Publications

isolation of burkholderia pseudomallei from a case of septicaemia--a case report.	meliodosis, an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei has been recognized as an emerging infectious disease in india. the infection is under diagnosed and underreported, and hence considered a rare disease. majority of the cases have been documented from the states with heavy rainfall. the present case being reported is a middle-aged woman who had developed a fulminant infection following exposure to stagnant floodwater in the city of hyderabad. to the best of our knowledge, this ...	2003	17642999
burkholderia pseudomallei septicaemia - a case report.	burkholderia pseudomallei, a natural saprophyte widely distributed in soil, stagnant waters of endemic areas, is said to infect humans through breaks in the skin or through inhalation causing protean clinical manifestations including fatal septicaemia. a case of septicaemia in a elderly female diabetic due to b. pseudomallei following a history of fall is being reported with complete details.	2004	17642754
[experimental study on the possibility of using live tularemia vaccine to increase resistance to heterologous infection disease].	in experiments on guinea pigs immunized with francisella tularensis 15, or live tularemia vaccine (ltv), the level of heterologous protective effect to dangerous infectious diseases caused by yersinia pestis, burkholderia pseudomallei, b. mallei, mycobacterium tuberculosis was studied. the study revealed that during the first 4 weeks after the subcutaneous immunization with ltv the level of resistance of the immunized animals to heterologous infective agent reliably increased as indicated by the ...	2004	15188557
[immune response in experimental animals immunized with burkholderia pseudomallei surface antigens].	the influence of the chromatographic fractions of b. pseudomallei surface antigenic complex (c, c1, d, h) on immune response in white rats and white mice was under study. these antigenic complexes were noted to produce perceptible stimulating effect on the immune system of white rats, in contrast to that of white mice. the immunization of the mice the above-mentioned fractions suppressed the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages (pm) and slightly enhanced cell-mediated immunity. in exper ...	2004	15554321
catalase-peroxidases (katg) exhibit nadh oxidase activity.	catalase-peroxidases (katg) produced by burkholderia pseudomallei, escherichia coli, and mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyze the oxidation of nadh to form nad+ and either h2o2 or superoxide radical depending on ph. the nadh oxidase reaction requires molecular oxygen, does not require hydrogen peroxide, is not inhibited by superoxide dismutase or catalase, and has a ph optimum of 8.75, clearly differentiating it from the peroxidase and catalase reactions with ph optima of 5.5 and 6.5, respectivel ...	2004	15280362
experimental burkholderia pseudomallei infection of pigs.	experimental infection with burkholderia pseudomallei was successfully produced after a single intravenous challenge of 2-month-old pigs with a dose of 5.0 x 10(9) bacterial cells. clinical, paraclinical and morphological findings of the infectious process and post-infectious immunity were examined up to day 30 post infection (p.i.). a transient and short hyperthermia accompanied by enhanced and longer demonstrated pulse frequency. an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and tachypnea were o ...	2004	15330982
melioidosis in a traveller from thailand: case report.	a 42-year old italian male with type 2 diabetes and hcv-related chronic hepatitis spent 6 months in thailand. after his return in june 2002 he was admitted to the infectious diseases unit of the hospital of livorno (italy) because of fever, chest pain and skin abscesses in the legs. chest x-rays and ct scan revealed multiple bilateral cavitary lesions in the lungs. ultrasonography and ct scan showed numerous subcentimetric spleen abscesses. burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated from the cutaneo ...	2004	15332718
structural flexibility in the burkholderia mallei genome.	the complete genome sequence of burkholderia mallei atcc 23344 provides insight into this highly infectious bacterium's pathogenicity and evolutionary history. b. mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders, has come under renewed scientific investigation as a result of recent concerns about its past and potential future use as a biological weapon. genome analysis identified a number of putative virulence factors whose function was supported by comparative genome hybridization and expression profili ...	2004	15377793
genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is a recognized biothreat agent and the causative agent of melioidosis. this gram-negative bacterium exists as a soil saprophyte in melioidosis-endemic areas of the world and accounts for 20% of community-acquired septicaemias in northeastern thailand where half of those affected die. here we report the complete genome of b. pseudomallei, which is composed of two chromosomes of 4.07 megabase pairs and 3.17 megabase pairs, showing significant functional partitioning of g ...	2004	15377794
evaluation of lipopolysaccharide and capsular polysaccharide as subunit vaccines against experimental melioidosis.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic regions. currently there is no human vaccine against melioidosis. in this study, lps or capsular polysaccharide was used to immunize balb/c mice. the different polysaccharide antigens induced antibody responses. mice vaccinated with lps developed predominantly igm and igg3 responses. contrastingly, mice vaccinated with capsular polysaccharide developed a predominantly igg ...	2004	15585494
c-reactive protein in the diagnosis of melioidosis.	previous work suggested that c-reactive protein (crp) may be a useful test in the diagnosis of melioidosis, the infection caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. we reviewed patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis to define the role of this inflammatory marker in the diagnosis of melioidosis. in 175 patients, we found that the admission crp level may be normal or only mildly elevated, including patients with severe sepsis, fatal cases, and in relapsed melioidosis. in a multivariate analysis, se ...	2004	15155996
mycotic aneurysm caused by burkholderia pseudomallei with negative blood cultures.	we describe a case of bacterial aortitis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. this patient presented with prolonged fever and hoarseness of voice. aneurysm removal with dacron graft replacement was performed, followed by a prolonged course of antibiotics. the patient has progressed satisfactorily without recurrence of symptoms. previous case reports are summarized.	2004	15000566
