Publications

new cell lines from ephestia kuehniella: characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses.	new cell lines from embryos of ephestia kuehniella were recently developed. primary cultures were initiated in september 2002 from 2 to 4 day old eggs in either modified tc-100 or excell 400 medium. from these initial cultures, one, originally isolated in the ex-cell medium, produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of two cell strains, one that forms multicellular vesicles in suspension and one consisting of tightly attached epithelial-like ...	2004	15861225
molecular characterization and expression of prothoracicotropic hormone during development and pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	using a strategy of rapid amplification of cdna ends, the cdna encoding prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth) was cloned from the brain of helicoverpa armigera (hearm). the hearm-ptth cdna contains an open reading frame encoding a 226-amino acid preprohormone, which shows high identity with the closely related noctuid moths, helicoverpa zea (98%) and heliothis virescens (94%), and low identity with five species of bombycoidea: bombyx mori (57%), manduca sexta (55%), hyalophora cecropia (52%), samia ...	2005	15869761
new resistance mechanism in helicoverpa armigera threatens transgenic crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin.	in australia, the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, has a long history of resistance to conventional insecticides. transgenic cotton (expressing the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac) has been grown for h. armigera control since 1996. it is demonstrated here that a population of australian h. armigera has developed resistance to cry1ac toxin (275-fold). some 70% of resistant h. armigera larvae were able to survive on cry1ac transgenic cotton (ingard) the resistance phenotype is inherited ...	2005	15870346
detached leaf assay to screen for host plant resistance to helicoverpa armigera.	the noctuid helicoverpa armigera (hübner) is a major insect pest of chickpea cicer arietinum l., pigeonpea cajanus cajan (l.) millsp., peanut arachis hypogaea l., and cotton gossypium spp., and host plant resistance is an important component for managing this pest in different crops. because of variations in insect density and staggered flowering of the test material, it is difficult to identify cultivars with stable resistance to h. armigera across seasons and locations. to overcome these probl ...	2005	15889750
the synergistic activity between cry1aa and cry1c from bacillus thuringiensis against spodoptera exigua and helicoverpa armigera.	to investigate the interaction between two crystal proteins, cry1aa and cry1c, for future development of biopesticides based on bacillus thuringiensis, toxicities of the two individual proteins and in combinations have been determined against spodoptera exigua and helicoverpa armigera larvae, and synergism between the proteins has been evaluated using synergistic factor.	2005	15892743
is the mature endotoxin cry1ac from bacillus thuringiensis inactivated by a coagulation reaction in the gut lumen of resistant helicoverpa armigera larvae?	bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins (bt-toxins) are the most important biopesticides used in controlling insect pests and vectors of diseases. the emergence of widespread resistance to bt in some insect species is a serious threat to agricultural production. analysis of bt-resistant and susceptible laboratory strains of helicoverpa armigera revealed elevated immune responses involving increased melanization and the presence of a soluble toxin-binding glycoprotein in the hemolymph and gut lumen of ...	2005	15894190
cdna cloning and heterologous expression of a wheat proteinase inhibitor of subtilisin and chymotrypsin (wsci) that interferes with digestive enzymes of insect pests.	a cdna encoding the proteinase inhibitor wsci (wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor) was isolated by rt-pcr. degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the amino acid sequence of wsci and on the nucleotide sequence of the two homologous inhibitors (ci-2a and ci-2b) isolated from barley. for large-scale production, wsci cdna was cloned into the e. coli vector pgex-2t. the fusion protein gst-wsci was efficiently produced in the bacterial expression system and, as the native inhib ...	2005	15899701
streptomyces avermitilis from marine.	the insecticidal strain 173 was isolated from marine source and its activity was explored by the bioassay of brine shrimp and helicoverpa armigera. based on morphological, physiological and molecular properties, the insecticidal strain 173 was identified as streptomycetes avermitilis, which is the best insecticidal microorganism found in the terrestrial environment. the taxonomy of the strain 173, insecticidal spectrum and properties of the corresponding insecticidal antibiotics are reported.	2005	15900773
toxicity of several delta-endotoxins of bacillus thuringiensis against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) from spain.	toxicity and larval growth inhibition of 11 insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated against neonate larvae of helicoverpa armigera, a major pest of important crops in spain and other countries, by a whole-diet contamination method. the most active toxins were cry1ac4 and cry2aa1, with lc50 values of 3.5 and 6.3 microg/ml, respectively. at the concentrations tested, cry1ac4, cry2aa1, cry9ca, cry1fa1, cry1ab3, cry2ab2, cry1da, and cry1ja1, produced a significant growth inhib ...	2005	15913643
olfactory receptor neurons in two heliothine moth species responding selectively to aliphatic green leaf volatiles, aromatic compounds, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of plant origin.	moths of the subfamily heliothinae are suitable models for comparative studies of plant odour information encoded by the olfactory system. here we identify and functionally classify types of olfactory receptor neurons by means of electrophysiological recordings from single receptor neurons linked to gas chromatography and to mass spectrometry. the molecular receptive ranges of 14 types in the two polyphagous species heliothis virescens and helicoverpa armigera are presented. the receptor neurons ...	2005	15917371
characterization of ha29, a specific gene for helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus.	open reading frame 29 (ha29) is a gene specific for helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearsnpv). sequence analyses showed that the transcription factor tfb2 motif, bromodomain and half-a-tpr (hat) repeat were present at aa 66-82, 4-76, 55-90 of the ha29 protein respectively. the product of ha29 was detected in hearsnpv-infected hzam1 cells at 3 h post-infection. western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody produced by immunizing a rabbit with purified gst-ha29 f ...	2005	15943913
[bacillus thuringiensis helper protein p20 affects the formation of cry1ab].	the cry1ab differs most significantly from the other related icps by its absence of a carboxyl terminus of 28 amino acids including four cysteines; consequently it is less stable. we report that the helper protein p20 plays a role in the expression and crystallization of cry1ab. three cry1ab expression plasmids pt1b, pp1b, and pdp1b, were constructed based on the shuttle vector pht3101. the vector pt1b does not contain the p20 gene, pp1b carries p20, and pdp1b contains p20 with cry1a(c) promoter ...	2003	15969085
association analysis between serotype, cry gene content, and toxicity to helicoverpa armigera larvae among bacillus thuringiensis isolates native to spain.	serotyping, cry gene content, and toxicity to helicoverpa armigera were determined for 178 isolates of bacillus thuringiensis native to spain. a total of 13 different cry1 and cry2 genes were detected when isolates were screened by pcr analysis. results showed that cry2 and cry1ia were the most frequent cry genes in the collection (74 and 57%, respectively); whereas cry1d, cry1aa, cry1ab, and cry1c were only moderately abundant (49, 48, 47, and 36%, respectively). the most uncommon cry genes wer ...	2005	16019024
