Publications

the expression of a mammalian proteinase inhibitor, bovine spleen trypsin inhibitor in tobacco and its effects on helicoverpa armigera larvae.	the cdna for bovine spleen trypsin inhibitor (si), a homologue of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (bpti), including the natural mammalian presequence was expressed in tobacco using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. stable expression required the n-terminal targeting signal presequence although subcellular localization was not proven. si was found to exist as two forms, one coinciding with authentic bpti on western blots and the second marginally larger due to retention of th ...	2002	12054350
avidin expressed in transgenic tobacco leaves confers resistance to two noctuid pests, helicoverpa armigera and spodoptera litura.	fertile transgenic tobacco plants with leaves expressing avidin in the vacuole have been produced and shown to halt growth and cause mortality in larvae of two noctuid lepidopterans, helicoverpa armigera and spodoptera litura. late first instar h. armigera larvae and neonate (< 12-h-old) s. litura larvae placed on leaves excised from t0 tobacco expressing avidin at 3.1-4.6 microm (micromoles/kg of fresh leaf tissue) had very poor growth over their first 8 days on the leaves, significant numbers ...	2002	12054352
resistance monitoring of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera noctuidae) to bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein in china.	sensitivities of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) field populations to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal protein crylac were monitored during 1998-2000 in china. a total of 41 strains was sampled, and most of them were collected from bt cotton planting regions. the range of ic50 values (concentration producing 50% inhibition of larval development to third instar) among different populations in 1998,1999, and 2000 were 0.020-0.105 microg/ml, 0.016-0.099 microg/ml, and 0.016-0.080 microg/ml, r ...	2002	12216827
evaluation of the natural refuge function for helicoverpa arnigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) within bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton growing areas in north china.	the density of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) populations on bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) transgenic cotton, corn, peanut, and soybean; differences in its development on bt cotton and common (nontransgenic) cotton; and the potential for mating among populations from bt cotton fields and other crop fields were investigated in the suburbs of xinxiang city (henan province) and langfang city (hebei province) in the southern and northern parts of north china, respectively. although development ...	2002	12216828
nucleotide sequence analysis of hasnpv protein kinase.	the protein kinase gene of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (hasnpv) has been cloned and sequenced. it is located approximately 1.25 kb downstream of the polyhedrin gene. the predicted molecular mass of this 267 amino acid protein (havpk) is 31 kd. havpk shows a 43.0% amino acid homology to vpk from lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) and a 39.0% homology to pk-1 from autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedros ...	1997	12219213
toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins for helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae), major pests of cotton.	the susceptibilities of the major pests of cotton in australia, helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera, to some insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis were tested by bioassay. a commercial formulation, dipel, and individual purified insecticidal proteins were tested. h. armigera was consistently more tolerant to b. thuringiensis insecticidal proteins than was h. punctigera, although both were susceptible to only a limited range of these proteins. only cry1ab, cry1ac, cry2aa, ...	2002	12234543
cloning and characterization of an insecticidal crystal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kenyae.	a sporulating culture of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae strain hd549 is toxic to larvae of lepidopteran insect species such as spodoptera litura, helicoverpa armigera and phthorimaea operculella, and a dipteran insect, culex fatigans. a 1.9-kb dna fragment, pcr-amplified from hd549 using cryii-gene-specific primers, was cloned and expressed in e. coli. the recombinant protein produced 92% mortality in first-instar larvae of spodoptera litura and 86% inhibition of adult emergence in phthori ...	2002	12357073
establishment of two new cell lines from bombyx mori (l.) (lepidoptera: bombycidae) & their susceptibility to baculoviruses.	lepidopteran cell cultures and baculovirus expression vector systems are becoming popular due to their potential applications in biotechnology especially for the expression of foreign proteins. efforts were made to develop new, indigenous, cell lines from bombyx mori larvae and pupae.	2002	12362558
infection of its lepidopteran host by the helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (tetraviridae).	techniques of microscopy and histopathology were employed to study the positive-sense, single-stranded rna virus, the helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (hasv; omegatetravirus, tetraviridae) infecting its caterpillar host. infection of the virus per os during the first three instars of larval development is virulent and leads to rapid stunting and mortality. in contrast, no detectable symptoms occur in later larval development, signifying a high degree of developmental resistance. a quantitative s ...	2002	12383435
a new cell line from the embryonic tissue of helicoverpa armigera hbn. (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	a new cell line from the embryonic tissue of helicoverpa armigera was established and designated as niv-ha-197. it was maintained in tnm-fh medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. the cell line at passage 20 had a heterogeneous population of cells consisting of mainly epithelial-like cells (70%), followed by fibroblast-like (27%), and multinucleated giant (3%) cells. the chromosome number ranged from 45 to 185. the growth curve at passage 40 showed a fivefold increase in cell number wit ...	2002	12418922
biorational agents--mechanism and importance in ipm and irm programs for controlling agricultural pests.	among the new approaches for controlling agricultural pests is the development of novel compounds affecting specific processes in insects such as chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormone mimics and ecdysone agonists. in addition, efforts have been made to develop compounds acting selectively on groups of insects by inhibiting or enhancing biochemical sites such as respiration (diafenthiuron), the nicotinyl acetylcholine receptors (imidacloprid and acetamiprid), the gaba receptors (avermecti ...	2001	12425057
first steps to improve cotton crop management in thailand.	thai cotton growers yearly face serious pest problems consisting of heavy infestation associated with resistance to pesticides leading to expensive and harmful pest control practices. thanks to a multi discipline research work carried out from 1991 to 1996, a decision-oriented model for cotton crop management was developed and compared to farmers' practices during the 1988 cotton growing season 1998 in klang hat district, thailand. this model, based on plant monitoring, involved a new cotton cul ...	2001	12425063