attenuated virulence and protective efficacy of a burkholderia pseudomallei bsa type iii secretion mutant in murine models of melioidosis.	melioidosis is a severe infectious disease of animals and humans caused by the gram-negative intracellular pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei. an inv/mxi-spa-like type iii protein secretion apparatus, encoded by the b. pseudomallei bsa locus, facilitates bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, escape from endocytic vesicles and intracellular survival. this study investigated the role of the bsa type iii secretion system in the pathogenesis of melioidosis in murine models. b. pseudomallei bipd mu ...	2004	15289563
purification and characterization of alkaline serine proteinase from photosynthetic bacterium, rubrivivax gelatinosus kdds1.	in order to reduce the protein content of wastewater, photosynthetic bacteria producing proteinases were screened from wastewater of various sources and stocked in culture. an isolated strain, kdds1, was identified as rubrivivax gelatinosus, a purple nonsulfur bacterium that secretes proteinase under micro-aerobic conditions under light at 35 degrees c. molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 32.5 kda. the enzyme showed the highest activity at 45 degrees c and ph 9.6, and the ...	2004	15056899
genomic diversity of burkholderia pseudomallei clinical isolates: subtractive hybridization reveals a burkholderia mallei-specific prophage in b. pseudomallei 1026b.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of the disease melioidosis and is a category b biological threat agent. the genomic sequence of b. pseudomallei k96243 was recently determined, but little is known about the overall genetic diversity of this species. suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to assess the genetic variability between two distinct clinical isolates of b. pseudomallei, 1026b and k96243. numerous mobile genetic elements, including a temperate bacteriophage de ...	2004	15175308
immunostimulatory cpg oligodeoxynucleotide confers protection in a murine model of infection with burkholderia pseudomallei.	although cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg odns) are known to enhance resistance against infection in a number of animal models, little is known about the cpg-induced protection against acute fatal sepsis such as that associated with the highly virulent bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei. we previously demonstrated in an in vitro study that immunostimulatory cpg odn 1826 enhances phagocytosis of b. pseudomallei and induces nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages. in ...	2004	15271908
outcomes of patients with melioidosis treated with meropenem.	melioidosis, an infection due to burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia. we reviewed our experience with meropenem in the treatment of severe melioidosis in 63 patients over a 6-year period. outcomes were similar to those of ceftazidime-treated patients (n = 153) despite a deliberate selection bias to more-unwell patients receiving meropenem. the mortality among meropenem-treated patients was 19%. one patient had a possible drug fever associated with the u ...	2004	15105132
seroprevalence of anti-flagellin antibody against burkholderia pseudomallei in taiwan.		2004	15507783
epidemiology of community-acquired and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tropical australia: a 12-month prospective study.	to define the relative incidence of organisms causing blood stream infections in a tropical setting with a very low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection (<1%).	2004	15228489
detection of virulence attributes of burkholderia pseudomallei.	melioidosis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei is an emerging disease in india. this study examined the toxin activity of bacteria-free culture filtrate in three different cell lines (cytotoxic assay) and its effect on caenorhabditis elegans (nematode toxicity assay). endotoxic activity of the viable bacteria was also studied in c. elegans (co-culture killing assay).	2004	15115160
identification of a novel two-partner secretion system from burkholderia pseudomallei.	two adjacent genes, bpaa and bpab, whose products display significant similarity to a number of two-partner secretion (tps) systems have been identified in burkholderia pseudomallei strain 08, but are absent from the closely related avirulent species b. thailandensis. they possess a number of sequence features characteristic of tps systems, including the presence of an npngi motif in a region of bpaa which strongly resembles a tps secretion domain. bpaa is a very large protein (approximately 530 ...	2004	15316770
dpsa protects the human pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei against organic hydroperoxide.	the human pathogen, burkholderia pseudomalle, is able to survive and multiply in hostile environments such as within macrophages. in an attempt to understand its strategy to cope with oxidative stress, the physiological role and gene regulation of a nonspecific dna-binding protein (dpsa) was investigated. expression of dpsa increases in response to oxidative stress through increased transcription from the upstream katg (catalase-peroxidase) promoter, which is oxyr dependent. dpsa is also transcr ...	2004	15241582
further evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for melioidosis in an area of endemicity.	immunochromatographic test (ict) kits for the rapid detection of immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei were compared to the indirect hemagglutination (iha) assay. in 138 culture-confirmed melioidosis cases, sensitivities were 80, 77, and 88% for iha, ict igg, and ict igm, respectively. in a prospective study of 160 consecutive sera samples sent for melioidosis serology, respective specificities were 91, 90, and 69, positive predictive values were 41, 32, and 18, ...	2004	15131200
exploitation of host cells by burkholderia pseudomallei.	intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved mechanisms to enter and exit eukaryotic cells using the power of actin polymerisation and to subvert the activity of cellular enzymes and signal transduction pathways. the proteins deployed by bacteria to subvert cellular processes often mimic eukaryotic proteins in their structure or function. studies on the exploitation of host cells by the facultative intracellular pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei are providing novel insights into the pathogene ...	2004	15149030
