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mapping of qtl for resistance to the mediterranean corn borer attack using the intermated b73 x mo17 (ibm) population of maize.the mediterranean corn borer or pink stem borer (mcb, sesamia nonagrioides lefebvre) causes important yield losses as a consequence of stalk tunneling and direct kernel damage. b73 and mo17 are the source of the most commercial valuable maize inbred lines in temperate zones, while the intermated b73 x mo17 (ibm) population is an invaluable source for qtl identification. however, no or few experiments have been carried out to detect qtl for corn borer resistance in the b73 x mo17 population. the ...200919756472
field trials to evaluate effects of bt-transgenic silage corn expressing the cry1ab insecticidal toxin on non-target soil arthropods in northern new england, usa.traditionally, control of european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis) hübner has been achieved through the use of chemical insecticides. with increasing emphasis on reducing pesticide inputs in agricultural production, alternative management technologies are now being used including transgenic silage corn modified to express cry1ab protein toxins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) berliner. the cry1ab toxin is expressed by all plant cells and throughout the growing season. furthermore, the to ...200919083116
variability in the cadherin gene in an ostrinia nubilalis strain selected for cry1ab resistance.transgenic corn expressing cry1ab (a bacillus thuringiensis toxin) is highly effective in the control of ostrinia nubilalis. for its toxic action, cry1ab has to bind to specific insect midgut proteins. to date, in three lepidoptera species resistance to a cry1a toxin has been conferred by mutations in cadherin, a protein of the lepidoptera midgut membrane. the implication of cadherin in the resistance of an ostrinia nubilalis colony (europe-r) selected with bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab protoxin ...200919114103
repetitive genome elements in a european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, bacterial artificial chromosome library were indicated by bacterial artificial chromosome end sequencing and development of sequence tag site markers: implications for lepidopteran genomic research.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, is a serious pest of food, fiber, and biofuel crops in europe, north america, and asia and a model system for insect olfaction and speciation. a bacterial artificial chromosome library constructed for o. nubilalis contains 36 864 clones with an estimated average insert size of >or=120 kb and genome coverage of 8.8-fold. screening onb1 clones comprising approximately 2.76 genome equivalents determined the physical position of 24 sequence tag site marke ...200919132072
toxicity and disruption of midgut physiology in larvae of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, by anion transporter blockers.in this study, four blockers of anion transporters (ats) belonging to four different classes of organic acids, including dids (4, 4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2'- disulfonic acid; a stilbene disulfonic acid), nppb [(5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid; an anthranilic acid)], 9-ac (anthracene-9-carboxylic acid; an aromatic carboxylic acid), and iaa-94 (indanyloxy acetic acid; an indanyloxy alkanoic acid), were tested for their toxicity against the european corn borer (ecb), ostrinia nu ...200919140151
hydroxamic acids derived from 2-hydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one: key defense chemicals of cereals.many cereals accumulate hydroxamic acids derived from 2-hydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one. these benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acids are involved in defense of maize against various lepidopteran pests, most notably the european corn borer, in defense of cereals against various aphid species, and in allelopathy affecting the growth of weeds associated with rye and wheat crops. the role of benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acids in defense against fungal infection is less clear and seems to depend on the natu ...200919199602
ionizing radiation as a phytosanitary treatment against european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) in ambient, low oxygen, and cold conditions.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), is a quarantine pest for several fresh commodities, including corn-on-the-cob, bell peppers, and green beans. methyl bromide fumigation is the usual phytosanitary treatment, but the fumigant is under increasing regulation as a stratospheric ozone-depleting substance. ionizing radiation is a relatively new commercial alternative that is currently used in several countries. the present research explored radiation doses ...200919253619
integrating chemical and biological control of european corn borer in bell pepper.using multiple locations and a series of field trials over 2 yr, we evaluated an integrated pest management program for ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) management in peppers involving biorational chemistries, inundative releases of trichogramma ostriniae (pang & chen), and conservation of generalist predators. in small plot trials, three biorational insecticides (spinosad, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide) provided comparable control of o. nubilalis as two broad-spectrum conv ...200919253647
concerted evolution of male and female display traits in the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis.sexual reproduction entails the encounter of the sexes and the multiplicity of rituals is parallel to the diversity of mating systems. evolutionary mechanisms such as sexual selection and sexual conflict have led to the elaboration of traits to gain attention and favours from potential partners. a paradox exists about how coordinated systems can evolve and diverge when there would seem to be a stabilising selection acting. moth display traits - pheromones - constitute an advantageous model with ...200919257880
impact of bt-corn mon88017 in comparison to three conventional lines on trigonotylus caelestialium (kirkaldy) (heteroptera: miridae) field densities.in europe, bt-corn resistant against the european corn borer has until now been the only genetically modified plant to be grown commercially. with the advent of the western corn rootworm bt-corn varieties with resistance against coleoptera will become important. the cultivation of bt-plants may have negative impacts on non-target organisms, i.e. all species not explicitly targeted by a given bt-crop. one prominent non-target group in corn are the herbivorous plant bugs (heteroptera: miridae). th ...200918668336
european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) stalk tunneling on root-knot nematode (tylenchida: heteroderidae) fitness on corn.greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2004-2006 to examine the reciprocal effects of aboveground herbivory by european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), and belowground herbivory by root-knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita chitwood (tylenchida: heteroderidae), on one another at three corn, zea mays l., growth stages. two experiments were conducted to study the effect of aboveground herbivory by o. nubilalis on the number of m. incognita juvenile penetration/ro ...200919449640
technique to assess effectiveness of control tactics against ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) in whorl-stage corn.ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) is one of the most damaging insect pests of corn. studies were conducted to determine whether live larval counts obtained from corn whorls were predictive of the amount of larval tunneling that would result in the stalk of the plant 40 d later at the end of larval development. whorls from plants treated with dipel 10g (6,400 iu per whorl) and untreated controls, both infested with o. nubilalis neonates, were evaluated for the number of live la ...200919449642
