Publications

virus-like particles in cystic mammary adenoma of a snow leopard.	virus-like particles were observed in the giant cells of a mammary adenoma of a snow leopard kept in captivity. particles that measured 115 to 125 nm in diameter budded from the lamella of endoplasmic reticulum and were studded on their inner surfaces with dense granules (approximately 12 nm) that gave them their unique ultrastructural morphology. such particles were not observed extracellularly. type b or type c particles were not seen in the tumor tissue.	1975	171061
a quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large felidae.	a total of 109 copulations was observed in six male-female pairs from four species of large felidae. the mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for asian leopards (panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for african leopards (panthera pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (panthera onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (panthera onca), and 12.4 sec for siberian tigers (panthera tigris). behavioural patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copula ...	1976	24923850
notoedric mange in a litter of snow leopards.		1978	738955
an endoscopic approach to a snow leopard.		1978	648831
demodicosis in a group of juvenile snow leopards.		1980	7451334
therapy of demodicosis in snow leopard challenged.		1981	7240012
use of modified live feline panleukopenia virus vaccine to immunize dogs against canine parvovirus.	modified live feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) vaccine protected dogs against canine parvovirus (cpv) infection. however, unlike the long-lived (greater than or equal to 20-month) immunity engendered by cpv infection, the response of dogs to living fplv was variable. doses of fplv (snow leopard strain) in excess of 10(5.7) tcid50 were necessary for uniform immunization; smaller inocula resulted in decreased success rates. the duration of immunity, as measured by the persistence of hemagglutinat ...	1983	6299142
tyzzer's disease in snow leopards.	tyzzer's disease was diagnosed histologically in 2 litters of newborn snow leopard kittens. the gross and histological lesions were similar to those reported in domestic cats and other animals. no signs of illness was noted in either of the snow leopard dams.	1984	6699226
the snow leopard. fusion in an elaborated delusional fantasy.		1984	6532219
total hip replacement in a snow leopard.		1985	4077659
multiple ocular coloboma (moc) in snow leopards (panthera uncia). clinical report, pedigree analysis, chromosome investigations and serum protein studies.		1985	4086323
mycotic pneumonia and meningoencephalitis due to aspergillus terreus in a neonatal snow leopard (panthera uncia).		1985	4032629
periodontal status in snow leopards.	periodontal examinations were performed on ten 1- to 22-year-old snow leopards (6 males and 4 females), using dentistry methods for determining the plaque and gingival indices. all tooth surfaces were probed, and alveolar bone attachment loss was determined. after subgingival plaque removal, plaque specimens were examined for differential bacterial morphotypes. the small number of leopards evaluated precluded definitive statistical analysis. however, the progression from gingival health to gingi ...	1986	3505932
bilateral separation of the olecranon and proximal epiphysis from the ulnar diaphysis in a snow leopard cub.		1986	3505986
bilateral testicular seminoma in a snow leopard.		1986	3505984
veno-occlusive disease of the liver in captive cheetah.	liver tissues from 126 captive cheetah were evaluated by light microscopy and histochemistry; eight animals were evaluated by electron microscopy. the main hepatic lesion, a vascular lesion resembling veno-occlusive disease (vod) of the liver and characterized by subendothelial fibrosis and proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells in the central veins, was seen in 60% of the sexually mature cheetah. although this hepatic vascular lesion was seen in cheetah as young as 1 year of age, the most se ...	1988	3344570
seminoma and parathyroid adenoma in a snow leopard (panthera unica).	a seminoma and parathyroid adenoma were diagnosed in an aged snow leopard. the ultrastructural appearance of the seminoma was similar to that described in the dog and in man. the lack of significant amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complexes and free ribosomes in the parathyroid adenoma suggested that it was non-functional. parathyroid adenoma has not been previously described in a large wild feline.	1989	2760281
the larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats.	dissections were made of the larynges of 14 species of the cat family, with representative specimens from all genera. it was found that the vocal folds of the larynx of genus panthera (with the exception of the snow leopard) form the basic structure of a sound generator well-designed to produce a high acoustical energy. combined with an efficient sound radiator (vocal tract) that can be adjusted in length, a panthera can use its vocal instrument literally to blow its own horn with a 'roar'. also ...	1989	2606766
evidence for a fel d i-like molecule in the "big cats" (felidae species).	in this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of ige and igg4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, fel d i. we studied the ige and igg4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against fel d i-like structures in eight members of the felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. hair from these "big cats" was collected, extracted, and used in a rast system and histamine-release test. by means of a rast-inhibition assay with affinity-p ...	1990	1695231
rescue and maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes collected from nondomestic felid species.	the potential for rescuing immature oocytes from the ovaries of females of rare felid species which die or undergo medical ovariohysterectomy was evaluated. ovaries were recovered from 13 species representing 35 individuals in good-to-poor health. although the majority of females were 10 yr of age or older and in fair-to-poor health, a total of 846 oocytes were recovered of which 608 (71.9%) were classified as fair-to-excellent quality. one hundred of these oocytes were used for initial maturati ...	1991	1805993
