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serological survey on some pathogens in wild brown hares (lepus europaeus) in central italy.to determine the exposure of wild brown hares [lepus europaeus (l. europaeus), pallas] to anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum), borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi) sensu lato, encephalitozoon cuniculi (e. cuniculi), leishmania sp., neospora caninum (n. caninum) and toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii).201627261855
embryonated pigeon eggs as a model to investigate neospora caninum infection.it has been shown that embryonated chicken eggs can be used as animal models for experimental infections. the aim of the present study was to investigate pigeon embryonated eggs as animal models for experimental neosporosis. an infection with neospora caninum nc1 isolate was conducted in chicken and pigeon embryonated eggs to evaluate ld50. after calculation of ld50, 2ld50 of tachyzoites were injected into the eggs. macroscopic changes of each embryo were observed, and immunohistochemistry (ihc) ...201727236141
occurrence and first multilocus microsatellite genotyping of neospora caninum from naturally infected dogs in dairy farms in henan, central china.neospora caninum is one of the important causes of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. the dog is known as a definitive host of n. caninum and can transmit the parasite to cattle by shedding oocysts. the aim of the present study is to detect the presence of n. caninum in feces of dairy farm dogs and determine the genetic characteristics of n. caninum in central china. a total of 78 fecal samples were collected from dogs in dairy farms from may to november 2014 and examined by microscopy and nest ...201627230015
is the infectiousness of dogs naturally infected with trypanosoma cruzi associated with poly-parasitism?interactions among different species of parasites co-infecting the same host could be synergistic or antagonistic. these interactions may modify both the frequency of infected hosts and their infectiousness, and therefore impact on transmission dynamics. this study determined the infectiousness of trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive dogs (using xenodiagnosis) and their parasite load (quantified by qpcr), and tested the association between both variables and the presence of concomitant endoparasites. ...201627198799
pathology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural findings associated with neurological sarcocystosis in cattle.paraffin-embedded blocks of brain of a nine months old bull calf that died of neurological signs in 1982 in germany were restudied. numerous schizonts and merozoites were found associated with extensive but focal necrosis and severe meningoencephalitis. developing stages of schizonts as well as free merozoites were identified. the schizonts were primarily in perivascular areas. ultrastructurally, schizonts were seen both in capillaries and in extravascular space. merozoites were often concentrat ...201627198793
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wild small mammals: seroprevalence, dna detection and genotyping.generally, rodents and other small mammals are considered as one of the sources of toxoplasma gondii or neospora caninum infection for cats and dogs as the definitive hosts of these two parasites, respectively. the aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of these two parasites in wild small mammals from the czech republic and to characterize t. gondii isolates by methods of molecular biology. a total of 621 wild small mammals were caught in the czech republic during years 2002-2014. anti ...201627198782
prevalence of antibodies for selected canine pathogens among wolves (canis lupus) from the alaska peninsula, usa.we collected blood samples from wolves ( canis lupus ) on the alaska peninsula, southwest alaska, us, 2006-11 and tested sera for antibodies to canine adenovirus (cav), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine herpesvirus (chv), canine parainfluenza (cpi), canine parvovirus (cpv), neospora caninum , and toxoplasma gondii . detected antibody prevalence was 90% for cav, 28% for ccv, 12% for cdv, 93% for chv, 0% for cpi, 20% for cpv, 0% for n. caninum, and 86% for t. gondii . ...201627195683
seroprevalence and risk factors of infections with neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in hunting dogs from campania region, southern italy.hunting dogs have probably a higher level of exposure to neospora caninum dubey, carpenter, speer, topper et uggla, 1988 and toxoplasma gondii nicolle et manceaux, 1908 than other canine populations for their different lifestyle. the aim of our survey was to determine the seroprevalence of n. caninum and t. gondii in hunting dogs from southern italy and assess risk factors related to these protozoan infections. blood samples were collected from 398 hunting dogs (19 different breeds, aged from 5 ...201627189127
diagnosis and control of bovine neosporosis.neosporosis is one of the most common and widespread causes of bovine abortion. the causative parasite is transmitted in at least two ways, horizontally from canids, and by endogenous transmission within maternal lines of infected cattle. the prevalence of neosporosis is higher in the dairy industry than in the beef industry because of risk factors associated with intensive feeding. there are no vaccines, but logical management options are discussed that can lower the risk of abortion outbreaks ...201627161392
prevalence of antibodies against neospora caninum in père david's deer ( elaphurus davidianus ) in beijing, china.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan and causes neuromuscular disorders in canids and abortions in cattle worldwide. we screened sera samples from 49 free-ranging père david's deer ( elaphurus davidianus ) in a nature reserve in beijing, china, for antibodies against n. caninum using indirect fluorescence antibody tests and western blot tests. antibodies were found in 27% of the deer. western blot analysis revealed antibody reactivity against immunodominant n. caninum antigens of 16, 25 ...201627124330
estimating neospora caninum prevalence in wildlife populations using bayesian inference.prevalence of disease in wildlife populations, which is necessary for developing disease models and conducting epidemiologic analyses, is often understudied. laboratory tests used to screen for diseases in wildlife populations often are validated only for domestic animals. consequently, the use of these tests for wildlife populations may lead to inaccurate estimates of disease prevalence. we demonstrate the use of bayesian latent class analysis (lca) in determining the specificity and sensitivit ...201627099713
neonatal neosporosis in a 2-week-old bernese mountain dog infected with multiple neospora caninum strains based on ms10 microsatellite analysis.neonatal neosporosis is a challenging disease to diagnose in neonatal and young puppies because the first signs of this condition may not be strongly suggestive of an infectious aetiology. within two weeks of birth, three of four pups died with a subacute clinical course, some with dyspnea, some with diarrhoea and some with neurologic signs. neosporosis was diagnosed post-mortem, but only after microscopic examination of tissues collected at necropsy. histological findings consisted of (i) necro ...201627084485