recombinantly expressed isoenzymic aminopeptidases from helicoverpa armigera (american cotton bollworm) midgut display differential interaction with closely related bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins.	several investigators have independently identified membrane-associated aminopeptidases in the midgut of insect larvae as the initial interacting ligand to the insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis. though several isoenzymes of aminopeptidases have been identified from the midgut of an insect and their corresponding cdna cloned, only one of the isoform has been expressed heterologously and studied for its binding to cry toxins. here we report the cloning and expression of two a ...	2003	12441000
emamectin, a novel insecticide for controlling field crop pests.	emamectin is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide with low toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment, and is considered an important component in pest-management programmes for controlling field crop pests. it is a powerful compound for controlling the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera (hübner). a spray concentration of 25 mg ai litre-1 in a cotton field resulted in over 90% suppression of h armigera larvae up to day 28 after treatment, while similar mortality of the egyptian cotton l ...	2002	12449526
interaction of heliothis armigera nuclear polyhedrosis viral capsid protein with its host actin.	in order to find the cellular interaction factors of the heliothis armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus capsid protein vp39, a heliothis armigera cell cdna library was constructed. then vp39 was used as bait. the host actin gene was isolated from the cdna library with the yeast two-hybrid system. this demonstrated that vp39 could interact with its host actin in yeast. in order to corroborate this interaction in vivo, the vp39 gene was fused with the green fluorescent protein gene in plasmid pegfp ...	2002	12470589
open reading frame 122 of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus encodes a novel structural protein of occlusion-derived virions.	helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) and its closely related variant h. zea snpv (hzsnpv) contain 20 open reading frames (orfs) unique among baculoviruses. in this report, the function of hasnpv orf 122 (ha122) is investigated. ha122 was transcribed as a polyadenylated transcript from 8 h post-infection in infected h. armigera insect cells. 5'race analysis indicated that ha122 transcription starts predominantly in the consensus major late transcription initiatio ...	2003	12533707
[identification of cry-type genes of 31 bacillus thuringiensis isolates and analysis of their expression product].	in this study, cry-type gene of 31 isolates of bt had been identified using pcr-rflp identification system, and sds-page analysis and bioassay had been performed. 25 strains containing cry1 type gene express 130-150 kd protein and 16 of them contain cry1i gene, which codes 80 kd protein and is larvicidal to both lepidopteran and coleopteran species. 15 strains contain both cry1 and cry2 type gene; 10 strains contain unknown cry-type gene; 6 strains don't contain seven identified cry-type gene. r ...	2000	12548957
[molecular cloning of enhancin gene from helicoverpa armigera granulosis virus and its expression in e. coli].	in order to provide recombinant enhancin for studying its mechanism of increasing the mortality of larvae infected by hanpv and creating new insecticide, enhancin gene from helicoverpa armigera granulosis virus was amplified by pcr technique. 2.7 kb fragment of enhancin gene was cloned into ecori/xbai site of plasmid pbluescript ks. sequence analysis revealed that enhancin gene was similar with that reported in the literature except eight nucleotides and five amino acids. thereby enhancin gene w ...	2000	12548958
[expression of two truncated enhancin gene from helicoverpa armigera granulosis virus in e. coli and its preliminary bioassay].	the plasmids pet-30a-ben and pet-30a-den which included 1.7 kd and 2.2 kb fragments of 5'-terminal of hagv enhancin gene were obtained by cutting recombinant plasmid pet-30a-en with bal i and dra i respectively. two fragments were expressed in e. coli successfully and the products were named ben and den respectively. the enhancement, which ben and den enhance the infectivity of hanpv and bt in 3rd larvae of helicoverpa armigera, was studied. the results indicated that there was increase of the m ...	2001	12549021
[expression and synergism of two cry insecticidal protein genes in pseudomonas fluorescens].	several engineered pseudomonas fluorescens(pf) strains were constructed mainly based on a pseudomonas plasmid pjms6 alpha-lac and two insecticidal crystal protein genes of bacillus thuringiensis, cry1ac and cry2aa, and the host pf strain, p303, which was with highly antifungal activity to some plant disease fungi and colonizing ability on a wide range of plants. the dna introduction was confirmed by pcr-rflp and southern blot. the 132 kd insecticidal protein was detected in ipp101 and ipp202 by ...	2000	12549049
[the effects of reactive oxidants on bacillus thuringiensis parasporal crystals].	the effects of hydrogen peroxides(h2o2) and hydroxyl radicals(.oh) on the purified parasporal crystals from bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki hd-1 were studied by sds-page and bioassay. the results showed that to some extent h2o2 and .oh produced a direct and deleterious effect. hydroxyl radicals from the system fe(ii)-edta-h2o2 indicated more serious damage than hydrogen peroxides. there was a 44.5% loss in activity against 12-h-old larvae of heliothis armigera when parasporal crystals were ...	1999	12555530
baculovirus studies in new, indigenous lepidopteran cell lines.	eight lepidopteran cell lines were established recently and their susceptibility to different insect viruses was studied. two spodoptera litura cell lines from the larval and pupal ovaries, were found highly susceptible to s. litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (slnpv, 5-6 x 10(6) npv/ml). the helicoverpa armigera cell line from the embryonic tissue was highly susceptible to h. armigera npv (hanpv, 6.3 x 10(6) npv/ml). these in vitro grown slnpv and hanpv caused 100% mortality to respective 2nd in ...	2002	12561971
new helicoverpa armigera hbn cell line from larval hemocyte for baculovirus studies.	a new cell line from the larval hemocytes of h. armigera was established in grace's medium modified by adding lactalbumin hydrolysate and yeastolate (3.3g/l), and supplemented with fetal bovine serum (20%). the cell line was designated as niv-ha-1195. the cell population at p-78 consisted mainly of epithelial-like cells (89.36%), fibroblast-like cells (8.31%) and giant cells (2.13%). the population doubling time was 96hr at p-8, 60hr at p-43. the chromosome number ranged from 45 to 200. the cell ...	2002	12561972
effect of time of harvest of budded virus on the selection of baculovirus fp mutants in cell culture.	rapid formation and selection of fp (few polyhedra) mutants occurs during serial passaging of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) in insect cell culture. the production of hasnpv for use as biopesticides requires the passaging of the virus over a number of passages to produce enough virus inoculum for large-scale fermentation. during serial passaging in cell culture, fp mutants were rapidly selected, resulting in declined productivity and reduced potency of virus. budded virus (bv ...	2003	12573032
entomopoxvirus of cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hbn.).	occurrence of an entomopoxvirus (epv) from a lepidopteran insect viz;. cotton bollworm, h. armigera (haepv) along with gross pathological symptoms is reported for the first time in india. histopathological study revealed that the fat body being the most favoured site of infection followed by haemocytes and gut epithelium. haepv was found to be not cross infective to six of the agricultural lepidopteran insect pests except for the potato black cutworm, agrotis segetum registering 100% mortality s ...	2002	12597557