contamination of hand wash detergent linked to occupationally acquired melioidosis.	two mechanics working at a garage in tropical northern australia simultaneously developed upper limb melioidosis ulcers. both patients had burkholderia pseudomallei of identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) type (spe i). environmental sampling identified b. pseudomallei in a container of commercial hand wash detergent as the likely source of infection, although there were multiple isolates of different pfge types to the clinical isolates.	2004	15381819
the pmli-pmlr quorum-sensing system in burkholderia pseudomallei plays a key role in virulence and modulates production of the mpra protease.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an often fatal infection of humans and animals. the virulence of this pathogen is thought to depend on a number of secreted proteins, including the mpra metalloprotease. we observed that mpra is produced upon entry into the stationary phase, when the cell density is high, and this prompted us to study cell density-dependent regulation in b. pseudomallei. a search of the b. pseudomallei genome led to identification of a quorum-sensi ...	2004	15060030
the role of a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase kata in protection of agrobacterium tumefaciens from menadione toxicity.	agrobacterium tumefaciens is an aerobic plant pathogenic bacterium that is exposed to reactive oxygen species produced either as by-products of aerobic metabolism or by the defense systems of host plants. the physiological function of the bifunctional catalase-peroxidase (kata) in the protection of a. tumefaciens from reactive oxygen species other than h(2)o(2) was evaluated in the kata mutant (pb102). unexpectedly, pb102 was highly sensitive to the superoxide generator menadione. the expression ...	2004	15033242
out of hospital treatment of patients with melioidosis using ceftazidime in 24 h elastomeric infusors, via peripherally inserted central catheters.	in the tropical north of the northern territory, australia, 25-50 patients are admitted to royal darwin hospital (rdh) each year with burkholderia pseudomallei infection, or melioidosis. treatment consists of initial intensive therapy with 2-4 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. clinical improvement may occur early and patients often prefer to be managed out of hospital in the hospital in the home (hith).	2004	15189462
exposure to burkholderia pseudomallei induces cell-mediated immunity in healthy individuals.	melioidosis is an emerging tropical infection caused by the intracellular bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, and is associated with high mortality rates. previous studies investigating the prevalence of melioidosis have based conclusions on serological evidence. however, cell-mediated immunity is more relevant for protection against an intracellular pathogen such as b. pseudomallei. this is the first demonstration that exposure to b. pseudomallei may lead to the formation of specific antibodie ...	2004	15191392
recent development in melioidosis.	burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis and a potential biological weapon, is still unfamiliar in some areas where sporadic cases are being reported among travelers. this review highlights findings in 2002-2003 and is an extension of a recent review by dance.	2004	15021053
bpeab-oprb, a multidrug efflux pump in burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is intrinsically resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and polymyxins. an operon, bper-bpea-bpeb-oprb, which encodes a putative repressor, a membrane fusion protein, an inner membrane protein, and an outer membrane protein, respectively, of a multidrug efflux pump of the resistance-nodulation-division family was identified in b. pseudomallei. the divergently transcribe ...	2004	15047512
pcr-rflp based differentiation of burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei manifest a high similarity with regard to clinical syndromes, glanders and melioidosis. phenotypic and genotypic characters are also highly similar. in an attempt to differentiate the two organisms, the molecular method was applied. this study aimed to identify the different dna fragment in b. mallei, as compared with b. pseudomallei. the sau3ai-digested genomic dna patterns of b. mallei and b. pseudomallei are distinctive, especially the dna fra ...	2004	15051118
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and an in vitro whole blood model of melioidosis.	the study reported here was conducted in order to explore the mechanism of action of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) in the treatment of burkholderia pseudomallei infections (otherwise known as melioidosis). use of g-csf as an adjunct to antibiotics has been associated with decreasing mortality among patients with melioidosis in the tropical region of the northern territory of australia. however, using an in vitro whole blood assay, no significant difference was detected in the bac ...	2004	14986161
virulent burkholderia pseudomallei is more efficient than avirulent burkholderia thailandensis in invasion of and adherence to cultured human epithelial cells.	burkholderia pseudomallei, a causative agent of melioidosis, is a facultative intracellular gram-negative bacillus that is closely related to its avirulent counterpart, burkholderia thailandensis. however, pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors of b. pseudomallei remain elusive. in the present study, we compared the invasiveness, adherence, and replication of b. pseudomallei and b. thailandensis in human respiratory epithelial cells a549. invasion was determined after 4 h of coculturing usi ...	2004	15043863
expression and refolding of omp38 from burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis, and its function as a diffusion porin.	in the present paper, we describe cloning and expression of two outer membrane proteins, bpsomp38 (from burkholderia pseudomallei) and bthomp38 (from burkholderia thailandensis) lacking signal peptide sequences, using the pet23d(+) expression vector and escherichia coli host strain origami(de3). the 38 kda proteins, expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies, were purified, solubilized in 8 m urea, and then subjected to refolding experiments. as seen on sds/page, the 38 kda band completely migrated ...	2004	15329048
the effect of quicklime (calcium oxide) as an inhibitor of burkholderia pseudomallei.	measurement of in vitro activity of quicklime against burkholderia pseudomallei revealed that quicklime at concentrations of 10% or more was bactericidal for up to 35 d. the effect of quicklime as an inhibitor of b. pseudomallei in soil from a rice field was studied in a laboratory setting. the soil, collected from a rice field in north-eastern thailand, was mixed with b. pseudomallei. in experiment 1, quicklime was mixed with the soil in different amounts. in experiment 2, quicklime was spread ...	2004	15099988
