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circulation of group a rotaviruses among neonates of human, cow and pig: study from assam, a north eastern state of india.rotavirus (rv) infections are worldwide in distribution causing high morbidity and mortality in human and animal neonates. human settlements in close proximity of animals aids for genetic re-assortment of the virus by interspecies transmission and consequent emergence of new viral antigenic strain. therefore, the present study was designed to explore rv incidence in a single approach from human and animal neonates sharing similar environment. altogether, 200 diarrheal samples from children (50), ...201324426283
group a rotaviruses in children with gastroenteritis in a canadian pediatric hospital: the prevaccine era.a publicly funded, group a rotavirus (rva) vaccination program was implemented in quebec in november 2011.201324421793
complete genome analysis of a rare human g3p[9] rotavirus posing as an au-1 like strain.we performed phylogenetic and sequence analysis by basic local alignment search tool (blast) of a complete human rotavirus (hrv) genome isolated from a hospitalized child with acute gastroenteritis in thailand.201324255863
[research progress of real-time quantitative pcr method for group a rotavirus detection].group a rotavirus is one of the most significant etiological agents which causes acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide. so far, several method which includes electron microscopy (em), enzyme immunoassay (eia), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)and real-time quantitative pcr has been established for the detection of rotavirus. compared with other methods, real-time quantitative pcr have advantages in specificity, sensitivity, genotyping and quantit ...201324520772
[isolation and characterization of rotavirus from bat].bats are considered as important animal reservoirs for many pathogenic viruses to humans. the viral metagenomic analysis was performed to study gut and lung tissues of 30 insectivorous bats collected in yunnan province and 26 reads were noted to group a rotavirus (rva). further rt-pcr screening on bat samples and in vitro viral isolation on cell cultures confirmed the presence of a novel rva, named as rva/bat-tc/myas33/2013/g3p[10], in one of 30 stoliczka's trident bats. the vp7 gene of this str ...201324520769
first molecular detection of group a rotavirus in urban and hospital sewage systems by nested-rt pcr in shiraz, iran.group a rotaviruses are the most significant cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. rotaviruses are shed in high numbers and dispersed widely throughout bodies of water in the environment. this represents a significant health hazard for humans, mainly due to the stability of the viruses during wastewater treatment processes. this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of rotaviruses, to determine g genotypes of circulating rotaviruses and to assess the efficiency of rotavi ...201324499551
homologous 2',5'-phosphodiesterases from disparate rna viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity.efficient and productive virus infection often requires viral countermeasures that block innate immunity. the ifn-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5a) synthetases (oass) and ribonuclease (rnase) l are components of a potent host antiviral pathway. we previously showed that murine coronavirus (mhv) accessory protein ns2, a 2h phosphoesterase superfamily member, is a phosphodiesterase (pde) that cleaves 2-5a, thereby preventing activation of rnase l. the pde activity of ns2 is required for mhv re ...201323878220
etiological study of enteric viruses and the genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus in children with diarrhea in chongqing, china.enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those <5 years old. identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of common enteric viruses in children <5 years old presented with diarrhea to the children's hospital of chongqing medical university.201324004442
occurrence and investigation of enteric viral infections in pigs with diarrhea in china.between february 2011 and february 2012, 985 and 324 samples were collected from diarrheal and healthy pigs, respectively, to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine kobuvirus (pkov), porcine bocavirus (pbov), porcine group a rotavirus (garv), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). pedv and pkov clearly predominated in diarrheal pigs. compared to healthy pigs, a substantial prevalence of mixed infections was observed in diarrheal pigs (72.3 %) (p < 0.001). all of the coin ...201323494226
simultaneous detection of seven enteric viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis by a multiplexed luminex-based assay.rapid and broad diagnostic methods are needed for the identification of viral agents of gastroenteritis. in this study, we used luminex xmap technology to develop a multiplexed assay for the simultaneous identification of major enteric viral pathogens, including rotavirus a (rva), noroviruses (novs) (including genogroups gi and gii), sapoviruses (sav), human astrovirus (hastv), enteric adenoviruses (eads), and human bocavirus 2 (hbov2). the analytical sensitivity allowed detection of 10(3) (eads ...201222518865
detection of rare reassortant g5p[6] rotavirus, bulgaria.during the ongoing rotavirus strain surveillance program conducted in bulgaria, an unusual human rotavirus a (rva) strain, rva/human/bg/bg620/2008/g5p[6], was identified among 2200 genotyped bulgarian rvas. this strain showed the following genomic configuration: g5-p[6]-i1-r1-c1-m1-a8-n1-t1-e1-h1. phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding the neutralization proteins and backbone genes identified a probable mixture of rva genes of human and porcine origin. the vp1, vp6 and nsp2 genes were more ...201222850117
molecular characterization of a rare g9p[23] porcine rotavirus isolate from china.the fifth most important g genotype, g9 rotavirus, is recognized as an emerging genotype that is spreading around the world. sequence analysis was completed of a rare group a rotavirus, strain g9p[23], that was designated rotavirus a pig/china/nmtl/2008/g9p[23] and abbreviated as nmtl. it was isolated from a piglet with diarrhea in china. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the vp7 gene clustered within the g9 lineage vid. the vp4 gene clustered within the rare p[23] genotype. nmtl is the ...201222729562
molecular characterization analysis of the outer protein layer (vp7) from human rotavirus a genotype g1 isolate identified in iran: implications for vaccine development.the full open reading frame of the outer protein layer vp7 from an isolate of human rotavirus identified in 2010 in an iranian child admitted to hospital with gastroenteritis was amplified from a clinical stool specimen and subjected to molecular characterization. genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the analyzed gene falls into the g1 genotype forming a sub-cluster with sequences recently identified in iran and geographically distant countries. such results were confirmed by protein ...201223109009