season-long variation in expression of cry1ac gene and efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis toxin in transgenic cotton against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the insertion of genes encoding insecticidal cry1a delta-endotoxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner variety kurstaki (bt) into varieties of cotton (gossypium spp.) was undertaken to assist in the control of a range of lepidopteran pests. in australia, where helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) are major pests, the level of control is useful, but not complete, because efficacy declines as the crop matures. fluctuations in the efficacy of bt cott ...	2005	16022333
comparative venom toxicity between pteromalus puparum and nasonia vitripennis (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) toward the hemocytes of their natural hosts, non-target insects and cultured insect cells.	crude venoms from two parasitoid species, pteromalus puparum and nasonia vitripennis (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) were assayed for biological activities toward hemocytes from two species of their natural hosts and eight species of their non-natural hosts as well as two lines of cultured lepidoptera cells, respectively. by inhibiting the spreading and viability of insect hemocytes, the venom from p. puparum displayed significantly higher activities toward plasmatocytes and granular cells from both ...	2005	16026808
return migration of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) during autumn in northern china.	the autumn migration of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) was observed with radar and two types of light-trap at langfang, hebei province, china in 2001 and 2002. the sudden increase in the proportion of h. armigera moths in the searchlight trap indicated migration into the area and catches increased 10-fold during the second half of the night due to the landing of migrants before dawn. the moths' migratory flights took place at up to 2000 m above the ground, and moths flew differentially at times, ...	2005	16048684
gene-flow between populations of cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is highly variable between years.	both large and small scale migrations of helicoverpa armigera hübner in australia were investigated using amova analysis and genetic assignment tests. five microsatellite loci were screened across 3142 individuals from 16 localities in eight major cotton and grain growing regions within australia, over a 38-month period (november 1999 to january 2003). from november 1999 to march 2001 relatively low levels of migration were characterized between growing regions. substantially higher than average ...	2005	16048686
functional analysis of fp25k of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus.	the fp25k gene of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) was studied. hearnpv fp25k gene transcription was found starting from about 18 h post-infection, and protein could be detected from the same time with antiserum against fp25k. to study the function of hearnpv fp25k, a recombinant hearnpv (habacwd11) with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene replacing the fp25k was constructed using habachz8, a bacmid of hearnpv that lacks the polyhedrin gene. gr ...	2005	16099901
podborer (helicoverpa armigera hübn.) does not show specific adaptations in gut proteinases to dietary cicer arietinum kunitz proteinase inhibitor.	we investigated the response of helicoverpa armigera larvae towards ingestion of cicer arietinum kunitz proteinase inhibitor (cakpi), which caused antagonistic effects on developing h. armigera larvae. cakpi-degrading proteinases were not detectable in either control or sensitized larvae. there were negligible increases in total proteinase activity, as well as in trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities of h. armigera gut proteinases (hgps). decrease in sensitivity of hgps to inhibition by ...	2005	16140320
common receptor for bacillus thuringiensis toxins cry1ac, cry1fa, and cry1ja in helicoverpa armigera, helicoverpa zea, and spodoptera exigua.	binding studies using (125)i-cry1ac and biotinylated cry1fa toxins indicate the occurrence of a common receptor for cry1ac, cry1fa, and cry1ja in helicoverpa armigera, helicoverpa zea, and spodoptera exigua. our results, along with previous binding data and the observed cases of cross-resistance, suggest that this pattern seems to be widespread among lepidopteran species.	2005	16151165
fitness of cry1a-resistant and -susceptible helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on transgenic cotton with reduced levels of cry1ac.	the performance of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) on 15-wk-old cotton plants was compared for a susceptible strain, a near-isogenic laboratory-selected strain, and f1 progeny of the two strains. glasshouse experiments were conducted to test the three insect types on conventional plants and transgenic plants that produced the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry1ac. at the time of testing (15 wk), the cry1ac concentration in cotton leaves was 75% lower than at 4 wk. on these plants, < 10% of susc ...	2005	16156585
changes in cry1ac bt transgenic cotton in response to two environmental factors: temperature and insect damage.	the efficacy of cry1ac bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton plants against field populations of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) has been inconsistent over the growing season. any reduction in efficacy (where efficacy is the capacity of the plant to affect the survival of the insect) increases the opportunities for h. armigera to evolve resistance to bt toxin. changes in efficacy could be due to changes at the level of gene expression and/or in the physiological makeup of the plant and may be induced ...	2005	16156594
structural organization and expression analysis of the cdna encoding allatotropin in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	the cdna encoding allatotropin (at), which stimulates juvenile hormone (jh) biosynthesis by the adult corpora allata (ca) of lepidoptera, was cloned from helicoverpa armigera (har). har-at cdna encodes a 135-amino acid polypeptide precursor containing a 13-amino acid at sequence identical to manduca sexta at (mas-at). three other h. armigera at cdnas encoding 172, 213, and 246 amino acids were also cloned. the four isoforms were produced by alternative splicing and termed har-at1, -at2, -at3, an ...	2005	16175534
comparative biological activities of a plaque-purified variant and a turkish native isolate of splinpv-b against spodoptera littoralis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the noctuid moth spodoptera littoralis (boisduval) is an important pest of many cultivated plants worldwide and five different geographical nucleopolyhedrovirus (npv) strains of this pest have been isolated to date. two of these, a plaque-purified variant of the s. littoralis npv from morocco (splinpv-m2) and a splinpv isolated from field-infected s. littoralis larvae found in turkey (splinpv-tr1), were compared biologically in terms of infectiveness (median lethal dose, ld50) for third instars ...	2006	16235266
effect of pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide on pyrethroid efficacy against insecticide-resistant helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and bemisia tabaci (sternorrhyncha: aleyrodidae).	pyrethroid resistance in b-type bemisia tabaci gennadius and australian helicoverpa armigera hübner field populations is primarily conferred by esterase isoenzymes which metabolise and sequester pyrethroid insecticides. it has been shown previously that pyrethroid resistance-associated esterases in h. armigera are inhibited by the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (pbo) over a 22-h period. it is demonstrated here that similar inhibition can be obtained against b-type b. tabaci. small-scal ...	2006	16235269