contribution of gene loss to the pathogenic evolution of burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. burkholderia thailandensis is a closely related species that can readily utilize l-arabinose as a sole carbon source, whereas b. pseudomallei cannot. we used tn5-ot182 mutagenesis to isolate an arabinose-negative mutant of b. thailandensis. sequence analysis of regions flanking the transposon insertion revealed the presence of an arabinose assimilation operon consisting of nine genes. analysis of the b. pseudomallei chromosome show ...	2004	15213162
biophysical characterization of the catalytic domain of guanine nucleotide exchange factor bope from burkholderia pseudomallei.	bope is a type iii secreted protein from burkholderia pseudomallei, the aetiological agent of melioidosis. like its salmonella homologues sope and sope2, bope is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for rho gtpases. it is thought that, in order to be secreted by the type iii system, proteins must be unfolded or only partially folded. as part of a study of b. pseudomallei virulence proteins, we have expressed, purified and characterized the catalytic domain of bope (amino acids 78-261). analytica ...	2004	15063321
expression and purification of a recombinant scfv towards the exotoxin of the pathogen, burkholderia pseudomallei.	a single chain variable fragment (scfv) specific towards b. pseudomallei exotoxin had previously been generated from an existing hybridoma cell line (6e6af83b) and cloned into the phage display vector pcomb3h. in this study, the scfv was subcloned into the pcomb3x vector to facilitate the detection and purification of expressed antibodies. detection was facilitated by the presence of a hemagglutinin (ha) tag, and purification was facilitated by the presence of a histidine tag. the culture was gr ...	2004	15357306
the changing pattern of bloodstream infections associated with the rise in hiv prevalence in northeastern thailand.	a survey of bloodstream infections was conducted in the large regional hospital in ubon ratchatani, northeastern thailand between 1989 and 1998, during the onset of the hiv epidemic. the incidence of staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella/enterobacter and pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemias remained constant whereas infections caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, non-typhoid salmonellae, cryptococcus neoformans, penicillum marneffei and to a lesser extent streptococcus pneumoniae al ...	2004	15363648
induction of inos expression and antimicrobial activity by interferon (ifn)-beta is distinct from ifn-gamma in burkholderia pseudomallei-infected mouse macrophages.	burkholderia pseudomallei is a causative agent of melioidosis. this gram-negative bacterium is able to survive and multiple inside both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. we previously reported that exogenous interferons (both type i and type ii) enhanced antimicrobial activity of the macrophages infected with b. pseudomallei by up-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos). this enzyme thus plays an essential role in controlling intracellular growth of bacteria. in the present study we ...	2004	15086391
preliminary report on the northern australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project.	an environmental surveillance programme was developed to determine whether water supplies could be a source of burkholderia pseudomallei as noted during previous melioidosis outbreak investigations. water supplies to communities in the three northern australian jurisdictions (western australia, northern territory and queensland) were sampled periodically during 2001 and 2002. water and soil samples were collected from communities known to have had recent culture-positive melioidosis cases and ne ...	2004	15473143
functional characterization of a prokaryotic kir channel.	the kir gene family encodes inward rectifying k+ (kir) channels that are widespread and critical regulators of excitability in eukaryotic cells. a related gene family (kirbac) has recently been identified in prokaryotes. while a crystal structure of one member, kir-bac1.1, has been solved, there has been no functional characterization of any kirbac gene products. here we present functional characterization of kirbac1.1 reconstituted in liposomes. utilizing a 86rb+ uptake assay, we demonstrate th ...	2004	15448150
neutralizing chimeric mouse-human antibodies against burkholderia pseudomallei protease: expression, purification and characterization.	a recombinant fab monoclonal antibody (fab) c37, previously obtained by phage display and biopanning of a random antibody fragment library against burkholderia pseudomallei protease, was expressed in different strains of escherichia coli. e. coli strain hb2151 was deemed a more suitable host for fab expression than other e. coli strains when grown in media supplemented with 0.2 % glycerol. the expressed fab fragment was purified by affinity chromatography on a protein g-sepharose column, and the ...	2004	15479619
role of quorum sensing in the pathogenicity of burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of human and animal melioidosis. the role of quorum sensing (qs) in the in vivo pathogenicity of b. pseudomallei via inhalational exposure of balb/c mice and intraperitoneal challenge of syrian hamsters has not been reported. this investigation demonstrates that b. pseudomallei encodes a minimum of three luxi and five luxr homologues that are involved in animal pathogenicity. mass spectrometry analysis of culture supernatants revealed that wild-ty ...	2004	15496380
[identification and differentiation of pathogenic burkholderia].	in this review modern methods for the identification and differential diagnostics of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, recently included into the genus burkholderia, are presented. the known phenotypic signs and genetic markers permitting the identification of two pathogenic microorganisms on the definite taxonomic level are described.	2004	15554328
laboratory exposure to burkholderia pseudomallei--los angeles, california, 2003.	on july 26, 2003, the los angeles county department of health services (lacdhs) received a report that a local clinical laboratory had isolated from specimens burkholderia pseudomallei, a category b biologic terrorism agent and the causative organism for melioidosis, which is endemic to certain tropical areas. because laboratory workers had manipulated cultures of the organism, cdc was asked to assist in the subsequent investigation. this report summarizes the results of that investigation, whic ...	2004	15514581