veno-occlusive disease in snow leopards (panthera uncia) from zoological parks.	livers from 54 snow leopards, 4 days to 23 years old, that had died in 23 us zoos, were evaluated histopathologically to determine if the hepatic fibrosis, which has been noted to be prevalent in this species, was due to chronic active hepatitis from hepadnaviral infection, ito cell proliferation, or hemosiderosis. forty-two of 54 snow leopards had subintimal vascular fibrosis with partial or total occlusion of central and sublobular veins (veno-occlusive disease) of unknown origin. all 21 leopa ...	1991	2017826
isolation of p multocida f-3, 4 from a stillborn snow leopard.		1992	1542981
retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus.	an african lioness from the zoo of zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. the serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (felv) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibodies by elisa and western blot. when her only offspring and mate were tested for fiv, high antibody titers to fiv were also found in their serum. lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions a ...	1992	1337398
amino acid sequences of mammalian kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from salivary glands.	1. the amino acid sequences of bikazins (the double-headed kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from submandibular glands) isolated from the snow leopard (unica unica), the european mink (mustela lutreola), and the european pine marten (martes martes) were determined. 2. n-terminal domains of bikazins are characterized by a cysteine residue spacing that differs from that of c-terminal domains of bikazins and other kazal-type proteinase inhibitor domains. 3. n-terminal sequences of bikazins seem to b ...	1993	8403842
serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (panthera uncia).	serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (panthera uncia). three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 wee ...	1993	8345484
seasonal effects on seminal and endocrine traits in the captive snow leopard (panthera uncia).	the annual reproductive cycle of the male snow leopard (panthera uncia) was characterized by evaluating seminal and endocrine traits monthly. testicular volume was greatest (p < 0.05) during the winter months when the quality of ejaculate was optimal. ejaculate volume, total sperm concentration ml-1, motile sperm concentration per ejaculate, sperm morphology and sperm motility index were lowest during the summer and autumn months compared with the winter and spring. peripheral lh, fsh and testos ...	1994	7799318
function and culture requirements of snow leopard (panthera uncia) spermatozoa in vitro.	electroejaculates from eight snow leopards were used to determine how the motility of spermatozoa was influenced by (i) type of media (ham's f10, pbs, human tubal fluid or rpmi-1640); (ii) holding temperature (23 degrees c versus 37 degrees c); (iii) washing of spermatozoa and (iv) a sperm metabolic enhancer, pentoxifylline. the duration of sperm motility was assessed by evaluating samples in each treatment every hour for 6 h and a sperm motility index (a value combining percentage sperm motilit ...	1994	7966009
comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces.	noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. using the domestic cat (felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14c]estradiol (e2) and [14c]progesterone (p4) were determined. within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered e2 and p4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. e2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme-hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). p4 was excreted ...	1994	7819459
comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (felidae), dogs (canidae), bears (ursidae) and hyaenas (hyaenidae).	the structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the felidae, canidae, ursidae and hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. the felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (panthera leo), a panther neonate (panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. the canidae were represented by ...	1995	7649822
snow leopard (panthera uncia) spermatozoa are sensitive to alkaline ph, but motility in vitro is not influenced by protein or energy supplements.	to better understand the biology of snow leopard spermatozoa and to facilitate developing assisted reproduction, a series of studies was conducted to: 1) identify the component(s) of complex culture media responsible for the detrimental effect on sperm survival in vitro, 2) optimize medium for supporting sperm viability, and 3) evaluate sperm capacitation in vitro. constituents of complex media were added systematically to phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) to isolate the factor(s) influencing snow ...	1996	8957700
[liberation into the wild of wild felines--danger of the release of virus infections].	there are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. it is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. this report presents three examples to illustr ...	1996	9045289
seasonal effects on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins and successful artificial insemination in the snow leopard (uncia uncia).	ovaries of the seasonally-breeding snow leopard (uncia uncia) were examined to determine whether they were responsive to exogenous gonadotrophins throughout the year. the potential of laparoscopic artificial insemination (ai) also was assessed for producing offspring. during the non-breeding, pre-breeding, breeding and post-breeding seasons, females (n = 20) were treated with a standardized, dual-hormone regimen given intramuscularly (600 i.u. of equine chorionic gonadotrophin followed 80-84 h l ...	1997	9261877
deficiency of cytosolic arylamine n-acetylation in the domestic cat and wild felids caused by the presence of a single nat1-like gene.	the purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis for a relative deficiency in the cat of cytosolic arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat), an enzyme family that is important in the metabolism of xenobiotics and that normally consists of at least two related enzymes, nat1 and nat2. n-acetyltransferase in feline liver showed high affinity (mean km = 2.1 microm) for p-aminobenzoic acid, an nat1 selective substrate in humans and rabbits, but showed a very poor affinity (mean km > 10 mm) f ...	1998	10022754
