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metabolism and function of gamma globulin in aleutian disease of mink.aleutian disease-affected mink, which are markedly hypergammaglobulinemic, show a decreased half-life of the serum gamma globulin indicating that the hyperglobulinemia is due to increased production. no evidence that the gamma globulin was antibody to the infectious agent, to autologous or isologous tissues, or to antigens the animal was responding to prior to development of the disease was obtained. the increased gamma globulin was found to be of the 6.4s variety, and gamma globulin containing ...196514319405
the pathogenesis of aleutian disease of mink. i. in vivo viral replication and the host antibody response to viral antigen.mink inoculated with 1 x 10(5)id(50) of aleutian disease virus revealed very high virus titers in the tissues 8-18 days later. the highest virus titers observed were 5 x 10(8)id(50) per g of spleen and 1 x 10(9)id(50) per g of liver 10 days after inoculation. concomitant with the increase in infectious virus titers, viral antigen(s) was found in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes and in kupffer cells in the liver. antiviral antibody was assayed by indirect immunofluoresce ...19694979953
natural antibodies in sera of mink before and after the development of aleutian disease (viral plasmacytosis).the effect of infection of mink with aleutian disease virus on the level of natural antibodies in the serum was investigated. the level of natural antibodies to chicken red blood cells was increased following infection but there was no correlation between the degree of hypergamma globulinemia in the diseased mink and the increase in titers. on the other hand, serum levels of natural hemolytic antibodies to sheep red blood cells in mink did not increase during the course of aleutian disease. thes ...19704097853
the immunoglobulins in aleutian disease (viral plasmacytosis) of mink. different types of hypergammaglobulinemias.mink infected with the aleutian disease virus developed different types of hypergammaglobulinemias according to the incidence of immunoglobulin classes. usually, increases of immunoglobulin in serum of infected mink occurred over a broad spectrum as a general increase in the immunoglobulins. in some infected animals a predominantly selective increase was demonstrated with only certain immunoglobulin classes being present at elevated levels. selective increases of immunoglobulin classes were obse ...19704097854
aleutian disease of mink. prevention of lesions by immunosuppression.mink that were homozygous recessive for the aleutian gene (aa) were inoculated with aleutian disease virus (adv) and simultaneously treated with cyclophosphamide (cy). control mink were inoculated with adv. all mink were injected with bovine serum albumin (bsa) and their anti-bsa antibody response was measured to monitor the influence of drug therapy on the humoral antibody response. formation of anti-bsa antibody was markedly suppressed and the hypergammaglobulinemia and development of ad lesio ...19724551296
the pathogenesis of aleutian disease of mink. 3. immune complex arteritis.mink chronically infected with aleutian disease virus develop a severe necrotizing arteritis affecting muscular arteries. acute, subacute and healing lesions may be found. extracellular deposits of host immunoglobulin and complement and, after acid elution, viral antigen can be shown by immunofluorescence technics in areas of fibrinoid necrosis and between proliferating endothelial cells. no intracellular viral antigen was found, indicating that the virus probably does not replicate in vascular ...19734576760
antibody-forming cells and serum hemolysin responses of pastel and sapphire mink inoculated with aleutian disease virus.the effect of aleutian disease virus (adv) on serum hemolysin titers and antibody-forming cells in lymph nodes and spleens of sapphire and pastel mink inoculated with goat erythrocytes (g-rbc) was investigated. adv injected 1 day after primary antigenic stimulation with g-rbc did not depress the immune responses of either color phase for a period of 26 days. however, when g-rbc were injected 47 days after adv, both the number of antibody-forming cells and hemolysin titers were more markedly depr ...19734584051
isolation of aleutian mink disease virus by affinity chromatography.affinity chromatography was used to isolate the aleutian disease virus of mink. dissociation of the immunoadsorbent-virus complex with 0.75 molar sodium chloride and then with a glycine-hydrochloride gradient released infective particles resembling picornaviruses. the elution profile suggests that two different types of virus-antibody complexes are formed, one dissociated by sodium chloride and another that requires glycine-hydrochloride in addition to sodium chloride for release of virus.19734629857
the persistence of aleutian disease virus in the mosquito aedes fitchii. 19734633583
isolation, purification and structure of aleutian disease virus by immunological techniques. 19734197346
demonstration of aleutian mink disease virus in cell culture. 19734201043
pathogenesis of aleutian disease of mink: nature of the antiglobulin reaction and elution of antibody from erythrocytes and glomeruli of infected mink.erythrocytes from mink chronically infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) gave positive antiglobulin reactions with rabbit anti-mink immunoglobulin (ig)g, anti-mink c3, and anti-mink serum, but did not react with anti-mink igm. the strongest reaction was observed with anti-mink c3. immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that serum from rabbits injected with erythrocytes from adv-infected mink gave a precipitin line with normal mink serum in the beta globulin region corresponding to c3. when norm ...19734199157
aleutian disease of mink: the antibody response of sapphire and pastel mink to aleutian disease virus.the specific antiviral antibody response of sapphire and pastel mink to pullman strain of adv has been examined. sapphire mink inoculated with from 300,000-3 ld50 developed high levels of specific antibody and ad. pastel mink inoculated with parallel doses of adv also produced antibody but did not develop ad. the low incidence of ad in pastel mink inoculated with pullman strain of adv is probably related to factors other than antiviral antibody.197551871
lymphocyte abnormalities in aleutian disease virus infection of mink: decreased t lymphocyte responses and increased b lymphocyte levels in persistent viral infection.persistence of virus and a marked hypergammaglobulinemia are consistent features observed in mink with aleutian disease virus infection. these events may result from altered lymphocyte function in infected mink. to test this possibility we determined the ability of lymphocytes from infected mink to respond to phytolectins (pha and con a), and a specific antigen (klh) in a lymphocyte transformation test and quantitated the number of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin. infected mink had a ...19751097504