mass production of polyhedral occlusion bodies of npv of helicoverpa armigera in relation to dose, age and larval weight.	a significant difference was noticed in the yield of polyhedral occlusion bodies (pobs) in various larval instars of h. armigera when three different doses of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv) were administered. the yield of pobs from a single larva ranged from 0.35 x 10(6) to 25033.33 x 10(6) with a mean of 18422.33 x 10(6) for fourth instar inoculated. positive correlation existed between larval weight and number of pobs recovered. the regression analysis indicated pobs recovered responded ...	2002	12597558
further enhancement of baculovirus insecticidal efficacy with scorpion toxins that interact cooperatively.	we have studied whether the cooperative insecticidal effect of certain scorpion toxin pairs, namely either a combination of excitatory and depressant, or alpha and depressant scorpion toxins, would improve the efficacy of autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) over a virus expressing only a single toxin, towards heliothis virescens, helicoverpa armigera, and spodoptera littoralis larvae. the best result was achieved by combined expression of the excitatory toxin, lqhit1, and the de ...	2003	12606040
[cloning and expression product of vip3a gene from bacillus thuringiensis and analysis of inseceicidal activity].	the vip3 a gene in a size of 2.3 kb amplified from wild-type bacillus thuringiensis strain s184 by pcr was cloned into pgem-t easy vector and its sequence was analysized by dnastar. the plasmid potp was constructed by inserting vip3a-s184 gene into the expression vector pqe30 and then was transformed into e. coli m15. e. coli m15 cells harbouring the plasmid potp were induced with 1 mmol/l iptg to express 89 kd protein which was confirmed to be vip3a-s184 by western blot. experiments showed that ...	2002	12674638
insecticidal activity associated with the outer membrane vesicles of xenorhabdus nematophilus.	xenorhabdus nematophilus secretes a large number of proteins into the culture supernatant as soluble proteins and also as large molecular complexes associated with the outer membrane. transmission electron micrographs of x. nematophilus cells showed that there was blebbing of the outer membrane from the surface of the bacterium. the naturally secreted outer membrane vesicles (omvs) were purified from the culture supernatant of x. nematophilus and analyzed. electron microscopy revealed a vesicula ...	2003	12676679
the lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus contains the capsid-associated p24 protein gene.	during the course of investigations on a wild-type strain of lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv), a region of the viral genome was analyzed and found to contain 697 bp that is lacking in the sequenced strain (5-6) of ldmnpv (kuzio et al., virology 253, 17-34, 1999). the sequenced strain of ldmnpv contains a mutation in the 25 k few polyhedra (fp) gene, and exhibits the phenotype of a fp mutant. the additional sequence was located at approximately 81.4 map units withi ...	2003	12680688
first results of the application of a new neemazal powder formulation in hydroponics against different pest insects.	neemazal pc (0.5% azadirachtin) is a new standardised powder formulation from the seed kernels of the tropical neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss) with an inert carrier. first experiments with beans--as a model-system for hydroponics--show that active ingredient is taken up by the plants through the roots and is transported efficiently with the plant sap to the leaves. after application of neemazal pc solution (0.01-1%) to the roots sucking (aphis fabae hom., aphididae) and free feeding (heli ...	2002	12696431
6beta-hydroxygedunin from azadirachta indica. its potentiation effects with some non-azadirachtin limonoids in neem against lepidopteran larvae.	the biological activity of 6beta-hydroxygedunin isolated from azadirachta indica a. juss. was assessed using the gram pod borer, helicoverpa armigera (hubner), and asian armyworm, spodoptera litura (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), alone and in combination with other limonoids, gedunin, salannin, nimbinene, and azadirachtin. the compound exhibited growth inhibitory activity in artificial diet bioassays, with 24.2 and 21.5 ppm, respectively, inhibiting growth by 50%. this efficacy was higher ...	2003	12720374
the characterization of microsporidian isolates (nosematidae: nosema) from five important lepidopteran pests in taiwan.	microsporidian isolates from five lepidopteran pests-spodoptera litura, spodoptera exigua, helicoverpa armigera, plutella xylostella, and pieris spp.-were compared by spore morphology, infectivity to s. litura, western-blot banding patterns, the sequences of small subunit rrna gene (ssurrna sequence), and random amplified polymorphic dna polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr). all the isolates could infect experimentally and multiply in the larvae of s. litura. the s. exigua isolate showed the hig ...	2003	12725812
drosophila melanogaster sex peptide stimulates juvenile hormone synthesis and depresses sex pheromone production in helicoverpa armigera.	previous studies demonstrate that virgin female adult helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) moths exhibit calling behaviour and produce sex pheromone in scotophase from the day after emergence, and that mating turns off both of these pre-mating activities. in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, a product of the male accessory glands, termed sex peptide (sp), has been identified as being responsible for suppressing female receptivity after transfer to the female genital tract during ma ...	1999	12770380
phenolic compounds on the pod-surface of pigeonpea, cajanus cajan, mediate feeding behavior of helicoverpa armigera larvae.	a methanol extract of the pod surfaces of cajanus cajan, a feeding stimulant for fifth-instar helicoverpa armigera, was shown to contain four main phenolic compounds. three of these were identified as isoquercitrin, quercetin, and quercetin-3-methyl ether, by comparing uv spectra and hplc retention times with authentic standards. the fourth compound was isolated by semipreparative hplc and determined to be 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid (stilbene) by nmr spectroscopy and ...	2003	12775145
inhibition of pheromone biosynthesis in helicoverpa armigera by pheromonostatic peptides.	male insect accessory glands contain factors that are transferred during mating to the female, some inducing post-mating behavior, including the cessation of pheromone production, non-receptivity and the initiation of oviposition. one such factor is the drosophila melanogaster sex-peptide (drmsp). a pheromone suppression peptide, termed hezpsp, was identified in the moth helicoverpa zea, isolated by hplc and the active peak sequenced, but the activity of the synthesized peptide has not been repo ...	2003	12804716
(-)-germacrene d receptor neurones in three species of heliothine moths: structure-activity relationships.	specificity of olfactory receptor neurones plays an important role in food and host preferences of a species, and may have become conserved or changed in the evolution of polyphagy and oligophagy. we have identified a major type of plant odour receptor neurones responding to the sesquiterpene germacrene d in three species of heliothine moths, the polyphagous heliothis virescens and helicoverpa armigera and the oligophagous helicoverpa assulta. the neurones respond with high sensitivity and selec ...	2003	12827423
identification of volicitin-related compounds from the regurgitant of lepidopteran caterpillars.	volicitin-related compounds were found in the oral secretion of the three noctuid species, helicoverpa armigera, mythimna separata and spodoptera litura, and one sphingid species, agrius convolvuli. volicitin [n-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-l-glutamine], n-(17-hydroxylinoleoyl)-glutamine, n-linolenoylglutamine and n-linoleoylglutamine were identified in the secretion from the noctuid larvae. in secretions from the sphingid larvae, n-linolenoylglutamine and n-linoleoylglutamine were the main components ...	2003	12834303