gastric spiral bacteria in small felids.	nine small cats, including one bobcat (felis rufus), one pallas cat (f. manul), one canada lynx (f. lynx canadensis), two fishing cats (f. viverrina), two margays (f. wiedii), and two sand cats (f. margarita), necropsied between june 1995 and march 1997 had large numbers of gastric spiral bacteria, whereas five large cats, including one african lion (panthera leo), two snow leopards (p. uncia), one siberian tiger (p. tigris altaica), and one jaguar (p. onca), necropsied during the same period ha ...	1998	9732040
isolation of mycobacterium bovis from baboons, leopards and a sea-lion.	this study reports on two series of cases of mycobacterium bovis infection in zoo animals. the first was in a captive population of baboons (papio hamadryas) and the second in a mixed group of wild mammals, including four leopards (panthera uncia and panthera pardus) and a sea-lion (otaria byrona). the isolation and identification of strains of m. bovis confirmed the presence of m. bovis infections in both zoos. the epidemiological study using genetic markers such as the is6110-based dna fingerp ...	1998	9601152
diagnosis of tuberculosis in two snow leopards using polymerase chain reaction.		1998	9526869
feline papillomas and papillomaviruses.	papillomaviruses (pvs) are highly species- and site-specific pathogens of stratified squamous epithelium. although pv infections in the various felidae are rarely reported, we identified productive infections in six cat species. pv-induced proliferative skin or mucous membrane lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemical screening for papillomavirus-specific capsid antigens. seven monoclonal antibodies, each of which reacts with an immunodominant antigenic determinant of the bovine papillomavir ...	2000	10643975
degenerative spinal disease in large felids.	degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. in contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (panthera leo), 16 tigers (panthera tigris), 4 leopards (panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (panthera onca) from the knoxville zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. the medical record, radiograph ...	2000	10884118
molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of canine beta-casein.	a canine beta-casein cdna was isolated from mammary tissue by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using degenerate primers. it encodes 250 amino acids protein containing the conserved sequence motif of beta-casein. it showed the highest homology with snow-leopard (uncia uncia (55-62% identity). it also showed 44-53% identity with human, 33-42%, identity with mouse, 29-37%, identity with rat, 43-53% identity with rabbit, 41-48% identity with pig, 44-51% identity with cattle and 44-50% identity with s ...	2000	11092743
multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (uncia uncia).	two singleton female snow leopard cubs are reported with bilateral central upper lid colobomas. in addition, one cub had a coloboma of the fundus in one eye extending from the lower optic disc region. surgical treatment by wedge resection was successful in both cases. details of ocular colobomas in other snow leopards reported in the literature are described and it is suggested that the exact etiology of the condition in this species may be discovered by further study of similar colobomas in the ...	2002	12236871
bilateral eyelid agenesis repair in a captive texas cougar.	bilateral eyelid agenesis was presented with multiple ocular anomalies in a captive texas cougar (felis concolor). corneal exposure resulted in substantial keratoconjunctivitis and blepharospasm. bilateral inferopapillary fundic colobomas, persistent pupillary membranes, and an atypical iris coloboma od were present. surgical repair with a rotational pedicle flap resulted in functionally effective eyelids. trichiasis was later treated with cryotherapy. eyelid agenesis is reported infrequently in ...	2002	12236863
[determination of clotting factor viii activity in mammals using the one-stage clotting and the chromogenic methods].	two different laboratory assays exist for the determination of clotting factor viii activities in human plasma. one method is based on the one-stage clotting principle, the other one on the chromogenic principle. to evaluate the suitability for veterinary medicine human plasma and plasma of ten mammalian species (pig, cattle, dog, cat, zebra, llama, snow leopard, greater kudu, horse-like antelope, mink) were examined with each method. factor viii activities in human plasma determined using both ...	2002	12174728
positive effects of diet change on shedding of salmonella spp. in the feces of captive felids.	a high prevalence of fecal salmonella shedding in a collection of healthy exotic felids precipitated a change to two new commercially available feline diets. one year after initiation of the new diets, 18 fecal samples from individual felines, their exhibits, and representative samples of the diets were cultured for salmonella spp. only one culture grew a salmonella sp. salmonella uganda was cultured from the feces of one snow leopard (felis uncia). feeding a diet with minimal to no salmonella c ...	2002	12216800
blastomycosis in nondomestic felids.	blastomycosis was diagnosed in six nondomestic felids from eastern tennessee, including two asian lions (panthera leo persicus), one african lion (panthera leo), one siberian tiger (panthera tigris), one cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), and one snow leopard (panthera uncia). clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, dyspnea, sneezing. ataxia, and paresis. variable nonspecific changes included leukocytosis, monocytosis, moderate left shift of neutrophils, moderate hypercalcemia, hyperpr ...	2003	14582783