bacillus thuringiensis resistance influences european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) larval behavior after exposure to cry1ab.the behavior of pests targeted by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops has been recognized as an important factor to define resistance management plans. however, most data do not include the possible impact resistance may have on the behavior of pests. to examine whether resistance influences behavior of european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), neonates after exposure to dietary bt, the responses of cry1ab-resistant, -susceptible, and hybrid (f1) lines from two pop ...200919449661
on-plant survival and inheritance of resistance to cry1ab toxin from bacillus thuringiensis in a field-derived strain of european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis.the high dose plus refuge is one of the major components of the resistance management plan mandated for transgenic corn expressing cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) that targets the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae). this strategy was based on assumptions such as functional recessive inheritance, which has not been previously tested for o. nubilalis. the authors used a field-derived resistant strain of o. nubilalis to define the nature o ...200919484699
dispersal of trichogramma ostriniae (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) in potato fields.the dispersal ability of trichogramma ostriniae pang and chen, a biological control agent of ostrinia nubilalis hübner, was studied in commercial potato fields on the eastern shore of virginia. the purpose was to quantify dispersal of t. ostriniae after an inundative release to aid in determining the number of release points needed per unit area for effective biological control of o. nubilalis in solanaceous crops. a single release of approximately 0.5 million wasps was made in two spatially sep ...200919508776
timing clorpirifos + cypermethrin and indoxacarb applications to control european corn borer damage and fumonisin contamination in maize kernels.european corn borer (ecb) is the main maize pest in central and southern europe and it promotes the infection of maize with fusarium verticillioides, which is able to produce fumonisins. field experiments were performed from 2006 to 2007 in northwestern italy to determine the effects of the timing of insecticide applications on maize fungal ear rot and fumonisin contamination in natural infection conditions. four application timings and two insecticides (clorpirifos + cypermethrin and indoxacarb ...201020355075
exposure and nontarget effects of transgenic bt corn debris in streams.corn (zea mays l.) transformed with a gene from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) comprises 49% of all corn in the united states. the input of senesced corn tissue expressing the bt gene may impact stream-inhabiting invertebrates that process plant debris, especially trichopteran species related to the target group of lepidopteran pests. our goal was to assess risk associated with transgenic corn debris entering streams. first, we show the input of corn tissue after harvest was extended ...201020388306
divergence in behaviour between the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, and its sibling species ostrinia scapulalis: adaptation to human harvesting?divergent adaptation to host plant species may be the major mechanism driving speciation and adaptive radiations in phytophagous insects. host plants can differ intrinsically in a number of attributes, but the role of natural enemies in host plant specialization is often underappreciated. here, we report behavioural divergence between the european corn borer (ecb, ostrinia nubilalis) and its sibling species ostrinia scapulalis, in relation to a major enemy: humans. harvesting maize imposes selec ...201020410041
study of the aminopeptidase n gene family in the lepidopterans ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) and bombyx mori (l.): sequences, mapping and expression.aminopeptidases n (apns) are a class of ectoenzymes present in lepidopteran larvae midguts, involved in the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins mode of action. in the present work, seven aminopeptidases have been cloned from the midgut of ostrinia nubilalis, the major lepidopteran corn pest in the temperate climates. six sequences were identified as apns because of the presence of the hexxh(x)18e and gamen motifs, as well as the signal peptide and the gpi-anchor sequences. the remaining sequence ...201020420910
a delta 11 desaturase gene genealogy reveals two divergent allelic classes within the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis).moth pheromone mating systems have been characterized at the molecular level, allowing evolutionary biologists to study how changes in protein sequence or gene expression affect pheromone phenotype, patterns of mating, and ultimately, the formation of barriers to gene exchange. recent studies of ostrinia pheromones have focused on the diversity of sex pheromone desaturases and their role in the specificity of pheromone production. here we produce a delta 11 desaturase genealogy within ostrinia n ...201020423501
can a specialist parasitoid, macrocentrus cingulum (hymenoptera: braconidae), influence the ecotype structure of its preferred host ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae)?synchronization between a parasitoid and its preferred host is an essential strategy for successful biological control. two ecotypes of ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) in north america are distinguished by their voltinism. in this study, the differential impact of a specialist parasitoid, macrocentrus cingulum brischke (hymenoptera: braconidae), on the univoltine and multivoltine populations of o. nubilalis is investigated. four years of field and laboratory study suggested ...201020429435
dispersal and movement behavior of neonate european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) on non-bt and transgenic bt corn.neonate movement and dispersal behavior of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), were investigated under controlled conditions on bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and non-bt corn, zea mays l., to assess plant abandonment, dispersal from their natal plant, and silking behavior after bt and non-bt preexposure. with continuous airflow, neonates on a bt corn plant for 24 h abandoned that plant 1.78 times more frequently than neonates on a non-bt corn plant. indire ...201020429445
a gut-specific chitinase gene essential for regulation of chitin content of peritrophic matrix and growth of ostrinia nubilalis larvae.chitinases belong to a large and diverse family of hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds of chitin. however, very little is known about the function of chitinase genes in regulating the chitin content in peritrophic matrix (pm) of the midgut in insects. we identified a cdna putatively encoding a chitinase (oncht) in european corn borer (ecb; ostrinia nubilalis). the oncht transcript was predominately found in larval midgut but undetectable in eggs, pupae, or adults. when the larvae ...201020542114
allelic variation in a fatty-acyl reductase gene causes divergence in moth sex pheromones.pheromone-based behaviours are crucial in animals from insects to mammals, and reproductive isolation is often based on pheromone differences. however, the genetic mechanisms by which pheromone signals change during the evolution of new species are largely unknown. in the sexual communication system of moths (insecta: lepidoptera), females emit a species-specific pheromone blend that attracts males over long distances. the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, consists of two sex pheromone ra ...201020592730