gene cloning and expression of cadherin in midgut of helicoverpa armigera and its cry1a binding region.	cadherins belong to one of the families of animal glycoproteins responsible for calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. recent literatures showed that the cadherin-like in midgut of several insects served as the receptor of bt toxin cry1a and the variation of cadherin-like is related to insect's resistance to cry1a. the full-length cdna encoding cadherin-like of helicoverpa armigera is cloned by degenerate pcr and race techniques and the gene was designated as btr-harm, which is 5581 bp in full-le ...	2005	16248428
characterization of orf2 and its encoded protein of the helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus.	the open reading frame 2 (ha2) of the helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv), a conserved gene in most baculoviruses from lepidopteran insects such as p78/83 of the autographa californica mnpv, was characterized. it is 1,242 bp long and potentially encodes a 45.9 kda. ha2 is conserved among baculoviruses from lepidopteran insects. ha2 transcripts were detected from 16 to 96 h post infection (hpi) of hzam1 cells. rabbit polyclonal antiserum against a gst-ha2 fusion ...	2006	16249044
purification and characterization of cry1ac toxin binding proteins from the brush border membrane of helicoverpa armigera midgut.	several cry1ac binding proteins from midgut of helicoverpa armigera were purified using toxin-affinity chromatography. enzyme assays showed that the purified proteins had strong aminopeptidase activity. the n-terminal sequences confidently identified a 124-kda binding protein as an aminopeptidase n (apn), and some similarity suggests that a 162-kda binding protein may also be an apn. two minor binding proteins were not characterized.	2005	16252132
higher accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in flowers than leaves and fruits as a possible basis for differential feeding preference of helicoverpa armigera on tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill, cv. dhanashree).	tomato (lycopersicon esculentum, mill; cultivar- dhanashree) proteinase inhibitors (pis) were tested for their trypsin inhibitory (ti) and helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases inhibitory (hgpi) activity in different organs of the tomato plants. analysis of ti and hgpi distribution in various parts of the plant showed that flowers accumulated about 300 and 1000 times higher levels of ti while 700 and 400 times higher levels of hgpi as compared to those in leaves and fruits, respectively. field ob ...	2005	16256155
analysis of substrate specificity and endopeptidyl activities of the cathepsin b-like proteinase from helicoverpa armigera.	the cathepsin b-like proteinase from helicoverpa armigera (hcb) is involved in the degradation of yolk proteins during embryonic development. in order to gain insight into the substrate specificity of this proteinase, various proteins from animals and plants were tested as substrates. the specific cleavage sites of this enzyme on endopeptide bonds were assayed using bovine serum albumin (bsa) as a substrate. results showed that bsa was degraded into several fragments, which suggests that hcb cle ...	2005	16283544
hearsnpv orf83 encodes a late, nonstructural protein with an active chitin-binding domain.	the orf83 (ha83) of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearsnpv) was characterized during the present study. sequence analysis and chitin-binding assay revealed that ha83 contained an active chitin-binding domain. northern blot and western blot analyses demonstrated that ha83 was expressed as a late gene and encoded a nonstructural protein of hearsnpv. ha83 gene was transcribed beginning at 12h post-infection in infected helicoverpa zea cells (hzam1). western blot analysis using a rabbit ...	2006	16313991
cricket paralysis virus, a potential control agent for the olive fruit fly, dacus oleae gmel.	representatives of several families of insect viruses were tested for growth and pathogenicity in the olive fruit fly, dacus oleae gmel. the viruses included nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, an iridovirus, two picornaviruses, and trichoplusia ni small rna virus (a member of the nudaurelia beta family), in addition to two naturally occurring viruses of the olive fruit fly. two viruses, one of the two picornaviruses (cricket paralysis virus [crpv] and the iridovirus (type 21 from heliothis armigera), ...	1987	16347255
introduction of a lepidopteran-specific insecticidal crystal protein gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki by conjugal transfer into a bacillus megaterium strain that persists in the cotton phyllosphere.	a lepidopteran toxin gene of the entomopathogen bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 was introduced into a cotton leaf-colonizing bacillus megaterium strain, rs1, by conjugal transfer. rifampin- and nalidixic acid-resistant colonies obtained after cell mating were screened for crystal production by microscopy. a transcipient, b. megaterium rs1-43, was selected by this procedure. southern blot hybridization with both total dna and hindiii-digested dna of the transcipient showed positive si ...	1994	16349152
oviposition deterrents in larval frass of the cotton boll worm, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae): chemical identification and electroantennography analysis.	oviposition deterrents in the frass of cotton bollworm (cbw), helicoverpa armigera larvae fed on an artificial diet (fa) and on cotton gossypium hirsutum leaves (fc) were investigated by behavioral bioassays and electroantennography analyses in the laboratory. it was found that a water suspension or a hexane extract of the frass fa or fc, in contrast to the corresponding foods, significantly deterred oviposition of conspecifics. when hexane extracts of the frass fa and fc were further partitione ...	2006	16388821
isolation of an eclosion hormone gene from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera: temporal and spatial distribution of transcripts.	the cdna encoding eclosion hormone (eh), which plays an integral role in triggering ecdysis behavior at the end of each molt, was cloned from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (har) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). the eh polyprotein precursor contains a 26-amino acid signal peptide and a single 62-amino acid mature eh. compared the mature har-eh with other known ehs, it shows 94%, 84%, and 59% identities to manduca sexta, bombyx mori, and drosophila melanogaster, respectively. har-eh mrna is e ...	2006	16426882
identification and genome characterization of heliothis armigera cypovirus types 5 and 14 and heliothis assulta cypovirus type 14.	genomic characterization of heliothis armigera cypovirus (hacpv) isolated from china showed that insects were co-infected with several cypoviruses (cpvs). one of the cpvs (hacpv-5) could be separated from the others by changing the rearing conditions of the heliothis armigera larvae. this finding was further confirmed by nucleotide sequencing analysis. genomic sequences of segments s10-s7 from hacpv-14, s10 and s7 from hacpv-5, and s10 from heliothis assulta cpv-14 were compared. results from da ...	2006	16432026
vegetative insecticidal protein enhancing the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki against spodoptera exigua.	the objective of this work was to enhance the insecticidal activity or widen the pesticidal spectrum of a commercial bacillus thuringiensis strain ybt1520.	2006	16441373
lack of detrimental effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins on the insect predator chrysoperla carnea: a toxicological, histopathological, and biochemical analysis.	the effect of cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis on the green lacewing (chrysoperla carnea) was studied by using a holistic approach which consisted of independent, complementary experimental strategies. tritrophic experiments were performed, in which lacewing larvae were fed helicoverpa armigera larvae reared on cry1ac, cry1ab, or cry2ab toxins. in complementary experiments, a predetermined amount of purified cry1ac was directly fed to lacewing larvae. in both experiments no effects on prey ...	2006	16461715