dirofilaria immitis infection of a snow leopard (uncia uncia) in a japanese zoo with mitochondrial dna analysis.	three dog heartworms (dirofilaria immitis) were detected in the lumen of the right cardiac ventriculus and of the pulmonary artery of a captive female snow leopard (uncia uncia) that died of pancreatic carcinoma at a zoo in japan. neither clinical respiratory nor circulatory symptoms caused by the heartworm infection were observed. the filarial worms were identified as d. immitis from the morphologic characteristics of the esophagus, the presence of faint longitudinal ridges on the cuticular sur ...	2003	12951432
identification of haemobartonella felis (mycoplasma haemofelis) in captive nondomestic cats.	this study was undertaken to determine whether haemobartonella felis (mycoplasma haemofelis), the causative bacterial agent of feline infectious anemia, infects nondomestic cats. routine complete blood count and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were performed to detect the gene for 16s ribosomal rna for the organism. sixty-four blood samples were collected from 54 nondomestic cats, including tigers (panthera tigris), cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), lions (p. leo), mountain lions (felis concolor), sn ...	2003	12885130
serum concentrations of lipids, vitamin d metabolites, retinol, retinyl esters, tocopherols and selected carotenoids in twelve captive wild felid species at four zoos.	serum concentrations of several nutrients were measured in 12 captive wild felid species including caracal (felis caracal), cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), cougar (felis concolor), fishing cat (felis viverrinus), leopard (panthera pardus), lion (panthera leo), ocelot (felis pardalis), pallas cat (felis manul), sand cat (felis margarita), serval (felis serval), snow leopard (panthera uncia) and tiger (panthera tigris). diet information was collected for these animals from each participating zoo (broo ...	2003	12514284
effects of porcine zona pellucida immunocontraceptives in zoo felids.	methods of contraception are necessary for management of zoo felids; however, the most commonly used contraceptive (melengestrol acetate implant) is associated with serious adverse reactions with long-term use. porcine zona pellucida (pzp) vaccines are promising as contraceptives, but their safety in zoo felids has not been tested. pzp vaccine was administered to 27 female felids representing 10 species, including african lion (panthera leo), asian leopard (p. pardus), jaguar (p. onca), tiger (p ...	2004	15526881
highly conserved d-loop-like nuclear mitochondrial sequences (numts) in tiger (panthera tigris).	using oligonucleotide primers designed to match hypervariable segments i (hvs-1) of panthera tigris mitochondrial dna (mtdna), we amplified two different pcr products (500 bp and 287 bp) in the tiger (panthera tigris), but got only one pcr product (287 bp) in the leopard (panthera pardus). sequence analyses indicated that the sequence of 287 bp was a d-loop-like nuclear mitochondrial sequence (numts), indicating a nuclear transfer that occurred approximately 4.8-17 million years ago in the tiger ...	2006	17072079
evolutionary analysis of a large mtdna translocation (numt) into the nuclear genome of the panthera genus species.	translocation of cymtdna into the nuclear genome, also referred to as numt, has been reported in many species, including several closely related to the domestic cat (felis catus). we describe the recent transposition of 12,536 bp of the 17 kb mitochondrial genome into the nucleus of the common ancestor of the five panthera genus species: tiger, p. tigris; snow leopard, p. uncia; jaguar, p. onca; leopard, p. pardus; and lion, p. leo. this nuclear integration, representing 74% of the mitochondrial ...	2006	16380222
phaeohyphomycosis in a snow leopard (uncia uncia) due to cladophialophora bantiana.	phaeohyphomycosis caused by cladophialophora bantiana was diagnosed in a 5-month-old snow leopard with spastic paralysis of the hind legs and inability to defaecate or urinate. at post-mortem examination, a greenish soft mass resembling an abscess was found on one side of the epidural space at the fourth lumbar vertebral body. histological examination revealed a purulent meningitis with myelomalacia. dematiaceous fungal hyphae, present within the inflammatory infiltrate, were identified as c. ba ...	2006	16542676
molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards.	among the 37 living species of felidae, the clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) is generally classified as a monotypic genus basal to the panthera lineage of great cats. this secretive, mid-sized (16-23 kg) carnivore, now severely endangered, is traditionally subdivided into four southeast asian subspecies (figure 1a). we used molecular genetic methods to re-evaluate subspecies partitions and to quantify patterns of population genetic variation among 109 clouded leopards of known geographic orig ...	2006	17141620
carnivore-caused livestock mortality in trans-himalaya.	the loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among trans-himalayan pastoralists. because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. in the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard uncia uncia, tibetan wolf canis lupus chanku, and eurasian lynx lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely gya, rumtse, and sasoma, within the propose ...	2007	17318699
systemic calicivirus epidemic in captive exotic felids.	a 5-day-old, mother-raised, amur tiger cub (panthera tigris altaica) presented with tongue ulcerations. identical lesions appeared and progressed to sloughing of the tongue in the three littermates of this cub the following day. the lesions progressed in all cubs to include sloughing of the carpal, tarsal, metacarpal, and metatarsal foot pad epithelium. oral ulcerations were also noted in adult african lions (panthera leo) and amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica), but not in two adult snow leop ...	2007	17679514
ancient papillomavirus-host co-speciation in felidae.	estimating evolutionary rates for slowly evolving viruses such as papillomaviruses (pvs) is not possible using fossil calibrations directly or sequences sampled over a time-scale of decades. an ability to correlate their divergence with a host species, however, can provide a means to estimate evolutionary rates for these viruses accurately. to determine whether such an approach is feasible, we sequenced complete feline pv genomes, previously available only for the domestic cat (felis domesticus, ...	2007	17430578