managing resistance to bt crops in a genetically variable insect herbivore, ostrinia nubilalis.to slow the resistance evolution of the european corn borer (ecb) to cry proteins expressed in transgenic bacillus thuringensis (bt) corn, the united states environmental protection agency (epa) has adopted an insect resistance management (irm) plan that relies on a "high dose/refuge" strategy. however, this irm plan does not consider possible ecological differences between the two ecb pheromone races (e and z). using carbon isotope analysis, we found that unstructured (non-corn) refuges contrib ...201020666246
effects of infection with nosema pyrausta on survival and development of offspring of laboratory selected bt-resistant and bt-susceptible european corn borers.infection with nosema pyrausta paillot lengthens developmental period of bt-susceptible ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) to a similar extent as feeding on cry1ab-incorporated diet in cry1ab-resistant o. nubilalis, and these two factors combined lengthen developmental period further than either alone. resistant o. nubilalis mating with infected susceptible, or infected resistant partners would produce partially- and fully-resistant offspring, respectively, infected with n. pyrausta. to investigate the ...201020673768
journey in the ostrinia world: from pest to model in chemical ecology.the european corn borer ostrinia nubilalis (ecb; lepidoptera: crambidae) is a widely recognized pest of agricultural significance over much of the northern hemisphere. because of the potential value of pheromone-based control, there has been considerable effort devoted to elucidation of the ecb chemical ecology. the species is polymorphic regarding its female-produced pheromone. partly because of this feature, over the years the ecb has become a model to study pheromone evolution. this review sh ...201020835755
ostrinia revisited: evidence for sex linkage in european corn borer ostrinia nubilalis (hubner) pheromone reception.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hubner), is a keystone model for studies on the evolution of sex pheromone diversity and its role in establishing reproductive isolation. this species consists of two sympatric races, each utilizing opposite isomers of the same compound as their major pheromone component. female production and male response are congruent in each race, and males from each strain exhibit phenotypic differences in peripheral physiology. both strains possess co-localized ...201020846425
inheritance of central neuroanatomy and physiology related to pheromone preference in the male european corn borer.the european corn borer (ecb), ostrinia nubilalis, is a textbook example of pheromone polymorphism. males of the two strains (z and e) prefer opposite ratios of the two pheromone components, z11- and e11-tetradecenyl acetate, with a sex-linked factor underlying this difference in preference. the male antennal lobes of the two strains contain a pheromone sensitive macroglomerular complex (mgc) that is identical in morphology, but reversed in functional topology. however, hybrids prefer intermedia ...201020846426
fitness costs of cry1ab resistance in a field-derived strain of ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae).the study of fitness costs associated with resistance to toxins from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) in ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) is important for understanding resistance evolution and for evaluating resistance management practices that prevent or mitigate resistance to transgenic corn, zea mays l. resistant individuals identified from a field collection in kandiyohi, mn, were used to generate a cry1ab-resistant strain. we used susceptible and resistant strains w ...201020857752
planting patterns of in-field refuges observed for bt maize in minnesota.the u.s. environmental protection agency (usepa) requires the use of nontransgenic refuges to slow the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops. in-field refuges, or refuges that are planted within the same field as the transgenic crop, are allowed; however, these refuges are required to be at least four rows wide. we described in-field planting patterns used by growers for both crylab [against ostrinia nubilalis (hübner)] and cry3bb (against diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte) mai ...201020857753
relevance of traditional integrated pest management (ipm) strategies for commercial corn producers in a transgenic agroecosystem: a bygone era?the use of transgenic bt maize hybrids continues to increase significantly across the corn belt of the united states. in 2009, 59% of all maize planted in illinois was characterized as a "stacked" gene variety. this is a 40% increase since 2006. stacked hybrids typically express one cry protein for corn rootworm control and one cry protein for control of several lepidopteran pests; they also feature herbicide tolerance (to either glyphosate or glufosinate). slightly more than 50 years has passed ...201020873716
areawide suppression of european corn borer with bt maize reaps savings to non-bt maize growers.transgenic maize engineered to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has become widely adopted in u.s. agriculture. in 2009, bt maize was planted on more than 22.2 million hectares, constituting 63% of the u.s. crop. using statistical analysis of per capita growth rate estimates, we found that areawide suppression of the primary pest ostrinia nubilalis (european corn borer) is associated with bt maize use. cumulative benefits over 14 years are an estimated ...201020929774
variation in courtship ultrasounds of three ostrinia moths with different sex pheromones.moths use ultrasounds as well as pheromones for sexual communication. in closely related moth species, variations in ultrasounds and pheromones are likely to profoundly affect mate recognition, reproductive isolation, and speciation. the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, and its asian congeners, ostrinia furnacalis and ostrinia scapulalis, exhibit within-species and between-species variation in their pheromone communication. recently, we reported ultrasound communication in o. furnacalis; ...201020957230
asian corn borer pheromone binding protein 3, a candidate for evolving specificity to the 12-tetradecenyl acetate sex pheromone.most moth species in the genus ostrinia use varying ratios of (z)-11- and (e)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as their main sex pheromone components. the asian corn borer is unique within the genus having evolved to use pheromone components with a shift in the location of the double bond, (z)-12- and (e)-12-tetradecenyl acetate. we identified cdnas representing five pheromone binding proteins (pbps) and two sensory neuron membrane protein genes from an antennal transcriptome. the coding regions of the o ...201021056664
evaluating resistance to bt toxin cry1ab by f2 screen in european populations of ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae).the large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins have already lead to the evolution of bt resistance in some pest populations targeted by these crops. we used the f2 screening method for further estimating the frequency of resistance alleles of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), to bt maize, zea mays l., producing the cry1ab toxin. in france, germany, and italy, 784, 455, and 80 lines of european corn borer w ...201021061983
genetic hitchhiking associated with life history divergence and colonization of north america in the european corn borer moth.a primary goal for evolutionary biology is to reveal the genetic basis for adaptive evolution and reproductive isolation. using z and e pheromone strains the european corn borer (ecb) moth, i address this problem through multilocus analyses of dna polymorphism. i find that the locus triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) is a statistically significant outlier in coalescent simulations of demographic histories of population divergence, including strict allopatric isolation, restricted migration, second ...201021104111