purification and ultrastructure of aleutian disease virus of mink. 1975804146
pathogenesis of aleutian disease of mink: identification of nonpersistent infections.aleutian disease virus usually produces a persistent infection and progressive immune comples disease in mink of the aleutian genotype. study of aleutian disease virus infection in non-aleutian mink showed that about one-quarter developed nonpersistent infections by the virus, and that the nonpersistence was not genetically determined by the host. the nonpersistently infected mink developed only a transient elevation of serum gamma globulin, and much lower specific aleutian disease virus antibod ...1975803925
[pathogenesis of aleutian mink disease. vii. chronic hepatitis with bile duct proliferation].aleutian disease is a chronic persistent viral infection of mink characterized by hypergammaglobulinema, generalized plasmacytosis, sclerosing glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis, and plasma cell hepatitis with bile duct proliferation. the development of hepatic lesions was studied both light- and electron-microscopically in mink experimentally infected with aleutian disease virus. fifteen normal and 99 mink experimentally infected with aleutian disease virus were used. experimental mink were kill ...1975242113
characterization of aleutian mink disease virus. 1975166493
the influence of genotype on the development of glomerular lesions in mink with aleutian disease virus.in an attempt to document progression rate differences in the development of glomerular lesions in mink infected with aleutian disease virus (adv), the glomeruli of aleutian and non-aleutian mink experimentally infected with adv were evaluated by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. the animals were also examined for the presence of interstitial infiltrate, neutrophils, and arterial lesions. one hundred percent of the aleutian mink had glomerular cell proliferation and interstitial infil ...197553016
aleutian disease of mink: production of 14c-labeled antiviral antibodies by mink lymphoid cells in vitro.lymphoid cells from mink infected with aleutian disease virus produced labeled, specific antiviral antibody when incubated in medium containing [14c]tyrosine.19761248874
purification and structure of aleutian disease virus. 1976182559
in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin and anti-viral antibody in aleutian disease viral infection of mink.lymphoid cells from aleutian disease virus (adv)-infected and noninfected mink were cultured in vitro and the synthesis of ig m, igg, and viral-specific antibody measured. compared to noninfected mink, lymph node cells from mink with aleutian disease (ad) contained a higher percentage of plasma cells and immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes, synthesized significantly more igg, and produced detectable quantities of adv-specific antibody. no significant difference in igm synthesis was observed.1976993592
demonstration of heavy and light density populations of aleutian disease virus.a highly purified and concentrated suspension of aleutian disease virus was prepared from large quantities of early infected mink tissues using repeated fluorocarbon extraction procedures. equilibrium centrifugation of the aleutian disease virus preparation in a cesium chloride gradient yielded three distinct bands at buoyant densities of 1.295, 1.332, and 1.405--1.416 g/cm(3). electron microscopic observations of these three bands revealed mainly empty particles in the first band. in the second ...1977193625
detection of inapparent aleutian disease virus infection in mink.the normal serum gamma-globulin centration of mink from the ontario veterinary college field station was 13.2 +/- 2.6% of total serum proteins. mink serum gamma-globulin concentrations above 21%, which represented 3 standard deviations above the normal mean, were considered to be hypergammaglobulinemic. about 39% of pastel mink infected naturally with aleutin disease virus (adv) exhibited an inapparent or nonprogressive infection. these nonprogressivley infected mink had serum gamma-globulin val ...1977201189
properties of aleutian disease virus assayed with feline kidney cells.properties of aleutian disease virus (adv) were studied using feline kidney cells, line crfk, to assay virus by the induction of nuclear antigen. adv nuclear antigen was detected by immunofluorescent staining. titers of virus obtained from mink spleens at 10-8 days after infection were usually between 10(3) and 10(5) infectious units per gram of spleen. adv was purified by fluorocarbon extraction, differential centrifugation, biogel a-15 chromatography and cscl equilibrium centrifugation. the mo ...1977202229
detection and localization of aleutian disease virus and its antigens in vivo by immunoferritin technique.tissues from mink infected with aleutian disease virus were examined by the electron microscope for the presence of virus particles. virus-like particles, measuring 22 nm in diameter, were observed in macrophages of spleen, mesenteric lymph node and in kupffer cells in liver of mink ten to 13 days after infection. the virus-like particles were usually present in vacuoles inside the cytoplasm of macrophages and kupffer cells and, occasionally, similar particles were observed inside the nucleus. c ...1977200318
characterization of the protein and nucleic acid of aleutian disease virus.aleutian disease virus (adv) was extracted and purified from infected mink. nucleic acid extracted from the virus was examined in an electron microscope. three different sizes of molecule, with approximate lengths of 1.2, 0.55, and 0.25 micron, were observed. the ratios of the large molecules to the small molecules were similar in all the particles prepared under different conditions. equilibrium cscl density gradient centrifugation showed that adv nucleic acid had a buoyant density of 1.733 g/c ...1977196113
isolation of aleutian disease virus of mink in cell culture.aleutian disease virus, the causative agent of a persistent infection in mink, was isolated in a continuous line of feline renal cells when the cultures were maintained at reduced temperature (31.8 degrees). after serial in vitro passage of the virus at this temperature it had an optimum replication temperature of 37 degrees. an immunofluorescence focus assay was found to be suitable for virus quantitation. the cultured virus reproduced aleutian disease in mink, and the virus could be reisolated ...1977192696
expression of aleutian mink disease antigen in cell culture.infection of crfk feline kidney cells with aleutian disease vurus leads to production of virus-induced antigen(s) in the nucleus which could be demonstrated by the fluorescent-antibody technique. the number of fluorescent nuclei was lineraly dependent on the dilution of the inoculum, but rarely exceeded 20% of the cells. aleutian disease nuclear antigen was only transiently detectable. the virus-induced antigen was detected after infection of cells of several divergent species; however, the crfk ...1977188765