effect of maysin on wild-type, deltamethrin-resistant, and bt-resistant helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	larvae of the old world corn earworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), were fed diets containing lyophilized silks from maize genotypes expressing varying levels of maysin, a flavone glycoside known to be toxic to the new world corn earworm, helicoverpa zea boddie. three different h. armigera colonies were tested: a wild-type colony (96-s), a colony selected for resistance to deltamethrin (del-r), and a colony selected for resistance to the cry1ac protoxin of bacillus thuringiensis (bt-r). a colon ...	2003	12852635
comparison of the expression of bacillus thuringiensis full-length and n-terminally truncated vip3a gene in escherichia coli.	studies were performed to demonstrate the function of the putative signal peptide of vip3a proteins in escherichia coli.	2003	12859763
functional characterization of the ecdysteroid udp-glucosyl transferase gene of helicoverpa armigera single-enveloped nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated in south africa.	the ecdysteroid udp-glucosyltransferase (egt) gene of a single enveloped nucleopolyhedrovirus was located using an hz-snpv gene-specific probe. this snpv was found infecting a colony of helicoverpa armigera (hasnpv) in the western cape region of south africa. the open reading frame of the hasnpv-sa egt is 1.548 nucleotides long and encodes a predicted protein of 516 amino acids with a mr of 58,897-kda. the 5'-noncoding region contained an early transcription initiation motif (cagt) and a baculov ...	2003	12913355
oxidases responsible for resistance to pyrethroids sensitize helicoverpa armigera (hübner) to triazophos in west africa.	helicoverpa armigera (hübner) is the major insect pest of cotton in africa, turkey, asia, india, indonesia and australia. populations recently developed resistance to pyrethroids in west africa via the overproduction of cytochrome p450 (oxidases) increasing pyrethroid metabolism. one way to overcome pyrethroid resistance is to use compounds that show negative cross-resistance to pyrethroids. triazophos is one of these compounds: it is slightly more toxic against pyrethroid resistant larvae of h. ...	2003	12915179
identification of cry1i-type genes from bacillus thuringiensis strains and characterization of a novel cry1i-type gene.	a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of cry1i-type genes from bacillus thuringiensis was established by designing a pair of universal primers based on the conserved regions of the genes to amplify 1,548-bp cry1i-type gene fragments. amplification products were digested with the bsp119i and bani enzymes, and four kinds of known cry1i-type genes were successfully identified. the results showed that cry1i-type genes appeared in 95 of 115 b. thuringiensis isolates ...	2003	12957903
differential inhibition of helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases by proteinase inhibitors of pigeonpea (cajanus cajan) and its wild relatives.	the seeds of 36 pigeonpea [cajanus cajan (l) millsp.] cultivars, resistant and susceptible to pests and pathogens and 17 of its wild relatives were analysed for inhibitors of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and insect gut proteinases to identify potential inhibitors of insect (helicoverpa armigera) gut enzymes. proteinase inhibitors (pis) of pigeonpea cultivars showed total inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin, and moderate inhibition potential towards h. armigera proteinases (hgp). pis of wild relativ ...	2003	13679090
insect resistance to transgenic bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field.	transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) grew on >62 million ha worldwide from 1996 to 2002. despite expectations that pests would rapidly evolve resistance to such bt crops, increases in the frequency of resistance caused by exposure to bt crops in the field have not yet been documented. in laboratory and greenhouse tests, however, at least seven resistant laboratory strains of three pests (plutella xylostella [l.], pectinophora gossypiell ...	2003	14503572
resistance to the cry1ac delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	three laboratory strains of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) were established by mating of field-collected insects with an existing insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain. these strains were cultured on artificial diet containing the cry1ac protoxin of bacillus thuringiensis using three different protocols. when no response to selection was detected after 7-11 generations of selection, the three strains were combined by controlled mating to preserve genetic diversity. the composite strain (bx) w ...	2003	14503603
efficacy of transgenic cotton containing a cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in northern china.	nucotn 33b, a bt transgenic variety of upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) expressing the insecticidal protein cry1ac from bacillus thuringiensis berliner sp. kurstaki, was evaluated for resistance to helicoverpa armigera (hübner) during 1998-2000 in northern china. the results indicated that there was no significant difference in egg densities between nucotn 33b and three nontransgenic varieties (dp5415, zhongmian12, and shiyuan321) during the season, although the survival of larvae on nucotn ...	2003	14503607
cloning of biologically active genomes from a helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate by using a bacterial artificial chromosome.	purification of genotypes from baculovirus isolates provides understanding of the diversity of baculoviruses and may lead to the development of better pesticides. here, we report the cloning of different genotypes from an isolate of helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) by using a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac). a transfer vector (phzb10) was constructed which contained an escherichia coli mini-f replicon cassette within the upstream and downstream arms of ...	2003	14602197
identification of virulent isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus nomuraea rileyi (f) samson for the management of helicoverpa armigera and spodoptera litura (identification of virulent isolates of n. rileyi).	eleven geographical isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus nomuraea rileyi (farlow) samson of helicoverpa armigera (hubner)/spodoptera litura (fabricius) origin were studied for efficacy against the two host insects. laboratory bioassays at a concentration of 2 x 10(8) conidia ml(-1) indicated that n. rileyi isolates of s. litura origin were better in terms of time taken for mycosis and mortality in both the test larvae: s. litura (77-80% mortality in 7 days) and h. armigera (79-85% in 8 days). ...	2003	14682464
streptomyces sp. 173, an insecticidal micro-organism from marine.	to find new insecticidal antibiotics from marine micro-organisms.	2004	14687212
a novel secreted protein toxin from the insect pathogenic bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila.	the bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila is an insect pathogen that produces several proteins that enable it to kill insects. screening of a cosmid library constructed from x. nematophila strain a24 identified a gene that encoded a novel protein that was toxic to insects. the 42-kda protein encoded by the toxin gene was expressed and purified from a recombinant system, and was shown to kill the larvae of insects such as galleria mellonella and helicoverpa armigera when injected at doses of around 3 ...	2004	14707137
