 gene for the detection of toxoplasma gondii.real-time pcr-based detection of toxoplasma gondii is very sensitive and convenient for diagnosing toxoplasmosis. however, the performance of the pcr assays could be influenced by the target gene chosen. here we evaluate a real-time pcr assay using double-stranded dna dyes (sybr(®) green i assay) with a new set of primers targeting the sag1 gene for the fast and specific detection of t. gondii. the assay showed higher sensitivity than conventional pcr protocols using t. gondii dna as template. t ...201323867074
library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways: a manually curated database for metabolic pathways of apicomplexan parasites.the library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways (lamp, http://www.llamp.net) is a web database that provides near complete mapping from genes to the central metabolic functions for some of the prominent intracellular parasites of the phylum apicomplexa. this phylum includes the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis and theileriosis-diseases with a huge economic and social impact. a number of apicomplexan genomes have been sequenced, but the accurate annotation of gene function remains challe ...201323193253
combination of monoclonal antibodies improves immunohistochemical diagnosis of neospora caninum.histological analysis is commonly used for a conclusive diagnosis of neosporosis. immunohistochemistry (ihc) using monoclonal (mab) and polyclonal (pab) antibodies can improve diagnosis; however, the use of pab may induce cross-reactivity with other related parasites. the aims of this study were to compare the performance of mabs and their combinations with that of pab in ihc and evaluate the usefulness of mab to identify neospora caninum infection in aborted bovine fetal tissues. for this purpo ...201323927916
novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis.diagnosis of acute bovine besnoitiosis is a major diagnostic problem. we developed diagnostic tests to serologically diagnose and differentiate acute and chronic cases of bovine besnoitiosis using affinity purified antigens of besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites in immunoblots and in both, a conventional elisa and an avidity elisa. sera of acutely and chronically infected cattle were investigated using these tests. acutely infected cattle initially recognised an antigen of 74 kda relative molecular m ...201323160022
serologic survey of infectious diseases in populations of maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus) and crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous) from aguas emendadas ecological station, brazil.domestic dogs are reservoirs for many infectious diseases and may represent a potential source of infection for wild canid populations. a serologic investigation of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, brucella abortus, and leptospira spp. was conducted on three maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) and seven crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous), all free-living, at the aguas emendadas ecological station (esecae), federal district, brazil, between february and october 2006. out of th ...201323505716
seroprevalence rates of antibodies against leishmania infantum and other protozoan and rickettsial parasites in dogs.canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) is caused by the protozoan leishmania infantum, which infects dogs and humans in many regions of brazil. the present study involved an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to analyze l. infantum, ehrlichia spp., babesia canis, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection rates in serum samples from 93 dogs in a rural settlement in ilha solteira, sp, brazil. the seroprevalence rates of anti-l. infantum, anti-ehrlichia, anti-b. canis, anti-t. gondii and ...201324252965
the absence of zoonotic agents in invasive bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) in belgium and the netherlands.exotic invasive bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) are considered to exert a considerable negative impact on native amphibian communities. this can be due to competition and predation, but they are also a notorious source of the infectious diseases chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis, affecting amphibian populations globally. little is known regarding their carriage of other microbial agents that might be transferred to humans or other animals. in this study we determined the occurrence of the amp ...201324162797
contribution of leptospira, neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus to fetal loss of beef cattle in new zealand.the profitability of beef breeding farms in new zealand depends principally on optimal reproductive performance. the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of four major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), neospora caninum (n. caninum), leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo (hardjo), and leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (pomona), on rates of fetal loss in commercial beef breeding herds. farms reporting fetal loss were recruited, and a blood sample from aborting cows (cas ...201323932894