reduced severity of lesions in mink infected transplacentally with aleutian disease virus.inoculation of mink late in the second trimester of pregnancy with aleutian disease virus (adv) produces a persistent infection in the offspring. when these mink were analyzed at 83 days of age and compared with adolescent mink infected for a similar length of time, the transplacentally infected mink show: 1) a marked reduction in plasmacytosis, immunoglobulin level and specific adv antibody; 2) increased amounts of infectious adv and numbers of cells containing viral antigen; 3) a marked reduct ...197770474
characteristics of inapparent aleutian disease virus infection in mink.inapparent of nonprogressive aleutian disease virus (adv) infection is a subclinical but persistent virus infection of mink. mink with the inapparent type of adv infection when subjected to stress did not develop the progessive form of the disease. however, when challenged with a large dose of the virus, these mink did develop progressive aleutian disease indicating that they were not highly resistant to the virus. sera of mink with either the progressive of the inapparent type of adv infection ...1978206934
protides of the mustelidae: immunoresponse of mustelids to aleutian mink disease virus.members of north american mustelidae were tested for their response to inoculation with 10(6) infective doses of aleutian disease virus. in subfamily mustelinae, 3 species in the genus mustela (m vision, m erminea, and m putorius) and 2 species in genus martes (ma pennanti and ma americana) responded immunologically with some features resembling aleutian disease in mink. in subfamily mephitinae, only mephitis mephitis responded, and others of the subfamily did not, nor did members of subfamilies ...1978208431
transmission of aleutian disease from mink with inapparent infections.in apparent or nonprogressive aleutian disease virus infection was considered a subclinical but persistent viral infection in which infected mink did not develop tissue lesions, hypergammaglobulinemia, or high antibody titers. transmission of aleutian disease virus from mink with this type of infection was measured. mink with inapparent aleutian disease appeared healthy and had normal gamma-globulin values, but were capable of transmitting the disease by direct and indirect horizontal contact. t ...1978204235
eradication of aleutian disease of mink by eliminating positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis test reactors.the counterimmunoelectrophorsis test was applied on three aleutian disease virus-infected mink ranches for the detection of specific aleutian disease virus antibody. all mink on the ranches were tested during the pelting season and before the breeding season for 4 consecutive years. aleutian disease has been eliminated from the three commercial mink ranches by culling out all mink that were positive for aleutian disease virus antibody.1978203601
multiple myeloma in a mink handler following exposure to aleutian disease.aleutian disease of mink is a viral illness characterized by systemic plasmocytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia. some affected mink develop a monoclonal gammaglobulin spike and bence-jones proteinuria. a case of multiple myeloma in a mink handler with a 15-year history of exposure to aleutian mink is presented. previously reported cases of possible aleutian disease (ad) in man are discussed and the pathogenesis of ad reviewed. aleutian disease virus (adv) may produce asymptomatic infection in exp ...1979222431
characterization of aleutian disease virus as a parvovirus.we characterized a strain of aleutian disease virus adapted to growth in crandall feline kidney cells at 31.8 degrees c. when purified from infected cells, aleutian disease virus had a density in cscl of 1.42 to 1.44 g/ml and was 24 to 26 nm in diameter. [3h]thymidine could be incorporated into the viral genome, and the viral dna was then studied. in alkaline sucrose gradients, aleutian disease virus dna was a single species that cosedimented at 15.5s with single-stranded dna from adeno-associat ...19806252342
anti-deoxyribonucleic acid antibody associated with persistent infection of mink with aleutian disease virus.anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) antibody was quantitated in sera from mink infected with aleutian disease virus (adv). during the course of the disease after experimental infection, the amount of anti-dna antibody increased 60% initially, but then decreased to an intermediate level when measured 2.5 months later. the percentage of serum immunoglobulin, however, steadily increased over 3.5-fold during this period, resulting in the characteristic gammopathy. correlation between the level of anti- ...19806260652
purification and characterization of aleutian disease virus.virus was isolated from infected mink organs by a combination of tissue homogenization, fluorocarbon extraction and ultracentrifugation. the final preparation was analysed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electronmicroscopy. virions had a capsid diameter of 22 nm. preparative agarose electrophoresis separated virions from contaminating ferritin. crossed immunoelectrophoresis of virus gave a single precipitate with sera from infected mink. crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis with intermedi ...19806261524
antibodies to aleutian disease virus in human sera. 19806255045
evaluation of chemical disinfectants for aleutian disease virus of mink.nine chemicals and commercial disinfectants were tested for inactivation of aleutian disease virus of mink. in the presence of distilled water, a commercial disinfectant (o-syl), halogen derivatives (iodophor and sodium hypochlorite), and glutaraldehyde (2.0%) inactivated 4 log10 (based on 0.25 ml) of the virus within 10 minutes at 23 c. formalin (2.0%) and o-syl were slower to inactivate the virus, but achieved a 4 log10 reduction in titer by 30 minutes' contact time. in the presence of 10% bov ...19816266294
identification of a nonvirion protein of aleutian disease virus: mink with aleutian disease have antibody to both virion and nonvirion proteins.we studied aleutian disease virus polypeptides in crandall feline kidney (crfk) cells. when crfk cells labeled with [35s]methionine at 60 h postinfection were studied by immunoprecipitation with sera from infected mink, the major aleutian disease virus virion polypeptides (p85 and p75) were consistently identified, as was a 71,000-dalton nonvirion protein (p71). the peptide maps of p85 and p75 were similar, but the map of p71 was different. p85, p75, and p71 were all precipitated by sera from al ...19826287034