molecular characterization of group a rotavirus found in elderly patients in ireland; predominance of g1p[8], continued presence of g9p[8], and emergence of g2p[4].rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. there have been several recent reports concerning rotavirus isolation from adults, particularly in the elderly, presenting with gastroenteritis. in this study, the authors report on rotavirus outbreaks in five separate elderly care facilities between april, and june 2011 in ireland. the following genotypes were detected; g1p[8] (n = 5/11), g2p[4] (n = 2/11), and g9p[8] (n = 2/11). thus, similarities to previous reports we ...201223080510
prevalence of group a genotype human rotavirus among children with dirarrhea in thailand, 2009-2011.rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children world-wide, with the highest fatality rate in developing countries. we investigated the presence and seasonal distribution of group a rotavirus infection among thai children. the data will be used for vaccine development. samples were collected from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis or diarrhea admitted to two hospitals between june 2009 and may 2011. group a rotaviruses were detected in 250 (44.5%) ...201223077813
full genome analysis of group b rotaviruses from western india: genetic relatedness and evolution.to date, full-genome sequences of only seven human group b rotavirus (rvbs) strains have been described. such data on more rvbs are necessary to establish the evolutionary relationship and ecological features of rvbs from different geographical regions. the present study was aimed at determining the full-length sequences of all 11 genes of 13 human rvb strains detected during 1995-2010 in sporadic and outbreak cases of acute gastroenteritis from four different cities of western india. this study ...201222815276
prevalence and factors associated with group a rotavirus infection among children with acute diarrhea in mwanza, tanzania.rotavirus infections frequently cause acute gastroenteritis in humans and are the most important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in young children in both developed and developing countries.201222706194
genotype constellation and evolution of group a rotaviruses infecting humans.numerous rotavirus group a (rva) strains with distinct g-genotype and p-genotype combinations have been described infecting humans worldwide. however, the increasing amount of complete rva genome data which have become available, suggest that only rva strains with 2 discrete genotype constellations have been successful in sustaining infection of humans worldwide over longer periods of time. those genotype constellations have been designated i1-r1-c1-m1-a1-n1-t1-e1-h1 and i2-r2-c2-m2-a2-n2-t2-e2- ...201222683209
epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years in northern cameroon.rotavirus still remains the major cause of diarrhea in children below 5 years. no data on rotavirus epidemiology is available in the northern regions of cameroon. we aimed to determine the prevalence of group a rotavirus (rva) in children below 5 years with diarrhea in two regions of northern cameroon (north west and far north regions) so as to improve our knowledge on the burden of rotavirus disease for imminent introduction of a rotavirus vaccine.201222655107
real-time pcr detection of enteric viruses in source water and treated drinking water in wuhan, china.a total of 48 water samples were collected from six water treatment plants in wuhan and analyzed by real-time pcr assay for viral identification of enterovirus (ev), rotavirus group a (rva), human adenovirus (hadv) as well as human adenovirus subgroup f (hadvf) during the period from december 2010 to october 2011. hadv, hadvf, and rva were all positively detected in the samples of source water and treated drinking water. ev could be found in 46 % (11/24) of all the source water samples, but only ...201222645016
the first identification of rare human group a rotavirus strain g3p[10] with severe infantile diarrhea in eastern india.during an ongoing surveillance for diarrheal pathogens, an unusual human group a rotavirus strain g3p[10] (rva/human-wt/ind/mcs60/2011/g3p[10]) was detected in a stool sample of a 14 months old girl child with acute diarrhea in kolkata, eastern india. the vp7 nucleotide sequence of this strain revealed a close phylogenetic relationship to the prototype g3 strain au-1 and australian feline strain cat2, whereas, the vp4 gene segment was closely related to the g8p[10] rotavirus 69m from indonesia. ...201222981998
rotavirus in diarrheal children in rural burkina faso: high prevalence of genotype g6p[6].group a rotavirus (rva) is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children globally, and responsible for a significant number of deaths in african countries. while vaccines are available, trials have shown a lesser efficacy in africa. one of the reasons could be the prevalence and/or emergence of unusual or novel rva strains, as many strains detected in african countries remain uncharacterized. in this study, we characterized rva positive specimens from two remote rural areas i ...201222964045
full genome characterization of a porcine-like human g9p[6] rotavirus strain isolated from an infant in belgium.interspecies transmissions of group a rotavirus (rva) strains among animals and humans are thought to take place frequently. during a rva surveillance study in belgium we isolated an unusual g9p[6] rva strain, rva/human-wt/bel/be2001/2009/g9p[6], from a 1month old boy, which did not cluster with other g9 or p[6] strains isolated in belgium. in this study we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of this unusual g9p[6] strain be2001. phylogenetic analyses of all 11 genes revealed a uniqu ...201222430049
genetic variation in the vp7 gene of rotavirus g1p[8] strains isolated in vietnam, 1998-2009.group a rotavirus genotype g1p[8] is the most common strain affecting humans around the world over the past few decades. in this study, we examined genetic variation in the vp7 gene of rotavirus g1p[8] strains, detected in children of four major cities of vietnam during three different rotavirus seasons: 1998-1999, 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 in order to assess the evolution of the virus over 11 years. fecal samples (n=73) from children hospitalized for gastroenteritis caused by g1p[8] rotavirus wer ...201222387966
group a rotavirus genotypes circulating prior to implementation of a national immunization program in estonia.group a rotaviruses (rva) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children ≤ 5 y worldwide which could be prevented with two recently introduced vaccines - monovalent rotarix (live-attenuated g1p[8] strain) and pentavalent rotateq (human-bovine reassortant containing serotypes g1, g2, g3, g4 and p[8]). prior to implementation of vaccines into national immunization program we aimed to describe rva genotype distribution in hospitalized children aged < 5 y in estonia during 2007-2008. a total ...201222370511
a large outbreak of enteritis in goat flocks in marmara, turkey, by g8p[1] group a rotaviruses.group a rotaviruses are regarded as major enteric pathogens of large ruminants, while their impact on the health of small ruminants is not well documented. we report the detection of group a rotavirus from a large outbreak of enteritis that occurred in two goat flocks in the town of kırklareli, marmara region, turkey, in 2007. the disease was observed in young kids, with high morbidity and mortality rates, but not in adult animals. rotavirus antigen was detected in the stools of the examined ani ...201222367501