fatal sarcoptes scabiei infection of blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) in pakistan.	sarcoptes scabiei was detected for the first time in skin scrapings, hair pluckings, and histologic sections from a blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) from the shimshali pamir in the karakorum range of the western himalaya in pakistan (36 degrees 28'n, 75 degrees 36'e). local reports suggest many hundred animals have been affected by a severe skin disease over a 10-yr period, but the shy nature of this species and the extreme climate that they inhabit meant only a single affected animal was available ...	2007	17699091
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states.	toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ...	2008	18605803
neoplasia in felids at the knoxville zoological gardens, 1979-2003.	a review of medical records and necropsy reports from 1979-2003 found 40 neoplasms in 26 zoo felids, including five lions (panthera leo, two males and three females), three leopards (panthera pardus, two males and one female), one jaguar (panthera onca, female), 11 tigers (panthera tigris, three males and eight females), two snow leopards (panthera uncia, one male and one female), two cougars (felis concolor, one male and one female), one bobcat (felis rufus, male), and one cheetah (acinonyx jub ...	2008	19110704
frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (uncia uncia) in the zurich zoo.	this study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. using 2 adult female snow leopards (uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the zurich zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. the expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physi ...	2008	18444028
use of positive reinforcement conditioning to monitor pregnancy in an unanesthetized snow leopard (uncia uncia) via transabdominal ultrasound.	closely monitoring snow leopard (uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. the staff at potter park zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (u. uncia). ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. the animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. fetuses were observed and meas ...	2008	19360606
molecular findings of disseminated histoplasmosis in two captive snow leopards (uncia uncia).	this paper reports two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in captive snow leopards (uncia uncia). histoplasmosis was diagnosed based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular findings.	2008	18817010
progressive encephalomyelopathy and cerebellar degeneration in a captive-bred snow leopard (uncia uncia).		2008	18424851
a high-resolution cat radiation hybrid and integrated fish mapping resource for phylogenomic studies across felidae.	we describe the construction of a high-resolution radiation hybrid (rh) map of the domestic cat genome, which includes 2662 markers, translating to an estimated average intermarker distance of 939 kilobases (kb). targeted marker selection utilized the recent feline 1.9x genome assembly, concentrating on regions of low marker density on feline autosomes and the x chromosome, in addition to regions flanking interspecies chromosomal breakpoints. average gap (breakpoint) size between cat-human order ...	2009	18951970
the complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopard panthera uncia.	the complete mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of snow leopard panthera uncia was obtained by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique based on the pcr fragments of 30 primers we designed. the entire mtdna sequence was 16 773 base pairs (bp) in length, and the base composition was: a-5,357 bp (31.9%); c-4,444 bp (26.5%); g-2,428 bp (14.5%); t-4,544 bp (27.1%). the structural characteristics [0] of the p. uncia mitochondrial genome were highly similar to these of felis catus, acinonyx jubat ...	2009	18431688
successful treatment of a congenital pulmonic valvular stenosis in a snow leopard (uncia uncia) by percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty.	a 3-yr-old intact female snow leopard (uncia uncia) was evaluated for progressive apathy, lethargy, and decreased appetite. cardiac auscultation revealed a left basal grade iv/vi systolic ejection murmur, and an echocardiogram confirmed a severe pulmonic valvular stenosis (pressure gradient of 98 mm hg). the lesion was managed by balloon valvuloplasty, resulting in a marked pressure gradient reduction (30 mm hg). the cat recovered well, and clinical signs resolved. this is the first description ...	2010	21370661
female reproductive cycles of wild female felids.	many felid species are endangered because of destructive human activities. as a result, zoos are being tasked with sustaining genetically healthy populations in case of catastrophic extinctions. unfortunately, with the exception of a few species, most felids do not reproduce well in captivity. the ability to track reproductive activity via hormones is key to developing successful ex situ breeding programs. through the development of noninvasive fecal hormone monitoring techniques, a high degree ...	2010	20888156
supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, panthera (carnivora: felidae).	the pantherine lineage of cats diverged from the remainder of modern felidae less than 11 million years ago and consists of the five big cats of the genus panthera, the lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the closely related clouded leopard. a significant problem exists with respect to the precise phylogeny of these highly threatened great cats. despite multiple publications on the subject, no two molecular studies have reconstructed panthera with the same topology. these ...	2010	20138224
renal lesions of nondomestic felids.	to comprehensively evaluate the occurrence of renal lesions in a variety of nondomestic felids, necropsy cases from 1978 to 2008 were reviewed from a municipal zoo and a large cat sanctuary for those in which the kidneys were examined histologically. seventy exotic felids were identified (25 tigers, 18 lions, 6 cougars, 5 leopards, 3 snow leopards, 3 clouded leopards, 3 canadian lynx, 2 ocelots, 2 bobcats, 2 cheetahs, 1 jaguar), and their histologic renal lesions were evaluated and compared. the ...	2010	20876911