wild boar (sus scrofa) - reservoir host of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and anaplasma phagocytophilum in slovakia.in central europe the wild boar population is permanently growing and consequently cf foodborne infections. in this study serological and molecular detection of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wild boars was evaluated. moreover, same samples were screened for the presence and genetic variability of tick-borne bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum. blood samples collected from 113 wild boars from southern slovakia were examined for antibodies to t. gondii by indirect and to n. caninum by ...201627078648
crosstalk between uterine serpin (serpina14) and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins at the fetal-maternal interface in pregnant dairy heifers experimentally infected with neospora caninum.infection with neospora caninum is the leading cause of abortion in cattle. in cows naturally infected with n caninum, plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (pag) 1 and 2 indicate fetal-placental well-being, whereas an excess of progesterone in the second trimester of gestation has been related to high abortion rate. the immunosuppressive action of progesterone on the uterus during gestation has been attributed in part to the uterine serpins (serpina14). this study examines ...201627045629
in vitro and in vivo effects of the phytohormone inhibitor fluridone against neospora caninum infection.neospora caninum causes abortion and stillbirth in cattle. identification of effective drugs against this parasite remains a challenge. previous studies have suggested that disruption of abscisic acid (aba)-mediated signaling in apicomplexan parasites such as toxoplasma gondii offers a new drug target. in this study, the aba inhibitor, fluridone (flu), was evaluated for its action against n. caninum. production of endogenous aba within n. caninum was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromat ...201627021922
molecular differentiation of bovine sarcocysts.cattle are common intermediate hosts of sarcocystis, and the prevalence in adult bovine muscle is close to 100 % in most regions of the world. three sarcocystis spp. are known to infect cattle as intermediate hosts, namely, s. cruzi, s. hirsuta, and s. hominis. the aim of the present study was the molecular identification and differentiation of these three species, neospora caninum and besnoitia by pcr and rflp methods. tissue samples were obtained from diaphragmatic muscle of 101 cattle slaught ...201627021183
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in the czech republic.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are worldwide spread parasites, causing serious illnesses in sensitive animals; toxoplasmosis is also important zoonosis. although neosporosis is not considered as a zoonosis, it leads to aborted births in cattle, as well as paresis and paralysis in dogs.201627007522
molecular phylogeny of toxoplasmatinae: comparison between inferences based on mitochondrial and apicoplast genetic sequences.phylogenies within toxoplasmatinae have been widely investigated with different molecular markers. here, we studied molecular phylogenies of the toxoplasmatinae subfamily based on apicoplast and mitochondrial genes. partial sequences of apicoplast genes coding for caseinolytic protease (clpc) and beta subunit of rna polymerase (rpob), and mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome b (cytb) were analyzed. laboratory-adapted strains of the closely related parasites sarcocystis falcatula and sarcocys ...201627007245
enrichment of ifn-γ producing cells in different murine adipose tissue depots upon infection with an apicomplexan parasite.here we report that lean mice infected with the intracellular parasite neospora caninum show a fast but sustained increase in the frequency of ifn-γ-producing cells noticeable in distinct adipose tissue depots. moreover, ifn-γ-mediated immune memory could be evoked in vitro in parasite antigen-stimulated adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction cells collected from mice infected one year before. innate or innate-like cells such as nk, nk t and tcrγδ(+) cells, but also cd4(+) and cd8(+) tcrβ(+) l ...201627001522
anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from itu municipality, são paulo.capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are the largest rodents found in south america. the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies in 170 free-living capybaras in a residential park area in itu municipality, são paulo state, brazil. serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) for t. gondii (ifat ≥ 1:16) and n. caninum (ifat ≥ 1:50). among the 170 samples analyzed, 10% (17/170) and 0% (0/17 ...201626982562
changes in neurotransmitter levels and expression of immediate early genes in brain of mice infected with neospora caninum.neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes neurological disorders in dogs and cattle. the majority of host animals are asymptomatic at the chronic stage of infection. however, it remains unclear whether cerebral function is normal in asymptomatic animals. in this study, mice were infected with n. caninum (strain nc-1) and their brains were examined to understand changes in cerebral function at the chronic stage of infection. mice infected with n. caninum showed impaired l ...201626971577
effect of different ecosystems and management practices on toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in wild ruminants in spain.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are two major abortifacient protozoans in domestic small ruminants and cattle, respectively, and they also parasitize a wide range of wildlife. numerous serosurveys have been conducted in wild ruminants worldwide. however, the potential effect of different ecosystems and management practices on these infections has not been investigated. we studied the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum in wild ruminants between 2007 and 2012 from four nat ...201626967135
fatal pyogranulomatous myocarditis in 10 boxer puppies.over a period of 5 years, 10 pure-bred boxer puppies, 9-16 weeks old, were presented with a history of sudden death and were diagnosed with pyogranulomatous myocarditis. the myocarditis was characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed predominantly of neutrophils and macrophages. in our retrospective study, original case records and archived materials were examined. all dogs were positive for borrelia burgdorferi on immunohistochemistry (ihc). there was no evidence of infectious agents in formal ...201626965234
canine cutaneous neosporosis in brazil.the clinical signs of infection in dogs with neospora caninum are usually associated with neurological disorders and are seen in young dogs. in this brief case report we observed multifocal ulcerative and exudative skin nodules on the neck and pelvic limbs of a 10-year-old cocker spaniel dog. infection with n. caninum was diagnosed on the basis of cytology and examination of skin tissues by pcr. the dog initially responded to treatment with clindamycin and then relapsed; the dog died. infection ...201626949109