txp40, a ubiquitous insecticidal toxin protein from xenorhabdus and photorhabdus bacteria.	xenorhabdus and photorhabdus are gram-negative bacteria that produce a range of proteins that are toxic to insects. we recently identified a novel 42-kda protein from xenorhabdus nematophila that was lethal to the larvae of insects such as galleria mellonella and helicoverpa armigera when it was injected at doses of 30 to 40 ng/g larvae. in the present work, the toxin gene txp40 was identified in another 59 strains of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus, indicating that it is both highly conserved and ...	2006	16461722
effective control of a field population of helicoverpa armigera by using the small rna virus helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (tetraviridae: omegatetravirus).	the first comprehensive field trial using an insect small rna virus as a control agent on a cropping system was conducted with the helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (family tetraviridae, genus omegatetravirus, hasv). the virus was semipurified, quantified, and applied at two rates, 4 x 10(15) and 4 x 10(14) virus particles/ha, with minimal formulation on sorghum against the bollworm helicoverpa armigera (hübner). for comparison, a commercial preparation of helicoverpa zea single-nucleopolyhedrovi ...	2005	16539102
assessing moth migration and population structuring in helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) at the regional scale: example from the darling downs, australia.	analysis of gene flow and migration of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) in a major cropping region of australia identified substantial genetic structuring, migration events, and significant population genotype changes over the 38-mo sample period from november 1999 to january 2003. five highly variable microsatellite markers were used to analyze 916 individuals from 77 collections across 10 localities in the darling downs. the molecular data indicate that in some years (e.g., april 2002-march 2003) ...	2005	16539153
quantitative genetics of preference and performance on chickpeas in the noctuid moth, helicoverpa armigera.	if a novel, resistant host-plant genotype arises in the environment, insect populations utilising that host must be able to overcome that resistance in order that they can maintain their ability to feed on that host. the ability to evolve resistance to host-plant defences depends upon additive genetic variation in larval performance and adult host-choice preference. to investigate the potential of a generalist herbivore to respond to a novel resistant host, we estimated the heritability of larva ...	2006	16570068
population dynamics and gene flow of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on cotton and grain crops in the murrumbidgee valley, australia.	the population dynamics of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in the murrumbidgee valley, australia, has been characterized using five highly variable microsatellite loci. in the 2001-2002 growing season, there were very high levels of migration into the murrumbidgee valley with no detectable genetic structuring, consistent with previous analyses on a national scale. by contrast, there was significant genetic structuring over the 2002-2003 growing season, with three distinct ...	2006	16573336
bacterial expression and cellular localization of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus orf33 in infected host cells.	helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearsnpv) is a selective, highly infectious pathogen to h. armigera and has been extensively used for the control of this pest. this study presents the bacterial expression and localization of ha33 in infected host cells. the ha33 protein expressed in escherichia coli had protein size of 17kda. western blot analysis using polyclonal antibody showed that the product of ha33 in infected helicoverpa zea cells (hzam1) was a 31kda protein ...	2006	16579466
insect resistance in tomato accessions and their hybrid derivatives in tamil nadu, india.	host plant resistance offers a viable alternative to the use of chemical insecticides for managing insects infesting tomato. hence, a study was carried out in tamil nadu, india during 1996 to 2004. an exhaustive germplasm comprising 321 tomato accessions including cultivars, wild lines, land races, tribal/native tomatoes was gathered from various sources and screened for resistance against the major pest namely fruit worm, helicoverpa armigera hubner (noctuidae: lepidoptera). in the field screen ...	2005	16628895
cloning, characterization, and expression of a new cry2ab gene from bacillus thuringiensis strain 14-1.	bacillus thuringiensis is the major source for transfer of genes to impart insect resistance in transgenic plants. cry2a proteins of b. thuringiensis are promising candidates for management of resistance development in insects owing to their difference from the currently used cry1a proteins, in structure and insecticidal mechanism. the cry2ab gene was found to lack a functional promoter and, hence, is cryptic in nature. the cry2ab7 gene was cloned from a new indigenous b. thuringiensis strain, 1 ...	2006	16632879
delayed cuticular penetration and enhanced metabolism of deltamethrin in pyrethroid-resistant strains of helicoverpa armigera from china and pakistan.	the penetration and metabolism of [14c]deltamethrin was studied in susceptible and resistant chinese and pakistani strains of helicoverpa armigera (hübner), which were resistant to deltamethrin by 330- and 670-fold, respectively. the penetration of deltamethrin into resistant individuals was significantly slower than into susceptible individuals over a 24-h period. the time taken for 50% penetration of the applied deltamethrin was 1 h for the susceptible strain and 6 h for both of the resistant ...	2006	16649192
importance of virus-medium interactions on the biological activity of wild-type heliothine nucleopolyhedroviruses propagated via suspension insect cell cultures.	in vitro serial passaging of nucleopolyhedroviruses often results in virus instability, leading to reduction of both yield and biological activity of polyhedra (virus occlusion bodies). in this study, uncloned helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) and cloned helicoverpa zea single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hzsnpv) were each serially passaged five times in both low cost (vpm) and commercial (excell 401) media using h. zea cell cultures. when the experimen ...	2006	16716412
the effect of temperature and humidity on the bionomics of six african egg parasitoids (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae).	the life table statistics of six native kenyan species/strains of trichogramma and trichogrammatoidea were established using a factitious host corcyra cephalonica, stainton (lepidoptera: pyralidae), at eight different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35 degrees c) and two humidity levels (40-50 and 70-80%). the objective was to select insects with superior attributes for augmentative release against lepidopteran pests in horticultural crops. both temperature and humidity affected dev ...	2006	16768819
effects of cry1ac toxin of bacillus thuringiensis and nuclear polyhedrosis virus of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on larval mortality and pupation.	in the laboratory, the percentage mortality and pupation of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) were investigated when larvae were exposed to cry1ac of bacillus thuringiensis berliner, nuclear polyhedrosis virus of h. armigera (hanpv) or cry1ac and hanpv together. the results revealed that interactions between cry1ac and hanpv varied with bioassay method and concentration of the suspension. when larvae were infected using a suspension containing both hanpv and cry1ac, most combinations of cry1ac (62.5 ...	2006	16770833