isolation of bac clones containing conserved genes from libraries of three distantly related moths: a useful resource for comparative genomics of lepidoptera.lepidoptera, butterflies and moths, is the second largest animal order and includes numerous agricultural pests. to facilitate comparative genomics in lepidoptera, we isolated bac clones containing conserved and putative single-copy genes from libraries of three pests, heliothis virescens, ostrinia nubilalis, and plutella xylostella, harboring the haploid chromosome number, n = 31, which are not closely related with each other or with the silkworm, bombyx mori, (n = 28), the sequenced model lepi ...201021127704
characterization of six antibacterial response genes from the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis) larval gut and their expression in response to bacterial challenge.six cdnas encoding putative antibacterial response proteins were identified and characterized from the larval gut of the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis). these antibacterial response proteins include four peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps), one β-1,3-glucanase-1 (βglu-1), and one lysozyme. tissue-specific expression analysis showed that these genes were highly expressed in the midgut, except for lysozyme. analysis of expression of these genes in different developmental stage sho ...201021167833
a technique using reusable components for hand-infesting cornstalks with european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) larvae.field trials were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the use of reusable wire nuts and nonreusable gelatin capsules for hand-infesting cornstalks with european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), (lepidoptera: crambidae) larvae. the reusable technique, which consists of a modified winggard plastic wire connector (i.e., wire nut) as a containment device for larvae, was compared over three plant growth stages to a gelatin capsule technique. in 2005 and 2006, the wire nut technique resulte ...201021309228
measurements of cry1f binding and activity of luminal gut proteases in susceptible and cry1f resistant ostrinia nubilalis larvae (lepidoptera: crambidae).the biochemical mechanism of resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis cry1f toxin was studied in a laboratory-selected strain of ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) showing more than 3000-fold resistance to cry1f and limited cross resistance to other cry toxins. analyses of cry1f binding to brush border membrane vesicles of midgut epithelia from susceptible and resistant larvae using ligand immunoblotting and surface plasmon resonance (spr) suggested that reduced binding of cry1 ...201019766122
homology of olfactory receptor neuron response characteristics inferred from hybrids between asian and european corn borer moths (lepidoptera: crambidae).first generation hybrid males from crosses between the asian corn borer (acb), ostrinia furnacalis, and the "univoltine z-strain" european corn borer (ecb), ostrinia nubilalis, were examined with respect to behavioral and physiological responses to acb and ecb pheromones. the hybrid males often flew to the pheromone of ecb z-strain, but very rarely to the acb pheromone. we mapped the tuning profiles of each orn of the f(1) hybrids with respect to the relevant pheromone components and a common be ...201019778540
components of reproductive isolation between north american pheromone strains of the european corn borer.of 12 potential reproductive isolating barriers between closely related z- and e-pheromone strains of the european corn borer moth (ostrinia nubilalis), seven significantly reduced gene flow but none were complete, suggesting that speciation in this lineage is a gradual process in which multiple barriers of intermediate strength accumulate. estimation of the cumulative effect of all barriers resulted in nearly complete isolation (>99%), but geographic variation in seasonal isolation allowed as m ...201019895559
did the introduction of maize into europe provide enemy-free space to ostrinia nubilalis? parasitism differences between two sibling species of the genus ostrinia.we examined whether maize offers enemy-free space (efs) to its pest ostrinia nubilalis, and may thereby have contributed to its divergence from the sibling species, ostrinia scapulalis, feeding mainly on mugwort, when introduced into europe five centuries ago. we collected ostrinia larvae on maize (70 populations, 8425 individuals) and mugwort (10 populations, 1184 individuals) and recorded parasitism using both traditional (counting emerging parasitoids) and molecular methods (detection by spec ...201020002249
a mathematical model of exposure of non-target lepidoptera to bt-maize pollen expressing cry1ab within europe.genetically modified (gm) maize mon810 expresses a cry1ab insecticidal protein, derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), toxic to lepidopteran target pests such as ostrinia nubilalis. an environmental risk to non-target lepidoptera from this gm crop is exposure to harmful amounts of bt-containing pollen deposited on host plants in or near mon810 fields. an 11-parameter mathematical model analysed exposure of larvae of three non-target species: the butterflies inachis io (l.), vanessa atalanta ( ...201020053648
comparative virulence of beauveria bassiana isolates against lepidopteran pests of vegetable crops.forty-three isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana were screened for virulence against second-instar larvae of diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) (dbm), european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis) (ecb), corn earworm (helicoverpa zea) (cew), and fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) (faw); 30 of these isolates were tested against beet armyworm (spodoptera exigua) (baw). highly virulent isolates were also tested against black cutworm (agrotis ipsilon) (bcw), and the most viru ...201020060396
sex pheromone receptor specificity in the european corn borer moth, ostrinia nubilalis.the european corn borer (ecb), ostrinia nubilalis (hubner), exists as two separate sex pheromone races. ecb(z) females produce a 97ratio3 blend of z11- and e11-tetradecenyl acetate whereas ecb(e) females produce an opposite 1ratio99 ratio of the z and e isomers. males of each race respond specifically to their conspecific female's blend. a closely related species, the asian corn borer (acb), o. furnacalis, uses a 3ratio2 blend of z12- and e12-tetradecenyl acetate, and is believed to have evolved ...201020084285
ultrastructural changes in the midguts of hessian fly larvae feeding on resistant wheat.the focus of the present study was to compare ultrastructure in the midguts of larvae of the hessian fly, mayetiola destructor (say), under different feeding regimens. larvae were either fed on hessian fly-resistant or -susceptible wheat, and each group was compared to starved larvae. within 3h of larval hessian fly feeding on resistant wheat, midgut microvilli were disrupted, and after 6h, microvilli were absent. the disruption in microvilli in larvae feeding on resistant wheat were similar to ...201020116382
intraguild competition and enhanced survival of western bean cutworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on transgenic cry1ab (mon810) bacillus thuringiensis corn.the effect of genetically modified corn (event mon810, yieldgard corn borer) expressing the bacillus thuringiensis sp. kurstaki (berliner) (bt) endotoxin, cry1ab, on the survival of western bean cutworm, striacosta albicosta (smith), larvae was examined during intraguild competition studies with either european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), or corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), larvae. competition scenarios were constructed by using either a laboratory or field competition arena ...201020214368