burkholderia pseudomallei: a case report of a human infection in ceará, brazil.	burkholderia pseudomallei has rarely been isolated from environmental and clinical specimens in south america, particularly, in brazil. this report describes a case of melioidosis with fulminant sepsis in a 10 year old boy, from rural area, in tejuçuoca, state of ceará, brazil. blood samples were positive and, through the analysis of results from biochemical tests and of drugs susceptibility profile, identified this gram-negative bacillus as b. pseudomallei. the contamination source remains obsc ...	2004	15057337
structure of the c-terminal domain of the catalase-peroxidase katg from escherichia coli.	catalase-peroxidases or katgs, the apparent in vivo activators of the anti-tubercular pro-drug isoniazid, are active as homodimers, each subunit having two distinct but sequence- and structure-related domains. the n-terminal domain contains the haem group and is catalytically active, while the c-terminal domain lacks the cofactor. the c-terminal domain of katg from escherichia coli is expressed as a soluble protein which has been crystallized in triclinic, orthorhombic and tetragonal crystal for ...	2004	15388929
comparison of the susceptibilities of burkholderia pseudomallei to meropenem and ceftazidime by conventional and intracellular methods.	the effect of the two antibiotics ceftazidime and meropenem on a collection of 46 burkholderia pseudomallei isolates representing clinical and environmental sources across northern australia was investigated by using a series of in vitro test methods. the susceptibility testing methods used included kirby-bauer disk diffusion, etest mic, broth microdilution mic, and a modification of the microdilution method in which acanthamoeba cells were added to simulate the effect of a professional phagocyt ...	2004	15273112
non-septicemic burkholderia pseudomallei liver abscess in a young man.	melioidosis, caused by burkholderia pseudomallei, has been increasingly recognized in taiwan recently. its isolation in liver abscess is rare compared to pulmonary melioidosis. we report a case of liver abscess due to b. pseudomallei in an immunocompetent 27-year-old male soldier admitted due to fever, sore throat and mild non-productive cough for 1 week. physical examination was unremarkable except for congestion of the pharyngeal wall, moderate enlargement of the tonsils without pus coating, a ...	2004	15340656
antibiotic susceptibility of 65 isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei to 35 antimicrobial agents.	fifty isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei and 15 isolates of burkholderia mallei were tested for their susceptibilities to 35 antimicrobial agents, including agents not previously tested against these bacteria.	2004	15509614
burkholderia pseudomallei stimulates low interleukin-8 production in the human lung epithelial cell line a549.	melioidosis is a life-threatening disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei. the lung is the most commonly affected organ, resulting in abscess formation in patients with chronic melioidosis. previous study has shown that b. pseudomallei was able to invade and multiply in epithelial cells. in the present study, we have demonstrated that b. pseudomallei is able to stimulate interleukin 8 (il-8) production from the human alveolar lung epithelium cell line a549. however, the level of il-8 product ...	2004	15373906
transmission of burkholderia pseudomallei via breast milk in northern australia.	two cases of maternal to child transmission of melioidosis are reported from australia's tropical north. one infant died of overwhelming sepsis. both lactating mothers had mastitis. in 1 case, burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from breast milk was identical on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with that in blood and cerebrospinal fluid isolates from the infant.	2004	15626961
patterns of large-scale genomic variation in virulent and avirulent burkholderia species.	the human diseases melioidosis and glanders are caused by the bacteria burkholderia pseudomallei and b. mallei respectively, and both species are regarded as potential biowarfare agents. we used b. pseudomallei dna microarrays to compare the genomes of several clinical and environmental isolates of b. pseudomallei, b. mallei, and b. thailandensis, a closely related but avirulent species. open reading frames (orfs) deleted between the three species were associated with diverse cellular functions, ...	2004	15520292
melioidosis in animals: a review on epizootiology, diagnosis and clinical presentation.	melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei is an emerging disease with high impact on animals and man. in different animal species, the clinical course varies and delayed diagnosis poses risks for the dissemination of the agent in non-endemic areas. not only migration and transport of animals around the world but also tourism increases the risk that melioidosis can leave its endemic boundaries and establish itself elsewhere. detection of the agent is a major challenge ...	2004	15525357
melioidosis strikes singapore.		2004	15534940
the neuropathology of melioidosis: two cases and a review of the literature.	melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomallei and is hyperendemic in the top end of the northern territory of australia, as well as being widespread throughout tropical south east asia. the infection is primarily acquired via the inoculation of compromised surface tissues by contaminated soils and water and it can cause an acute, rapidly fatal illness. although pneumonia is the commonest manifestation, neurological presentations have been described, most notably enceph ...	2004	15581021
development of 5' nuclease real-time pcr assays for the rapid identification of the burkholderia mallei//burkholderia pseudomallei complex.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and was classified as a biologic agent by the centers for disease control and prevention (atlanta, ga). acute melioidosis has a case fatality rate of >40%, and septicemia is fatal in up to 90%. the aim of the study was to design 5'-nuclease real-time pcr assays for the rapid and reliable identification of the b. mallei/b. pseudomallei complex. real-time pcr assays using taqman probes targeting the 16s rdna and flic were developed on ...	2004	15538116