detection of antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp., and apicomplexa protozoa in water buffaloes in the northeast of argentina.water buffalo industry has become a profitable activity worldwide, including the northeast of argentina (nea). however, research on diseases affecting this species is scarce. the aim of the present study was to detect antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp., neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, and sarcocystis spp. in 500 water buffalo cows from five ranches (100 animals each) in the nea. serum samples were tested for b. abortus by fluorescence polarization assay, leptospira spp. by ...201323765549
simultaneous detection of chlamydia spp., coxiella burnetii, and neospora caninum in abortion material of ruminants by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction.chlamydia spp., coxiella burnetii, and neospora caninum are responsible for reproductive diseases and are closely linked with high abortion rates in ruminants. furthermore, c. burnetii and chlamydia spp. have zoonotic potential. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of chlamydia spp., c. burnetii, and n. caninum. the detection of beta-actin as internal control in the same pcr reaction provides additional information about sample quality by ...201323942900
encephalitozoon cuniculi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in invasive eastern cottontail rabbits sylvilagus floridanus in northwestern italy.sylvilagus floridanus is a lagomorph introduced for hunting purposes from north america to europe where, in certain areas like northern italy, its population reached high densities. brain, kidney and skeletal muscle of 144 eastern cottontail rabbits s. floridanus were examined by pcr for encephalitozoon cuniculi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. dna of e. cuniculi was found with a prevalence of 9.72% (ci 95% 0.058-0.156). t. gondii and n. caninum dna was detected in 2.08% (ci 95% 0.0071-0 ...201323747104
neospora caninum surface antigen (p40) is a potential diagnostic marker for cattle neosporosis.neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan that infects domestic and wild canids as well as many warm-blooded animals as shown by the isolation of viable parasites. the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for detecting specific antibodies against n. caninum is hampered by potential cross-reaction with other coccidia. so, there is currently an urgent need for a sensitive and specific diagnostic assay for detecting n. caninum in animals. the n. caninum 40-kd surface antigen (p40), similar to ncs ...201323435920
cloning, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics study of ncsrs2 gene, an immunogen from iranian isolate of neospora caninum.neosporosis is caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa neospora caninum which infect variety of hosts. ncsrs2 is an immuno-dominant antigen of n. caninum which is considered as one of the most promising targets for a recombinant or dna vaccine against neosporosis. as no study has been carried out to identify the molecular structure of n. caninum in iran, as first step, we prepared a scheme to identify this gene in this parasite in iran.201323682269
characterization of neospora caninum macrophage migration inhibitory factor.the present study is the first characterization of neospora caninum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (ncmif). blast-n analysis of ncmif revealed high similarity (87%) to the toxoplasma gondii mif. ncmif was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli in 3 forms, ncmif (mature protein), ncmifm (mutation of proline-2 to glycine), and ncmifhis (addition of a polyhistidine tag at the n-terminus). none of these recombinant ncmifs (rncmif) had tautomerase, oxidoreductase, or immunologic regulatory ...201323850997
structural and evolutionary adaptation of rhoptry kinases and pseudokinases, a family of coccidian virulence factors.the widespread protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii interferes with host cell functions by exporting the contents of a unique apical organelle, the rhoptry. among the mix of secreted proteins are an expanded, lineage-specific family of protein kinases termed rhoptry kinases (ropks), several of which have been shown to be key virulence factors, including the pseudokinase rop5. the extent and details of the diversification of this protein family are poorly understood.201323742205
geographical distribution modelling for neospora caninum and coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle farms in northeastern spain.maximum entropy ecological niche modelling and spatial scan statistic were utilized to predict the geographical range and to investigate clusters of infections for neospora caninum and coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle farms in catalonia, northeastern spain, using the maxent and satscan programs, respectively. the geographical distribution of neospora and coxiella with the highest level of probability (p > 0·60) covers central catalonia and spreads towards northeastern catalonia which contains a ...201322370223
fecal shedding of toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes and coyotes on prince edward island, canada.knowledge of parasites shed by wild canids can assist in recognizing risk to human and domestic animal health. our aim was to estimate the prevalence of patent infections with toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) in prince edward island, canada. identification of parasite species was based on microscopic examination of feces, with the use of a sucrose fecal flotation method. sample collection was performed in winter on carcasses of 271 and 185 h ...201323568915