phylogenetic analysis of the rotavirus genotypes originated from children < 5 years of age in 16 cities in south korea, between 2000 and 2004.the purpose of this study was to examine the diversity of the g and p types of human rotavirus strains isolated in south korea during 2000 to 2004.201224159485
predominance of rotavirus genotype g6p[11] in diarrhoeic lambs.out of 500 faecal samples from lambs with diarrhoea in jammu and kashmir, india, 66 (13.2%) were positive for group a rotavirus (garv) by the latex agglutination test (lat). electropherotyping by rna-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the typical garv 4-2-3-2 migration pattern in 49/66 (74.2%) samples. fifty-two samples (10.4%) were positive by reverse transcription-pcr. g6 was the predominant g genotype (25/52; 48.07%), followed by g10 (19/52; 36.54%) whereas, the predominant p genotyp ...201222230710
antibody response in vaccinated pregnant mares to recent g3bp[12] and g14p[12] equine rotaviruses.both the g3p[12] and the g14p[12] type of equine group a rotavirus (rva) have recently become predominant in many countries, including japan. g3 types are classified further into g3a and g3b. the g3a viruses have been circulating in europe, australia, and argentina, and the g3b viruses have been circulating in japan. however, only an inactivated vaccine containing a single g3bp[12] strain is commercially available in japan. to assess the efficacy of the current vaccine against recently circulati ...201223130609
burden and typing of rotavirus group a in children with acute gastroenteritis in shiraz, southern iran.human rotavirus is a significant cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. in recent years, rotavirus genotyping by rt-pcr has provided valuable information about the diversity of rotaviruses circulating worldwide. the purpose of the present study is to monitor the prevalence of the different g types of rotaviruses circulating in shiraz, southern iran and detect any uncommon or novel types.201223115715
rotavirus genotyping in gastroenteritis cases of an infantile population from western brazilian amazonia.during the period from 2000 to 2002, 79 rotavirus-positive stool samples were collected from children presenting diarrhea in the western brazilian amazon.201222930050
group a rotavirus universal mass vaccination: how and to what extent will selective pressure influence prevalence of rotavirus genotypes?two human group a rotavirus (rva) vaccines are available and highly effective in preventing severe gastroenteritis caused by all commonly circulating human rva genotypes. the effect of universal mass vaccination on the rva genotype distribution is discussed based on the knowledge of complete rva genotype constellations, data from clinical efficacy trials and effectiveness studies, and genotype surveillance data from countries with universal mass vaccination programs. the theoretically predicted ...201223249234
[genetic diversity of group a rotavirus isolates found in western siberia in 2007-2011].genetic analysis of group a rotavirus recovered from fecal samples of children admitted to hospitals in novosibirsk and omsk during four epidemic seasons 2007, 2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2010/2011 was performed. a total of 1416 rotavirus isolates were genotyped using multiplex pcr. the isolates of the most common rotavirus genotypes g1p[8], g4p[8], g2p[4], g3p[8] co-circulated in western siberia during 2007-2011. in isolated cases g9p[8], g2p[8], g3p[9], and g4p[6] genotypes were detected. change of ...201223248851
detection of rotavirus from hospitalized diarrheic children in uttar pradesh, india.in the present study 220 stool samples collected from diarrheic children admitted to different hospitals and nursing homes of uttar pradesh and uttarakhand were screened for rotavirus. of 220 diarrheic samples screened 46 samples were found to be positive for rotavirus by rna page. all the isolates exhibited 4-2-3-2 migration pattern suggesting group a rotavirus. both long and short electropherotypes were prevalent in these regions. six different electropherotypes were detected in this study per ...201223997341
hygienic monitoring of mongolian gerbils: which mouse viruses should be included?the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) serves as an animal model for a wide range of diseases. a practical limitation in its use is the definition of the hygienic status, as not much is known about viruses that potentially infect gerbils and might be transmitted to other rodents. as successful re-derivation was recently described for gerbils, we now aimed at investigating which mouse viruses induce seroconversion in gerbils and might be transmitted to mice. gerbils were inoculated with vir ...201222334874
molecular characterization of the nsp4 gene of human group a rotavirus strains circulating in tunisia from 2006 to 2008.non-structural protein 4 (nsp4), encoded by group a rotavirus (rva) genome segment 10, is a multifunctional protein and the first recognized virus-encoded enterotoxin. recently, a new classification system for rvas was proposed and a total of 14 nsp4 genotypes (e1-e14) are currently described. the most common nsp4 genotypes in humans are wa-like e1 and ds-1-like e2. this report represents the first investigation on the genetic diversity of rva nsp4 genes in tunisia from 2006 to 2008. in the pres ...201222406141
development and application of one-step multiplex reverse transcription pcr for simultaneous detection of five diarrheal viruses in adult cattle.a one-step multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr method was developed for the simultaneous detection of five viruses causing diarrhea in adult cattle: bovine group a rotavirus (gar), bovine group b rotavirus (gbr), bovine group c rotavirus (gcr), bovine coronavirus (bcv), and bovine torovirus (btov). the detection limit of the one-step multiplex rt-pcr for gar, gcr, bcv, and btov was 10(2), 10(0), 10(1), and 10(2) tcid(50)/ml, respectively, and that for gbr was 10(6) copies/ml. the one-step m ...201222407445
simultaneous investigation of influenza and enteric viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting in general practice for acute diarrhea.gastrointestinal symptoms are not an uncommon manifestation of an influenza virus infection. in the present study, we aimed to investigate the presence of influenza viruses in the stools of adult patients consulting their general practitioner for uncomplicated acute diarrhea (ad) and the proportion of concurrent infections by enteric and influenza viruses.201222709374
diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from mumbai, western india.faecal specimens collected from two outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in southern mumbai, india in march and october, 2006 were tested for seven different enteric viruses. among the 218 specimens tested, 95 (43.6%) were positive, 73 (76.8%) for a single virus and 22 (23.2%) for multiple viruses. single viral infections in both, march and october showed predominance of enterovirus (ev, 33.3% and 40%) and rotavirus a (rva, 33.3% and 25%). the other viruses detected in these months w ...201222690171
detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of rio de janeiro, brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the occurrences of the group a rotavirus (rva), norovirus (nov) and human adenovirus (hadv) in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (rodrigo de freitas lagoon) in the city of rio de janeiro, brazil. during one year of surveillance, water samples were obtained from the lagoon and other interconnected ecosystems (river and beach). the samples were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method with a negatively charged membrane and tested by qualitative and ...201222990969
human bocavirus 1 and 3 infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in brazil.to determine the positivity rate of human bocavirus (hbov) 1 and 3 among children who presented with acute gastroenteritis symptoms during the period of 1994-2004 in the central-west region of brazil, 762 faecal samples were tested using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of hbov dna. primers for a segment of the non-structural viral protein 1 (ns1) gene of hbov-1 and hbov-3 were used. twelve hbov-positive samples were further characterised via genomic sequencing and phylogenetic ...201222990971
a wide variety of diarrhea viruses circulating in pediatric patients in thailand.viral gastroenteritis has been recognized as one of the most common illnesses that affects infants and young children all over the world. a wide variety of viruses associated with the disease are continually being reported. to investigate the epidemiological situation of diarrhea virus infection in chiang mai, thailand, surveillance was conducted during january to december 2007.201222372354
development and performance evaluation of calf diarrhea pathogen nucleic acid purification and detection workflow.calf diarrhea (scours) is a primary cause of illness and death in young calves. significant economic losses associated with this disease include morbidity, mortality, and direct cost of treatment. multiple pathogens are responsible for infectious diarrhea, including, but not limited to, bovine coronavirus (bcv), bovine rotavirus a (brv), and cryptosporidium spp. identification and isolation of carrier calves are essential for disease management. texas veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory cur ...201222914823
evaluation of a commercial rapid test kit for detecting bovine enteric pathogens in feces.recently a commercial antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit in the form of a dipstick (bovine enterichek, biovet inc.) was made available to bovine practitioners and producers for the rapid detection of betacoronavirus 1 (bcv-1), rotavirus a (rv-a), escherichia coli k99(+), and cryptosporidium parvum in feces from diarrheic calves. the diagnostic performance of bovine enterichek was evaluated in comparison with a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (mrtpcr). one h ...201222529125
rotavirus a-specific single-domain antibodies produced in baculovirus-infected insect larvae are protective in vivo.single-domain antibodies (sdabs), also known as nanobodies or vhhs, are characterized by high stability and solubility, thus maintaining the affinity and therapeutic value provided by conventional antibodies. given these properties, vhhs offer a novel alternative to classical antibody approaches. to date, vhhs have been produced mainly in e. coli, yeast, plants and mammalian cells. to apply the single-domain antibodies as a preventive or therapeutic strategy to control rotavirus infections in de ...201222953695
[the genetic stability of recombinant adenovirus expressing human rotavirus vp6 gene which used ad41 as vector].to investigate the genetic stability of non-replicating recombinant adenovirus which used ad41 as vector and could express vp6 gene of group a rotavirus during continous passage, in order to develop the vaccine of rotavirus.201223627019
evaluation of a multiplex real time reverse transcription pcr assay for the detection and quantitation of the most common human rotavirus genotypes.group a rotaviruses (rvs) are important pathogens that cause acute, dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children. in this study, a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol using primers and taqman(®) probes specific for viral vp4 and vp7 genes was evaluated. this assay offers simultaneous genotyping and quantification of the most common rv genotypes g1p[8], g2p[4], g3p[8], g4p[8], and g9p[8]. it was compared to the molecular typing results provided by conventional pcr. ...201222245180
genotyping of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalised children: first report of norovirus gii.21 in brazil.this retrospective study (april-september 2003) was designed to investigate the roles of the main viruses responsible for cases of acute infantile gastroenteritis in hospitalised children up to two years of age. the viruses were identified in 64.7% (88/136) of the cases and the detection rates of rotavirus a (rva), norovirus (nov) and astrovirus were 41.9% (57/136), 30.3% (24/79) and 12.7% (7/55), respectively. rva and nov were detected in 20 of the 24 reported nosocomial infection cases. this s ...201223295760
first report of human rotavirus g8p[4] gastroenteritis in india: evidence of ruminants-to-human zoonotic transmission.group a rotaviruses are the major cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. due to close proximity of human and cattle in rural areas of developing countries like india, interspecies transmission or zoonotic transmission is a major source of rapid generation of reassortants and genetic or antigenic variants. previously, many human group a rotaviruses were found with porcine or bovine characteristics from eastern and north-eastern india. in this study, four unusual human g8p[4] strains were i ...201223280762
continuous genotyping for human rotavirus group a.no abstract available.201223770884
prevalence and molecular genotyping of group a rotaviruses in iranian children.rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in worldwide young children. effective vaccines to prevent rotavirus infection are currently available, although their clinical use is still limited, and rotavirus still causes many episodes of infantile gastroenteritis, mainly during the winter season. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children aged <5-years-old who were hospitalised for gastroenteritis. one hundred and sixty-three stool samples ...201223729998
annual changes in predominant genotypes of rotavirus a detected in the feces of pigs in various developmental stages raised on a conventional farm.the goal of the present study was to improve understanding of the ecology of porcine rotavirus a (rva) infection in pigs raised on a conventional farrow-to-finish farm. we collected 145 fecal samples over a 3-year period from suckling pigs and their dams, and pigs at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days of age. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that 29 samples (20%) were positive for the viral vp7 gene. the detection rate of vp7 sequences was highest in 30-day-old pigs ( ...201223313539