experimental neospora caninum infection in pregnant dairy heifers raises concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins 1 and 2 in foetal fluids.plasma concentrations of pag-1 are used for pregnancy diagnosis and as a marker of placental/foetal well-being, while those of pag-2 may be an indicator of abortion risk in neospora caninum-infected cows. studies have shown that n. caninum infection modifies pag-1 and pag-2 patterns in maternal blood plasma. however, no prior work has examined the effects of n. caninum infection on concentrations of pags in foetal fluids. in this study, pag-1, pag-2 and ph levels were determined in the amniotic ...201626936628
n-terminal fusion of a toll-like receptor 2-ligand to a neospora caninum chimeric antigen efficiently modifies the properties of the specific immune response.immunoprophylactic products against neosporosis during pregnancy should induce an appropriately balanced immune response. in this respect, opri, a bacterial lipoprotein targeting toll like receptor (tlr)2, provides promising adjuvant properties. we report on the manipulation of the innate and the t-cell immune response through the fusion of opri with the neospora caninum chimeric protein mic3-1-r. in contrast to mic3-1-r, opri-mic3-1-r significantly activated bone-marrow dendritic cells from naï ...201626932317
besnoitia besnoiti lytic cycle in vitro and differences in invasion and intracellular proliferation among isolates.bovine besnoitiosis, caused by the protozoan besnoitia besnoiti, reduces productivity and fertility of affected herds. besnoitiosis continues to expand in europe and no effective control tools are currently available. experimental models are urgently needed. herein, we describe for the first time the kinetics of standardised in vitro models for the b. besnoiti lytic cycle. this will aid to study the pathogenesis of the disease, in the screening for vaccine targets and drugs potentially useful fo ...201626928430
neospora caninum: chronic and congenital infection in consecutive pregnancies of mice.neospora caninum, the causative agent of bovine neosporosis is the major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. the principal route of transmission is via in utero infection of the offspring. congenitally-infected dams remain persistently infected for life and might undergo abortions in consecutive pregnancies. in the present study, the effect of n. caninum in chronic and congenital infection was examined. cd1 mice were infected intra-peritoneally with live tachyzoites of the ncis491 isolate, wh ...201626921042
frequency of neospora caninum infections in beef cow-calf operations under extensive management.the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequencies of neospora caninum horizontal and vertical transmissions in beef cow-calf operations under three different extensive management systems: group a: 0.75 head per hectare pasturing on natural grass; group b: 1.1 head per hectare on natural grass and improved cultured pastures; and group c: 2 head per hectare on natural grass, improved cultured pasture and whole corn silage. serum samples from 72 multiparous cows assigned to each beef cow-calf o ...201626921037
host mitochondrial association evolved in the human parasite toxoplasma gondii via neofunctionalization of a gene duplicate.in toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite of humans and other animals, host mitochondrial association (hma) is driven by a gene family that encodes multiple mitochondrial association factor 1 (maf1) proteins. however, the importance of maf1 gene duplication in the evolution of hma is not understood, nor is the impact of hma on parasite biology. here we used within- and between-species comparative analysis to determine that the maf1 locus is duplicated in t. gondii and its nearest extant re ...201626920761
repurposing of antiparasitic drugs: the hydroxy-naphthoquinone buparvaquone inhibits vertical transmission in the pregnant neosporosis mouse model.the three anti-malarial drugs artemiside, artemisone, and mefloquine, and the naphthoquinone buparvaquone known to be active against theileriosis in cattle and leishmania infections in rodents, were assessed for activity against neospora caninum infection. all four compounds inhibited the proliferation of n. caninum tachyzoites in vitro with ic50 in the sub-micromolar range, but artemisone and buparvaquone were most effective (ic50 = 3 and 4.9 nm, respectively). however, in a neosporosis mouse m ...201626883424
neospora caninum seropositivity and reproductive risk factors in dogs.despite the importance of neospora caninum in veterinary medicine, knowledge of distribution of neosporosis in dog populations in some countries is still poor. the aims of the present study were to determine the occurrence of anti-n. caninum antibodies in one-hundred dogs living in cattle farms or dog breedings in central italy and to evaluate the risk factors associated with seropositivity. the incidence of reproductive system disorders (e.g. infertility after first pregnancy) was also evaluate ...201626873272
neospora caninum is the leading cause of bovine fetal loss in british columbia, canada.the protozoan pathogen neospora caninum is recognized as a leading cause of infectious abortions in cattle worldwide. to evaluate the impact of neosporosis on dairy and beef herd production, a retrospective, longitudinal study was performed to identify the impact of neosporosis alongside other causes of fetal abortion in british columbia, canada. retrospective analysis of pathology records of bovine fetal submissions submitted to the animal health centre, abbotsford, british columbia, a provinci ...201626872927
experimental caprine neosporosis: the influence of gestational stage on the outcome of infection.here, we assessed outcome of experimental infection by neospora caninum in goats intravenously inoculated with 10(6) tachyzoites of the nc-spain7 isolate at 40 (g1), 90 (g2) and 120 (g3) days of gestation. infected goats had fever between 5 and 9 days post inoculation (dpi); all were seropositive at the time of abortion/birth. foetal death occurred in g1 from 10 to 21 dpi (n = 7) and in g2 from 27 to 35 dpi (n = 4). goats in g2 also had seropositive stillbirth (n = 1) and healthy kids (n = 2). g ...201626864744
characterization of an igg monoclonal antibody targeted to both tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of toxoplasma gondii.toxoplasma gondii infects animals habiting terrestrial and aquatic environments. its oocysts and tissue cysts are important for the horizontal transmission of this parasite. the oocyst and tissue cyst walls are crucial for the ability of the parasite to persist in the environment or in animal tissues, respectively. however, the composition of these walls is not well understood. we report the generation of monoclonal antibodies directed against wall components using mice immunized with oocyst ant ...201626836446
naturally acquired bovine besnoitiosis: differential distribution of parasites in the skin of chronically infected cattle.bovine besnoitiosis is caused by besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan parasite closely related to toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. in the acute stage of besnoitiosis, cattle suffer from pyrexia, swollen lymph nodes, anorexia and subcutaneous edema. in the chronic stage, tissue cysts are formed in a variety of tissues including the skin. knowledge about the distribution of tissue cysts of different parts of the skin of infected animals is scarce. four chronically infected cattle were euthan ...201626801602