a helitron-like transposon superfamily from lepidoptera disrupts (gaaa)(n) microsatellites and is responsible for flanking sequence similarity within a microsatellite family.transposable elements (tes) are mobile dna regions that alter host genome structure and gene expression. a novel 588 bp non-autonomous high copy number te in the ostrinia nubilalis genome has features in common with miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (mites): high a + t content (62.3%), lack of internal protein coding sequence, and secondary structure consisting of subterminal inverted repeats (sirs). the o. nubilalis te has inserted at (gaaa)(n) microsatellite loci, and was named t ...201020217059
qtl mapping for mediterranean corn borer resistance in european flint germplasm using recombinant inbred lines.ostrinia nubilalis (ecb) and sesamia nonagrioides (mcb) are two maize stem borers which cause important losses in temperate maize production, but qtl analyses for corn borer resistance were mostly restricted to ecb resistance and maize materials genetically related (mapping populations derived from b73). therefore, the objective of this work was to identify and characterize qtls for mcb resistance and agronomic traits in a rils population derived from european flint inbreds.201020230603
novel vip3a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize approaches high-dose efficacy against helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) under field conditions: implications for resistance management.sweet corn, zea mays l., transformed to express a novel vegetative insecticidal protein, vip3a (event mir162, syngenta seeds, inc..), produced by the bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis (bt), was evaluated over four field seasons in maryland and two field seasons in minnesota for efficacy against the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie). -áhybrids expressing the vip3a protein and pyramided in hybrids also expressing the cry1ab bt protein (event bt11, attribute (-«) , syngenta seeds, inc.) were c ...201021844691
novel acidic sesquiterpenoids constitute a dominant class of pathogen-induced phytoalexins in maize.nonvolatile terpenoid phytoalexins occur throughout the plant kingdom, but until recently were not known constituents of chemical defense in maize (zea mays). we describe a novel family of ubiquitous maize sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins, termed zealexins, which were discovered through characterization of fusarium graminearum-induced responses. zealexins accumulate to levels greater than 800 ++g g(-1) fresh weight in f. graminearum-infected tissue. their production is also elicited by a wide variet ...201121690302
a single major qtl controls expression of larval cry1f resistance trait in ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) and is independent of midgut receptor genes.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae), is an introduced crop pest in north america that causes major damage to corn and reduces yield of food, feed, and biofuel materials. the cry1f toxin from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) expressed in transgenic hybrid corn is highly toxic to o. nubilalis larvae and effective in minimizing feeding damage. a laboratory colony of o. nubilalis was selected for high levels of cry1f resistance (>12,000-fold compared to susceptible larvae ...201121822602
a multi-scale, landscape approach to predicting insect populations in agroecosystems.landscape composition affects ecosystems services, including agricultural pest management. however, relationships between land use and agricultural insects are not well understood, and many complexities remain to be explored. here we examine whether nonagricultural landscapes can directly suppress agricultural pests, how multiple spatial scales of land use concurrently affect insect populations, and the relationships between regional land use and insect populations. we tracked densities of three ...201121830718
bt maize and integrated pest management-a european perspective.the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis), the mediterranean corn borer (sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in european maize production. practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. a pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (ge) to produce insecticidal compounds. ge maize va ...201121710684
A physiologically based approach for degree-day calculation in pest phenology models: the case of the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) in Northern Italy.Phenological models based on degree-day accumulation have been developed to support the integrated pest management of many insects. Most of these models are based on linear relationships between temperature and development, and on daily time step simulations using daily minimum and maximum temperatures. This approach represents an approximation that does not take into account the insect physiological response to temperature, and daily temperature fluctuations. The objective of this work has been ...201121725633
Microbial diversity in the midguts of field and lab-reared populations of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis.BACKGROUND: Insects are associated with microorganisms that contribute to the digestion and processing of nutrients. The European Corn Borer (ECB) is a moth present world-wide, causing severe economical damage as a pest on corn and other crops. In the present work, we give a detailed view of the complexity of the microorganisms forming the ECB midgut microbiota with the objective of comparing the biodiversity of the midgut-associated microbiota and explore their potential as a source of genes an ...201121738787
Identification of a novel aminopeptidase P-like gene (OnAPP) possibly involved in Bt toxicity and resistance in a major corn pest (Ostrinia nubilalis).Studies to understand the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance mechanism in European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis) suggest that resistance may be due to changes in the midgut-specific Bt toxin receptor. In this study, we identified 10 aminopeptidase-like genes, which have previously been identified as putative Bt toxin receptors in other insects and examined their expression in relation to Cry1Ab toxicity and resistance. Expression analysis for the 10 aminopeptidase-like genes revealed ...201121887358
cross-pollination of nontransgenic corn ears with transgenic bt corn: efficacy against lepidopteran pests and implications for resistance management.the efficacy of nontransgenic sweet corn, zea mays l., hybrids cross-pollinated by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) sweet corn hybrids expressing cry1ab toxin was evaluated in both field and laboratory studies in minnesota in 2000. non-bt and bt hybrids (maternal plants) were cross-pollinated with pollen from both non-bt and bt hybrids (paternal plants) to create four crosses. subsequent crosses were evaluated for efficacy in the field against european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), and cor ...201122066174
efficacy of genetically modified bt toxins against insects with different genetic mechanisms of resistance.transgenic crops that produce bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins are grown widely for pest control, but insect adaptation can reduce their efficacy. the genetically modified bt toxins cry1abmod and cry1acmod were designed to counter insect resistance to native bt toxins cry1ab and cry1ac. previous results suggested that the modified toxins would be effective only if resistance was linked with mutations in genes encoding toxin-binding cadherin proteins. here we report evidence from five major cro ...201121983521
[incidence of microsporidian infection of stem borers of the genus ostrinia (lepidoptera: crambidae) in the krasnodar territory].infection of corn borers of the genus ostrinia with microsporidia is found for the first time in russia. incidence rates of the last instar larvae of the second generation, sampled under natural conditions in the krasnodar territory, is ranged between 3.0 and 17.2%. when infection incidence rates have been compared between larvae, collected (a) on the western and eastern borders of the region and (b) on dicotyledonous (cocklebur, mugwort) and monocotyledonous plants (maize), no distinct differen ...201121874854