common oligosaccharide moieties inhibit the adherence of typical and atypical respiratory pathogens.	intervention in bacterial adhesion to host cells is a novel method of overcoming current problems associated with antibiotic resistance. antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria that cause respiratory tract infections are a problem in hospitals and could be used in bioterrorist attacks. a range of bacterial species was demonstrated to attach to an alveolar epithelial (a549) cell line. in all cases, cell surface oligosaccharides were important in attachment, demonstrated by reduced adhesion when ...	2004	15314189
isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei from northern australia are distinct by multilocus sequence typing, but strain types do not correlate with clinical presentation.	melioidosis is the disease caused by the saprophytic organism burkholderia pseudomallei. previous studies have suggested some strain tropism and differential virulence. in this study, we defined strains by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) of isolates taken from the top end of australia's northern territory and compared the results with those of other strains typed worldwide. we specifically sought clinical and geographical correlates of strain types. among 87 australian isolates, 48 sequence ty ...	2004	15583269
adaptive immunity in melioidosis: a possible role for t cells in determining outcome of infection with burkholderia pseudomallei.	melioidosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei. individuals with subclinical melioidosis have no apparent clinical signs or symptoms, and are identified only by positive serology. the present study is the first to investigate cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses following in vitro stimulation with b. pseudomallei antigens in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), collected under field conditions in papua new guinea (png) from individuals with exp ...	2004	15380526
mycotic aneurysm due to burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review.	melioidosis caused by burkholderia pseudomallei infection is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia. cardiovascular complications resulting in mycotic aneurysms are very rare. to our knowledge, there have only been 6 isolated case reports published in the literature to date. we report 6 cases of melioidosis in singapore that presented as aortic aneurysms.	2004	15614712
three-dimensional model and molecular mechanism of mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (katg) and isoniazid-resistant katg mutants.	mycobacterium tuberculosis katg enzyme functions both as catalase for removing hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) and as peroxidase for oxidating isoniazid (inh) to active form of anti-tuberculosis drug. although mutations in m. tuberculosis katg confer inh resistance in tuberculous patients, structural bases for inh-resistant mutations in the katg gene remains poorly understood. here, three m. tuberculosis katg mutants bearing arg418--> gln, ser315 --> thr, or trp321 --> gly replacement were assessed ...	2004	15650370
melioidosis; the remarkable imitator: recent perspectives.	melioidosis is an important public health problem in some regions of the world. it is endemic in south east asia. the clinical spectrum of melioidosis is extremely broad, and melioidosis requires awareness on the part of the clinician and the existence of a laboratory capable of isolating and identifying burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis. beta-lactams such as ceftazidime is currently the treatment of choice. there is no vaccine licensed for human use. there is an ur ...	2004	15656034
burkholderia pseudomallei strain type, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, does not determine disease presentation in melioidosis.	melioidosis, the infection due to burkholderia pseudomallei, may present with a spectrum of severity and may affect any site in the body. differential strain virulence and tropism suggested by previous studies would have implications for virulence and vaccine work. we explored clinical correlations using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing in a well-characterised clinical collection. two methods of analysis were used based on band-based similarity values: first, a conventional cluster ...	2004	15716075
identification and discrimination of burkholderia pseudomallei, b. mallei, and b. thailandensis by real-time pcr targeting type iii secretion system genes.	burkholderia pseudomallei and b. mallei are two highly pathogenic bacteria, responsible for melioidosis and glanders, respectively. the two are closely related and can also be mistaken for b. thailandensis, a nonpathogenic species. to improve their differential identification, we describe a hydrolysis probe-based real-time pcr method using the uneven distribution of type iii secretion system genes among these three species.	2004	15583328
bichat guidelines for the clinical management of glanders and melioidosis and bioterrorism-related glanders and melioidosis.	glanders and melioidosis are two infectious diseases that are caused by burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei respectively. infection may be acquired through direct skin contact with contaminated soil or water. ingestion of such contaminated water or dust is another way of contamination. glanders and melioidosis have both been studied for weaponisation in several countries in the past. they produce similar clinical syndromes. the symptoms depend upon the route of infection but one fo ...	2004	15677841
clinical manifestation of pulmonary melioidosis in adults.	between 1996 and 2002, 162 cases of pulmonary melioidosis were reported from srinagarind hospital, khon kaen, northeast thailand, 90 acute vs 72 subacute/chronic. patients averaged 50 years of age and half worked as farmers. the male to female ratio was between 2 and 3 to 1 depending on the subgrouping. burkholderia pseudomallei was confirmed by a culture or a four-fold rise in titer in the majority of cases, while the others were presumptive diagnoses based on response to treatment. pulmonary m ...	2004	15689084
pulmonary melioidosis presenting with right paratracheal mass.	a rare case of pulmonary melioidosis is reported. the patient was a 62-year-old man presenting with subacute fever, dry cough, and significant weight loss. a chest x-ray revealed a right paratracheal mass. the findings from fiberoptic bronchoscopy were a blunt carina and normal tracheobronchial tree. the patient had an underlying disease of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, and heavy alcoholic drinking. one of the two cultured blood specimens grew b. pseudomallei. the pathologi ...	2004	15691141