gene cloning and characterization of the protein encoded by the neospora caninum bradyzoite-specific antigen gene bag1.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes repeated abortion and stillbirth in cattle. the aim of this study was to clone the gene encoding the n. caninum orthologue (ncbag1) of the toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific protein tgbag1 and characterize its expression pattern in the parasite. isolation of the full-length 684-bp gene revealed that it shared 78.3% sequence similarity with tgbag1. ncbag1 encodes a predicted protein of 227 amino acids with 80.3% similarity to tgbag1. a p ...201323245337
first isolation of hammondia heydorni from dogs in china.fecal samples of 945 dogs were examined microscopically in 2 refuge facilities in china from march 2010 to november 2011. in 8 dogs, oocysts, 9-14 μm in size, were found. their morphology was similar to those of hammondia heydorni and neospora caninum. sporulated hammondia/neospora-like oocysts were fed to 2 dogs, 2 gerbils, 2 guinea pigs, and 2 km mice; tissues from these inoculated animals were then fed to coccidia-free dogs to determine species susceptibility to these oocysts. oocysts were no ...201323731857
characterisation of full-length mitochondrial copies and partial nuclear copies (numts) of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i genes of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, hammondia heydorni and hammondia triffittae (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae).genomic dna was extracted from three oocyst isolates of hammondia triffittae from foxes and two oocyst isolates of hammondia heydorni from dogs, as well as from cell culture-derived tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) and neospora caninum (nc-liverpool strain), and examined by pcr with primers targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) genes in order to characterise both genes and, if possible, the remainder of the mitochondrial genome of these speci ...201323358734
t and b lymphocytes in the brains of dogs with concomitant seropositivity to three pathogenic protozoans: leishmania chagasi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.visceral leishmaniasis is a disease with great variability regarding the clinical manifestations in humans and dogs. chronically infected dogs may develop neurological disorders, however, there are few reports that characterize the lesions and make clear the pathogenesis of the canine cerebral leishmaniasis. concomitant with leishmania chagasi, dogs may be infected by opportunistic pathogens, such as toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, which may contribute to the occurrence of lesions in the ...201323758819
temporal trends in bulk milk antibodies to salmonella, neospora caninum, and leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in irish dairy herds.bulk milk samples were collected from 309 irish dairy herds at four time points during 2009 and tested for antibodies to salmonella spp., n. caninum, and l. hardjo, three abortifacient agents in irish dairy herds. of the 312 study herds, 49% vaccinated against salmonella and 76% vaccinated against l. hardjo. in unvaccinated herds, the overall prevalence of antibody positive herds was 49% for salmonella, 19% for n. caninum and 86% for l. hardjo. there was no association between both testing posit ...201323117041
neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cows and domestic dogs from vojvodina, serbia.neospora caninum, the causative agent of neosporosis, is a protozoan parasite responsible for high rate of abortion in cattle worldwide. in dogs, consequences of infection vary from severe neuromuscular disorders to asymptomatic infection and shedding of environmentally resistant oocysts. in this study, we determined the occurrence of n. caninum antibodies in dairy cattle and dogs in vojvodina (northern province of serbia) and possible risk factors. n. caninum antibodies were found in 15.4% (55/ ...201324152767
neospora caninum and reproductive wastage in extensively managed queensland beef herds.to compare reproduction in extensively managed, tropically adapted beef cows that were either seropositive or seronegative to neospora caninum.201323980832
in vitro effects of novel ruthenium complexes in neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites.upon the screening of 16 antiproliferative compounds against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, two hydrolytically stable ruthenium complexes (compounds 16 and 18) exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations of 18.7 and 41.1 nm (t. gondii) and 6.7 and 11.3 nm (n. caninum). to achieve parasiticidal activity with compound 16, long-term treatment (22 to 27 days at 80 to 160 nm) was required. transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the rapid impact on and ultrastructural alterations in both p ...201323979747
identification of a highly antigenic region of subtilisin-like serine protease 1 for serodiagnosis of neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion in cattle; hence, accurate diagnosis of this pathogen is important to the cattle farming industry. our previous proteomics and immunoscreening analyses revealed that the n. caninum subtilisin-like serine protease 1 (ncsub1) has potential as a serodiagnostic tool for neospora. consequently, we expressed two fragments containing five ncsub1 tandem repeat copies covering amino acids (aa) 524 to 843 (ncsub1t) and 555 to 679 (ncsub1tr) ...201323966554