[experience of application of multiplex qpcr for differential diagnostics of intestinal viral infections].evaluate the effectiveness of multiplex reverse transcription (rt) and polymerase chain reaction with fluorescence detection in real time mode (qpcr) methods for differential detection of 11 groups of intestine viruses (adenoviruses, enteroviruses, polioviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses, group a and c rotaviruses, orthoreoviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses and astroviruses) in various biological samples.201223297630
rotavirus genotypes in malaysia and universal rotavirus vaccination.group a rotavirus (rv-a) genotypes isolated in malaysia was studied to estimate the effectiveness of a universal rv-a vaccination in malaysia. a simple mathematical model was used, with input from a two-year, two-center, prospective study on hospitalization of rv-a gastroenteritis (rvge) in young children, published data on rv-a hospitalizations and genotypes, mortality on childhood ge and published genotype-specific efficacy data on two rv-a vaccines. assuming a 95% vaccine coverage, the overal ...201223022710
frequency of group a rotavirus with mixed g and p genotypes in bovines: predominance of g3 genotype and its emergence in combination with g8/g10 types.the present study describes the genotypic distribution of rotaviruses (rvs) in an indian bovine population with unexpectedly higher proportions of g3 alone or in combination of g8/g10. pcr-genotyping confirmed that 39.4% (13/33) of the prevalent rvs were the g3 type while 60.6% (20/33) were dual g3g10 or g3g8 types. p typing revealed that 93.9% (31/33) of the samples were p[11] while 6.1% (2/33) possessed a dual p[1]p[11] type. sequence analysis of the vp7 gene from g3 strains viz. b-46, 0970, a ...201223006956
detection of avian group d rotavirus using the polymerase chain reaction for the vp6 gene.group d rotaviruses (rvs-d) have been documented in birds and, while they may be common in these animals, few molecular studies are available for this specific group. in this study, specific primers for the gene that encodes for the rvs-d vp6 protein were designed and used in a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). thirty pools of samples were tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) yielding a 30% (9/30) positivity. these pools were subjected subsequently to rt-pc ...201222820073
igy antibodies protect against human rotavirus induced diarrhea in the neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model.group a rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. the aim of the present work was to evaluate protection against rotavirus (rv) diarrhea conferred by the prophylactic administration of specific igy antibodies (ab) to gnotobiotic piglets experimentally inoculated with virulent wa g1p[8] human rotavirus (hrv). chicken egg yolk igy ab generated from wa hrv hyperimmunized hens specifically recognized (elisa) and neutralized wa hrv in vitro. suppleme ...201222880110
selection and evolutionary analysis in the nonstructural protein nsp2 of rotavirus a.rotavirus a is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. the nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) plays essential roles in the replication cycle of rotavirus and may play a role in protective immunity against rotavirus disease. using a bayesian approach, we measured the mutation rate of genotype n1 nsp2 gene sequences. the n1 genotype is the main nsp2 genotype associated with rotavirus strains causing severe disease, and was found to have a high mutation rate ...201222610044
whole-genomic analysis of a human g1p[9] rotavirus strain reveals intergenogroup-reassortment events.group a rotavirus (rva) strain k8 (rva/human-tc/jpn/k8/1977/g1p[9]) was found to have wa-like vp7 and nsp1 genes and au-1-like vp4 and nsp5 genes. to determine the exact origin and overall genetic makeup of this unusual rva strain, the remaining genes (vp1-vp3, vp6 and nsp2-nsp4) of k8 were analysed in this study. strain k8 exhibited a g1-p[9]-i1-r3-c3-m3-a1-n1-t3-e3-h3 genotype constellation, not reported previously. the vp6 and nsp2 genes of strain k8 were related closely to those of common hu ...201222592265
the unpredictable diversity of co-circulating rotavirus types in europe and the possible impact of universal mass vaccination programmes on rotavirus genotype incidence.this article reviews the incidence of group a rotavirus (rv) types isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis (age) in european countries during the last 5-10 years, with the aim of establishing an overview of rv diversity before the introduction of universal mass vaccination (umv) programmes against rv disease in most european countries. consistent with findings from previous surveys, a high degree of diversity of co-circulating rv types exists in different locations of europe, and over ...201222579864
comparison of two eukaryotic systems for the expression of vp6 protein of rotavirus specie a: transient gene expression in hek293-t cells and insect cell-baculovirus system.the vp6 protein of rotavirus a (rva) is a target antigen used for diagnostic assays and also for the development of new rva vaccines. we have compared the expression of vp6 protein in human embryonic kidney (hek293-t) cells with results obtained using a well-established insect cell-baculovirus system. the recombinant vp6 (rvp6) expressed in hek293-t cells did not present degradation and also retained the ability to form trimers. in the insect cell-baculovirus system, rvp6 was expressed at higher ...201222576283
repeated circulation over 6 years of intergenogroup mono-reassortant g2p[4] rotavirus strains with genotype n1 of the nsp2 gene.human rotavirus a, a major cause of acute diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, contains the genome of 11 segments of double-stranded rna, which is grouped into three major genotype constellations: the wa genogroup (g1-p[8]-i1-r1-c1-m1-a1-n1-t1-e1-h1), the ds-1 genogroup (g2-p[4]-i2-r2-c2-m2-a2-n2-t2-e2-h2), and the au-1 genogroup (g3-p[9]-i3-r3-c3-m3-a3-n3-t3-e3-h3). recently, a g2p[4] strain detected in kenya in 1982 was reported to be a nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) gene mono-re ...201222575821
genotypic linkages of gene segments of rotaviruses circulating in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in thailand.rotavirus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of infants and young children with diarrhea throughout the world. in thailand, extensive studies of rotavirus infections have been reported continually and rotavirus diarrhea remains a common illness. to monitor the epidemiological situation of rotavirus in chiang mai, thailand, surveillance of rotavirus circulating in pediatric patients was conducted. a total of 160 fecal specimens collected from children hospitalized with diarrhea were test ...201222564696
analysis of the excretion dynamics and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus a during the lives of pigs raised on farms for meat production.to determine the excretion dynamics and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus a (rva), a longitudinal observational study was performed in 10 pigs from 3 litters at a farrow-to-finish farm. a total of 400 fecal samples were directly collected from the rectums of individual pigs (aged 7 to 217 days) at 3- to 14-day intervals. seventy-one samples (17.5%) were positive for rva by reverse transcription-pcr designed to detect the vp7 and vp4 genes. at least 13 combinations of 5 g (g2, g4, g5, g9, an ...201222493330