experimental neospora caninum infection modifies trophoblast cell populations and plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 and 2 dynamics in pregnant dairy heifers.neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes abortion in cattle worldwide. plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 (pag-1), produced by binucleate trophoblast cells, are used for pregnancy diagnosis and as a marker of foetal-placental well-being, while pag-2, produced by both mono- and binucleate trophoblast cells, may serve as an indicator of abortion risk. in prior work, natural n. caninum infection was found to modify plasma pag-1 and pag-2 patterns ...201626801588
herd-level seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle in central and northeastern poland.a serosurvey was carried out to estimate the herd-level seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in cattle in central and northeastern poland. ninety seven dairy cattle herds from 2 provinces of poland (podlaskie, 47 herds and łodzkie, 50 herds) were randomly enrolled in the study using two-stage cluster method. a simple random selection was applied within each herd to select a sample of adult cows (≥18 month-old). a total number of 734 cows were enrolled in the study. the animals were scree ...201626751872
relation between neospora caninum and abortion in dairy cows: risk factors and pathogenesis of disease.neosporosis is a parasitic disease cause by neospora caninum, a parasite of great importance in livestock. this study aimed to evaluate the presence of antibody against n. caninum in dairy cattle with history of abortion, as well as to identify associated risk factors for neosporosis. animals suspected of neosporosis (n = 130) after clinical examination were randomly selected. sera samples from 29 farms were submitted to indirect immunofluorescence technique (ifa) in order to detect antibodies a ...201626747583
systemic and local immune responses in sheep after neospora caninum experimental infection at early, mid and late gestation.besides its importance in cattle, neospora caninum may also pose a high risk as abortifacient for small ruminants. we have recently demonstrated that the outcome of experimental infection of pregnant sheep with 10(6) nc-spain7 tachyzoites is strongly dependent on the time of gestation. in the current study, we assessed peripheral and local immune response in those animals. serological analysis revealed earlier and higher ifn-γ and igg responses in ewes infected at early (g1) and mid (g2) gestati ...201626739099
serology-based diagnostics for the control of bovine neosporosis.the protozoan neospora caninum is a primary infectious cause of abortion in cattle that causes significant economic losses worldwide. because effective vaccines and licensed pharmacological treatments are currently unavailable, control measures rely on biosecurity and management practice. serological diagnosis plays a crucial role in the identification of infected animals and several tests have been developed. however, owing to the particular dynamics of the host-parasite interaction and to the ...201626711188
risk factors involved in transmission of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in rabbit farms in northern italy.in italy, rabbits are frequently reared for meat production. the aim of the study was to find the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum parasites, and risk factors of infection in rabbit farms.201526706976
serological evidence of antibodies to neospora caninum in stray and owned grenadian dogs.neospora caninum causes abortion in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs, world wide. cattle become infected by ingesting oocysts voided by dogs. the aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of neospora caninum in two populations of dogs (stray and owned) in grenada, west indies. sera were collected from 625 dogs from all parishes in grenada. three hundred and sixty eight dogs were stray, while 257 dogs were owned. sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against n. caninu ...201526691257
occurrence of antibodies anti -toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in southern brazil.a large number of brazilian zoos keep many endangered species of deer, however, very few disease surveillance studies have been conducted among captive cervids. blood samples from 32 brazilian deer (blastocerus dichotomus, mazama nana and mazama americana) kept in captivity at bela vista biological sanctuary (foz do iguaçu, brazil) were investigated for 10 ruminant pathogens, with the aims of monitoring deer health status and evaluating any potential zoonotic risk. deer serum samples were tested ...201526689185
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in dogs from the state of tocantins: serology and associated factors.this study investigated occurrences of anti-neospora caninum and anti-toxoplasma gondii igg antibodies by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifat), along with risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis and neosporosis, in 204 dogs from urban and rural areas of the municipality of araguaína, state of tocantins, brazil. one hundred and thirty samples (63.7%) were positive for t. gondii using elisa: 57.1% and 70.7% in the urban and rural ar ...201526689184
risk factors for toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum seropositivity in buffaloes in paraiba state, brazil.the aims of this survey were to determine the frequency of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies and to identify the risk factors associated with seropositivity among buffaloes in the state of paraíba, brazil. this survey included 136 buffaloes belonging to 14 herds. to detect anti-t. gondii and anti-n. caninum antibodies, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) was used. among the 136 samples analyzed, 17 (12.5%) were positive for anti-t. gondii antibodies with titer ...201526689181
toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and leishmania spp. serology and leishmania spp. pcr in dogs from pirassununga, sp.we examined the presence of antibodies against the parasites toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, and leishmania spp., as well the presence of dna from leishmania spp., in dogs from pirassununga - sp. the seropositivity rate was compared with the animals' originating location. three hundred seventy-three blood samples from the county's kennel and local veterinary clinics were collected and analyzed. a total of 300 samples were tested for t. gondii and n. caninum using an indirect immunofluoresce ...201526689180
evaluation of bovine abortion cases and tissue suitability for identification of infectious agents in california diagnostic laboratory cases from 2007 to 2012.establishing a definitive cause of bovine abortion is a challenging problem faced by veterinary practitioners and diagnosticians. detection of an infectious or noninfectious source for abortion may facilitate interventions that mitigate future fetal loss in the herd. the purposes of this study were to identify the most common causes of bovine abortion in cases submitted to the california animal health and food safety laboratory system, davis (cahfs) from 2007 to 2013 and to determine if detectio ...201626679514