seroprevalence and risk factors of neospora spp. in donkeys from southern italy.in some european countries there is an increasing interest on donkey. despite there are few data regarding the donkey's parasitic diseases especially those with a protozoal etiology as neosporosis. samples used in the study were collected from 238 domestic donkeys during year 2010 in southern italy from 207 females and 31 males of five breeds (martina-franca, amiata, sicilian-grey, ragusano, sardinian) and crossbreeds with the average age 9 years (1 month - 24 year). sera were tested by a compet ...201324050943
mucosal and systemic t cell response in mice intragastrically infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.the murine model has been widely used to study the host immune response to neospora caninum. however, in most studies, the intraperitoneal route was preferentially used to establish infection. here, c57bl/6 mice were infected with n. caninum tachyzoites by the intragastric route, as it more closely resembles the natural route of infection through the gastrointestinal tract. the elicited t-cell mediated immune response was evaluated in the intestinal epithelium and mesenteric lymph nodes (mln). e ...201323937079
quails are resistant to infection with neospora caninum tachyzoites.the aim of this study was to characterize the role of quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) as intermediate hosts for neospora caninum. fifty-eight 20-day old quails were individually identified with numbered rings and kept in cages adequate for the species. the birds were fed commercial feed and distilled water ad libitum. they were weighed daily during the first month and every seven days from then on. the birds were randomly distributed into 3 groups; 40 quails (group a) and 8 quails (group b) ...201324041486
study on outbreak of neospora caninum-associated abortion in dairy cows in tabriz (northwest iran) by serological, molecular and histopathologic methods.to determine neospora caninum (n. caninum) as a cause of bovine abortion in dairy cows by elisa, pcr and pathological methods in tabriz, northwest of iran.201324144024
neospora caninum: activity of cholinesterases during the acute and chronic phases of an experimental infection in gerbils.neosporosis is an infectious disease primarily of dogs and cattle which has been found in many countries around the world. neospora caninum causes an important immune response (cellular and humoral) in animals that it infects. since the participation of the cholinergic system in the immune response is well documented, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between n. caninum infection and activities of acetylcholinesterase (ache) and butyrylcholinesterase (bche) during the acute ...201324140613
detection of neospora caninum in ovine abortion in iran.the present study was designed to assess the importance of ovine neosporosis in abortion of iraninan sheep. seventy aborted foetuses and dams from ovine dairy farms in northwest of iran were analyzed to investigate the role of neospora caninum (n. caninum) in ovine abortion. diagnosis of the infection was determined by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 70 aborted dairy ovine were blood sampled and used to evaluate serological status for n. caninum infection by enzyme-linke ...201324431549
neospora caninum exposure in overlapping populations of coyotes (canis latrans) and feral swine (sus scrofa).limited information exists on neospora caninum transmission dynamics in wildlife. this coccidian parasite, whose presence can lead to substantial economic losses in cattle operations, requires a canid definitive host for reproduction. we examined exposure in a definitive host, coyotes (canis latrans), and in overlapping populations of feral swine (sus scrofa) to determine if spatial proximity between a definitive and incidental host influences the likelihood of parasite exposure. eighteen percen ...201324502735
prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in dogs.toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are parasitic diseases of global importance. the present study had the objective to determine the influence of age, sex and breed in the prevalence of antibodies against both diseases in dogs from brotas city, são paulo state, brazil. blood samples of 342 dogs were collected, and the age, sex and breed of each animal were recorded. the serological diagnosis for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis were performed using the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). the fischer ...201324688530
low efficacy of ncgra7, ncsag4, ncbsr4 and ncsrs9 formulated in poly-ε-caprolactone against neospora caninum infection in mice.the protective efficacy of vaccination with neospora caninum recombinant antigens was evaluated in balb/c pregnant and non-pregnant mouse models of neosporosis. a major immunodominant dense granule protein (ncgra7) and three bradyzoite-specific surface antigens (ncsag4, ncbsr4 and ncsrs9) were expressed in escherichia coli and encapsulated within poly-ε-caprolactone (pcl) nanoparticles for the first time. good efficiencies of entrapment (greater than 50%) were obtained for all encapsulated prote ...201222640942
development of latex agglutination test with recombinant ncsag1 for the rapid detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in cattle.neospora caninum, an apicomplexan protozoan parasite, is recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle. surface antigen 1 of n. caninum (ncsag1) is an important immunodominant candidate for the development of a diagnostic reagent for neosporosis. the present study describes the development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test (lat) with recombinant ncsag1 (rncsag1) for the detection of antibodies to n. caninum in cattle. the rncsag1 gene was cloned in pet-28a and protein was expresse ...201222571832