assessment of gastroenteric viruses frequency in a children's day care center in rio de janeiro, brazil: a fifteen year study (1994-2008).this 15-year study aimed to determine the role of the main viruses responsible for acute infantile gastroenteritis cases in a day care center in the city of rio de janeiro, brazil. from 1994 to 2008, 539 fecal samples were obtained from 23 outbreaks as well as sporadic cases that occurred in this period. the detection of rotavirus group a (rva), norovirus (nov) and astrovirus (astv) was investigated both by classical and molecular methods of viral detection. rva was detected by enzymatic immune ...201222448271
comparison of three diagnostic techniques for detection of rotavirus and coronavirus in calf faeces in australia.compare real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr), a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and lateral flow immunochromatography assay (lat) for the detection of rotavirus and coronavirus in faecal samples collected from diarrhoeic calves.201222443326
evidence for the porcine origin of equine rotavirus strain h-1.equine group a rotavirus (rva) strain h-1 (rva/horse-tc/gbr/h-1/1975/g5p9[7]) was found to have vp4, vp6-7, nsp1 and nsp4 genes of porcine origin. in order to obtain conclusive information on the exact origin and evolution of this unusual equine strain, the remaining six genes (vp1-3, nsp2-3 and nsp5 genes) of strain h-1 were analyzed in the present study. by whole genomic analysis, strain h-1 exhibited a porcine rva-like genotype constellation (g5-p[7]-i5-r1-c1-m1-a8-n1-t1-e1-h1), different fro ...201222437009
detection of rotavirus infection in bovine calves by rna-page and rt-pcr.a total of 128 diarrhoeic faecal samples were collected from cattle and buffalo calves from pantnagar and dehradun during winter months. of the 110 cattle calves screened by rna-page, rotavirus was detected in 13 samples (11.81%) while no sample from buffalo calves was found positive. all samples were found to have long electropherotype and two distinct electropherotypes having segment variation were observed. the overall prevalence of rotavirus was 10.15% (13/128). rt-pcr targeting group specif ...201123637494
viral and bacterial infections associated with camel (camelus dromedarius) calf diarrhea in north province, saudi arabia.diarrhea and deaths in new-born camel calves were noticed by veterinary investigators and pastoralist in saudi arabia to be very high. hence, it is thought to be necessary to investigate this problem from the virological and bacteriological point of view. the role of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in six different towns of north province (al-assafia, arar, domat aljandal, hail, skaka and khoa) in saudi arabia was studied. survey was conducted in diarrheic camel calves aged 12 months or younger. ...201123961160
whole genomic analysis reveals the porcine origin of human g9p[19] rotavirus strains mc323 and mc345.the group a rotavirus (rva) p[19] is a rare p-genotype of the rva vp4 gene, reported so far in humans and pigs. whole genomic analyses of p[19] strains are essential to study their origin and evolutionary patterns. to date, all the 11 genes of only two p[19] strains, rva/human-wt/ind/rmc321/1990/g9p[19] and rva/human-wt/ind/mani-97/2006/g9p[19], have been analyzed, providing evidence for their porcine origin. in the present study, the whole genomes of the first reported human p[19] strains, rva/ ...201122226701
Whole-genomic analysis of rotavirus strains: current status and future prospects.Studies on genetic diversity of rotaviruses have been primarily based on the genes encoding the antigenically significant VP7 and VP4 proteins. Since the rotavirus genome has 11 segments of RNA that are vulnerable to reassortment events, analyses of the VP7 and VP4 genes may not be sufficient to obtain conclusive data on the overall genetic diversity, or true origin of strains. In the last few years following the advent of the whole-genome-based genotype classification system, the whole genomes ...201121958144
the molecular biology of rotaviruses x: intercellular dissemination of rotavirus nsp4 requires glycosylation and is mediated by direct cell-cell contact through cytoplasmic extrusions.the effect of expressing the nsp4 protein of group a rotaviruses in cells has been studied. it led to the rapid appearance of long cytoplasmic extrusions, which, through site-directed mutagenesis of the n-linked glycosylation sites near the amino terminus of the protein, were shown to be dependent on its ability to become fully glycosylated. real-time confocal microscopy was used to follow the appearance of similar cytoplasmic extrusions in virus-infected cells and revealed them to grow at a rat ...201122116494
structural organisation of the rotavirus nonstructural protein nsp5.rotavirus is one of the leading agents of gastroenteritis worldwide. during infection, viral factories (viroplasms) are formed. the rotavirus nonstructural proteins nsp5 and nsp2 are the major building blocks of viroplasms; however, nsp5 function and organisation remain elusive. in this report, we present a structural characterisation of nsp5. multi-angle laser light scattering, sedimentation velocity and equilibrium sedimentation experiments demonstrate that recombinant full-length nsp5 forms a ...201121864538
genetic analyses reveal differences in the vp7 and vp4 antigenic epitopes between human rotaviruses circulating in belgium and rotaviruses in rotarix&trade; and rotateq&trade;two live-attenuated rotavirus group a (rva) vaccines, rotarix™ (g1p[8]) and rotateq™ (g1-g4, p[8]), have been successfully introduced in many countries worldwide, including belgium. the parental rva strains used to generate the vaccines were isolated more than 20 years ago in france (g4 parental strain in rotateq™) and the united states (all other parental strains). at present, little is known about the relationship between currently circulating human rvas and the vaccine strains. in this study, ...201122189107
VP8* antigen produced in tobacco transplastomic plants confers protection against bovine rotavirus infection in a suckling mouse model.Group A rotavirus is a major leading cause of diarrhea in mammalian species worldwide. In Argentina, bovine rotavirus (BRV) is the main cause of neonatal diarrhea in calves. VP4, one of the outermost capsid proteins, is involved in various virus functions. Rotavirus infectivity requires proteolytic cleavage of VP4, giving an N-terminal non-glycosilated sialic acid-recognizing domain (VP8*), and a C-terminal fragment (VP5*) that remains associated with the virion. VP8* subunit is the major determ ...201121893114
complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus a strains from different continents reveal several new genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation.in this study, the complete genome sequence of seven equine group a rotavirus (rva) strains (rva/horse-tc/gbr/l338/1991/g13p[18], rva/horse-wt/irl/03v04954/2003/g3p[12] and rva/horse-wt/irl/04v2024/2004/g14p[12] from europe; rva/horse-wt/arg/e30/1993/g3p[12], rva/horse-wt/arg/e403/2006/g14p[12], and rva/horse-wt/arg/e4040/2008/g14p[12] from argentina, and rva/horse-wt/zaf/eqrv-sa1/2006/g14p[12] from south africa) were determined. multiple new genotypes were identified and genotype numbers were a ...201122190012