[prevalence of neospora caninum infection in the intestine of pet dogs in some areas of anhui and zhejiang].to investigate the prevalence of neospora caninum infection in the intestine of pet dogs in areas of anhui and zhejiang.201526672220
emergence of cutaneous neosporosis in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy: molecular identification and management.neosporosis is a multisystemic disease caused by the intracellular protozoan neospora caninum. in dogs the disease primarily affects the central nervous system. canine cutaneous neosporosis is a rare condition often associated with old age or concurrent immunosuppressive treatments for different underlying conditions.201626627466
approaches for the vaccination and treatment of neospora caninum infections in mice and ruminant models.neospora caninum is a leading cause of abortion in cattle, and is thus an important veterinary health problem of high economic significance. vaccination has been considered a viable strategy to prevent bovine neosporosis. different approaches have been investigated, and to date the most promising results have been achieved with live-attenuated vaccines. subunit vaccines have also been studied, and most of them represented components that are functionally involved in (i) the physical interaction ...201626626124
serosurveillance of infectious agents in equines of the central valley of costa rica.blood samples from 181 equines from the central valley of costa rica were collected in the year 2012 to determine the presence of antibodies against selected infectious agents in horses and to determine the risk factors associated with these agents. the presence of antibodies against equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), equine herpes virus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), west nile virus (wnv), influenza a virus (iav), equine viral arteritis virus (evav), babesia caballi, theileria equi, neospora ca ...201426623349
serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders.in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas.201526609692
phylogeny, morphology, and metabolic and invasive capabilities of epicellular fish coccidium goussia janae.to fill the knowledge gap on the biology of the fish coccidian goussia janae, rna extracted from exogenously sporulated oocysts was sequenced. analysis by trinity and trinotate pipelines showed that 84.6% of assembled transcripts share the highest similarity with toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. phylogenetic and interpretive analyses from rna-seq data provide novel insight into the metabolic capabilities, composition of the invasive machinery and the phylogenetic relationships of this par ...201526599727
endoparasite survey of free-swimming baleen whales (balaenoptera musculus, b. physalus, b. borealis) and sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) using non/minimally invasive methods.a number of parasitic diseases have gained importance as neozoan opportunistic infections in the marine environment. here, we report on the gastrointestinal endoparasite fauna of three baleen whale species and one toothed whale: blue (balaenoptera musculus), fin (balaenoptera physalus), and sei whales (balaenoptera borealis) and sperm whales (physeter macrocephalus) from the azores islands, portugal. in total, 17 individual whale fecal samples [n = 10 (b. physalus); n = 4 (p. macrocephalus); n = ...201626593736
isolation and proteomic analysis of rhoptry-enriched fractions from cryptosporidium parvum.rhoptries are unique secretory/excretory organelles that are found exclusively in the apicomplexa, and their contents are discharged at the time of invasion and are critical in the establishment of productive infection. several rhoptry proteins have been identified in toxoplasma gondii, plasmodium falciparum and neospora caninum and have been linked not only with the parasites' adhesion and invasion processes but also with their intracellular pathways. to date, only one cryptosporidium parvum rh ...201526587492
cell mediated immune responses in the placenta following challenge of vaccinated pregnant heifers with neospora caninum.the aim of the present study was to investigate and correlate the cell-mediated immune response and pathological changes at the maternal-fetal interface of neospora-challenged pregnant cattle previously immunized with live and inactivated experimental vaccines. pregnant heifers naïve to neospora caninum were divided in 5 groups of 4 animals, each one immunized before mating: group a heifers were intravenously (iv) immunized with 6.25 × 10(7) live tachyzoites of the nc-6 strain; group b heifers w ...201526553499
immunization with neospora caninum profilin induces limited protection and a regulatory t-cell response in mice.profilins are actin-binding proteins that regulate the polymerization of actin filaments. in apicomplexan parasites, they are essential for invasion. profilins also trigger the immune response of the host by activating tlrs on dendritic cells (dcs), inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. in this study we characterized for the first time the immune response and protection elicited by a vaccine based on neospora caninum profilin in mice. groups of eight balb/c mice received either ...201626551412
impact of spontaneous neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows.the impact of spontaneous neospora caninum infection on pregnancy loss and subsequent pregnancy in grazing lactating dairy cows was evaluated. data from 1273 females (878 multiparous and 395 first-calving cows) from six preselected dairy herds were analyzed. cows were classified as seropositive (sp) (prevalence, 24%; range, 11%-33%) or seronegative (sn) by indirect immunofluorescence detection of antibodies against n caninum. seropositive cows (prevalence, 40.0%) presented higher (p < 0.001) inc ...201626542136
characterization of the neospora caninum ncrop40 and ncrop2fam-1 rhoptry proteins during the tachyzoite lytic cycle.virulence factors from the rop2-family have been extensively studied in toxoplasma gondii, but in the closely related neospora caninum only ncrop2fam-1 has been partially characterized to date. ncrop40 is a member of this family and was found to be more abundantly expressed in virulent isolates. both ncrop2fam-1 and ncrop40 were evaluated as vaccine candidates and exerted a synergistic effect in terms of protection against vertical transmission in mouse models, which suggests that they may be re ...201626521890
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii serodiagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus carriers.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii belong to the sarcocystidae family, and both have one definitive and various intermediary hosts. owing to their weak immune systems, immunocompromised persons might be prone to opportunistic infections. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of anti- n. caninum and anti- t. gondii antibodies in immunocompromised individuals.201526516966