di-cationic arylimidamides act against neospora caninum tachyzoites by interference in membrane structure and nucleolar integrity and are active against challenge infection in mice.neospora caninum is considered to be the main cause of bovine abortion in europe and the usa, leading to considerable financial impact. losses are caused directly by abortions or indirectly through breeding of calves with impaired viability. due to the lack of effective chemotherapy against bovine neosporosis, there is a need to develop new anti-protozoal compounds, which would either eliminate the parasite or avoid its transmission. in order to identify compounds of interest, the in vitro activ ...201224533272
characterization of neospora caninum microneme protein 10 (ncmic10) and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for neosporosis.improvements in the serological diagnosis of neosporosis are needed to differentiate acute versus chronic neospora caninum infections. in the present study, n. caninum microneme protein 10 (ncmic10), similar to other microneme proteins, was shown to be released in a calcium-dependent manner. ncmic10 may be discharged during active invasion of host cells by the parasite, and thus represent an excellent marker for the diagnosis of neosporosis. in order to test this hypothesis, recombinant ncmic10 ...201222284302
multivariate model for the assessment of risk of fetal loss in goat herds.the observational study was carried out in a population of polish breeding goats in 2007 to determine the prevalence of fetal loss and identify risk factors contributing to its occurrence. the multivariate model allowing to predict the risk of the occurrence of fetal loss in a herd in a study population was developed. data on the occurrence of fetal loss, as well as of 28 hypothesized risk factors were collected from goat owners using standardized questionnaire during face-to-face reviews on far ...201222708360
development of a diagnostic method for neosporosis in cattle using recombinant neospora caninum proteins.neosporosis is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs, caused by intracellular parasite, neospora caninum. neosporosis appears to be a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide and causes to huge economic loss to dairy industry.201222558916
identification and characterization of a novel neospora caninum immune mapped protein 1.immune mapped protein 1 (imp1) is a newly discovered protein in eimeria maxima. it is recognized as a potential vaccine candidate against e. maxima and a highly conserved protein in apicomplexan parasites. although the neospora caninum imp1 (ncimp1) orthologue of e. maxima imp1 was predicted in the n. caninum genome, it was still not identified and characterized. in this study, cdna sequence encoding ncimp1 was cloned by rt-pcr from rna isolated from nc1 tachyzoites. ncimp1 was encoded by an ope ...201222405293
the molecular basis for the distinct host and tissue tropisms of coccidian parasites.the phylum apicomplexa is home to a variety of parasites of significant medical and economic relevance, including the coccidian species toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and eimeria tenella. in spite of their shared ancestry, the aforementioned coccidian species exhibit highly variable host and tissue tropisms; whilst t. gondii invades a broad spectrum of cell types and host organisms, e. tenella infection is restricted to the caecum in chicken. apicomplexans are obligatory intracellular paras ...201222982139
pathogens of wild maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) in brazil.the maned wolf, chrysocyon brachyurus, is an endangered neotropical canid that survives at low population densities. diseases are a potential threat for its conservation but to date have been poorly studied. we performed clinical evaluations and investigated the presence of infectious diseases through serology and coprologic tests on maned wolves from galheiro natural private reserve, perdizes city, minas gerais state, southeastern brazil. fifteen wolves were captured between 2003 and 2008. we f ...201223060508
genetic mapping and coccidial parasites: past achievements and future prospects.coccidial parasites including cryptosporidium parvum, cyclospora cayetanensis, neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii and the eimeria species can cause severe disease of medical and veterinary importance. as many as one-third of the human population may carry t. gondii infection, and eimeria are thought to cost the global poultry production industry in excess of us$2 billion per annum. despite their significance, effective vaccines are scarce and have been confined to the veterinary field. as seque ...201223107923
survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine fetuses from dairy farms in beijing, china, by pcr.abortion in dairy cattle causes considerable economic losses to the dairy industry. aborted fetuses and samples from the corresponding aborting dams from 12 dairy herds in beijing were tested for 9 abortifacient infectious pathogens by pcr between 2008 and 2010. from a total of 80 abortion cases collected during this period, infectious agents were detected in 45 (56.3%) cases, 22 (48.9%) of which represented co-infections with two or three infectious agents. the detected pathogens included infec ...201222366134