inhibition of rotavirus infectivity by a neoglycolipid receptor mimetic.group a rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhea in the young of many mammalian species. in rotavirus infected piglets mortality can be as high as 60%. previous research in this laboratory has identified a porcine intestinal gm(3) ganglioside receptor that is required for sialic acid-dependent rotavirus recognition of host cells. in addition, we previously demonstrated exogenously added gm(3) can competitively inhibit porcine rotavirus binding and infectivity of host cells in vitro. sialyllacto ...201122254094
bovine rotavirus strains circulating in beef and dairy herds in argentina from 2004 to 2010.bovine group a rotavirus (rva) is one of the main causes of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide. the present study reports the genotyping of bovine rva strains circulating in argentinean cattle from 2004 to 2010. additionally, a new set of typing primers was designed and tested to differentiate between g8 and g6 (lineage iii and iv) rva strains. bovine rva was detected in 30% (435/1462) of the tested samples, corresponding to 49% (207/423) of the studied outbreaks with a similar detection rates in ...201122503600
genotype diversity of group a rotavirus strains in children with acute diarrhea in urban burkina faso, 2008-2010.in this study, the diversity of g and p genotypes of rotavirus strains in burkinabe children were examined. between november 2008 and february 2010, 447 stool samples were collected from children <5 years of age with acute diarrhea visiting hospital in ouagadougou. group a rotavirus was previously detected in 151/447 (33.8%) of the samples tested by an immunochromatographic test and these samples were now tested further for rotavirus g and p genotypes by rt-pcr. of these, the rotavirus type gene ...201121678452
monitoring of group c rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in brazil: an emergent epidemiological issue after rotavirus vaccine?group c rotavirus (gpcrv) has a worldwide distribution; however, its epidemiology and ecology are still unclear. evidence for a possible zoonotic role has been postulated recently for brazilian children strains. the aim of this study was to monitor gpcrv in children ôëñ15 years with acute gastroenteritis during the 2007-2010 national brazilian rotavirus surveillance, and to undertake the molecular characterization of the major vp6 capsid protein. a total of 3,019 fecal samples were first screene ...201121739455
complications in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus: a retrospective analysis.acute gastroenteritis (age) caused by rotavirus (rv) is a common disease among infants and toddlers, often leading to hospitalization and, in resource-poor countries, to death. however, little is known on specific complications of severe rv-positive (rv+) age and on the clinical course in chronically ill children. this was a retrospective analysis of data for children <5-áyears of age hospitalized due to age during six rotavirus seasons in three large german pediatric hospitals. the primary stud ...201121833497
phylogenetic analysis of vp1, vp2, and vp3 gene segments of genotype g5 group a rotavirus strains circulating in brazil between 1986 and 2005.genotype g5 group a rotavirus (rv-a), which is common in pigs and also detected in horses and cattle, circulated as endemic genotype in the 1980s and early 1990s in brazil. after 1996, g5 rv-a has been replaced by g9 rv-a, becoming only sporadically detected. recently, g5 has been reported in children with severe diarrhea in argentina, cameroon, paraguay, people's republic of china, and vietnam, suggesting that, although uncommon in humans, it has a worldwide distribution. in a previous study, b ...201121827799
experimental infection of pigs with group a rotavirus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in india: gross, histopathological and immunopathological study.the authors describe a detailed study conducted in assam, india, of gross, histopathological and immunopathological alterations in pigs experimentally infected with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) expressing k88 pili. a total of 30 caesarean derived piglets were infected experimentally with rotavirus alone or in combination with etec to study the gross and histopathological alterations and the distribution pattern of different b- and t cell subsets in the gut. villus atroph ...201121706463
human rotavirus genotypes detection among hospitalized children, a study in tehran, iran.human rotavirus genotypes g1-g4, g9, p[4] and p[8] are major worldwide causes of acute gastroenteritis in children. rotavirus genotype g1p[8] is predominant in many countries. in this study, the genotypic diversity of group a rotaviruses were detected in children <5 years of age who were treated for dehydration and diarrhea in tehran, iran from october 2004 to september 2008.201121194260
full genomic analysis of a g8p[1] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant in kenya provides evidence for an artiodactyl-to-human interspecies transmission event.group a rotavirus (gar) g8p[1] strains, found sometimes in cattle, have been reported rarely from humans. therefore, analysis of the full genomes of human g8p[1] strains are of significance in the context of studies on interspecies transmission of rotaviruses. however, to date, only partial-length nucleotide sequences are available for the 11 genes of a single human g8p[1] strain, while the partial sequences of two other strains have been reported. the present study reports the first complete ge ...201121181935
Molecular epidemiology and clinical characterization of group A rotavirus infections in Tunisian children with acute gastroenteritis.Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in early childhood worldwide. Thus, the objectives of our study were to determine the molecular epidemiology and the clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Tunisia. Between January 2003 and April 2007, a prospective study was conducted on 788 stool samples collected from children under 12 years of age who were suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was detected by multiplex RT-PCR in 27% (n = 213) of sample ...201121942357
[Detection and genotyping of rotavirus in diarrhea infant feces in Chengdu].To study the genotype of rotavirus and the genetic variations of the major neutralization antigen VP4 of group A rotavirus in fecal samples from infants with diarrhea in Chengdu, Sichuan province, China.201121866637
monitoring the circulation of rotavirus among children after the introduction of the rotarixôäó vaccine in goi+ónia, brazil.the epidemiological features of rotavirus a (rva) infection differ between children from developing and developed countries which could result in differences in vaccine efficacy around the world. to evaluate the impact of rotarixôäó on rva prevalence, we monitored rva genotypes circulating in goi+ónia by monitoring virus in faecal samples from children that had or had not been previously vaccinated. from february-november of 2008, 220 faecal samples were collected from children in seven day-care ...201121739040