genome-wide identification and mapping of variable sequences in the genomes of burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei, closely related gram-negative bacteria, are the causative agents of such serious infectious diseases of humans and animals as glanders and melioidosis, respectively. despite numerous studies of these pathogens, the detailed mechanisms of their pathogenesis is still poorly understood. one of the serious obstacles to revealing factors responsible for pathogenicity lies in the considerable natural variability of b. pseudomallei and b. mallei, which ...	2004	15748995
melioidosis in an alpaca (lama pacos).		2004	15887386
bacteraemic melioidosis pneumonia: impact on outcome, clinical and radiological features.	melioidosis is an endemic disease in south-east (se) asia and bacteraemia in melioidosis is associated with high mortality. we describe some clinical and radiological features of bacteraemic pneumonia due to burkholderia pseudomallei as well as a comparison with bacteraemic patients without pneumonia.	2004	15066335
microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions.	drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1% of all deaths and 3.7% of all daly's), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. nine out of 10 such deat ...	2004	15138046
functional reconstitution, gene isolation and topology modelling of porins from burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis.	the sequences for omp38 from burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis have been deposited in the ddbj, embl, genbank(r) and gsdb nucleotide sequence databases under the accession numbers ay312416 and ay312417 respectively. the intracellular pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of tropical melioidosis, and burkholderia thailandensis is a closely-related gram-negative bacterium that does not cause serious disease. like other bacteria, the major outer membrane ( ...	2004	14567756
identification and expression of a burkholderia pseudomallei collagenase in escherichia coli.	extracellular protein profiles were compared for broth-grown cultures of burkholderia pseudomallei and its avirulent close relative burkholderia thailandensis. a number of protein bands were present in the b. pseudomallei profile but absent or less abundant in the b. thailandensis profile. four such prominent secreted proteins were identified by using n-terminal sequencing coupled to searches of the b. pseudomallei genome sequence database. the genes for two proteins with similarity to carbohydr ...	2004	15057457
adjunctive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of septic shock due to melioidosis.	melioidosis, caused by the intracellular pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in northern australia and southeast asia. risk factors for this infection have also been associated with functional neutrophil defects. because of this, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) was adopted for use in patients with septic shock due to melioidosis in december 1998. we compared the mortality rates from before and after the introduction of g-csf therapy at the royal darwin hospital (darwin, ...	2004	14679445
assignment of the 1h, 13c and 15n resonances of the catalytic domain of guanine nucleotide exchange factor bope from burkholderia pseudomallei.		2004	15014239
fatal septicemic melioidosis in a young military person possibly co-infected with leptospira interrogans and orientia tsutsugamushi.	concurrent melioidosis, leptospirosis, and scrub typhus after rural activities is rarely reported. a 19-year-old previously healthy man had fever onset after 2 weeks of military training. pneumonia became evident on the fifth day of fever under intravenous penicillin and oral minocycline therapy. acute respiratory failure developed the next day with shock and acute renal and liver function deterioration, which resulted in death. blood cultures on the third and fifth days grew burkholderia pseudo ...	2005	15909673
melioidosis of the spleen diagnosed by 16s rdna amplification and sequencing.	we present the case of a 51-y-old male with multiple splenic abscesses that failed to resolve despite antimicrobial therapy targeted at burkholderia pseudomallei. elective splenectomy was performed to clarify the diagnosis. pus from the spleen was subjected to universal bacterial 16s rdna amplification and sequencing. the sequence obtained was 99% identical to 16s rdna sequences for burkholderia pseudomallei. sequencing of the 16s rdna is a very promising diagnostic tool allowing quick identific ...	2005	16012017
[molecular-genetic approaches to diagnosis and intraspecific typing of causative agents of glanders and melioidosis].	pathogenic burkholderia--burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei--are causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, severe infectious diseases of man and animals. they are regarded as potential agents of bioterrorism. the existing bacteriological and immunological methods of identification of b. mallei and b. pseudomallei are not efficient enough for the rapid diagnosis and typing of strains. described in the paper are molecular methods of detection of the agents by pcr, hybridization ...	2005	15954468
treatment of survivors after the tsunami.		2005	15972880
the burkholderia pseudomallei bpeab-oprb efflux pump: expression and impact on quorum sensing and virulence.	bpeab-oprb is a multidrug efflux pump of the bacterial pathogen burkholderia pseudomallei and is responsible for conferring antimicrobial resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides. expression of bpeab-oprb is inducible by its substrate erythromycin and upon entry into stationary phase. bper, a member of the tetr family, functions as a repressor of the bpeab-oprb operon. bper expression was similarly induced at stationary phase but lagged behind the induction of bpeab-oprb expression. the indu ...	2005	15995185
rapid serological diagnosis of melioidosis: an evaluation of a prototype immunochromatographic test.	to evaluate the panbio melioidosis prototype (ict) igg and igm test kits in detecting antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei from an endemic region of australia. this would be of particular importance in high prevalence, low resource regions.	2005	16028848
a model of immunity to burkholderia pseudomallei: unique responses following immunization and acute lethal infection.	burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, causes significant mortality in endemic regions, but little is known regarding the immune mechanisms required for successful protective immunity. to establish a model of immunization that could be used to study this we screened a library of b. pseudomallei strains for immunogenicity in mice. balb/c mice were immunized with test strains, and 2 weeks later were given a lethal challenge (lc) of virulent b. pseudomallei. among 49 strai ...	2005	16027024