vip3a is responsible for the potency of bacillus thuringiensis 9816c culture supernatant against helicoverpa armigera and spodoptera exigua.	culture supernatant of bacillus thuringiensis 9816c had high toxicity against helicoverpa armigera and spodoptera exigua. however, it lost insecticidal activities after being bathed in boiling water for 5 min. acrystalliferous mutants of bt9816c (bt9816c-np1 and bt9816c-np2) cured of its endogenous plasmids no longer possessed vip3a gene and toxicity. the 89 kd protein which existed in bt9816c supernatant disappeared in the two mutants' supernatant; nevertheless, the two mutants still exhibited ...	2006	16778351
spider venom toxin protects plants from insect attack.	many of the toxin proteins, that have been heterogeneously expressed in agricultural crops to provide resistance to insect pests, are too specific or are only mildly effective against the major insect pests. spider venoms are a complex cocktail of toxins that have evolved specifically to kill insects. here we show that the omega-actx-hv1a toxin (hvt), a component of the venom of the australian funnel web spider (hadronyche versuta) that is a calcium channel antagonist, retains its biological act ...	2006	16779650
resistance monitoring of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to bt insecticidal protein during 2001-2004 in china.	susceptibility of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) field populations to the crylac toxin of bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) were monitored from 1997 to 2004 in china. during 2001-2004, 53 strains from the bt cotton planting region were sampled. the range of concentration producing 50% inhibition of larval development to third instar (ic50) values among different populations in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004 was 0.014-0.046, 0.010-0.062, 0.005-0.062, and 0.005-0.035 microg/ ...	2006	16813327
differential adsorption of occluded and nonoccluded insect-pathogenic viruses to soil-forming minerals.	soil represents the principal environmental reservoir of many insect-pathogenic viruses. we compared the adsorption and infectivity of one occluded and two nonoccluded viruses, helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) (baculoviridae), cricket paralysis virus (crpv) (dicistroviridae), and invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (iiv-6) (iridoviridae), respectively, in mixtures with a selection of soil-forming minerals. the relative infective titers of hasnpv and crpv were unchanged or sl ...	2006	16820456
restraining erwinia virulence by expression of n-acyl homoserine lactonase gene pro3a-aiia in bacillus thuringiensis subsp leesis.	to widen the biological control function of a genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis subsp leesis strain bmb-005, an acyl homoserine lactonase (ahl lactonase) gene aiia transcribed by the promoter of insecticidal crystal protein coding gene cry3a, was transformed into strain bmb-005. the amount of ahl lactonase protein produced by transformant bmb821a was 2.4-fold more than that produced by bmb-005. ahl-degradation assay showed that transformant bmb821a could degrade more ahls molecules tha ...	2006	16838380
insect odour perception: recognition of odour components by flower foraging moths.	odours emitted by flowers are complex blends of volatile compounds. these odours are learnt by flower-visiting insect species, improving their recognition of rewarding flowers and thus foraging efficiency. we investigated the flexibility of floral odour learning by testing whether adult moths recognize single compounds common to flowers on which they forage. dual choice preference tests on helicoverpa armigera moths allowed free flying moths to forage on one of three flower species; argyranthemu ...	2006	16846910
effectiveness of two insect growth regulators against bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (homoptera: aleyrodidae) and helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and their impact on population densities of arthropod predators in cotton in pakistan.	field efficacies of two insect growth regulators (igrs) at two recommended application rates, buprofezin at 370 and 555 g ai ha(-1) and lufenuron at 37 and 49 g ai ha(-1), were determined against the sweet potato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius), and the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), in experimental plots of cotton at the directorate of cotton research, faisalabad, pakistan. adverse effects of the igrs on populations of associated arthropod predators, namely geocorids, chry ...	2006	16862616
open reading frame 132 of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a functional per os infectivity factor (pif-2).	open reading frame 132 (ha132) of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) is a homologue of per os infectivity factor 2 (pif-2) of spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. sequence analysis indicated that ha132 encoded a protein of 383 aa with a predicted molecular mass of 44.5 kda. alignment of ha132 and its baculovirus homologues revealed that ha132 was highly conserved among baculoviruses, with 14 absolutely conserved cysteine residues. rt-pcr indicated that ha132 was firs ...	2006	16894194
common genomic structure for the lepidoptera cadherin-like genes.	a cadherin-like protein present in the midgut epithelial cells of lepidoptera is associated with insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins. we describe for the first time the genes that encode the cadherin-like proteins in ostrinia nubilalis, helicoverpa armigera, and bombyx mori, and analyze their organization. these genes encompass 19.6 kb, 20.0 kb, and 41.8 kb of genomic dna, respectively, and despite the size heterogeneity, they are all composed of 35 exons that are linked by 34 ...	2006	16905280
identification and molecular detection of a deletion mutation responsible for a truncated cadherin of helicoverpa armigera.	cadherins are a class of receptor proteins for bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins. disruption of a cadherin gene (ha_btr) is associated with cry1ac resistance in the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera [xu, x., yu, l., wu, y., 2005. disruption of a cadherin gene associated with resistance to cry1ac delta-endotoxin of b. thuringiensis in h. armigera. appl. environ. microbiol. 71, 948-954]. determination of the genomic dna sequences of ha_btr gene showed that the wild type ha_btr coding sequence ...	2006	16935222
the cytotoxic fimbrial structural subunit of xenorhabdus nematophila is a pore-forming toxin.	we have purified a fimbrial shaft protein (mrxa) of xenorhabdus nematophila. the soluble monomeric protein lysed larval hemocytes of helicoverpa armigera. osmotic protection of the cells with polyethylene glycol suggested that the 17-kda mrxa subunit makes pores in the target cell membrane. the internal diameter of the pores was estimated to be >2.9 nm. electron microscopy confirmed the formation of pores by the fimbrial subunit. mrxa protein oligomerized in the presence of liposomes. electrophy ...	2006	16950919
absolute configuration of volicitin from the regurgitant of lepidopteran caterpillars and biological activity of volicitin-related compounds.	volicitin [n-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-l-glutamine] and n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine are known as insect-produced plant volatile elicitors. the absolute configuration of the hydroxylinolenoyl moiety of volicitin from three noctuid species, helicoverpa armigera, mythimna separata and spodoptera litura, was determined to be all 17s in high enantiomeric excess. when treated with 30 pmol of (17s)- and (17r)-volicitin, corn seedlings were induced to release volatiles, there being no significant difference i ...	2006	16960380