accelerated evolution of ces7, a gene encoding a novel major urinary protein in the cat family.	cauxin is a novel urinary protein recently identified in the domestic cat that regulates the excretion of felinine, a pheromone precursor involved in sociochemical communication and territorial marking of domestic and wild felids. understanding the evolutionary history of cauxin may therefore illuminate molecular adaptations involved in the evolution of pheromone-based communication, recognition, and mate selection in wild animals. we sequenced the gene encoding cauxin, ces7, in 22 species repre ...	2010	20966115
hemoglobin redux: combining neutron and x-ray diffraction with mass spectrometry to analyse the quaternary state of oxidized hemoglobins.	improvements in neutron diffraction instrumentation are affording the opportunity to re-examine the structures of vertebrate hemoglobins and to interrogate proton and solvent position changes between the different quaternary states of the protein. for hemoglobins of unknown primary sequence, structural studies of cyanomethemoglobin (cnmethb) are being used to help to resolve sequence ambiguity in the mass spectra. these studies have also provided additional structural evidence for the involvemen ...	2010	21041946
successive deaths of a captive snow leopard (uncia uncia) and a serval (leptailurus serval) by infection with feline panleukopenia virus at sapporo maruyama zoo.	feline parvoviruses were isolated from frozen samples of intestines taken from a snow leopard (uncia uncia) and a serval (leptailurus serval) that died successively at sapporo maruyama zoo in hokkaido, japan. isolates possessed an antigenic epitope for both the feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) and mink enteritis virus, identified with a hemagglutination inhibition test. sequencing analyses of the vp2 region of the isolates revealed that the two isolates were identical and of the fplv-type. thes ...	2010	21116104
why should a grazer browse? livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal pseudois nayaur.	many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse-dominated diets. we determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium-sized ungulate-the bharal pseudois nayaur. past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. we tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: lo ...	2010	19784849
clinical challenge. diskospondylitis of l6-l7 in a snow leopard cub (uncia uncia).		2011	22204083
long-term monitoring of fecal steroid hormones in female snow leopards (panthera uncia) during pregnancy or pseudopregnancy.	knowledge of the basic reproductive physiology of snow leopards is required urgently in order to develop a suitable management conditions under captivity. in this study, the long-term monitoring of concentrations of three steroid hormones in fecal matter of three female snow leopards was performed using enzyme immunoassays: (1) estradiol-17β, (2) progesterone and (3) cortisol metabolite. two of the female animals were housed with a male during the winter breeding season, and copulated around the ...	2011	21559303
noninvasive genetic population survey of snow leopards (panthera uncia) in kangchenjunga conservation area, shey phoksundo national park and surrounding buffer zones of nepal.	the endangered snow leopard is found throughout major mountain ranges of central asia, including the remote himalayas. however, because of their elusive behavior, sparse distribution, and poor access to their habitat, there is a lack of reliable information on their population status and demography, particularly in nepal. therefore, we utilized noninvasive genetic techniques to conduct a preliminary snow leopard survey in two protected areas of nepal.	2011	22117538
big cat phylogenies, consensus trees, and computational thinking.	abstract phylogenetics seeks to deduce the pattern of relatedness between organisms by using a phylogeny or evolutionary tree. for a given set of organisms or taxa, there may be many evolutionary trees depicting how these organisms evolved from a common ancestor. as a result, consensus trees are a popular approach for summarizing the shared evolutionary relationships in a group of trees. we examine these consensus techniques by studying how the pantherine lineage of cats (clouded leopard, jaguar ...	2011	21563975
mitogenomic analysis of the genus panthera.	the complete sequences of the mitochondrial dna genomes of panthera tigris, panthera pardus, and panthera uncia were determined using the polymerase chain reaction method. the lengths of the complete mitochondrial dna sequences of the three species were 16990, 16964, and 16773 bp, respectively. each of the three mitochondrial dna genomes included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna, two rrna, one o(l)r, and one control region. the structures of the genomes were highly similar to those of felis catu ...	2011	22038004
development of a pcr assay to detect papillomavirus infection in the snow leopard.	papillomaviruses (pvs) are a group of small, non-encapsulated, species-specific dna viruses that have been detected in a variety of mammalian and avian species including humans, canines and felines. pvs cause lesions in the skin and mucous membranes of the host and after persistent infection, a subset of pvs can cause tumors such as cervical malignancies and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in humans. pvs from several species have been isolated and their genomes have been sequenced, thereby ...	2011	21767399
Inducing pluripotency in somatic cells from the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an endangered felid.	Induced pluripotency is a new approach to produce embryonic stem-like cells from somatic cells that provides a unique means to understand both pluripotency and lineage assignment. To investigate whether this technology could be applied to endangered species, where the limited availability of gametes makes production and research on embryonic stem cells difficult, we attempted generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from snow leopard (Panthera uncia) fibroblasts by retroviral transfect ...	2012	22079579