detection of antibody in aleutian disease of mink: comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis.experiments were undertaken to investigate the potential of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) as a screening test for the diagnosis of the 2 known naturally occurring forms of aleutian disease of mink. anti-aleutian disease virus (adv) antibody activity was not detectable in the sera of mink with nonprogressive aleutian disease despite the demonstration of antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) in the same sera. anti-adv antibody was detectable in 93% of sera from mink at v ...19826283966
intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue in mink infected with aleutian disease virus.pulmonary lymphoid tissue was studied histologically in mink infected experimentally and naturally with aleutian disease virus, an infection characterised by systemic lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. lymphoid tissue hyperplasia was observed in the lamina propria of the bronchial tree, in perivascular tissue, in interlobular septae and subpleurally by day 42 after experimental aerosol infection. four forms of pulmonary lymphoid tissue were recognised: lymphoepithelial nodules or bronchus-associated l ...19827079603
ocular lesions in mink affected with aleutian disease.uveitis, characterized by infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, was the principal ocular lesion in 122 sapphire and pastel mink affected with experimental aleutian disease. it was present to various degrees in all but five mink examined five to 164 weeks after inoculation (intraperitoneal or intranasal) with any of four north american strains of aleutian disease virus. the uveitis, mostly iridocyclitis, was accompanied often by protein-rich fluid in the anterior chamber and less often by ...19827200277
inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis. a sensitive method for detection of mink antibodies to aleutian disease virus.inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis was at least 32 more sensitive when compared to the normal counter current electrophoresis for the demonstration of mink antibodies against aleutian disease virus (adv). adv antigen can be produced from mink organs or in cell culture. the reactivity of the two types of antigen in the two kinds of counter current electrophoresis methods is described in this report. when 22 mink sera were titrated in normal counter current electrophore ...19827080835
aleutian disease in ferrets.when 32 antibody-free ferrets were inoculated with the highly mink-virulent utah-1 strain of aleutian disease virus (adv), most developed adv antibody starting 15 days after infection, but the antibody titers were much lower than those seen in mink. relatively small amounts of adv were demonstrated in crfk cell culture, using ferret spleen and lymph node homogenates only 4 to 10 days after experimental infection, but low-level viral persistence for 180 days was shown by mink inoculation. the fer ...19826176546
autoimmunity in aleutian disease: contribution of antiviral and anti-dna antibody to hypergammaglobulinemia.the contributions to aleutian disease gammopathy of specific antiviral antibody and an autoimmune component, anti-dna antibody, were studied with pastel ranch mink naturally infected with aleutian disease virus. specific antibody activities were determined by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmune assay, respectively. gamma globulin levels (percent gamma) were determined by serum electrophoresis. within an infected mink population, it was possible to predict the level of gammopathy ...19836192083
comparative pathogenicity of four strains of aleutian disease virus for pastel and sapphire mink.information was sought on the comparative pathogenicity of four north american strains (isolates) of aleutian disease virus for royal pastel (a non-aleutian genotype) and sapphire (an aleutian genotype) mink. the four strains (utah-1, ontario [canada], montana, and pullman [washington]), all of mink origin, were inoculated intraperitoneally and intranasally in serial 10-fold dilutions. as indicated by the appearance of specific antibody (counterimmunoelectrophoresis test), all strains readily in ...19836193063
demonstration of aleutian disease virus-specific lymphocyte response in mink with progressive aleutian disease: comparison of sapphire and pastel mink infected with different virus strains.lymphocyte blastogenesis was used to study the antiviral lymphocyte response of sapphire (aleutian) and pastel (nonaleutian) mink inoculated with pullman or utah 1 aleutian disease virus (adv). both mink genotypes developed a virus-specific response when inoculated with utah 1 adv. in contrast, after inoculation of pullman adv, sapphire mink had a positive virus-specific response, whereas pastel mink did not. response occurred late after infection (8 wk) and correlated with the development of pr ...19836193194
sensitive radioimmune assay for measuring aleutian disease virus antigen and antibody.a solid-phase, one-step radioimmune assay was developed which could detect as little as 0.02 microliter of a standard aleutian disease virus antigen preparation, approximately 3.2 ng of viral protein. virus antigen was measured in different mink organs and cell types during experimental intraperitoneal infection. the gut and kidney were the first organs in which virus antigen could be detected (day 3 to 6 after infection). on day 6 or later virus antigen was found in spleen, liver, kidney, lymph ...19836195178
characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid from cells infected with aleutian disease virus.viral dna was extracted from crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) and labeled with [ 3h ]thymidine. the sedimentation coefficient in alkaline sucrose gradients was 16s corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.5 x 10(6). the buoyant densities of dna from infected and control cells were determined by isopyknic sedimentation in cscl and nai gradients. two additional peaks of [ 3h ]dna were found in infected cells, but not in control cell extracts. fractiona ...19836309040
isolation of virus and antibody containing immune complexes from mink with aleutian disease by affinity chromatography of equine complement clq.affinity chromatography on immobilized equine complement clq was used for the isolation of complement-binding immune complexes in sera of mink infected with aleutian disease virus. immune complexes were isolated and quantitated from 4 of 5 infected mink, as early as 2 weeks after infection and before hypergammaglobulinemia had appeared. the quantity of immunoglobulin g in these immune complexes ranged from 180 to 370 micrograms/ml serum. there were no clq-binding immune complexes found in mink w ...19836297342
molecular cloning of the aleutian disease virus genome: expression of aleutian disease virus antigens by a recombinant plasmid.three nonoverlapping segments representing approximately 80% of the 4.8-kilobase pair aleutian disease virus (adv-g) duplex genome were molecularly cloned into either bacteriophage m13mp9 (m13bm2 = 0.07 to 0.15 map unit; m13bm1 = 0.15 to 0.54 map unit) or plasmid puc8 (pbm1 = 0.54 to 0.88 map units). in addition the 0.54- to 0.88-map unit segment of a danish isolate of adv (dk adv) was also cloned into puc8 (pbm2). the recombinant plasmids pbm1 and pbm2 induced expression of several polypeptides ...19836313959