a true summer diapause induced by high temperatures in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	summer diapause in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), which prolongs the pupal stage, particularly in males, is induced by high temperatures. in the laboratory, summer-diapausing pupae of h. armigera were induced at high temperatures (33-39 degrees c) with a photoperiod of ld8:16; winter-diapausing and non-diapausing pupae, cultured at 20 degrees c with a photoperiod of ld8:16 and at 27 degrees c, ld16:8, respectively, acted as a control. retention time of eye spots, weight, and ...	2006	16979652
variation in susceptibility of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in australia to two bacillus thuringiensis toxins.	intra-specific variation in susceptibility of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) in australia to the cry1ac and cry2ab delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) was determined to establish a baseline for monitoring changes that might occur with the use of bt cotton. strains of h. armigera and h. punctigera were established from populations collected primarily from commercial farms throughout the australian cotton belts. strains were evaluated ...	2007	17049552
functional role of the cytoplasmic tail domain of the major envelope fusion protein of group ii baculoviruses.	f proteins from baculovirus nucleopolyhedrovirus (npv) group ii members are the major budded virus (bv) viral envelope fusion proteins. they undergo furin-like proteolysis processing in order to be functional. f proteins from different baculovirus species have a long cytoplasmic tail domain (ctd), ranging from 48 (spodoptera litura multicapsid npv [mnpv]) to 78 (adoxophyes honmai npv) amino acid (aa) residues, with a nonassigned function. this ctd is much longer than the ctd of gp64-like envelop ...	2006	17071930
cross-species investigation of helicoverpa armigera microsatellites as potential markers for other related species in the helicoverpa--heliothis complex.	primers previously designed to amplify microsatellite dna markers in the old world bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, larvae were tested in three closely related species: the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea, tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens, and heliothis subflexa. of the fourteen loci surveyed, only four loci (hab60, hac14, hac87, harssr1) consistently demonstrated scorable single-copy microsatellite bands. of these four, length polymorphism was identified only in the hab60 marker (160 bp, 140 b ...	2005	17119629
group i but not group ii npv induces antiviral effects in mammalian cells.	nucleopolyhedrovirus (npv) is divided into group i and group ii based on the phylogenetic analysis. it has been reported that group i npvs such as autographa californica multiple npv (acmnpv) can transduce mammalian cells, while group ii npvs such as helicoverpa armigera single npv (hasnpv) cannot. here we report that acmnpv was capable of stimulating antiviral activity in human hepatoma cells (smmc-7721) manifested by inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) replication. in contrast, the ...	2006	17172054
genetic transformation of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) with insecticidal crystal protein gene using particle gun bombardment.	here, we report the establishment of an efficient particle gun bombardment mediated genetic transformation in chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) using cryiac gene of bacillus thuringiensis. explants were bombarded with recombinant plasmids engineered for the expression of cryiac transgene in plants and stable transformants regenerated in presence of benzyladenine, kinetin and kanamycin. transformation frequency showed dependence on explant type, cultivars, plasmids, helium pressure and microcarrier t ...	2007	17205334
knockdown of aminopeptidase-n from helicoverpa armigera larvae and in transfected sf21 cells by rna interference reveals its functional interaction with bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein cry1ac.	aminopeptidase-n (apn) and cadherin proteins located at the midgut epithelium of helicoverpa armigera have been implicated as receptors for the cry1a subfamily of insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis. ligand blot analysis with heterologously expressed and purified h. armigera bt receptor with three closely related cry1a proteins tentatively identified haapn1 as an interacting ligand. however, to date there is no direct evidence of apn being a functional receptor to cry1ac in h. armige ...	2007	17213205
microbial communities in the larval midgut of laboratory and field populations of cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera).	we compared the bacterial communities in the larval midgut of field and laboratory populations of a polyphagous pest, the cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera), using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of amplified 16s rdna sequences and 16s library sequence analysis. dgge profiles and 16s rdna library sequence analysis indicated similar patterns of midgut microbial community structure and diversity: specific bacterial types existed in both populations, and a more diverse microbial ...	2006	17215900
kinetics of plasmid transfer among bacillus cereus group strains within lepidopteran larvae.	the cry toxin encoding plasmid pht73 was transferred from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki kt0 to six b. cereus group strains in three lepidopteran (spodoptera exigua, plutella xyllostella and helicoverpa armigera) larvae by conjugation. the conjugation kinetics of the plasmid was precisely studied during the larval infection using a new protocol. the infections were performed with both vegetative and sporulated strains. however, larval death only occurred when infections were made wit ...	2007	17216168
larval feeding induced defensive responses in tobacco: comparison of two sibling species of helicoverpa with different diet breadths.	plants respond differently to damage by different herbivorous insects. we speculated that sibling herbivorous species with different host ranges might also influence plant responses differently. such differences may be associated with the diet breadth (specialization) of herbivores within a feeding guild, and the specialist may cause less intensive plant responses than the generalist. the tobacco nicotinana tabacum l. is the common host plant of a generalist helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and a s ...	2007	17216231
helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus orf80 encodes a late, nonstructural protein.	the helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) orf80 (ha80) has 765 bp encoding a protein with approximately 254 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 30.8 kda. homologues of ha80 are found in most baculovirus sequences, including those from lepidopteran npvs, lepidopteran granuloviruses (gvs), hymenopteran baculoviruses, and one dipteran baculovirus, yet their functions remain unclear. in this study we characterized ha80, and showed that it was transcribed late in infected ho ...	2007	17244484
absence of n-linked glycans from the f2 subunit of the major baculovirus envelope fusion protein f enhances fusogenicity.	the f protein is the major glycoprotein present in the envelopes of budded virus (bv) of members of the family baculoviridae. the f protein mediates low-ph-activated fusion with insect cell membranes. baculovirus f proteins are synthesized as a precursor (f(0)) and cleaved post-translationally into two disulfide-bonded subunits, f(1) (c-terminal, large subunit) and f(2) (n-terminal, small subunit). recently, n-linked glycosylation of the f(1) and f(2) subunits of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyh ...	2007	17251561
evaluation of the role of cyp6b cytochrome p450s in pyrethroid resistant australian helicoverpa armigera.	the an02 strain of helicoverpa armigera from eastern australia exhibits 50-fold, pbo-suppressible resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate. the semidominant resistance gene rfen1 was previously mapped to aflp linkage group 13. in evaluating the cytochrome p450 genes cyp6b7, cyp6b6, and cyp6b2 as candidates for rfen1, we found that they occur in a tandem array in the genome, next to the gene encoding the para-type sodium channel; the target of pyrethroid insecticides. we mapped these ...	2007	17257205