vaccines against a major cause of abortion in cattle, neospora caninum infection.neosporosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum, represents one of the economically most important causes of abortion in cattle. during pregnancy, the parasite infects the placental tissue and the fetus, which can lead to stillbirth, abortion, or birth of weak calves. alternatively, calves are born without clinical symptoms, but they can carry over the parasite to the next generation. in addition, n. caninum causes neuromuscular disease in dogs. the economic importance of neosp ...201126486502
serological survey for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhoea virus and neospora caninum in a population of south australian alpacas (vicugna pacos).bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and neospora caninum may cause clinical disease in alpacas. both diseases are present in the australian cattle population. the objective of this study was to perform a serological prevalence survey for bvdv and n. caninum exposure in a regional alpaca population of south australia.201526456156
parasites and vector-borne pathogens in client-owned dogs in albania. blood pathogens and seroprevalences of parasitic and other infectious agents.knowledge on the epidemiology of parasitic and vector-borne infections is still very limited for albania, a country located in the balkan peninsula in southeast europe. recent publications indicated prevalence rates of up to 52% for vector-borne infections in less-cared dogs in albania. to provide data on the epidemiological situation in dogs under veterinary care, a total of 602 client-owned dogs presented to four small animal clinics between march 2010 and april 2011 in tirana, albania, were s ...201626453093
predominant role of interferon-γ in the host protective effect of cd8(+) t cells against neospora caninum infection.it is well established that cd8(+) t cells play an important role in protective immunity against protozoan infections. however, their role in the course of neospora caninum infection has not been fully elucidated. here we report that cd8-deficient mice infected with n. caninum presented higher parasitic loads in the brain and lungs and lower spleen and brain immunity-related gtpases than their wild-type counterparts. moreover, adoptive transfer of splenic cd8(+) t cells sorted from n. caninum-pr ...201526449650
brazilian donkeys (equus asinus) have a low exposure to neospora spp.donkeys (equus asinus) are closely related to horses and are known to be infected by several equine pathogens. neospora caninum and neospora hughesi are protozoan parasites that infect horses, but they were not confirmed in donkeys up to this date. the aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of donkeys (equus asinus) to neospora spp. using tachyzoites of n. caninum as antigen and employing two common serologic methods, ifat and immunoblot. sera from 500 donkeys were obtained from 30 munic ...201526444065
evaluation and comparison of serological methods for the detection of bovine neosporosis in argentina.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes abortion and important economic losses in cattle worldwide. the accurate diagnosis of neosporosis is essential for management and control measures. the aims of this study were: i) to evaluate the performance of an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the 38kda native antigen (p38-elisa) to diagnose bovine neosporosis in argentina using a well- characterized local sera panel from experimentally infected and naturally exposed catt ...201626409300
a serosurvey for selected pathogens in greek european wild boar.serum samples, collected from 94 european wild boar (sus scrofa) during the hunting seasons 2006 -2010 from different regions of greece, were examined in order to estimate the role of these wildlife species as reservoir of pathogens important for livestock and/or public health.201526392908
investigation of neospora caninum seroprevalence and potential impact on reproductive success in semi-free-ranging père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus).this study aimed to determine the prevalence and reproductive impact of neospora caninum in a herd of semi-free-ranging père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) at a conservation facility, following a suspected abortion storm in 2008. serum samples (n=103) collected from 60 individuals between 2002 and 2011 were evaluated using competitive elisa for the detection of n. caninum-specific antibodies. of the 103 samples, 73 (70.9 per cent) were positive for n. caninum antibodies, with a mean±sd comp ...201526392906
anti-neospora caninum and anti-sarcocystis spp. specific antibodies cross-react with besnoitia besnoiti and influence the serological diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis.bovine besnoitiosis control remains a challenge because the disease continues to spread and control relies solely on accurate diagnosis coupled to management measures. however, recent studies have reported that routinely used elisas may raise a high number of false-positive results. herein, cross-reactions between besnoitia besnoiti antigens and anti-neospora caninum and/or anti-sarcocystis spp.-specific antibodies were studied in an in house elisa since n. caninum and sarcocystis spp. are close ...201526386830
detection of neospora caninum-dna in brain tissues from pigeons in changchun, jilin (china).neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan infecting many domestic and wild animals. the domestic chicken (gallus domesticus) and the sparrow (passer domesticus) are known as natural intermediate hosts of n. caninum, whereas the role of other birds such as pigeons is still unclear. in the present study, pigeon brain tissues collected in jilin of china were screened by n. caninum specific-nested pcr to determine whether pigeons functioned as the natural intermediate hosts of n. caninum. the p ...201526385650
neospora caninum in crows from israel.a cross-sectional neospora caninum seroprevalence study was performed on free ranging crows (corvus cornix, corvus monedula and corvus splendens) from israel in order to assess their exposure to this pathogen and evaluate their role as potential hosts or as sentinels of infection. using the modified agglutination test (mat) with a cutoff titer of 1:100, 30 out of 183 crows (16.4%) were found to be n. caninum seropositive. positive results were validated and confirmed by the indirect fluorescent ...201526359640
systemic neosporosis in a dog treated for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia.a 4-year-old male toy poodle was presented to the small animal veterinary hospital of the faculty of veterinary medicine of the autonomous university of mexico (fmvz, unam) because of depression, lethargy, and hemorrhages involving several areas of the skin and around the eyes. hematology data and a bone marrow analysis suggested hemolytic anemia and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. the dog was treated with prednisone, and after one month the hematology variables improved. however, the dog's cl ...201526345698
pathology in practice. meningoencephalitis and cerebellitis due to neospora caninum. 201526331418