Changes in parasitoid communities over time and space: a historical case study of the maize pest Ostrinia nubilalis.Understanding the ways in which human environmental modifications affect biodiversity is a key challenge in conservation planning, pest control and evolutionary ecology. Parasitoid communities, particularly those associated with agricultural pests, may be susceptible to such modifications. We document here changes in the larval parasitoid communities of Ostrinia nubilalis--the main pest of maize--and its sibling species O. scapulalis, based on two historical datasets, one collected from 1921-192 ...201121980436
gene genealogies reveal differentiation at sex pheromone olfactory receptor loci in pheromone strains of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis.males of the e and z strains of the european corn borer ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) are attracted to different blends of the same pheromone components. the difference in male behavioral response is controlled by the sex-linked locus resp. the two types of males have identical neuroanatomy but their physiological specificity is reversed, suggesting that variation at the periphery results in behavioral change. differences in the olfactory receptors (ors) could explain the strain-sp ...201121644950
transcript analysis and comparative evaluation of shaker and slowmo gene homologues from the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis.the movement and dispersal of larval lepidoptera impact their survival and distribution within the natural landscape. homologues of the drosophila behaviour-linked genes shaker (shkr) and slowmo (slmo) were identified from ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae). onshkr was isolated as a 1610-nucleotide (nt) constitutively expressed transcript encoding a membrane-localized 469-amino-acid (aa) protein with a conserved tetramerization domain and the six-domain architecture necessary for the mo ...201121672063
feeding behavior of neonate ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) on cry1ab bt corn: implications for resistance management.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (h++bner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), is an economically important insect pest of corn, zea mays l., in the united states and canada. the development of genetically modified corn expressing genes derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) that encodes insecticidal crystalline (cry) proteins has proven to be effective in controlling this insect. to assess the feeding behavior of neonate o. nubilalis on bt corn, we examined differences in feeding behavior, b ...201121735897
rapidly induced chemical defenses in maize stems and their effects on short-term growth of ostrinia nubilalis.plants damaged by insect herbivory often respond by inducing a suite of defenses that can negatively affect an insect's growth and fecundity. ostrinia nubilalis (european corn borer, ecb) is one of the most devastating insect pests of maize, and in the current study, we examined the early biochemical changes that occur in maize stems in response to ecb herbivory and how these rapidly induced defenses influence the growth of ecb. we measured the quantities of known maize defense compounds, benzox ...201121833765
the application and performance of single nucleotide polymorphism markers for population genetic analyses of lepidoptera.microsatellite markers are difficult to apply within lepidopteran studies due to the lack of locus-specific pcr amplification and the high proportion of "null" alleles, such that erroneous estimations of population genetic parameters often result. herein single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers are developed from ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) using next generation expressed sequence tag (est) data. a total of 2742 snps were predicted within a reference assembly of 7414 est cont ...201122303334
maize plants infestation by fusarium spp. and deoxynivalenol in genetically modified corn hybrid and traditional maize cultivars.the objective of the performed investigations was to isolate pathogenic fungi from contaminated maize cobs, to assess the appearance of maize cob fusariosis and to determine grain contamination with deoxynivalenol in the cultivation of genetically modified maize containing a gene resistance against european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis hbn) as well as selected non-modified cultivars. the plant material comprised the following genetically modified maize cultivar: dkc 3421 yg (mon 810) and non-m ...201122390066
relationships of helicoverpa armigera, ostrinia nubilalis and fusarium verticillioides on mon 810 maize.mon 810 maize was developed against ostrinia nubilalis and is suggested to indirectly decrease fusarium spp. infestation in maize ears. to evaluate this effect, co-occurrence of insect and fungal pests on mon 810 maize was studied. during 2009, exceptionally high maize ear infestation occurred in julianna-major (hungary). from investigation of some thousands of maize ears, the majority of the larval damage originated from helicoverpa armigera larvae, while o. nubilalis larvae contributed signifi ...201126467495
scanning the european corn borer (ostrinia spp.) genome for adaptive divergence between host-affiliated sibling species.it has recently been shown that the european corn borer, a major pest of maize crops, is actually composed of two genetically differentiated and reproductively isolated taxa, which are found in sympatry over a wide geographical range in eurasia. each taxon is adapted to specific host plants: ostrinia nubilalis feeds mainly on maize, while o. scapulalis feeds mainly on hop or mugwort. here, we present a genome scan approach as a first step towards an integrated molecular analysis of the adaptive ...201121375617
field control of fusarium ear rot, ostrinia nubilalis (h++bner), and fumonisins in maize kernels.a 6 year study was conducted to evaluate the possible support of pesticides in mitigating mycotoxin contamination in maize grown in northern italy. different pesticides to control ostrinia nubilalis (h++bner) (ecb), fusarium verticillioides (sacc.) nirenb. and aspergillus flavus link were considered to check their efficacy and the best schedule to reduce fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination.201121394878
identity, regulation, and activity of inducible diterpenoid phytoalexins in maize.phytoalexins constitute a broad category of pathogen- and insect-inducible biochemicals that locally protect plant tissues. because of their agronomic significance, maize and rice have been extensively investigated for their terpenoid-based defenses, which include insect-inducible monoterpene and sesquiterpene volatiles. rice also produces a complex array of pathogen-inducible diterpenoid phytoalexins. despite the demonstration of fungal-induced ent-kaur-15-ene production in maize over 30 y ago, ...201121402917
quantitative real-time pcr with sybr green detection to assess gene duplication in insects: study of gene dosage in drosophila melanogaster (diptera) and in ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera). 201121443764
sex pheromone desaturase functioning in a primitive ostrinia moth is cryptically conserved in congeners' genomes.(e)-11- and (z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate are the most common female sex pheromone components in ostrinia moths. the ?11-desaturase expressed in the pheromone gland (pg) of female moths is a key enzyme that introduces a double bond into pheromone molecules. a single ?11-desaturase of ostrinia nubilalis, onubz/e11, has been shown to produce an ~7:3 mixture of (e)-11- and (z)-11-tetradecenoate from the substrate tetradecanoate. in contrast, the sex pheromone of ostrinia latipennis, a primitive speci ...201121444802