production, characterization and applications for toxoplasma gondii-specific polyclonal chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins.toxoplasma gondii may cause abortions, ocular and neurological disorders in warm-blood hosts. immunized mammals are a wide source of hyperimmune sera used in different approaches, including diagnosis and the study of host-parasite interactions. unfortunately, mammalian antibodies present limitations for its production, such as the necessity for animal bleeding, low yield, interference with rheumatoid factor, complement activation and affinity to fc mammalian receptors. igy antibodies avoid those ...201222808150
neospora caninum as causative agent of bovine encephalitis in brazil.for supporting the brazilian bovine encephalitis surveillance program this study examined the differential diagnosis of neospora caninum in central nervous system (cns) by histological analysis (he staining), immunohistochemistry (ihc), and nested-pcr using a set of primers from the nc5 region of the genomic dna and its1 region of the ribosomal dna. a sample of 302 cattle presenting neurological syndrome and negative for rabies, aged 0 to 18 years, from herds in 10 brazilian states was evaluated ...201222534945
evaluation of the protection conferred by a naturally attenuated neospora caninum isolate against congenital and cerebral neosporosis in mice.the parasite neospora caninum is an important abortifacient agent in cattle worldwide. at present, the development of an effective and safe vaccine against bovine neosporosis is of great relevance. recently, a new isolate of n. caninum (nc-spain 1 h) which was obtained from the brain of an asymptomatic congenitally infected calf, exhibited non-virulent behaviour in mouse and bovine infection models. the aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of nc-spain 1 h when used as a vac ...201222913428
toxoplasmosis in tammar wallabies (macropus eugenii) in the budapest zoo and botanical garden (2006-2010).smaller macropodid species (commonly referred to as wallabies) are extremely susceptible to toxoplasmosis: in most cases, infection with toxoplasma gondii leads to death within a short time. between june 2006 and july 2010, t. gondii was detected by immunohistochemical examination in six tammar wallabies (macropus eugenii) that died in the budapest zoo and botanical garden; in another four specimens histopathology revealed t. gondii-like organisms (which could not be differentiated from neospora ...201222903081
epidemiological survey of neospora caninum infection in dogs from romania.the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in dogs from romania at a national level and to detect possible correlations between the value of seroprevalence and a series of factors like sex, age, breed category and area. the prevalence of anti-n. caninum antibodies was determined in sera samples from 1114 dogs located in different regions of romania using the ifat method. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 364 dogs (32.7%). the titers of anti-n. can ...201222521974
immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction studies in neospora caninum experimentally infected broiler chicken embryonated eggs.the diagnostic characteristics of immunohistochemistry (ihc) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods were studied in the tissues of broiler chicken embryos experimentally infected by neospora caninum. an infection with n. caninum nc-1 isolate was conducted in 70 broiler chicken embryonated eggs randomly divided into seven equal groups. after 8 days of incubation, six groups were inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), and 10(6) doses of tachyzoites/embryonated egg. the 7th group was ...201222475417
seroprevalence and risk factors for neospora caninum in sheep in the state minas gerais, southeastern brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with infection due to neospora caninum in serum samples from 488 sheep originating from 63 farms in 63 municipalities distributed across eight of the twelve mesoregions of the state minas gerais, southeastern brazil. for detection of n. caninum the sheep serum samples were subjected to the indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat ≥ 50). to identify the risk factors associated with infection due to n. caninum a que ...201222475416
intra-cisternal vaccination induces high-level protection against neospora caninum infection in mice.the efficacy of intra-cisternal (ic) immunization in preventing the dissemination of neospora caninum tachyzoites into the brain was investigated. mice were vaccinated intracisternally with tachyzoite extract in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (acsf). for comparison, other groups were vaccinated via the intraperitoneal (ip) route with crude tachyzoite antigen extract, suspended either in freund's incomplete adjuvant (fia) or saponin. subsequently, the mice were experimentally infected by ip admin ...201222537986
detection of neospora sp. antibodies in cart horses from urban areas of curitiba, southern brazil.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite which affects dogs as definitive hosts and several mammalian species as intermediate hosts mainly causing abortions and central nervous system disorders. the reemerging population of cart horses for carrying recycling material in urban areas of major cities in brazil may have an impact on disease spreading, and these animals may be used as sentinels for environmental surveillance. thus, the present study investigated the frequency of neospora sp. antibodi ...201222534949
seroprevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in dogs in the state of alagoas, brazil.this study investigated occurrences of antibodies to anti-neospora caninum in dogs in the state of alagoas, brazil, and the risk factors associated with the infection. to investigate antibodies against n. caninum, an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) was used. to identify risk factors associated with infection by n. caninum, univariate analyses on variables of interest were conducted. the study analyzed 237 samples from dogs of both sexes and different breeds and ages, both from r ...201223070441
experimental infection with neospora caninum in pregnant bitches.in this study, transplacental transmission of neospora caninum in bitches at different stages of pregnancy was evaluated. three bitches were inoculated in the 3rd week and three in the 6th week of gestation with 10(8) tachyzoites of n. caninum (nc-1 strain). all the infected bitches and at least one of their offspring presented anti-n. caninum antibodies according to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat > 400). the pups and their mothers were sacrificed and tissues from the central nervo ...201223070432
label-free molecular analysis of live neospora caninum tachyzoites in host cells by selective scanning raman micro-spectroscopy.a selective scanning method was used to measure spatially resolved raman spectra of live neospora caninum tachyzoites colonizing human brain microvascular-endothelial cells. the technique allowed the detection of nucleic acids, lipids and proteins linked to the parasites and their cellular micro-environment at ∼10× shorter acquisition time compared to raster scanning.201222842554
neospora caninum infection dynamics in dairy cattle.neospora caninum is considered in many countries as one of the key abortion agents in cattle. this study aims to investigate the parasite behavior in dairy cattle in the municipality of avaré, sp, brazil, where abortions frequently occur. an elisa was performed to compare two samplings on a total of 615 animals; tests were performed in the same herds with a gap of 3 years. an increase in the percentage of reactive animals was observed, ranging from 21.6% at the first sampling to 38.9% at the sec ...201222581344
prevalence of anti- neospora caninum and anti- toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from two different indigenous communities in the brazilian amazon region.prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum antibodies in sera of 325 dogs in 11 villages inhabited by the tapirapé and karajá ethnic groups in the south of the brazilian amazon was determined by the use of an indirect fluorescence antibody test. antibodies (cutoff 1:16) to t. gondii were found in 169 (52%) and to n. caninum (cut-off 1:50) in 32 (9.8%) of 325 dogs. seropositivity for both parasitic infections was widely prevalent in dogs from these villages and was higher in older dogs, ...201222551468
performance of a commercial serum elisa for the detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in whole and skim milk samples.control of neospora caninum infection in cattle depends on specific, ante-mortem detection of infected animals and limiting their use as breeding stock or by culling. the objective of the present study was to determine appropriate cut-off values and diagnostic performance of a milk elisa test using whole and skim milk in a commercial serum elisa test (idexx neospora ab). serum and milk samples were obtained from a total of 475 lactating cows from two herds with and two herds without a previous h ...201222770889
detection and molecular analysis of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum from dogs with neurological disorders.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are related apicomplexa parasites responsible for systemic diseases in many species of animals, including dogs.201222760137
infected dendritic cells facilitate systemic dissemination and transplacental passage of the obligate intracellular parasite neospora caninum in mice.the obligate intracellular parasite neospora caninum disseminates across the placenta and the blood-brain barrier, to reach sites where it causes severe pathology or establishes chronic persistent infections. the mechanisms used by n. caninum to breach restrictive biological barriers remain elusive. to examine the cellular basis of these processes, migration of different n. caninum isolates (nc-1, nc-liverpool, nc-sweb1 and the spanish isolates: nc-spain 3h, nc-spain 4h, nc-spain 6, nc-spain 7 a ...201222403627
elisas based on rncgra7 and rncsag1 antigens as an indicator of neospora caninum activation.bovine abortion caused by the apicomplexa parasite neospora caninum is a major economical problem in the livestock industry worldwide. however, the relationship between n. caninum infection and abortion is still unknown. our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between parasite-specific antibody responses, parasite stages and abortion. in experimentally infected cattle, anti-ncgra7 igg1 antibody was predominantly detected during the acute infection stage, while the production of anti-ncsag1 ...201222365337
proteome expression changes among virulent and attenuated neospora caninum isolates.neospora caninum is a cyst-forming parasite that has been recognised worldwide as a cause of cattle abortion and neuromuscular disease in dogs. variations in genetic profiles, behaviour in vitro, and pathogenicity have been established among n. caninum isolates. however, it is unclear which parasite factors are implicated in this intra-specific diversity. comparative analysis of protein expression patterns may define the determinants of biological diversity in n. caninum. using dige and maldi-to ...201222343075