neospora caninum tachyzoite immunome study reveals differences among three biologically different isolates.pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis is determined by different host- and parasite-dependent factors, including isolate virulence. a previous study identified that several neospora caninum tachyzoite proteins were more abundant in virulent isolates, nc-liv and nc-spain7, compared with the low-virulent isolate nc-spain1h. herein, we explored differences in the immunomes of these three isolates. protein extracts from the nc-liv, nc-spain1h and nc-spain7 isolates were analysed in a 3×3 design by 2-de ...201526324244
three-dimensional coherent x-ray diffractive imaging of whole frozen-hydrated cells.a structural understanding of whole cells in three dimensions at high spatial resolution remains a significant challenge and, in the case of x-rays, has been limited by radiation damage. by alleviating this limitation, cryogenic coherent diffractive imaging (cryo-cdi) can in principle be used to bridge the important resolution gap between optical and electron microscopy in bio-imaging. here, the first experimental demonstration of cryo-cdi for quantitative three-dimensional imaging of whole froz ...201526306199
a review of neospora caninum in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis).a number of countries in the world have reported infections with neospora caninum in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), from africa to asia, europe and south america and recently australia. in general, clinical manifestations (such as abortion) seem rare, which has raised the prospect that buffalo may be inherently resistant to clinical effects of n. caninum infection. worldwide, the seroprevalence of n. caninum infection (as a measure of exposure determined by the detection of antibody) in buffal ...201526298507
activity of several kinds of drugs against neospora caninum.neosporosis caused by neospora caninum is a serious disease in cattle and dogs worldwide. it is the major cause of abortion and neonatal mortality in cattle. in this study, we evaluated the anti-n. caninum activity of chinese medicine extracts (curcumin, artemether), herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate), anticoccidiosis drugs (toltrazuril and ponazuril), cyclophosphamide, diminazene aceturate and praziquantel in vitro using parasite growth, replication and host cell invasion assays in human foreski ...201526264260
seroprevalence of antibody to ncsag1 antigen of neospora caninum in cattle from western java, indonesia.neospora caninum can cause fetal abortion and neonatal mortality in cattle, and is a cause of economic concern worldwide. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of neospora caninum-specific antibodies in cattle from western java, indonesia. serum samples from 991 cattle from 21 locations were tested for antibodies to n. caninum by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) on the basis of recombinant ncsag1. the overall seroprevalence was 16.6%, ranging from 0 to 87.5% in the sampl ...201626256492
in vitro and in vivo effects of the bumped kinase inhibitor 1294 in the related cyst-forming apicomplexans toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.we report on the in vitro effects of the bumped kinase inhibitor 1294 (bki-1294) in cultures of virulent neospora caninum isolates nc-liverpool (nc-liv) and nc-spain7 and in two strains of toxoplasma gondii (rh and me49), all grown in human foreskin fibroblasts. in these parasites, bki-1294 acted with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) ranging from 20 nm (t. gondii rh) to 360 nm (n. caninum nc-liv), and exposure of intracellular stages to 1294 led to the nondisjunction of newly formed tachyzo ...201526248379
[a duplex pcr method for detection of babesia caballi and theileria equi].to develop a duplex pcr assay for detection of babesia caballi and theileria equi.201526245119
herd-level prevalence and associated risk factors for toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia abortus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in commercial dairy and beef cattle in eastern, northern and northeastern china.although the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, chlamydia abortus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle have been reported in some areas in china, most of them were conducted with small number of cattle samples and very limited districts and neglected the assessment of herd management factors associated with herd-level prevalence of these pathogen infections. thus, from september 2013 to december 2014, a large-scale seroprevalence study was conducted to determin ...201526231838
seroepidemiological study of neospora caninum in beef and dairy cattle in la pampa, argentina.neospora caninum is considered one of the major causes of abortion in cattle. the aim of this study was to examine and quantify the extent of the infection in cattle in a representative region of argentina (la pampa, province). an average sample size of 36 sera per herd was selected from 97 beef and 24 dairy herds. a total of 4334 serum samples were tested for specific anti- neospora caninum igg using an indirect-elisa and 302 seropositive-elisa sera were re-examined using an avidity-elisa proce ...201526203996
evaluation of neospora caninum truncated dense granule protein 2 for serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in dogs.neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by neospora caninum, and it primarily affects cattle and dogs. an infection by n. caninum causes fetal abortion and neonatal mortality. previous proteomics and immunoscreening analyses revealed that n. caninum dense granule antigen 2 (ncgra2) has potential for serodiagnosis of n. caninum. consequently, we expressed the truncated ncgra2 (ncgra2t), which lacks a signal peptide. we compared the serodiagnostic performances of recombinant ncgra2t with that ...201526172405
[risk factors of increased abortions in dairy herds - a statistical analysis].to examine whether dairy herds with and without abortion problems differ in their management and prevalence of antibodies against various pathogens, through collecting and analysing data from these herds.201526166195
infection by neospora caninum in dairy cattle belonging to family farmers in the northern region of brazil.neosporosis is considered a major cause of abortion among cattle worldwide. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anti-neospora caninum antibodies in dairy cattle and correlate them with possible risk factors on 63 small farms (family farms) in the municipality of ji-paraná, the main milk-producing region of the state of rondônia, northern brazil. for this purpose, 621 serum samples were collected from cows and were evaluated by means of the indirect fluorescence antibody te ...201526154960
integration of rna-seq and proteomics data with genomics for improved genome annotation in apicomplexan parasites.while high quality genomic sequence data is available for many pathogenic organisms, the corresponding gene annotations are often plagued with inaccuracies that can hinder research that utilizes such genomic data. experimental validation of gene models is clearly crucial in improving such gene annotations; the field of proteogenomics is an emerging area of research wherein proteomic data is applied to testing and improving genetic models. krishna et al. [proteomics 2015, 15, 2618-2628] investiga ...201526152714