characterization of the aleutian disease virus genome and its intracellular forms.aleutian disease virus (adv) of mink is a nondefective parvovirus with a single-stranded dna genome. we characterized the viral dna forms found in infected cells prepared by a modified hirt extraction procedure. double-stranded dna molecules corresponding in size to 4.8-kilobase-pair duplex monomers and 9.6-kilobase-pair duplex dimers were identified in agarose gels by blot hybridization to 32p-labeled adv dna. a rapidly reannealing adv duplex monomer was isolated on a preparative scale and phys ...19836300467
an easy method for comparing antibody affinities to related antigens.four different aleutian disease virus (adv) isolates were coated to 1/4" polystyrene balls. the binding capacity of these balls against different mouse hybridoma antibodies prepared against each of the adv isolates was investigated in two ways. the different adv-coated balls were either mixed in a tube (competition between balls for antibody), or they were allowed to react separately with antibody (no competition). the difference in competitive and non-competitive binding values allows a compari ...19836306992
immunoglobulin classes of aleutian disease virus antibody.aleutian disease virus (adv) persistently infects mink and causes marked hypergammaglobulinemia. immunoglobulin class-specific antisera were used to define the total immunoglobulin of each class by radial immunodiffusion and the immunoglobulin class of adv-specific antibody by immunofluorescence in experimentally and naturally infected mink. electrophoretic gamma globulin closely reflects the immunoglobulin g (igg) level in mink, and the majority of the increased immunoglobulin and adv antibody ...19846319283
analysis of the quantity of antiviral antibodies from mink infected with different aleutian disease virus strains.mink persistently infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) develop hypergammaglobulinaemia and immune complex disease. radiolabelled antibodies from mink infected with adv-g, dk, pullman , and utah i strains of adv were reacted against all four adv strains in radioimmunoassay (ria). the amount of anti-adv antibody in two equally hypergammaglobulinaemic serum pools varied from 13% (anti- pullman ) to 57% (anti-utah i). serum pools from two other sources (anti-dk and anti-adv-g), although less h ...19846328641
immunoenzyme western blotting analysis of antibody specificity in aleutian disease of mink, a parvovirus infection.aleutian disease virus (adv), an autonomous parvovirus, persistently infects mink and induces very high levels of virus-specific antibody. all strains of adv infect all mink, but only highly virulent strains cause progressive disease in non-aleutian mink. the development of antibody to individual adv proteins was evaluated by western blotting by using the sera of 22 uninfected mink and 163 naturally or experimentally infected mink. adv has virion proteins of 86,000 and 78,000 daltons that are cl ...19846092706
acute interstitial pneumonitis caused by aleutian disease virus in mink kits.in four danish mink ranches acute interstitial pneumonitis caused excessive mortality among kits within the first 2 1/2 months after parturition. the disease was found to be due to an aleutian disease virus (adv) and could be reproduced experimentally in neonatal kits by inoculation with material from spontaneous cases, as well as with other strains of adv. experimental reproduction was only possible in kits from dams free of aleutian disease (ad) whereas kits from dams experimentally or natural ...19846095587
aleutian disease virus in b and t lymphocytes from blood and spleen and in bone marrow cells from naturally infected mink.in the nuclei of 4% of peripheral blood or spleen mononuclear cells (mnc), aleutian disease virus(adv)-specific antigens were found by a direct immunofluorescence test. the mnc were further fractionated by nylon wool, affinity chromatography using staphylococcus aureus protein, or percoll gradient techniques. adv and specific antigens were detected in mnc fractions enriched in either the b or t lymphocytes. in the bone marrow, up to 40% antigen-positive cells were demonstrated over a period of 1 ...19846096293
immune complexes in aleutian disease: demonstration of antibody on isolated virus.the specific binding of staphylococcal protein a for mammalian immunoglobulin g was used to demonstrate igg associated with aleutian disease virus (adv) when isolated from infected mink tissues. protein a specifically bound to mink serum ig with no reaction with other serum or tissue proteins. protein a labeled with 131iodine reacted with crude virus preparations but not with virus that had been purified by freon extraction to the point where it became reactive with antibody by counterimmunoelec ...19846328738
aleutian disease in mink: virology, immunology and pathogenesis.aleutian disease is an immunological disease of mink caused by a persistent virus infection. recently aleutian disease viral antigen has been extracted from tissue of mink early in the course of infection and the aleutian disease virus has been isolated. the virus particles were similar in morphology and size to certain parvovirus having a 23 nm diameter, spherical shape and icosahedral capsid. recent developments in serological techniques, i.e. immunofluorescence, complement fixation, countercu ...19846096541
royal pastel mink respond variously to inoculation with aleutian disease virus of low virulence.information was sought on the varied responses of royal pastel mink (a non-aleutian genotype) to aleutian disease virus of low virulence. thus, of 20 yearling female pastel mink inoculated subcutaneously with a large amount of the pullman strain of aleutian disease virus, only 3 succumbed to the disease. of the other 17 mink, 3 had neither viremia nor a rise in level of serum gamma globulin during the 24 weeks after inoculation. the other 14 mink were viremic for variable periods during the firs ...19846199516
aleutian disease virus, a parvovirus, is proteolytically degraded during in vivo infection in mink.the polypeptides of the highly virulent mink-passaged utah i and the nonvirulent cell culture-adapted adv-g strain of aleutian disease virus (adv) were compared. when crfk cells infected with either utah i or adv-g were analyzed by immunoprecipitation, both viruses induced proteins with molecular weights characteristic of the adv-g 85,000 ( 85k )- and 75k-dalton structural proteins (p85 and p75) as well as the 71k -dalton nonvirion protein p71 . however, when utah i, pullman adv, and dk adv (a d ...19846202887