a longitudinal study of neospora caninum infection on three dairy farms in brazil.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that is one of the most important infectious causes of abortion in both dairy and beef cattle in many countries. the objectives of this longitudinal study were to determine the prevalence, rates of vertical and horizontal transmission of n. caninum and hazard for culling of n. caninum-seropositive animals in three brazilian dairy herds. blood samples from all animals were collected nine times at each of the three farms over a two-year period ...201222309800
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in dairy cows in subtropical southern china.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are closely related protozoan parasites which cause lowered production and increased abortion in dairy cows. the aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum infection in dairy cows in the guangxi zhuang autonomous region (gzar), subtropical southern china. in total, 875 serum samples were collected from the tail veins of dairy cows in 6 main dairy cow-rearing districts of 4 administrative cities in gzar. the samp ...201222717118
serosurvey of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in white-tailed deer from northern mexico.the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in white-tailed deer from northern mexico. sera from 532 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from three northern states of mexico were assayed for antibodies to t. gondii by elisa and western blot. from these samples, 368 were available to test for n. caninum antibodies by elisa. the overall prevalence for t. gondii antibodies was 13.9% (74/532; ci(95) 11-17) and for n. caninum 8.4% ( ...201222633992
the neospora caninum-spain 7 isolate induces placental damage, fetal death and abortion in cattle when inoculated in early gestation.the nc-spain 7 isolate of neospora caninum, which was newly obtained from an asymptomatic congenitally infected calf, demonstrated a similar virulence as nc-1 strain in mouse models. the aim of this study was to characterize the pathogenesis of nc-spain 7 isolate in cattle after experimental infection at 65 days of gestation. for this purpose, thirteen pregnant heifers were divided into three groups as follows: group a: 7 heifers inoculated with 1 × 10(8) tachyzoites of nc-spain 7 isolate; group ...201222621962
rabbit antibodies against toxoplasma hsp20 are able to reduce parasite invasion and gliding motility in toxoplasma gondii and parasite invasion in neospora caninum.toxoplasma gondii hsp20 is a pellicle-associated functional chaperone whose biological role is still unknown. hsp20 is present in different apicomplexan parasites, showing a high degree of conservation across the phylum, with neospora caninum hsp20 presenting an 82% identity to that of t. gondii. hence rabbit anti-t. gondii hsp20 serum was able to recognize the n. caninum counterpart. interestingly, both n. caninum and t. gondii hsp20 localized to the inner membrane complex and to the plasma mem ...201222902747
comparative genomics of the apicomplexan parasites toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum: coccidia differing in host range and transmission strategy.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite which infects nearly one third of the human population and is found in an extraordinary range of vertebrate hosts. its epidemiology depends heavily on horizontal transmission, especially between rodents and its definitive host, the cat. neospora caninum is a recently discovered close relative of toxoplasma, whose definitive host is the dog. both species are tissue-dwelling coccidia and members of the phylum apicomplexa; they share many common fe ...201222457617
congenital neosporosis in goats from the state of minas gerais, brazil.congenital neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in two saanen goat kids from two distinct herds with a history of abortion and weak newborn goat kids in the southern region of the state of minas gerais, brazil. the first kid was weak at birth, had difficulty to rise and was unable to nurse. gross lesions of porencephaly and hydrocephalus ex vacuo were seen. multifocal necrosis, gliosis and non-supurative encephalitis were observed in the brain. several parasitic cysts with a thick wall that ...201222451736
enrofloxacin is able to control toxoplasma gondii infection in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.currently, toxoplasmosis is treated with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. however, this treatment presents several adverse side effects; thus, there is a critical need for the development and evaluation of new drugs, which do not present the same problems of the standard therapy. enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic known to control infection against several bacteria in veterinary medicine. recently, this drug has demonstrated protective effects against protozoan parasites such as neospor ...201222281151
effects of miltefosine treatment in fibroblast cell cultures and in mice experimentally infected with neospora caninum tachyzoites.miltefosine was investigated for its activity against neospora caninum tachyzoites in vitro, and was shown to inhibit the proliferation of n. caninum tachyzoites cultured in human foreskin fibroblasts (hff) with an ic50 of 5·2 μm. treatment of infected cells with 25 μm miltefosine for a period of 10 h had only a parasitostatic effect, while after 20 h of treatment parasiticidal effects were observed. this was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of n. caninum-infected and miltefosine-tr ...201222309643
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