purification and characterization of recombinant ligand-binding domains from the ecdysone receptors of four pest insects.	cloned ecr and usp cdnas encoding the ecdysone receptors of four insect pests (lucilia cuprina, myzus persicae, bemisia tabaci, helicoverpa armigera) were manipulated to allow the co-expression of their ligand binding domains (lbds) in insect cells using a baculovirus vector. recombinant de/f segment pairs (and additionally, for h. armigera, an e/f segment pair) from the ecr and usp proteins associated spontaneously with high affinity to form heterodimers that avidly bound an ecdysteroid ligand. ...	2007	17275327
host filamentous actin is associated with heliothis armigera single nucleopolyhedrosis virus (hasnpv) nucleocapsid transport to the host nucleus.	vp39 is the major capsid protein of heliothis armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv), and it might have induced the aggregation of host cellular actin in vitro in our previous study. we demonstrated here that vp39 could interact with host actin in vivo in helicoverpazea (hz-am1 cells) through coimmunoprecipitation assay. with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, it was confirmed further that the released hasnpv nucleocapsids/vp39s in the host cytoplasm (0.5 hours after infection) colocalized ...	2007	17294324
female sex pheromone suppression and the fate of sex-peptide-like peptides in mated moths of helicoverpa armigera.	insect males produce accessory gland (mag) factors that are transferred in the seminal fluid to females during copulation, and elicit changes in the mated female's behavior and physiology. our previous studies showed that the injection of synthetic drosophila melanogaster sex-peptide (drmsp) into virgin females of the moth helicoverpa armigera causes a significant inhibition of pheromone production. in this and other moth species, pheromone production, correlated with female receptivity, is unde ...	2007	17294422
feeding and foraging behaviour of a generalist caterpillar: are third instars just bigger versions of firsts?	similarities and differences in foraging behaviour between first and third instar helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on vigna radiata (l.) r. wilczek (fabaceae) (mung bean) were determined by frequent, repeated observation of insects on whole plants. the time apportioned to feeding, resting and searching by these two larval instars differed. third instars were often found feeding on exposed areas of the plant and, if in the terminal parts, would leave these areas more frequen ...	2007	17298685
[domain swapping of cry1aa and cry1ca from bacillus thuringiensis influence crystal formation and toxicity].	bacillus thuringiensis has been successfully used for agricultural pest and medical insect control with its significant benefits based on environmental and safety considerations. however, the deficiency of this pesticide, such as limited spectrum of insecticidal activity, low toxicity to the targets and the inducement of insect resistance, results in the urgent need to exploit new resources of b. thuringiensis or to modify known strains by genetic engineering. in this study, six recombinant baci ...	2006	17302152
temporal synergism by microencapsulation of piperonyl butoxide and alpha-cypermethrin overcomes insecticide resistance in crop pests.	a microencapsulated formulation that gives a burst release of piperonyl butoxide (pbo) several hours before a burst release of a conventional pyrethroid can effectively overcome metabolic resistance in bemisia tabaci gennadius, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), aphis gossypii glover and myzus persicae sulzer. this increase in efficacy against resistant pests was reflected in a field trial against b. tabaci on cotton, eliminating the need for two treatments. the ratio between the active insecticide ...	2007	17304634
a new cell line from larval fat bodies of the bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	a new cell line, designated iozcas-ha-i, was initiated from the fat body of larvae of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in tnm-fh medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. spherical cells were predominant among the various cell types. the cell line showed a typical lepidopteran chromosome pattern ranging from 58 to 239 chromosomes in the majority of the cells. it was confirmed to have originated from the h. armigera by the dna amplification- fingerprinting polymerase chain reaction ( ...	2006	17316061
phylogenetic analysis of heliothis armigera cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus type 14 and a series of dwarf segments found in the genome.	full-length nucleotide sequences for the genome segments (s1-s6) of heliothis armigera cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus type 14 (hacpv-14) have been characterized. each segment consists of a single open reading frame with conserved motifs agaa and agcu at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. comparison of the proteins of hacpv-14 with those of other members of the family reoviridae suggests that s1 encodes an rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), whilst s2 encodes a major capsid protein of the virus. ...	2007	17325373
characterization of the rna-binding regions in protein p36 of heliothis armigera cypovirus 14.	some proteins of cypovirus (cpv) bind to rna, probably contributing to the replication of viral genome. however, little is known about whether any protein from heliothis armigera cypovirus (hacpv) could bind to rna. in this study, we cloned the orf of segment 9 (s9) of hacpv, serotype 14, into pmal-c2x for the generation and purification of maltose binding protein (mbp) fused protein p36 (mbp-p36). the analysis of the rna-binding properties of mbp-p36 revealed that p36, but not mbp alone, bound ...	2007	17350708
cloning and expression of the gene encoding the diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide of the beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua.	diapause hormone (dh) and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (pban), two important insect neuropeptides, regulate insect development and sex pheromone biosynthesis, respectively. dh-like immunoreactivity has been detected in the suboesophageal ganglion (sg) of pharate adult of spodoptera exigua (spe) by using an antiserum against helicoverpa armigera dh. a full-length of spe-dh-pban cdna was obtained based on reverse transcription-pcr and rapid amplification of cdna ends strategies. ...	2007	17364826
cloning and characterization of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor gene in spodoptera littoralis larvae.	in noctuid moths cuticular pigmentation is regulated by the pyrokinin/pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (pk/pban) family, which also mediates a variety of other functions in moths and other insects. numerous studies have shown that these neuropeptides exert their functions through activation of the pban receptor (pban-r), with subsequent ca(2+) influx, followed by either activation of camp or direct activation of downstream kinases. recently, several pban-rs have been identified, al ...	2007	17379458
induction of apoptosis in saccharomyces cerevisiae results in the spontaneous maturation of tetravirus procapsids in vivo.	the tetraviridae are a family of small, non-enveloped, insect rna viruses consisting of one or two single-stranded, positive-sense genomic rnas encapsidated in an icosahedral capsid with t=4 symmetry. tetravirus procapsids undergo maturation when exposed to a low ph environment in vitro. while the structural biology of the conformational changes that mediate acid-dependent maturation is well understood, little is known about the significance of acid-dependent maturation in vivo. to address this ...	2007	17412989