sex-linked pheromone receptor genes of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, are in tandem arrays.tuning of the olfactory system of male moths to conspecific female sex pheromones is crucial for correct species recognition; however, little is known about the genetic changes that drive speciation in this system. moths of the genus ostrinia are good models to elucidate this question, since significant differences in pheromone blends are observed within and among species. odorant receptors (ors) play a critical role in recognition of female sex pheromones; eight types of or genes expressed in m ...201121526121
cross-resistance and mechanism of resistance to cry1ab toxin from bacillus thuringiensis in a field-derived strain of european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis.the cross-resistance spectrum and biochemical mechanism of resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin was studied in a field-derived strain of ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) that was further selected in the laboratory for high levels (>1000-fold) of resistance to cry1ab. the resistant strain exhibited high levels of cross-resistance to cry1ac and cry1aa but only low levels of cross-resistance (<4-fold) to cry1f. in addition, there was no significant difference be ...201121550350
a rearrangement of the z chromosome topology influences the sex-linked gene display in the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis.males are homogametic (zz) and females are heterogametic (wz) with respect to the sex chromosomes in many species of butterflies and moths (insect order lepidoptera). genes on the z chromosome influence traits involved in larval development, environmental adaptation, and reproductive isolation. to facilitate the investigation of these traits across lepidoptera, we developed 43 degenerate primer pairs to pcr amplify orthologs of 43 bombyx mori z chromosome-linked genes. of the 34 orthologs that a ...201121573787
putting the brakes on a cycle: bottom-up effects damp cycle amplitude.pest population density oscillations have a profound effect on agroecosystem functioning, particularly when pests cycle with epidemic persistence. here, we ask whether landscape-level manipulations can be used to restrict the cycle amplitude of the european corn borer moth [ostrinia nubilalis (hübner)], an economically important maize pest. we analysed time series from minnesota (1963-2009) and wisconsin (1964-2009) to quantify the extent of regime change in the us corn belt where rates of trans ...201222364256
dispersal behavior of neonate european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) on bt corn.european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), has historically been a significant economically important insect pest of corn (zea mays l.) in the united states and canada. the development in the 1990s of genetically modified corn expressing genes derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) that encodes insecticidal crystalline (cry) proteins has proven to be effective in controlling this insect as well as other corn pests. the purpose of this study was to assess the mov ...201222928300
specific binding of radiolabeled cry1fa insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis to midgut sites in lepidopteran species.cry1fa insecticidal protein was successfully radiolabeled with (125)i-na. specific binding to brush border membrane vesicles was shown for the lepidopteran species ostrinia nubilalis, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera exigua, helicoverpa armigera, heliothis virescens, and plutella xylostella. homologous competition assays were performed to obtain equilibrium binding parameters (k(d) [dissociation constant] and r(t) [concentration of binding sites]) for these six insect species.201222447600
characterization of cdnas encoding serine proteases and their transcriptional responses to cry1ab protoxin in the gut of ostrinia nubilalis larvae.serine proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, are the primary digestive enzymes in lepidopteran larvae, and are also involved in bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protoxin activation and protoxin/toxin degradation. we isolated and sequenced 34 cdnas putatively encoding trypsins, chymotrypsins and their homologs from the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis) larval gut. our analyses of the cdna-deduced amino acid sequences indicated that 12 were putative trypsins, 12 were putative chymotrypsin ...201222952884
the influence of local factors on the prediction of fumonisin contamination in maize.background: contamination by mycotoxins is a major concern to the maize industry in north-east italy where maize grain is often spoiled by fusarium spp. in this work, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were determined and an artificial neural network (ann) model suitable for predicting mycotoxin contamination of maize at harvest time was developed. results: the occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone was very limited, while fumonisins concentration ranged from 163 and to 3663 µg kg( ...201222228027
effects of intercropping with flowering plants on predation of ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) eggs by generalist predators in bell peppers.bell pepper plots intercropped with flowering plants were measured for improving biological control provided by natural enemies of the european corn borer [ostrinia nubilalis (hübner)]. the intercropped plants dill, anethum graveolens l.; coriander, coriandrum sativum l.; and buckwheat, fagopyrum escuelentum moench; were established on the edge of two pepper plots and compared with nonintercropped control plots. predation by the three species orius insidiosus say; coleomegilla maculata degeer; a ...201222732620
identification and characterization of two sensory neuron membrane proteins from cnaphalocrocis medinalis (lepidoptera: pyralidae).sensory neuron membrane proteins (snmps), which are located on the dendritic membrane of olfactory neurons, were considered as important components involved in pheromone reception in insects. in drosophila melanogaster, mutants without snmp are unable to evoke neuronal activities in the presence of pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate (cva). so deeply understanding the snmps functions may help to develop pheromone-mediated insect pest management tactics. the present study reports the identification an ...201323027616
de novo transcriptomic resources for two sibling species of moths: ostrinia nubilalis and o. scapulalis.this study aimed at enhancing the transcriptomic resources for two sibling species of moths, ostrinia scapulalis (adzuki bean borer) and ostrinia nubilalis (european corn borer), as a foundation for future researches on their divergence history. previous works on these species had shown that their genetic divergence was low, while they were reproductively isolated in natura and specialized on different host plants. comparative genomic resources will help facilitate the understanding of the mecha ...201323445568
insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis cry1bh1 against ostrinia nubilalis (hubner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests.bacillus thuringiensis is an important source of insect resistance traits in commercial crops. in an effort to prolong b. thuringiensis trait durability, insect resistance management programs often include combinations of insecticidal proteins that are not cross resistant or have demonstrable differences in their site of action as a means to mitigate the development of resistant insect populations. in this report, we describe the activity spectrum of a novel b. thuringiensis cry protein, cry1bh1 ...201324077715
implications of european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, infestation in an aspergillus flavus-biocontrolled corn agroecosystem.a novel biocontrol strategy consisting of field application of bioplastic-based granules inoculated with a non-toxigenic aspergillus flavus l. strain has recently been shown to be effective for reducing aflatoxin contamination in corn. this study focused on other factors that may affect the feasibility of this biocontrol technique, and more specifically the role of the european corn borer (ecb), ostrinia nubilalis h., in the dispersal and infestation of a. flavus in corn and its impact on crop y ...201323436551