genetic diversity of group a rotaviruses associated with repeated outbreaks of diarrhea in a farrow-to-finish farm: identification of a porcine rotavirus strain bearing a novel vp7 genotype, g26.abstract: group a rotaviruses (gars) are one of the most common causes of diarrhea in suckling pigs. although a number of g and p genotypes have been identified in porcine gars, few attempts have been made to study the molecular epidemiology of these viruses associated with diarrhea outbreaks within a farm over an extended period of time. here, we investigated the molecular characteristics of gars that caused four outbreaks of diarrhea among suckling pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm over the cour ...201122067072
First description of group A rotavirus from fecal samples of ostriches (Struthio camelus).This study investigated the occurrence of rotavirus infections in ostriches (Struthio camelus) reared in Northern Paraná, Brazil. Fecal (n=66) and serum (n=182) samples from nine farms located in four different cities were analyzed by silver stained-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE), RT-PCR assay, virus isolation, and counterimmunoelectroosmophoresis (CIE). Rotavirus group A seropositivity occurred in 5.49% (10/182) of serum samples of ostriches originated from two farms. Only 9.09% ( ...201122209018
frequency, clinical characteristics, and genotype distribution of rotavirus gastroenteritis in greece (2007-2008).rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among young children worldwide. a prospective multi-center study was conducted (2007-2008) in five pediatric hospitals to determine the prevalence, the clinical characteristics, and genotype distribution of rotavirus infection in greece. faecal samples were examined for the presence of group a rotavirus antigen by immunochromatography. rotavirus strains were subjected to g and p genotyping by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ...201121108355
burden and typing of rotavirus group a in latin america and the caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.the efficacy of licensed rotavirus vaccines has only been shown against certain rotavirus group a (rv-a) types. it is critical to understand the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) and its prevalent types to assess the potential impact of these vaccines in latin america and the caribbean (la&c). we performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of all the available evidence reported from 1990 to 2009 on the burden of rotavirus disease and strains circulating in la&c. eligible studies-185 ...201121384462
monitoring of group a rotaviruses in wild-living birds in hungary.rotavirus is a common pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and domesticated animals. the incidence of rotavirus in wild-living animals, particularly in avian species, has not been systematically investigated. in this study 1220 fecal samples and cloacal swabs collected from wild-living birds during 2008 in hungary were tested for the presence of group a rotaviruses by a vp6 gene-specific reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction assay. of the 1220 samples, 276 and 944 were processed ...201121500648
laboratory-based rotavirus surveillance during the introduction of a vaccination program, brazil, 2005-2009.: brazil introduced universal antirotavirus vaccination in march 2006. this article reports the results of rotavirus a (rv-a) surveillance from january 2005 to december 2009.201121048523
vp7 gene of human rotavirus a genotype g5: phylogenetic analysis reveals the existence of three different lineages worldwide.group a rotavirus (rv-a) genotype g5, which is common in pigs, was also detected in children with severe diarrhea in brazil, argentina, paraguay, cameroon, china, thailand, and vietnam. to evaluate the evolutionary relationship among rv-a g5 strains, the vp7 and vp4 genes of 28 brazilian rv-a g5 human strains, sampled between 1986 and 2005, were sequenced and compared with other rv-a g5 strains currently circulating worldwide in animals and humans. the phylogenetic analysis of rv-a g5 vp7 gene s ...201121181934
incidence assessment of rotavirus and adenovirus associated acute gastroenteritis cases in early childhood.this study was undertaken to give an insight into the incidence of acute gastroenteritis cases of rotaviral/adenoviral aetiology in patients presenting to the emergency room of an inner-city government teaching hospital. group a rotavirus and adenovirus serotype 40-41 antigen results were obtained via immunochromatography. in 2007, there were 1543 patients with gastroenteritis between 0-5 years of age whose stool samples were tested for rota and adenovirus, of whom 386 (25%) had positive stool s ...201121753251
a single-tube multiplex pcr for rapid detection in feces of 10 viruses causing diarrhea.a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to identify 10 viruses in a single tube. the assay was targeted to detect group a and c rotaviruses, adenovirus, norovirus gi, norovirus gii, sapovirus, astrovirus, aichi virus, parechovirus, and enterovirus. a total of 235 stool samples were collected from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in kyoto, japan, from 2008 to 2009, then tested by this novel multiplex pcr and compared with a multiplex pcr described previously ...201121349292
rotavirus a genotype p[4]g2: genetic diversity and reassortment events among strains circulating in brazil between 2005 and 2009.group a rotaviruses (rv-a) are the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. due to the epidemiologic complexity of rv-a, especially in developing countries, it is important to determine which genotypes are circulating, principally after the introduction in march 2006 of the monovalent (p[8]g1) rotarix® vaccine in brazil by the national immunization program. in phase iii trials with rotarix®, the prevalence of genotype p[4]g2 was extremely low, and therefor ...201121503926
comparing electron microscopy and a competitive blocking elisa in the detection of rotaviruses in porcine faeces.analysis of 476 faecal samples from diarrhoeic piglets was performed using electron microscopy (em) and a competitive blocking (cb)-elisa based on monoclonal antibodies to the vp6 protein of group a rotavirus. rotavirus was detected by em and/or cb-elisa in 111 (23.3%) samples. of these, all groups of rotavirus were identified in 83 (74.8%) samples by em (em+), while group a rotavirus was identified in 90 (81.1%) samples by cb-elisa (elisa+). however, only 62 (55.9%) of samples were positive usi ...201120036588
highly sensitive detection of the group a rotavirus using apolipoprotein h-coated elisa plates compared to quantitative real-time pcr.the principle of a capture elisa is binding of specific capture antibodies (polyclonal or monoclonal) to the surface of a suitable 96 well plate. these immobilized antibodies are capable of specifically binding a virus present in a clinical sample. subsequently, the captured virus is detected using a specific detection antibody. the drawback of this method is that a capture elisa can only function for a single virus captured by the primary antibody. human apolipoprotein h (apoh) or ß2-glycoprote ...201121310042
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