characterization of a cytotoxic pilin subunit of xenorhabdus nematophila.	xenorhabdus nematophila is an insect pathogenic bacterium, known to produce protein toxins that kill the larval host. we have described a cytotoxic pilin subunit of x. nematophila, which is expressed on the cell surface and also secreted in the extracellular medium associated with outer membrane vesicles. a 17kda pilin subunit was isolated and purified from x. nematophila cell surface. the protein showed cytotoxicity to larval hemocytes of helicoverpa armigera in an in vitro assay, causing agglu ...	2004	14751223
long-term selection for resistance to transgenic cotton expressing bacillus thuringiensis toxin in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	selection experiments for resistance to transgenic bt cotton expressing cry1ac toxin in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) were conducted using a leaf-feeding method with 42 selection episodes over 45 generations. the cotton bollworm developed resistance to transgenic bt cotton after 12 generations (f12) of selection. the survival rate of f12 neonates feeding on leaves of seedling stage for 4 days and boll-opening stage for 5 days of r19 line were ca 34 and 72%, respectively, compared with ca 0 and 4 ...	2004	14971684
mechanisms and diversity of resistance to insect pests in wild relatives of groundnut.	the levels of resistance to insect pests in cultivated groundnut (arachis hypogaea) germplasm are quite low, and therefore, we screened 30 accessions of arachis spp. and 12 derived lines for resistance to insect pests under field and greenhouse conditions. accessions belonging to arachis cardenasii, arachis duranensis, arachis kempff-mercadoi, arachis monticola, arachis stenosperma, arachis paraguariensis, arachis pusilla, and arachis triseminata showed multiple resistance to the leaf miner apro ...	2003	14977130
interaction of bacillus thuringiensis toxins with larval midgut binding sites of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	in 1996, bt-cotton (cotton expressing a bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene) expressing the cry1ac protein was commercially introduced to control cotton pests. a threat to this first generation of transgenic cotton is the evolution of resistance by the insects. second-generation bt-cotton has been developed with either new b. thuringiensis genes or with a combination of cry genes. however, one requirement for the "stacked" gene strategy to work is that the stacked toxins bind to different binding ...	2004	15006756
cdna cloning and molecular characterization of a cysteine-rich gene from campoletis chlorideae polydnavirus.	polydnavirus (pdv) of campoletis chlorideae (cciv) is very important for the successful development of the parasitoid progenies. previous study revealed that the persistence and expression of cciv in parasitized helicoverpa armigera larvae continued for 5 days, and the 1.0 kb gene (cciv 1.0) was most abundantly expressed. in this report, a cdna library was constructed using the smart cdna synthesis method, and the cciv 1.0 was cloned and identified by pcr, southern blot hybridization and 5' end ...	2003	15018350
the presence of drosophila melanogaster sex peptide-like immunoreactivity in the accessory glands of male helicoverpa armigera.	in this study a highly specific polyclonal antibody to drmsp was produced and used to develop and standardize a sensitive direct elisa. structure-activity studies revealed that the antiserum is specific to the n-terminal of drmsp. this elisa was used for the detection of drmsp-like immunoreactivity in the reproductive tissues of male helicoverpa armigera moths at femtomole levels. two positive immunoreactive peaks were found in hplc purified extracts of male accessory glands. the immunoreactive ...	2006	15019527
cloning and expression of the cdna encoding the fxprl family of peptides and a functional analysis of their effect on breaking pupal diapause in helicoverpa armigera.	diapause hormone (dh) and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (pban) are encoded by a single mrna in the suboesophegeal ganglion (sg) and are responsible for induction of embryonic diapause in bombyx mori and sex pheromone biosynthesis in lepidopteran insects. pban cdna analyses revealed that the dh-like peptide is present in several species that have a pupal diapause. however, the function of the dh-like peptide remains unknown. in the present study, we cloned the cdna encoding dh-pb ...	2004	15037090
the extracellular constitutive production of chitin deacetylase in metarhizium anisopliae: possible edge to entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of insect pests.	the possible contribution of extracellular constitutively produced chitin deacetylase by metarhizium anisopliae in the process of insect pathogenesis has been evaluated. chitin deacetylase converts chitin, a beta-1,4-linked n-acetylglucosamine polymer, into its deacetylated form chitosan, a glucosamine polymer. when grown in a yeast extract-peptone medium, m. anisopliae constitutively produced the enzymes protease, lipase, and two chitin-metabolizing enzymes, viz. chitin deacetylase (cda) and ch ...	2004	15050837
lyophilization of lepidopteran midguts: a preserving method for bacillus thuringiensis toxin binding studies.	binding assays with brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) from insect midguts are commonly used in the study of the interactions between bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins and their receptors. collaboration between laboratories often require that frozen insect samples are sent in dry ice. because of customs restrictions and delays, sample thawing is always a risk and often the biological material becomes ruined during shipping. we have tested lyophilization as an alternative method for preserving ...	2004	15109901
characterization of a digestive carboxypeptidase from the insect pest corn earworm (helicoverpa armigera) with novel specificity towards c-terminal glutamate residues.	carboxypeptidases were purified from guts of larvae of corn earworm (helicoverpa armigera), a lepidopteran crop pest, by affinity chromatography on immobilized potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor, and characterized by n-terminal sequencing. a larval gut cdna library was screened using probes based on these protein sequences. cdna haca42 encoded a carboxypeptidase with sequence similarity to enzymes of clan mc [barrett, a. j., rawlings, n. d. & woessner, j. f. (1998) handbook of proteolytic enzymes ...	2004	15128309
comparison of anti-feedant and insecticidal activity of nimbin and salannin photo-oxidation products with neem (azadirachta indica) limonoids.	photo-oxidation of the neem limonoids nimbin and salannin with uv light in the presence of oxygen gives two isomeric lactone products per limonoid, nimbinolide and isonimbinolide, and salanninolide and isosalanninolide, respectively. when compared in insect tests with the important limonoids of neem seeds, azadirachtin, nimbin and salannin, isonimbinolide and isosalanninolide show activity greater than that of nimbin or salannin and in some respects show activity approaching that of azadirachtin ...	2004	15154512
characterization of two autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus proteins, ac145 and ac150, which affect oral infectivity in a host-dependent manner.	the genome of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) contains two homologues, orf145 and orf150, of the heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus (haepv) 11,000-kda gene. polyclonal antibodies raised against the ac145 or ac150 protein were utilized to demonstrate that they are expressed from late to very late times of infection and are within the nuclei of infected sf-21 cells. transmission electron microscopy coupled with immunogold labeling of ac145 found this prote ...	2004	15163737
the diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide gene of helicoverpa armigera encodes multiple peptides that break, rather than induce, diapause.	fxprlamide peptides encoded by the dh-pban (diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide) gene induce embryonic diapause in bombyx mori, but terminate pupal diapause in helicoverpa armigera (har). here, we explore the mechanisms of terminating pupal diapause by the fxprlamide peptides. using quantitative rt-pcr, we observed that expression of har-dh-pban mrna in the sg of nondiapause-type pupae was significantly higher than in diapause-type pupae. immunocytochemical results in ...	2004	15183284
evaluation of nostoc strain atcc 53789 as a potential source of natural pesticides.	the cyanobacterium nostoc strain atcc 53789, a known cryptophycin producer, was tested for its potential as a source of natural pesticides. the antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of the cyanobacterium were evaluated. among the target organisms, nine fungi (armillaria sp., fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, penicillium expansum, phytophthora cambivora, p. cinnamomi, rhizoctonia solani, rosellinia, sp., sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an ...	2004	15184126
type-a allatostatins from the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda: molecular cloning, expression and tissue-specific localization.	the gene encoding the spodoptera frugiperda allatostatin type-a peptide family (y/fxfgl-amides) was isolated from s. frugiperda brain cdna. the gene encodes a precursor of 231 amino acids containing nine (or ten) y/fxfgl-a peptides that are tandemly arranged in three blocks. the comparison of the spofr-ast a precursor with the respective precursor genes from two other lepidopteran species, helicoverpa armigera and bombyx mori, shows high homology in size, sequence (84 and 57%, respectively), and ...	2004	15211550
melanin pigment formation and increased uv resistance in bacillus thuringiensis following high temperature induction.	the pigment melanin is well known to protect against the damaging effects of uv radiation. in this study, we show that thirty-five of thirty-seven tested bacillus thuringiensis strains possess the potential to produce melanin in the presence of l-tyrosin at elevated temperature (42 degrees c). these findings offer a method of protecting insecticidal toxins produced by b. thuringiensis from uv degredation and may therefore have important applications in the field of crop protection. toxicity assa ...	2004	15214633
changes in susceptibility to conventional insecticides of a cry1ac-selected population of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the changes in the susceptibility of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) to three insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim and endosulfan) commonly used for control of this pest in china were monitored by bioassays at various generations. the insects were originally collected from bt cotton fields and selected with cry1ac over 44 generations. in comparison with a susceptible strain, the larval resistance of the bt-selected populations to cry1ac toxin increased 106-fold. simultaneo ...	2004	15260299
molecular cloning and expression patterns of the molt-regulating transcription factor hhr3 from helicoverpa armigera.	molt-regulating transcription factors, hormone receptor 3 (hr3), play important roles in regulating expression of tissue-specific genes involved in insect molting and metamorphosis. a 1668 bp cdna encoding a molt-regulating transcription factor (hhr3) was cloned from helicoverpa armigera, which encodes a protein made up of 556 amino acids. this 62 kda protein was found to have an isoelectric point (pi) of 6.52. there was no signal peptide or n-glycosylation site found in this cdna. a dna-binding ...	2004	15271213
bioactivity of non-edible oil seed extracts and purified extracts against helicoverpa armigera (hubner).	extracts and purified extracts of seeds of two plant species, madhuca latifolia and calophyllum inophyllum when evaluated against the 2nd instar larvae of helicoverpa armigera reared on synthetic diet, exhibited high larval mortality, prolongation of developmental period, morphological deformities and highly significant reduction in adult emergence. the reduction in larval weights in the treatments was also highly significant.	2004	15274488
in vivo enhancement of nucleopolyhedrovirus of oriental armyworm, mythimna separata using spindles from helicoverpa armigera entomopoxvirus.	when the third instar larvae of m. separata were exposed to eight varying concentrations of polyhedral occlusion bodies (pob's) of nucleopolyhedrovirus of m. separata (msnpv) ranging from 2.6 x 10(-1) to 2.6 x 10(8) pob's/ml, the percent mortality and incubation period ranged from 16-100% and 14 to 9 days respectively. on the other hand when the same third instar larvae of m. separata were exposed to only five varying concentration of pob's of msnpv ranging from 2.6 x 10(2) to 2.6 x 10(6), pob's ...	2004	15274494
potentiation of insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 by proteinase inhibitors in the american bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner).	the effect of crude proteinase inhibitor extracts from seeds of different crop plants (black gram, chickpea, chickling vetch, finger millet, french bean, green gram, horse gram, lentil, pea and soybean) on the insecticidal activity of b. thuringiensis var. kurstaki hd-1 was investigated against neonate larvae of h. armigera by diet incorporation method. the larval mortality due to crude proteinase inhibitors alone (5% seed weight equivalent) ranged from 4.1 to 19.1%; the maximum mortality with f ...	2004	15282948
development and mechanisms of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin cry1ac in the american bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner).	the american bollworm, h. armigera, evolved 31-fold resistance to selection pressure of b. thuringiensis endotoxin cry1ac within six generations. the cry1ac selected larvae of h. armigera showed cross-resistance to cry1aa and cry1ab both in terms of mortality and growth reduction. studies on mechanisms of resistance to cry1ac showed that proteases of resistant insects degraded cry1ac faster than those of susceptible insects, which led to the relative unavailability of toxin of about 58 kda for b ...	2004	15282949
[response of parasitic wasps of cotton bollworm to different cotton varieties with transgenic bacillus thringienthsis genes].	the relationship between the parasitic wasp population number of cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera) and the varieties of cotton was studied by releasing and collecting the eggs and larvae of cotton bollworm on transgenic and non-transgenic cottons. the research results from 2000 to 2003 showed that the parasitic rates of the eggs and larvae of cotton bollworm were notably lower in transgenic cotton field than in non-transgenic cotton field. at the same time, the effect of transgenic and non- ...	2004	15320406
occurrence and cross infectivity of granulovirus of field bean pod borer adisura atkinsoni moore.	a granulovirus (gv) was isolated from the field-bean pod borer, adisura atkinsoni. electron microscopic observation showed capsule or granular shaped occlusion bodies. the virus was highly virulent against second instar larvae when tested at 1 x 10(6) occlusions/larva through food surface (pod/seed) contamination technique. the incubation period ranged from 6-10 days in the case of second instar larvae. in contrast to green coloured healthy larvae. gv infected a. atkinsoni became brownish/pale w ...	2003	15332511