unlinked genetic loci control the reduced transcription of aminopeptidase n 1 and 3 in the european corn borer and determine tolerance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin.transgenic expression of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystalline (cry) toxins by crop plants result in reduced insect feeding damage, but sustainability is threatened by the development of resistance traits in target insect populations. we investigated bt toxin resistance trait in a laboratory colony of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, selected for increased survival when exposed to cry1ab and correlated survival on cry1ab toxin with a constitutive ∼146.2 ± 17.3-fold reduction in mid ...201324121099
comparative binding of cry1ab and cry1f bacillus thuringiensis toxins to brush border membrane proteins from ostrinia nubilalis, ostrinia furnacalis and diatraea saccharalis (lepidoptera: crambidae) midgut tissue.the european (ostrinia nubilalis hübner) and asian corn borers (ostrinia furnacalis guenée) are closely related and display similar sensitivity to cry1 toxins. in this study, we compared the binding patterns of cry1ab and cry1f toxins between both ostrinia spp., as well as the expression of putative cadherin- and aminopeptidase-n (apn)-like protein receptors. additionally, cdna sequences of these putative toxin receptors from both ostrinia species were compared. ligand blots for both species ind ...201323999243
midgut aminopeptidase n isoforms from ostrinia nubilalis: activity characterization and differential binding to cry1ab and cry1fa proteins from bacillus thuringiensis.aminopeptidase n (apn) isoforms from lepidoptera are known for their involvement in the mode of action of insecticidal cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis. these enzymes belong to a protein family with at least eight different members that are expressed simultaneously in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae. here, we focus on the characterization of the apns from ostrinia nubilalis (onapns) to identify potential cry receptors. we expressed onapns in insect cells using a baculovirus system and ...201323933214
shared midgut binding sites for cry1a.105, cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac and cry1fa proteins from bacillus thuringiensis in two important corn pests, ostrinia nubilalis and spodoptera frugiperda.first generation of insect-protected transgenic corn (bt-corn) was based on the expression of cry1ab or cry1fa proteins. currently, the trend is the combination of two or more genes expressing proteins that bind to different targets. in addition to broadening the spectrum of action, this strategy helps to delay the evolution of resistance in exposed insect populations. one of such examples is the combination of cry1a.105 with cry1fa and cry2ab to control o. nubilalis and s. frugiperda. cry1a.105 ...201323861865
quantitative genetic analysis of cry1ab tolerance in ostrinia nubilalis spanish populations.tolerance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin in spanish ostrinia nubilalis populations was analyzed by quantitative genetic techniques, using isolines established from field-derived insects. f1 offspring was tested for susceptibility to trypsin activated cry1ab using a concentration that caused a mean larval mortality of 87% (±17% sd). the progeny of the most tolerant isolines (that had shown mortalities lower than 60%) was crossed to obtain the f2 generation that was exposed to the same cry ...201323612057
the effects of bt corn on rusty crayfish (orconectes rusticus) growth and survival.bt crops are one of the most commonly used genetically modified crops worldwide. bt crops contain a gene that is derived from the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis, which produces the cry1ab toxin. bt corn that contains the cry1ab toxin is used throughout the midwest united states to control crop pests such as the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis). headwater streams in regions known for intensive agriculture receive bt corn detritus after the fall harvest, which is then consumed by a divers ...201425001246
different binding sites for bacillus thuringiensis cry1ba and cry9ca proteins in the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner).binding studies using (125)i-cry9ca and biotinylated-cry1ba proteins showed the occurrence of independent binding sites for these proteins in ostrinia nubilalis. our results, along with previously available binding data, indicate that combinations of cry1a or cry1fa proteins with cry1ba and/or cry9ca could be a good strategy for the resistance management of o. nubilalis.201424799046
effect of maize lines on larval fitness costs of cry1f resistance in the european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae).crops producing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are widely planted and enable management of key insect pests while reducing the use of conventional insecticides. however, the evolution of bt resistance could diminish these benefits. fitness costs of bt resistance occur in the absence of bt toxin when individuals with resistance alleles show a reduction in fitness relative to susceptible individuals, and they can delay the evolution of resistance. ecological fac ...201424772559
efficacy of pyramided bt proteins cry1f, cry1a.105, and cry2ab2 expressed in smartstax corn hybrids against lepidopteran insect pests in the northern united states.commercial field corn (zea mays l.) hybrids transformed to express some or all of the lepidopteran insect-resistant traits present in smartstax corn hybrids were evaluated for insecticidal efficacy against a wide range oflepidopteran corn pests common to the northern united states, during 2008 to 2011 at locations in 15 states. smartstax hybrids contain a pyramid of two bacillus thuringiensis (bt) derived events for lepidopteran control: event tc1507 expressing cry1f protein and mon 89034 expres ...201424665726
susceptibility and aversion of spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to cry1f bt maize and considerations for insect resistance management.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize was developed primarily for north american pests such as european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis (hübner)). however, most bt maize products are also cultivated outside of north america, where the primary pests may be different and may have lower susceptibility to bt toxins. fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda je smith) is an important pest and primary target of bt maize in central and south america. s. frugiperda susceptibility to cry1f (expressed in event tc15 ...201424665722
a screening of five bacillus thuringiensis vip3a proteins for their activity against lepidopteran pests.five bacillus thuringiensis vip3a proteins (vip3aa, vip3ab, vip3ad, vip3ae and vip3af) and their corresponding trypsin-activated toxins were tested for their toxicity against eight lepidopteran pests: agrotis ipsilon, helicoverpa armigera, mamestra brassicae, spodoptera exigua, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera littoralis, ostrinia nubilalis and lobesia botrana. toxicity was first tested at a high dose at 7 and 10 days. no major differences were found when comparing protoxins vs. trypsin-activat ...201424508583
understanding successful resistance management: the european corn borer and bt corn in the united states.the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis hübner (lepidoptera: crambidae) has been a major pest of corn and other crops in north america since its accidental introduction nearly a hundred years ago. wide adoption of transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, referred to as bt corn, has suppressed corn borer populations and reduced the pest status of this insect in parts of the corn belt. continued suppression of this pest, however, will depend on managing potentia ...201422688691
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