mic3, a novel cross-protective antigen expressed in toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.microneme protein 3 (mic3) is an important adhesion molecule expressed by toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum that plays a crucial role in invasion. in our study, we found that recombinant tgmic3 (rtgmic3) was recognized by both t. gondii-reactive sera and hyper-immune serum against n. caninum. polyclonal antibodies against tgmic3 reacted with n. caninum by western blot and immunofluorescence assay (ifa). these results indicate that mic3 is a novel cross-reactive antigen expressed in n. canin ...201526141436
comparative analysis of apicoplast-targeted protein extension lengths in apicomplexan parasites.in general, the mechanism of protein translocation through the apicoplast membrane requires a specific extension of a functionally important region of the apicoplast-targeted proteins. the corresponding signal peptides were detected in many apicomplexans but not in the majority of apicoplast-targeted proteins in toxoplasma gondii. in t. gondii signal peptides are either much diverged or their extension region is processed, which in either case makes the situation different from other studied api ...201526114107
serological evidence of neospora caninum in alpacas from eastern australia.the aim of this study was to investigate if there was any serological evidence of neospora caninum in alpaca populations in south-eastern australia.201526113353
dose-dependent effects of experimental infection with the virulent neospora caninum nc-spain7 isolate in a pregnant mouse model.pregnant balb/c mice have been widely used as an in vivo model to study neospora caninum infection biology and to provide proof-of-concept for assessments of drugs and vaccines against neosporosis. the fact that this model has been used with different isolates of variable virulence, varying infection routes and differing methods to prepare the parasites for infection, has rendered the comparison of results from different laboratories impossible. in most studies, mice were infected with similar n ...201526104964
use of elisa based on ncsrs2 of neospora caninum expressed in pichia pastoris for diagnosing neosporosis in sheep and dogs.neosporosis is a disease caused by the protozoon neospora caninum that leads to significant economic losses in many countries. in the present study, we report on use of the recombinant protein ncsrs2 of n. caninum expressed in pichia pastoris in an indirect immunoenzymatic assay (elisa) for diagnosing neosporosis infection in sheep and dogs. we observed that the elisa test yielded specificity of 94.5% and sensitivity of 100% for sheep and specificity of 93.3% and sensitivity of 100% for dogs. we ...201526083692
seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in farmed sika deer (cervus nippon) in china.neospora caninum is a worldwide protozoan that can induce neuromuscular disease in dogs and reproductive failure in domestic and wild ruminants. the objective of the present investigation was to determine the seroprevalence of n. caninum infection in farmed sika deer in china as little is known of this host-parasite relationship. a total of 1800 serum samples were collected during 2013 and 2014 from farmed sika deer in the major production areas of liaoning, jilin and heilongjiang provinces.assa ...201526073107
experimental neospora caninum infection in domestic bird's embryonated eggs.to date, there are no reports regarding comparison between different bird species in neospora. caninum infection. in the present study 70 embryonated eggs from quail, partridge, broiler and egg laying chickens were divided into 7 groups equally. six groups in each species were inoculated with different dilutions (10, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), and 10(6)) of tachyzoites/embryonated egg in the chorioallantoic membrane and the seventh group was considered as control. the mortality rates and clinic ...201526064008
survey for infectious disease in the south american fur seal (arctocephalus australis) population at punta san juan, peru.the peruvian population of the south american fur seal ( arctocephalus australis ) is a distinct evolutionarily significant unit that is endangered. one of the largest rookeries for this species in peru is located within the punta san juan marine protected area (15°22's, 75°12'w). to better understand the current health status of this population, exposure to 10 pinniped pathogens was evaluated in adult female fur seals (n=29) via serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques in novembe ...201526056875
sarcocystis spp. infection in two red panda cubs (ailurus fulgens).two neonatal male red panda (ailurus fulgens) littermates were submitted for necropsy examination. one animal was found dead with no prior signs of illness; the other had a brief history of laboured breathing. post-mortem examination revealed disseminated protozoal infection. to further characterize the causative agent, transmission electron microscopy (tem), immunohistochemistry (ihc), polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and amplification and nucleic acid sequencing were performed. ihc was negative ...201526054654
a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis.meningoencephalitis (me) is a common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in dogs. clinically, me has both infectious and non-infectious causes. in the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqpcr) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (blastomyces dermatitidis, cryptococcus spp., neospora caninum, borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., toxoplasma gondii, ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [cdv]). ...201526040611
protozoal infections of the cornea and conjunctiva in dogs associated with chronic ocular surface disease and topical immunosuppression.to describe five cases of protozoal keratitis or conjunctivitis in dogs with chronic preexisting ocular surface disease treated with long-term immunosuppression.201626037023
serum levels of nitric oxide and protein oxidation in goats seropositive for toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.the aim of this study was to assess and analyze the levels of nitric oxide (no) and advanced oxidation protein products (aopp) in serum of goats naturally infected by toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, or concomitantly infected by these two parasites. thus, it was measured nox and aopp levels in twenty (n=20) sera samples of goats seronegative for t. gondii and n. caninum [negative control group (a)]; while the positive groups were composed by sera of infected animals, twelve (n=12) seropositi ...201526031474
dissemination of parasites by animal movements in small ruminant farms.the present paper discusses the spread of parasites by animal movements in small ruminant farms; it focuses in dissemination of parasitic forms that would lead to subsequent infection of sheep or goats. systems of small ruminant production involve a component of animal movement (e.g., grazing) as part of routine husbandry, which favors spread of parasitic forms; that refers mainly to parasites of the digestive system (nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa), as well as helminthes of the respi ...201526012856
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