a global approach to resistance monitoring.	transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been grown in many parts of the world since 1996. in the united states, the environmental protection agency (epa) has required that industry submit insect resistance management (irm) plans for each bt corn and cotton product commercialized. a coalition of stakeholders including the epa, usda, academic scientists, industry, and grower organizations have cooperated in developing specific irm strategi ...	2007	17467005
monitoring and management strategy for helicoverpa armigera resistance to bt cotton in china.	the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important insect pests in cotton growing regions of china. transgenic cotton that expresses a gene derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been deployed for combating cotton bollworm since 1997. natural refugees derived from the mixed planting system consisting of cotton, corn, soybean, vegetables, peanut and others on single-family farms of a small scale were used for delaying the evolution of resistance to bt cott ...	2007	17467730
ha2 from the helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus: a wasp-related protein that activates arp2/3-induced actin filament formation.	filamentous actin is required for the productive replication of lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses. we have demonstrated that nucleocapsids of the helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) are capable of nucleating actin polymerization in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. actin polymerization is the main mechanism used in cell locomotion and is also utilized by the listeria bacteria and by vaccinia virus for intracellular and intercellular movements. the wasp family of proteins has be ...	2007	17467839
monitoring and adaptive resistance management in australia for bt-cotton: current status and future challenges.	in the mid-1990 s the australian cotton industry adopted an insect-resistant variety of cotton (ingard) which expresses the bt toxin cry1ac that is specific to a group of insects including the target helicoverpa armigera. a conservative resistance management plan (rmp), that restricted the area planted to ingard, was implemented to preserve the efficacy of cry1ac until two-gene transgenic cotton was available. in 2004/05 bollgard ii replaced ingard as the transgenic cotton available in australia ...	2007	17470372
helicoverpa armigera baseline susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins and resistance management for bt cotton in india.	transgenic cotton that produces insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), often referred to as bt cotton, is widely grown in many countries. bt cotton with a single cry1a gene and stacked also with cry2a gene has provided satisfactory protection against the damage by the lepidopteran bollworms, especially the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) which is considered as a key pest. the baseline susceptibility of the larvae of h. armigera to cry1ac and other toxins carried o ...	2007	17475275
the heptad repeats region is essential for acmnpv p10 filament formation and not the proline-rich or the c-terminus basic regions.	baculovirus p10 protein is a small conserved protein and is expressed as bundles of filaments in the host cell during the late phase of virus infection. so far the published results on the domain responsible for filament structural formation have been contradictory. electron microscopy revealed that the c-terminus basic region was involved in filament structural formation in the autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) [van oers, m.m., flipsen, j.t., reusken, c. ...	2007	17481692
the diversity of bt resistance genes in species of lepidoptera.	although the mode of action of cry1a toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis is fairly well understood, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which lepidopteran species have evolved resistance to them is still in its infancy. the most common type of resistance has been called "mode 1" and is characterized by recessive inheritance, >500-fold resistance to and reduced binding by at least one cry1a toxin, and negligible cross-resistance to cry1c. in three lepidopteran species, heliothis viresc ...	2007	17482643
cloning and characterization of two campoletis chlorideae ichnovirus vankyrin genes expressed in parasitized host helicoverpa armigera.	polydnaviruses, symbionts of parasitic ichneumonid (ichnoviruses, ivs) and braconid (bracoviruses, bvs), are injected into hosts along with wasp eggs. within the host, pdv genes are expressed and their products function to alter lepidopteran host physiology and enable endoparasitoid development. in the present study, we describe two campoletis chlorideae ichnovirus (cciv) viral ankyrin (vankyrin) genes and their transcription. the cciv vankyrin genes possess ankyrin repeat domains that resemble ...	2007	17512002
detection of chromosomally located and plasmid-borne genes on 20 kb dna fragments in parasporal crystals from bacillus thuringiensis.	the association of 20 kb heterologous dna fragments with the parasporal crystals from native and recombinant bacillus thuringiensis strains was analyzed, respectively. the cry2aa10 gene cloned in plasmid phc39 was transformed into b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strains cry b and hd73, producing recombinant strains cry b(phc39) and hd73(phc39). sds-page and scanning electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that the recombinant cry b(phc39) produced cuboidal crystals of cry2aa10 protoxin, while ...	2007	17516045
ligand binding by recombinant domains from insect ecdysone receptors.	the ligand binding domains (lbds) from the ecr and usp proteins of four insect pests (lucilia cuprina, myzus persicae, bemisia tabaci, helicoverpa armigera) were purified as recombinant heterodimers. the k(d) values for [(3)h]-ponasterone a binding by lbd heterodimers that included the hinge regions (i.e., de/f heterodimers) ranged 0.7-2.5 nm, with k(i) values for ecdysteroid and dibenzoylhydrazine ligands ranging from 0.1 nm to >448 microm. the k(d) and k(i) values for a recombinant h. armigera ...	2007	17517338
molecular cloning and characterization of hearm caspase-1 from helicoverpa armigera.	members of the caspase family play a central and evolutionary role in programmed cell death (pcd), which removes unwanted, damaged and dangerous cells during development to maintain homeostasis. in this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of a caspase from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, named hearm caspase-1. the 1,350 bp full-length cdna contains an 885 bp open reading frame (orf) that encodes a hearm caspase-1 proenzyme of 294 amino acids. the deduced protein is hig ...	2008	17541728
molecular cloning and characterization of a c-type lectin from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	c-type lectins participate in pathogen recognition and other defense responses in innate immunity as well as in cell-cell interactions. a new cdna encoding a 335-residue polypeptide containing two tandem c-type lectin domains was cloned from the haemocytes of helicoverpa armigera (ha-lectin). northern hybridizations revealed that the mrna of ha-lectin was expressed constitutively in haemocytes, and was up-regulated following injections of bacteria, yeast, or virus. ha-lectin expression was also ...	2008	17568670
proteomics analysis of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus identified two new occlusion-derived virus-associated proteins, ha44 and ha100.	sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the structural proteins of the occlusion-derived virus (odv) of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv), a group ii npv. twenty-three structural proteins of hearnpv odv were identified, 21 of which have been reported previously as structural proteins or odv-associated proteins in other baculoviruses. these include polyhedrin, p78/83, p49, odv-e18, odv-ec27, odv-e56 ...	2007	17581982