prey preference of snow leopard (panthera uncia) in south gobi, mongolia.	accurate information about the diet of large carnivores that are elusive and inhabit inaccessible terrain, is required to properly design conservation strategies. predation on livestock and retaliatory killing of predators have become serious issues throughout the range of the snow leopard. several feeding ecology studies of snow leopards have been conducted using classical approaches. these techniques have inherent limitations in their ability to properly identify both snow leopard feces and pr ...	2012	22393381
characterization of extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli isolated from captive wild felids with bacteremia.	diseases caused by extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli (expec) in wild felids are rarely reported. although urinary tract infections are infrequently reported in domestic cats, such infections when present are commonly caused by expec. the present work characterized expec strains isolated from 2 adult felines, a snow leopard (panthera uncia) and a black leopard (panthera pardus melas), that died from secondary bacteremia associated with urinary tract infections. isolates from both animal ...	2012	22826042
purulent meningoventriculitis caused by streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in a snow leopard (panthera uncia).	streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (sez) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory tract infections in man and animals. sez infections are very rare in felids. this report describes purulent meningoventriculitis caused by sez in an approximately 16-year-old male snow leopard (panthera uncia). the animal exhibited neurological signs and died 1 month after their onset. on necropsy examination, the surface blood vessels of the brain were swollen and there was an increased volume and t ...	2012	22516084
[multiple ocular coloboma (moc) with persistent pupillary membrane in the snow leopard (panthera uncia)].	in a litter of three snow leopards, bilateral colobomata of the upper temporal eyelids, bilateral persistent pupillary membranes and a unilateral coloboma of the optic nerve entrance are described as "multiple ocular colobomata" (moc). the causal pathogenesis of each of the colobomata is discussed comparatively. the colobomata of the eyelids, essential feature of the moc syndrome in snow leopards, are most probably not of hereditary, but rather of intrauterine infectious viral origin.	2012	3368914
standardizing the double-observer survey method for estimating mountain ungulate prey of the endangered snow leopard.	mountain ungulates around the world have been threatened by illegal hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development. mountain ungulates play an important functional role in grasslands as primary consumers and as prey for wild carnivores, and monitoring of their populations is important for conservation purposes. however, most of the several currently available methods of estimating wild ungulate abundance are either difficult to implement or too expensive for ...	2012	22231373
stifle osteochondritis dissecans in snow leopards (uncia uncia).	three snow leopard (uncia uncia) cubs, female and male siblings and an unrelated female, had lameness attributed to osteochondritis dissecans (ocd) lesions noted at 6, 8, and 10 mo of age, respectively. all cubs were diagnosed with ocd via radiographs. the sibling cubs both had lesions of the right lateral femoral condyles, while the unrelated cub had bilateral lesions of the lateral femoral condyles. subsequently, ocd was confirmed in all three cases during surgical correction of the lateral fe ...	2012	22779240
personality assessment in snow leopards (uncia uncia).	knowledge of individual personality is a useful tool in animal husbandry and can be used effectively to improve welfare. this study assessed personality in snow leopards (uncia uncia) by examining their reactions to six novel objects and comparing them to personality assessments based on a survey completed by zookeepers. the objectives were to determine whether these methods could detect differences in personality, including age and sex differences, and to assess whether the two methods yielded ...	2012	21455952
benign gastric neuroendocrine tumors in three snow leopards (panthera uncia).	neuroendocrine tumors are relatively rare neoplasms arising from neuroendocrine cells that are distributed throughout the body and are predominant in the gastrointestinal tract. this report describes benign, well-differentiated gastric neuroendocrine tumors in three captive snow leopards (panthera uncia). all tumors were well circumscribed, were within the gastric mucosa or submucosa, and had histologic and immunohistochemical features of neuroendocrine tumors. histologic features included packe ...	2013	23805563
reversible immobilization of free-ranging snow leopards (panthera uncia) with a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam.	conservation and research of the elusive snow leopard (panthera uncia) have been hampered by inadequate knowledge about its basic life history. global positioning system (gps) collars can provide useful information, but there has been limited information available on safe capture methods, drug doses, and efficacy for effective immobilization of free-ranging snow leopards. we describe a drug protocol using a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam for the chemical immobilization of f ...	2013	23568909
subtype distribution of blastocystis isolates from a variety of animals from new south wales, australia.	a total of 438 stool samples from 38 different species of animal from seven different locations were studied for the presence of blastocystis. pcr analysis was completed on all samples and dna sequence data from the rdna were submitted to subtype allocation. there was a total of 80 (18%) sequences from 18 species, and nine different subtypes were identified - st1, st2, st3, st4, st5, st7, st11, st12 and st13. this is the first report of blastocystis from the eastern grey kangaroo, red kangaroo, ...	2013	23398989