molecular cloning and bacterial expression of pheromone binding protein in the antennae of helicoverpa armigera (hübner).	a cdna clone coding for pheromone binding protein was isolated from the antennae of helicoverpa armigera by rt-pcr and (5'/3')-race technique. the full-length of h. armigera pheromone binding protein (harmpbp) was 952 bp, possessing 162 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 20 amino acids. its predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point were 18.26 kda and 5.23, respectively. this deduced amino acid sequence shared some common structural features with odorant-binding proteins fro ...	2004	15352152
the evolution of cotton pest management practices in china.	the development of cotton pest management practices in china has followed a pattern seen for many crops that rely heavily on insecticides. helicoverpa armigera resistance to chemical pesticides resulted in the unprecedented pest densities of the early 1990s. transgenic cotton that expresses a gene derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been deployed for combating h. armigera since 1997. the pest management tactics associated with bt cotton have resulted in a drastic reduction ...	2005	15355239
insecticidal pilin subunit from the insect pathogen xenorhabdus nematophila.	xenorhabdus nematophila is an insect pathogen and produces protein toxins which kill the larval host. previously, we characterized an orally toxic, large, outer membrane-associated protein complex from the culture medium of x. nematophila. here, we describe the cloning, expression, and characterization of a 17-kda pilin subunit of x. nematophila isolated from that protein complex. the gene was amplified by pcr, cloned, and expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant protein was refolded in vi ...	2004	15375127
selection and heritability of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki and transgenic cotton in helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	compared with an unselected susceptible population, a cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), population selected for 22 generations with transgenic cotton leaves (modified cry1a) in the laboratory developed 11.0-fold resistance to cry1ac (one single-protein product mvpii). resistance to bacillus thuringiensis berliner subsp kurstaki (btk) was selected for 22 generations with a 5.2-fold increase in lc50. the estimated realized heritabilities (h2) of resistance for transgenic-cotton- and ...	2004	15382503
ha-vp39 binding to actin and the influence of f-actin on assembly of progeny virions.	we present evidence that actin is necessary for the successful assembly of hanpv virions. purified nucleocapsid protein ha-vp39 of heliothis armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (hanpv) was found to be able to bind to actin in vitro without assistance, as demonstrated by western blot and isothermal titration calorimeter. deltah and binding constants (k) detected by isothermal titration calorimeter strongly suggested that ha-vp39 first binds actin to seed the formation of hexamer complex of actin, ...	2004	15503206
relative fitness of cry1a-resistant and -susceptible helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on conventional and transgenic cotton.	glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative fitness of cry1a-susceptible and laboratory-selected resistant strains of helicoverpa armigera (hübner). life history parameters of h. armigera larvae feeding on young cotton plants showed a significant developmental delay of up to 7 d for the resistant strain compared with the susceptible strain on non-bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton. this fitness cost was not evident on artificial diet. there was no developmental ...	2004	15568362
expression of the helicoverpa cathepsin b-like proteinase during embryonic development.	cathepsin b-like proteinase from helicoverpa armigera (hcb) was proposed as being involved in the degradation of yolk proteins during embryonic development. recombinant hcb was expressed as a fusion protein with gst in escherichia coli bl21 on the basis of its cdna and purified to homogeneity. the fusion protein was cleaved with thrombin to generate a soluble protease with a mass of 37 kda. a polyclonal antiserum against this recombinant protein, raised in the rabbit, recognized three isoforms o ...	2005	15599933
helicostatins: brain-gut peptides of the moth, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	gene expression and immunolocalisation studies have determined that the helicostatins are brain-gut peptides in larvae of the lepidopteran, helicoverpa armigera. mapping of the distribution of these peptides in the nervous system and alimentary canal has provided evidence for multifunctional regulatory roles. in situ hybridisation studies have shown that the helicostatin precursor gene is expressed in neurones of the central and stomatogastric nervous systems, and endocrine cells of the midgut d ...	2005	15599938
bioefficacy and mode-of-action of some limonoids of salannin group from azadirachta indica a. juss and their role in a multicomponent system against lepidopteran larvae.	biological activities of the salannin type of limonoids isolated from azadirachta indica a. juss were assessed using the gram pod borer helicoverpa armigera (hubner) and the tobacco armyworm spodoptera litura (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). inhibition of larval growth was concomitant with reduced feeding by neonate and third instar larvae. all three compounds exhibited strong antifeedant activity in a choice leaf disc bioassay with 2.0, 2.3 and 2.8 microg/cm(2) of 3-o-acetyl salannol, sala ...	2004	15625397
regional reversion of insecticide resistance in helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is associated with the use of bt cotton in northern china.	a continuous programme for monitoring resistance of helicoverpa armigera (hubner) to commonly used insecticides was undertaken for assessing the impact of bt cotton planting on the evolution of the pest resistance from 1994 to 2002 in china. the bioassay results showed that the resistance levels per year in field populations of h armigera to lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim and endosulfan decreased, respectively, to 9-15-fold, 11-14-fold and 6-8-fold in 2001-2002 from 197-262-fold, 52-74-fold and 18-3 ...	2005	15643649
northward migration of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and other moths in early summer observed with radar in northern china.	the northward migration of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and other moths in early summer was observed with radar in 2001 and 2002 at langfang, hebei province, china. migratory flights typically occurred at heights up to 1.2 km above ground level (agl), and high density layer concentrations frequently formed at 200-300 m agl. adult moths of local populations took off at dusk and ceased flight approximately 0.5 h before sunrise with area density peaking approximately 35 min after dusk. a strong du ...	2004	15666739
disruption of a cadherin gene associated with resistance to cry1ac {delta}-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis in helicoverpa armigera.	a laboratory strain (gy) of helicoverpa armigera (hubner) was established from surviving larvae collected from transgenic cotton expressing a bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki insecticidal protein (bt cotton) in gaoyang county, hebei province, people's republic of china, in 2001. the gybt strain was derived from the gy strain through 28 generations of selection with activated cry1ac delivered by diet surface contamination. when resistance to cry1ac in the gybt strain increased to 564-fold aft ...	2005	15691952
neuropeptide co-localisation in the lepidopteran frontal ganglion studied by electron-microscopic gold-labelling immunocytochemistry.	an immunogold-labelling electron-microscopic study of the frontal ganglion of two noctuids, lacanobia oleracea and helicoverpa armigera, has been carried out with antisera directed against three neuropeptides; allatostatins of the y/fxfgl-nh2 type, manduca sexta allatostatin (mas-as) and m. sexta allatotropin. the ganglion of both noctuids has two pairs of large peptidergic neurones with many clusters of electron-dense granules, one pair being situated anteriorly and the other posteriorly. by me ...	2005	15714283