serological analyses of different mink aleutian disease virus strains.four different isolates of aleutian disease virus have been compared electrophoretically and serologically. these were the dk and utah 1 isolates, known as highly virulent strains, the pullman isolate, known as a low virulent strain and the avirulent adv-g isolate, which is the only strain grown in cell culture. adv-g was shown to migrate in agarose electrophoresis 22 per cent slower than the other strains. several murine monoclonal antibodies were prepared against each of the isolates. each one ...19846200092
examination of aleutian disease virus in charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis.the surface properties of aleutian disease virus were studied by charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis. when different strains of aleutian disease virus were treated with non-charged detergent followed by charged detergents, they showed bi-directional migration velocity shifts in electrophoresis, indicating amphiphilic surface properties of the virus.19846099679
much of the increased igg in aleutian disease of mink is viral antibody.aleutian disease (ad) is caused by a persistent infection of mink with an autonomous parvovirus. chronically infected mink develop widespread plasmacytosis, a marked elevation of their serum igg, and immune complex disease. a substantial fraction of the igg in the serum of mink with aleutian disease may be specifically absorbed by monolayer cell cultures infected with aleutian disease virus. the maximum percentage of absorption of igg found was 81% in a mink with 5.4 g/dl of igg. mink with the m ...19846100982
mink with aleutian disease have high-affinity antiviral antibodies.mink persistently infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) develop plasmacytosis (hypergammaglobulinaemia) and immune complex disease. mink of different colour phases were infected with different strains of adv and bled at different times after infection. the average antibody affinities (kav) were measured in the sera and found to fall in the range of 2 x 10(9) - 2 x 10(10) m-1, thus indicating good-quality antibodies. in sera of non-aleutian genotype mink a decline in kav during development o ...19846328642
analysis of aleutian disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo: demonstration of aleutian disease virus dna in tissues of infected mink.aleutian disease virus (adv) infection was analyzed in vivo and in vitro to compare virus replication in cell culture and in mink. initial experiments compared cultures of crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells infected with the avirulent adv-g strain or the highly virulent utah i adv. the number of adv-infected cells was estimated by calculating the percentage of cells displaying adv antigen by immunofluorescence (ifa), and several parameters of infection were determined. infected cells contained ...19853894686
temporal replication of the pullman strain of aleutian disease virus in royal pastel mink.information was sought on the temporal replication of aleutian disease virus in 27 royal pastel mink. groups of three were examined 8 to 126 days after they were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(3) 50% lethal doses of the pullman strain. much individual variation was noted in the onset of infection, occurrence of viremia, and extent of virus replication in the tissues. thus, virus was detected in lymph nodes regional to the site of inoculation in only some mink during the first 14 days after in ...19852991603
rocket line immunoelectrophoresis: an improved assay for simultaneous quantification of a mink parvovirus (aleutian disease virus) antigen and antibody.a rocket line immunoelectrophoretic assay (rlie) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of viral antigens and antiviral antibodies of the important mink parvovirus, aleutian disease virus (adv). the sensitivity of the rlie assay was found to be 5 log2 higher than that of the counter current immunoelectrophoresis which is the assay routinely used for diagnostic purposes.19852984229
experimental transmission of aleutian disease virus (adv) to different animal species.two animals from each of 8 different species (mink, finn raccoon, cat, dog, ferret, blue fox, mouse and rabbit) were inoculated with the highly virulent utah i strain of adv. only the mink developed hypergammaglobulinemia. all animals produced antibodies to adv antigens, but with different titres. mink sera had much higher antibody titres than the other animal sera. antibodies to the adv-coded, non-structural polypeptide (p71) were found in mink, finn raccoons and dogs only. presence of this kin ...19852994362
monoclonal antibodies against aleutian disease virus distinguish virus strains and differentiate sites of virus replication from sites of viral antigen sequestration.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to study antigenic differences among strains of aleutian disease virus (adv) and to characterize viral proteins in vitro and in vivo. a number of adv field strains could be discriminated, and highly virulent utah i adv was clearly delineated from the tissue culture-adapted avirulent adv-g strain. this specificity could be demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence against infected cultures of crandell feline kidney cells or against tissues of utah i adv-in ...19863001352
demonstration of non-degraded aleutian disease virus (adv) proteins in lung tissue from experimentally infected mink kits. brief report.isolates of adv replicate to rather high quantities in lungs from neonatally infected mink kits. the virus was analysed for polypeptide composition, and for the first time high molecular weight polypeptides have been observed in in vivo produced advs. these polypeptides are analogous to those of in vitro produced advs. the molecular weights of the structural polypeptides of the low virulence pullman adv and the highly virulent dk and utah i isolates of adv were found to be 88kd and 78kd and in v ...19863002299
restricted heterogeneity of the early antibody response to aleutian disease virus in mink kits.mink kits born of aleutian disease (ad) negative dams were infected neonatally with different isolates of aleutian disease virus (adv). they were then sacrificed at different days after infection (10-45 days) and their sera were analysed by different techniques for concentrations of immunoglobulins and quality of the produced antibodies to adv. the infected mink kits produced significantly higher concentrations of igm and igg immunoglobulins than non-infected-age matched control mink (p less tha ...19863024449
replication of aleutian disease virus in mink lymphocytes infected in vitro.the kinetics of aleutian disease virus (adv) replication in mink lymphocytes was followed by the analysis of virus-specific antigens, infectious virus, and viral dna. stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (pwm; 20 micrograms/ml) increased the synthesis of adv dna in cultivated cells of the b-cell fraction. maximum virus titers [10(6.5) fluorescence-forming units (ffu)/ml] were achieved after incubating infected cells for 60 h at 32 degrees. at this time, 10.4% of the cells in the b-cell-enriched fra ...19863026990