anterior segment dysgenesis (peters' anomaly) in two snow leopard (panthera uncia) cubs.	two sibling snow leopards, a male and a female, with bilateral anterior segment dysgenesis (asd), are reported. both snow leopards also had colobomas of both upper eyelids. all eyes exhibited a central corneal opacity associated with a defect in posterior corneal stroma, endothelium and descemet's membrane. iris strands were present attached to the termination of descemet's membrane and to the periphery of the posterior corneal defect. the iris was hypoplastic, and cataract was present in all fo ...	2013	23217015
nanog is an essential factor for induction of pluripotency in somatic cells from endangered felids.	nanog has an important role in pluripotency induction in bovines and snow leopards. to examine whether it was required for wild felids globally, we examined the induction of pluripotency in felids from asia (bengal tiger, panthera tigris), africa (serval, leptailurus serval), and the americas (jaguar, panthera onca). dermal fibroblasts were transduced with genes encoding the human transcription factors oct4, sox2, klf4, and cmyc with or without nanog. both four- and five-factor induction resulte ...	2013	23514873
the tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes.	tigers and their close relatives (panthera) are some of the world's most endangered species. here we report the de novo assembly of an amur tiger whole-genome sequence as well as the genomic sequences of a white bengal tiger, african lion, white african lion and snow leopard. through comparative genetic analyses of these genomes, we find genetic signatures that may reflect molecular adaptations consistent with the big cats' hypercarnivorous diet and muscle strength. we report a snow leopard-spec ...	2013	24045858
globalization of the cashmere market and the decline of large mammals in central asia.	as drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. we suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in central asia. this penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase lives ...	2013	23866036
multiscale factors affecting human attitudes toward snow leopards and wolves.	the threat posed by large carnivores to livestock and humans makes peaceful coexistence between them difficult. effective implementation of conservation laws and policies depends on the attitudes of local residents toward the target species. there are many known correlates of human attitudes toward carnivores, but they have only been assessed at the scale of the individual. because human societies are organized hierarchically, attitudes are presumably influenced by different factors at different ...	2014	25039397
analytical methods for chemical and sensory characterization of scent-markings in large wild mammals: a review.	in conjoining the disciplines of "ethology" and "chemistry" the field of "ethochemistry" has been instituted. ethochemistry is an effective tool in conservation efforts of endangered species and the understanding of behavioral patterns across all species. chemical constituents of scent-markings have an important, yet poorly understood function in territoriality, reproduction, dominance, and impact on evolutionary biology, especially in large mammals. particular attention has recently been focuse ...	2014	24603639
prey preferences of the snow leopard (panthera uncia): regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation.	the endangered snow leopard is a large felid that is distributed over 1.83 million km(2) globally. throughout its range it relies on a limited number of prey species in some of the most inhospitable landscapes on the planet where high rates of human persecution exist for both predator and prey. we reviewed 14 published and 11 unpublished studies pertaining to snow leopard diet throughout its range. we calculated prey consumption in terms of frequency of occurrence and biomass consumed based on 1 ...	2014	24533080
blue sheep in the annapurna conservation area, nepal: habitat use, population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards.	the himalaya region of nepal provides a habitat for the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia) and its principal prey species, the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur). the aim of this study was to describe the habitat, the distribution and the population structure of blue sheep, and to estimate their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopard in the upper mustang region of nepal. blue sheep were recorded at altitudes from 3209-5498 m on slopes with gradients of 16-60° and aspects of 40°ne ...	2014	24447660
vigorous dynamics underlie a stable population of the endangered snow leopard panthera uncia in tost mountains, south gobi, mongolia.	population monitoring programmes and estimation of vital rates are key to understanding the mechanisms of population growth, decline or stability, and are important for effective conservation action. we report, for the first time, the population trends and vital rates of the endangered snow leopard based on camera trapping over four years in the tost mountains, south gobi, mongolia. we used robust design multi-season mark-recapture analysis to estimate the trends in abundance, sex ratio, surviva ...	2014	25006879
panel of polymorphic heterologous microsatellite loci to genotype critically endangered bengal tiger: a pilot study.	in india, six landscapes and source populations that are important for long-term conservation of bengal tigers (panthera tigris tigris) have been identified. except for a few studies, nothing is known regarding the genetic structure and extent of gene flow among most of the tiger populations across india as the majority of them are small, fragmented and isolated. thus, individual-based relationships are required to understand the species ecology and biology for planning effective conservation an ...	2014	24455462
fecal endocrine monitoring of reproduction in female snow leopards (uncia uncia).	although the snow leopard (uncia uncia) is a common endangered felid species in zoos, little is known about the complex endocrine interactions controlling ovarian function and conception in this species. the goal of this work was to characterize ovarian activity throughout the estrous cycle, nonpregnant luteal phase (pseudopregnancy), and gestation in female snow leopards. this goal was accomplished using an enzyme immunoassay to measure fecal concentrations of estrogen metabolites (e) and proge ...	2014	24681212