use of a real-time pcr taqman assay for rapid identification and differentiation of burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei.	a taqman allelic-discrimination assay designed around a synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism was used to genotype burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei isolates. the assay rapidly identifies and discriminates between these two highly pathogenic bacteria and does not cross-react with genetic near neighbors, such as burkholderia thailandensis and burkholderia cepacia.	2005	16272516
diagnosis and treatment of mycotic aneurysm due to burkholderia pseudomallei.		2005	16028178
seroprevalence of melioidosis in diabetic patients in taiwan.	diabetes mellitus is a major predisposing factor for burkholderia pseudomallei infection. this study surveyed serum samples from 356 taiwanese patients with diabetes mellitus for anti-flagellin antibodies against b. pseudomallei. antibody titer to b. pseudomallei was positive in 3.0% (11/365) of diabetes mellitus patients. all seropositive individuals were aged > or =60, indicating that elderly and diabetic adults are at high risk of b. pseudomallei infection. in this study, diabetic females, wh ...	2005	16118674
multinucleated giant cell formation and apoptosis in infected host cells is mediated by burkholderia pseudomallei type iii secretion protein bipb.		2005	16159789
two randomized controlled trials of ceftazidime alone versus ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of severe melioidosis.	two antibiotic regimens are used commonly in thailand for the initial treatment of severe melioidosis: ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) and ceftazidime monotherapy. it is not known whether tmp-smx provides an additional benefit.	2005	16163628
tropical medicine: melioidosis? never heard of it...		2005	15815599
musculoskeletal melioidosis masquerading as diabetic amyotrophy.	a patient with musculoskeletal melioidosis masquerading as diabetic amyotrophy is described. a 43-year-old man presented with left thigh pain, fever, malaise and loss of weight. he had diabetes mellitus for six years. he was initially diagnosed with diabetic amyotrophy and was treated conservatively. recurrence of symptoms prompted further investigations which revealed melioidosis of the left femur. magnetic resonance imaging showed an enhancing subperiosteal collection. the diagnosis was confir ...	2005	15858693
comparison of diagnostic laboratory methods for identification of burkholderia pseudomallei.	limited experience and a lack of validated diagnostic reagents make burkholderia pseudomallei, the cause of melioidosis, difficult to recognize in the diagnostic microbiology laboratory. we compared three methods of confirming the identity of presumptive b. pseudomallei strains using a collection of burkholderia species drawn from diverse geographic, clinical, and environmental sources. the 95 isolates studied included 71 b. pseudomallei and 3 b. thailandensis isolates. the api 20ne method ident ...	2005	15872242
virulence of burkholderia pseudomallei does not correlate with biofilm formation.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis but currently the pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood. one of the virulent factors of gram-negative bacteria is the ability to produce biofilm to evade host defense. as b. pseudomallei has also been reported to develop the biofilm [1], in the present study, we therefore, quantified the biofilm formation in 50 strains of b. pseudomallei and compared with 50 strains of its avirulent counterpart burkholderia thailand ...	2005	16084684
comparison of ashdown's medium, burkholderia cepacia medium, and burkholderia pseudomallei selective agar for clinical isolation of burkholderia pseudomallei.	ashdown's medium, burkholderia pseudomallei selective agar (bpsa), and a commercial burkholderia cepacia medium were compared for their abilities to grow b. pseudomallei from 155 clinical specimens that proved positive for this organism. the sensitivity of each was equivalent; the selectivity of bpsa was lower than that of ashdown's or b. cepacia medium.	2005	16208018
melioidosis in 6 tsunami survivors in southern thailand.	six cases of melioidosis were identified in survivors of the 26 december 2004 tsunami who were admitted to takuapa general hospital in phangnga, a region in southern thailand where melioidosis is not endemic. all 6 cases were associated with aspiration, and 4 were also associated with laceration.	2005	16142663
[some properties of plasmocoagulase of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis].	criteria for the evaluation of the plasmocoagulase activity of natural isolates and mutant strains of the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis were worked out, which made it possible to subdivide them by this sign into pathogens with high, moderate and low activity. plasmocoagulase produced by pathogenic burkholderia was shown to be a thermolabile enzyme, comparatively stable with respect to the action of such chemico-biological agents as hydrogen peroxide and chloramine.	2005	16028525
humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses are required for protection against burkholderia pseudomallei challenge and bacterial clearance postinfection.	burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative bacillus endemic to areas of southeast asia and northern australia. presently, there is no licensed vaccine for b. pseudomallei and the organism is refractive to antibiotic therapy. the bacterium is known to survive and multiply inside both phagocytic and nonphagocytic host cells and may be able to spread directly from cell to cell. current vaccine delivery systems are unlikely to induce the correct immune effector ...	2005	16113315
melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management.	melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative saprophyte burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease of public health importance in southeast asia and northern australia that is associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans. it has the potential for epidemic spread to areas where it is not endemic, and sporadic case reports elsewhere in the world suggest that as-yet-unrecognized foci of infection may exist. environmental determinants of this infection, apart from a close association with ...	2005	15831829
functional characterization of oxa-57, a class d beta-lactamase from burkholderia pseudomallei.	class d beta-lactamase oxa-57 was identified in a range of isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis. comparative kinetic analyses of wild-type and mutant forms of b. pseudomallei oxa-57 are reported. implications of these data for beta-lactam resistance and the proposed role of ser-104 in beta-lactam hydrolysis are discussed.	2005	15793160