acute interstitial pneumonia in mink kits: experimental reproduction of the disease.organ homogenates from kits that died of interstitial pneumonia were inoculated into adult aleutian disease virus (adv)-negative mink and shown to contain infectious adv. acute interstitial pneumonia was experimentally reproduced with the organ homogenate but only by inoculation of newborn kits born from adv-negative dams. older kits and kits from adv-positive dams did not develop interstitial pneumonia, but later developed the classic form of aleutian disease. electron microscopic examination w ...19863022453
interferon response in normal and aleutian disease virus-infected mink.studies were done to determine whether differences in interferon production are responsible for the resistance of pastel mink to aleutian disease. the abilities of normal pastel and sapphire mink to produce interferon when inoculated with either newcastle disease virus or a synthetic polyribonucleotide, poly (i):poly (c), were identical, even to the production of a novel, acid-labile interferon. the resistance of pastel mink to aleutian disease did not correlate with interferon production, becau ...19862426469
mink parvoviruses and interferons: in vitro studies.although interferons can inhibit the replication of a number of viruses, little is known about their ability to inhibit parvovirus replication. therefore, in vitro experiments were done to determine if aleutian disease virus and mink enteritis virus, two autonomously replicating mink parvoviruses, induced interferon, were sensitive to the effects of interferon, or inhibited the production of interferon. the results indicated that these parvoviruses neither induced nor were sensitive to the effec ...19862431162
epitopic mapping of structural and nonstructural aleutian disease virus proteins.common antigenic properties for p85 and p75 but a different antigenic character for p71 aleutian disease virus (adv) proteins were demonstrated by western blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies. it was shown that four hybridomas (adv-hy 47, 66, 77 and 84) with specific reactivity for structural proteins p85 and p75 also recognized p25 but not the p71, nonstructural, protein. in turn, the monoclonal antibody adv-hy 2 recognized the p71 protein only. for further studies of their antigenic proper ...19862437069
restricted viral antibody specificity in many ferrets infected with the ferret aleutian disease parvovirus. brief report.the majority of ferrets infected with a ferret strain of aleutian disease virus (adv) produce antibody only to a detergent-sensitive common determinant on the two closely related virion proteins. ferrets with high antibody titers and mink infected with this virus also produce antibody to one or more virion immunogenic determinants unaffected by detergent.19872434063
apparent lack of neutralizing antibodies in aleutian disease is due to masking of antigenic sites by phospholipids.it is generally accepted that aleutian disease virus (adv) cannot be neutralized by antibodies either in vivo or in vitro. we found several ways to demonstrate neutralization of adv by specific antibodies from mink. it was essential to make adv monodisperse by treatment with sodium lauroyl sarkosyl or n-butanol or by filtration through 0.05-micron membranes before neutralization tests. in kinetic experiments, there was a 95% loss of virus infectivity within the first 5 min of reaction, but a res ...19872437696
lymphotropic strain sl3 of aleutian disease virus: identification of replicative form dna, molecular cloning and expression of capsid-specific proteins.replicative form (rf) dna of the lymphotropic strain sl3 of aleutian disease virus was isolated from infected cell cultures. a novel intermediate of about 7.6 kilobases was demonstrated in hirt lysates in addition to single-stranded viral, double-stranded monomer and dimer rf dna. the monomer rf dna exhibited a length heterogeneity of 70 bp and 160 bp at its 3' and 5' termini. the two major monomer rf dna species each contained hairpins in the extended or the foldback configurations. a central f ...19873033124
in situ molecular hybridization for detection of aleutian mink disease parvovirus dna by using strand-specific probes: identification of target cells for viral replication in cell cultures and in mink kits with virus-induced interstitial pneumonia.strand-specific hybridization probes were utilized in in situ molecular hybridization specifically to localize replicative form dna of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). throughout in vitro infection, duplex replicative form dna of adv was located in the cell nuclei. single-stranded virion dna and capsid proteins were present in the nuclei early in infection, but were later translocated to the cytoplasm. in neonatal mink, adv causes acute interstitial pneumonia, and replicative forms of vir ...19873037104
studies on the sequential development of acute interstitial pneumonia caused by aleutian disease virus in mink kits.we studied different parameters during the development of acute interstitial pneumonia in mink kits caused by neonatal infection with aleutian disease virus (adv). when histological lesions, presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies, and intranuclearly localized adv antigen were correlated with levels of single-stranded virion and duplex replicative forms of adv dna in the different tissues, it was concluded that the lung, probably alveolar type ii cells, is the major primary target for viral re ...19873023709
pregnancy rate and foetal mortality in aleutian disease virus infected mink. 19883223478
detection of aleutian disease virus dna in tissues of naturally infected mink.organs of naturally infected mink were examined for the presence of aleutian disease virus (adv) dna by in situ hybridization. spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, kidney, liver, lung and small intestine were found to be positive for adv to differing extents. infected lymphoid organs showed a focal distribution of positive cells. southern blot analysis of dna extracted from infected organs revealed replicative forms of viral dna in spleen and bone marrow samples only. these findings are con ...19882832533
capsid protein vp1 (p85) of aleutian disease virus is a major dna-binding protein.the interaction between aleutian disease virus (adv) dna and proteins isolated from adv-infected cells or adv virions, respectively, was examined. proteins were separated on sds-polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with 32p-labeled restriction fragments of replicative form (rf) dna or with single-stranded virion dna. the adv capsid protein vp1 was found to bind the 3'-terminal bamhi fragment of rf dna extending from map units (m.u.) 0 to 15. no binding was observed with ...19882842956
nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv): sequence comparisons between a nonpathogenic and a pathogenic strain of adv.a dna sequence of 4,592 nucleotides (nt) was derived for the nonpathogenic adv-g strain of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). the 3'(left) end of the virion strand contained a 117-nt palindrome that could assume a y-shaped configuration similar to, but less stable than, that of other parvoviruses. the sequence obtained for the 5' end was incomplete and did not contain the 5' (right) hairpin structure but ended just after a 25-nt a + t-rich direct repeat. features of adv genomic organization ...19882839709
treatment of neonatally aleutian disease virus (adv) infected mink kits with gammaglobulin containing antibodies to adv reduces the death rate of mink kits. 19882476006
detailed transcription map of aleutian mink disease parvovirus.we studied the transcription program of aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv) by using a combination of cdna cloning and sequencing, primer extension, and northern (rna) blot hybridization with splice-specific oligonucleotides. the 4.8-kilobase adv genome was transcribed in the rightward direction, yielding plus-sense polyadenylated transcripts of 4.3 (r1 rna), 2.8 (r2), 2.8 (r3), 1.1 (rx), and 0.85 (r2') kilobases. each rna transcript had potential translation initiation sites within open read ...19882843669
mink with aleutian disease have autoantibodies to some autoantigens.thirty mink infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) were found to have elevated levels of antibody to double-stranded dna (dsdna) in their sera when compared to 30 healthy mink. the anti-dsdna antibody levels in the diseased mink were, however, not found to correlate with the total amount of immunoglobulin. this was a common observation for all autoantibodies tested. the concentration of rheumatoid factors of igg class, but not those of igm class, was found to be significantly higher in the d ...19892617848
passive transfer of antiviral antibodies restricts replication of aleutian mink disease parvovirus in vivo.when mink kits were infected neonatally with a highly virulent strain of aleutian disease virus (adv), 100% of both aleutian and non-aleutian genotype mink died of interstitial pneumonia characterized by permissive adv infection of alveolar type ii cells. treatment of infected kits with either mink anti-adv gamma globulin or mouse monoclonal antibodies against adv structural proteins reduced mortality by 50 to 75% and drastically reduced the severity of clinical signs. interestingly, mink kits t ...19892535756
a novel replicative form dna of aleutian disease virus: the covalently closed linear dna of the parvoviruses.the analysis of replicative form (rf) dna of aleutian disease virus (adv) by alkaline gel electrophoresis revealed that all rf dna species segregate into dna single strands which represent integral multiples of a genome equivalent. this demonstrates that as with other autonomous parvoviruses, the virion and complementary dna strands are frequently linked by hairpin structures and that also, nicks are present at subterminal sites. approximately 50% of the 5'-terminal hairpins contain a subtermina ...19892543770
analysis of parvovirus infections using strand-specific hybridization probes.the autonomous parvoviruses cause a broad spectrum of acute and chronic infections of animals and man. the discrimination of sites of viral replication from sites of viral sequestration is an important goal in elucidating the pathogenesis of these diseases. it is possible to employ strand-specific rna hybridization probes in such analyses because a 'plus' sense probe will react with single stranded virion dna and duplex replicative form dna, but a 'minus' sense probe will react preferentially wi ...19892554612
[restriction analysis of the dna of aleutian mink disease virus strain p-1].the ii-1 strain of the aleutian disease virus (adv-ii-1) was isolated from experimentally infected mink organs. the viral particles were isolated having 23 to 24 nm in diameter with the buoyant density of the virions in cscl gradient being 1.41 g.ml-1. the single stranded adv dna extracted from the purified virus particles had the molecular mass about 1.4 . 10(6) (4800 bases). the double-stranded replicative form of adv dna has been synthesized in vitro with the use of a large "klenow" fragment ...19892561377
mink infected with aleutian disease virus have an elevated level of cd8-positive t-lymphocytes.lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, b-lymphocytes and cd8-positive t-lymphocytes of non-infected mink and mink infected with aleutian disease virus (adv) were measured by flow cytometry. the gammaglobulin levels of the sera were also measured. besides development of hypergammaglobulinaemia in the infected mink, the most pronounced finding was that the number of cd8-positive lymphocytes doubled on average during development of aleutian disease, while the number of b-lymphocytes did not change d ...19892785727
simultaneous identification of viral proteins and nucleic acids in cells infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus.a method combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was used to characterize cells infected with aleutian mink disease parvovirus (adv). single-stranded rna hybridization probes specific for obligate replicative intermediates and antisera specific for virion or non-structural proteins were employed. crandell feline kidney cells in which the adv-g strain of adv was permissively replicating contained virion and non-structural proteins, large amounts of single stranded virion dna, dup ...19901965846
mechanisms contributing to the virus persistence in aleutian disease.in this review published results and further studies concerning the persistence of aleutian disease virus (adv) isolate sl3 are presented. by southern blot and in situ hybridization with strand-specific rna probes focal replication of adv-dna was demonstrated in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, sporadically in mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. these findings further support the concept of the lymphotropism of adv. all cell culture-adapted adv strains appear to have ...19902155772
the monomer covalently closed linear replicative form dna is an intermediate of aleutian disease parvovirus dna replication.in this report we present data indicating that the recently detected monomer covalently closed linear replicative form dna (mccl rf dna) is an intermediate of aleutian disease virus (adv) dna replication. this dna molecule is characterized by covalently closed terminal hairpins on either end of the linear ds genomic molecule. its first detection early after infection in vitro, the association with adv-specific replication complexes and the de novo synthesis of mccl rf dna by isolated replication ...19902155994
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