construction of a transposon-mediated baculovirus vector hanpvid and a new cell line for expressing barnase.	in this study we developed the transposon-mediated shuttle vector 'hanpvid', which composed of hanpv (heliothis armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus) genomic dna and a transposon cassette from bacmid of bac-to-bac system. hanpvid replicates in e. coli in the same way as bacmid and retains infective function in cotton bollworm cells (hz-am1). using hanpvid we constructed a recombinant virus, which could infect hz-am1 cells and generate recombinant hanpv (rha-bar) containing the barnase gene, a rib ...	2005	15715945
in vivo and in vitro effect of capsicum annum proteinase inhibitors on helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases.	two proteinase inhibitors (pis), capa1 and capa2, were purified from capsicum annum linn. var. phule jyoti leaves and assessed for their in vitro and in vivo activity against helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases (hgps). both the inhibitors exhibited molecular weights of about 12 kda with inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin indicating presence of probable two-inhibitor repeats of pin ii family. capa1 and capa2 inhibited 60-80% hgp (azocaseinolytic) activity of fourth insta ...	2005	15715970
isolation and identification of a new tetravirus from dendrolimus punctatus larvae collected from yunnan province, china.	in this study, dendrolimus punctatus tetravirus (dptv) has been identified as a new member of the genus omegatetravirus of the family tetraviridae that may be related serologically to nudaurelia capensis omega virus (nomegav). dptv particles are isometric, with a diameter of about 40 nm and a buoyant density of 1.281 g cm(-3) in cscl. the virus has two capsid proteins (of 62 500 and 6800 da) and two single-stranded rna molecules (rna1 and rna2), which are 5492 and 2490 nt long, respectively. rna ...	2005	15722541
maturation of a tetravirus capsid alters the dynamic properties and creates a metastable complex.	the assembly of monomeric protein subunits into a viral capsid is a finely tuned molecular process. in response to subtle changes in environmental conditions, this supramolecular complex can dramatically reorganize. defining the forces that control this structure and the cooperative action of subunits has implications for biology and nanotechnology. the small icosahedral rna tetravirus family members nudaurelia omega capensis (nomegav) and helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (hasv) can be purified ...	2005	15749119
characterization of melanin produced by a wild-type strain of bacillus thuringiensis.	bt l-7601 is a uv resistant wild-type strain, which belongs to bacillus thuringiensis subsp. dendrolimus serotype h4a4b. it was isolated from nature, and produced a dark brown pigment during the exponential phase of growth. bt l-7601 had the ability to produce pigment in a general nutrition-abundant medium, which had no l-tyrosine. the pigment was identified as melanin based on chemical testing, its light absorbance, and ft-ir analysis. bt l-7601 has a strong resistance to uv light. after 30 min ...	2004	15754243
gene expression patterns of helicoverpa armigera gut proteases.	relative quantification of reported gut proteinase cdnas from helicoverpa armigera larvae fed on various host plants (cotton, chickpea, pigeonpea, tomato and okra), non-host plant pis (winged bean, bitter gourd, ground nut, and capsicum) and during larval development has been carried out using semi-quantitative rt-pcr. five trypsin-like and three chymotrypsin-like proteinases were categorized as insensitive or sensitive to most of the proteinase inhibitors (pis) and insensitive/sensitive to spec ...	2005	15763471
seasonal expression profiles of insecticidal protein and control efficacy against helicoverpa armigera for bt cotton in the yangtze river valley of china.	seasonal levels of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal protein and its control efficacy against helicoverpa armigera (hübner) in bt transgenic cotton gk19 (carrying a cry1ac/cry1ab fused gene) and bg1560 (carrying a cry1ac gene) were investigated in tianmen county, hubei province, located in the yangtze river valley of china, in 2001 and 2002. the results showed that the toxin content in bt cotton changed significantly over time, and that the structure, growth stage, and variety were signif ...	2005	15765683
standardization of cage techniques to screen chickpeas for resistance to helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in greenhouse and field conditions.	because of variations in insect populations and staggered flowering of chickpea, cicer arietinum l., genotypes, it is difficult to compare the genotypic performance across seasons and locations. we standardized a cage technique to screen chickpeas for resistance to helicoverpa armigera (hübner). leaf feeding by the larvae was significantly lower on icc 506 than on iccc 37 when the seedlings were infested with 20 neonates per five plants at 15 d after seedling emergence or 10 neonates per three p ...	2005	15765685
structural characterization and transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding diapause hormone and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	we have cloned the gene encoding the diapause hormone and the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide in helicoverpa armigera (har-dh-pban). the har-dh-pban gene contains six exons and five introns that fall in the same positions as in the bombyx mori dh-pban gene (bom-dh-pban). the transcription initiation site lays 29 bp upstream of the translation initiation site. southern blot analysis suggests that a single copy of this gene is present per haploid genome. a structural comparison of d ...	2005	15777675
preliminary studies on differential defense responses induced during plant communication.	we compared the expression patterns of three representative genes in undamaged tomato and tobacco plants in response to exposure to either tomato or tobacco fed on by helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm). when tomato and tobacco, two species of one family, were incubated in the chambers with the tomato plants damaged by the cotton bollworm, the expression of the pr1, bgl2, and pal genes was up-regulated in leaves of both plants. however, the levels of gene expression were significantly higher ...	2005	15780181
a kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) that exerts anti-metabolic effect on podborer (helicoverpa armigera) larvae.	chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) seeds contain bowman-birk proteinase inhibitors, which are ineffective against the digestive proteinases of larvae of the insect pest helicoverpa armigera. we have identified and purified a low expressing proteinase inhibitor (pi), distinct from the bowman-birk inhibitors and active against h. armigera gut proteinases (hgp), from chickpea seeds. n-terminal sequencing of this hgp inhibitor revealed a sequence similar to reported pea (pisum sativum) and chickpea alpha ...	2005	15830127
characterization of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus orf33 that encodes a novel budded virion derived protein, bv-e31.	homologues of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearsnpv) orf33 are found in all 22 completely sequenced members of the lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses, but so far their functions are unknown. in this report, we describe the characterization of hearsnpv orf33 (ha33). northern blot analysis showed a single transcript of ha33 of approximately 0.7 kb was transcribed beginning at 3 h post-infection in infected helicoverpa zea cells (hzam1) and the gene product could b ...	2005	15834653