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sars-cov-2 rna in wastewater anticipated covid-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused more than 200,000 reported covid-19 cases in spain resulting in more than 20,800 deaths as of april 21, 2020. faecal shedding of sars-cov-2 rna from covid-19 patients has extensively been reported. therefore, we investigated the occurrence of sars-cov-2 rna in six wastewater treatments plants (wwtps) serving the major municipalities within the region of murcia (spain), the area with the lowest covid-19 prevalence within iber ...202032425251
effects of medium chain fatty acids as a mitigation or prevention strategy against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine feed.feed has been shown to be a vector for viral transmission. four experiments were conducted to: 1) determine if medium chain fatty acids (mcfa) are effective mitigants when applied to feed both pre- and post-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) inoculation measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr), 2) evaluate varying levels and combinations of mcfa measured by qrt-pcr, and 3) evaluate selected treatments in bioassay to determine infectivity. in exp. 1, ...202032447386
immunization with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus harbouring fc domain of igg enhances antibody production in pigs.background: outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection have re-emerged and spread rapidly worldwide, resulting in significant economic losses. vaccination is the best way to prevent pedv infection in young piglets.objective: to enhance the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against pedv, we evaluated the adjuvant properties of fc domain of igg.methods: fifteen crossbred gilts (180 ∼ 210 days old) were used. five pigs in group 1 were intramuscularly vaccinated twice at 4 weeks ...202032448096
antiviral activity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus of pogostemon cablin polysaccharide.the dry overground parts of pogostemon cablin (blanco) benth. is widely used in china as a traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and fever. polysaccharide is an important component of pogostemon cablin (blanco) benth. but has not been studied. pogostemon cablin (blanco) benth. is used to treat porcine epidemic diarrhea. but it is not known whether pogostemon cablin polysaccharides (pcps) has the antiviral activities against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ( ...202032450234
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus deficient in rna cap guanine-n-7 methylation is attenuated and induces higher type i and iii interferon responses.the 5' cap methylation of viral rna plays important roles in rna stability, efficient translation, and immune evasion. thus, rna cap methylation is an attractive target for antiviral discovery and development of new live attenuated vaccines. for coronaviruses, rna cap structure is first methylated at the guanine-n-7 (g-n-7) position by nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14), which facilitates and precedes the subsequent ribose 2'-o methylation by the nsp16-nsp10 complex. using porcine epidemic diarrhe ...202032461321
establishment of stable vero cell lines expressing tmprss2 and mspl: a useful tool for propagating porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the absence of exogenous trypsin.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. however, the development of pedv vaccine is hampered by its low propagation titer in vitro, due to difficulty in adapting to the cells and complex culture conditions, even in the presence of trypsin. furthermore, the frequent variation, recombination, and evolution of pedv resulted in reemergence and vaccination failure. in this study, w ...202032471322
corrigendum to "effects of inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and intestinal dendritic cells" [research in veterinary science 106 (2016) 149-158]. 202032474262
caspase-mediated cleavage of nucleocapsid protein of a protease-independent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection in neonatal piglets can cause up to 100% mortality, resulting in significant economic loss in the swine industry. like other coronaviruses, pedv n protein is a nucleocapsid protein and abundantly presents at all stages of infection. previously, we reported that the n protein of trypsin-independent pedv 8aa is cleaved during virus replication. in this study, we further investigated the nature of n protein cleavage using various methods including pr ...202032482590
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: viral rna detection and quantification using a validated one-step real time rt-pcr.since 2014, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has reemerged in europe. rt-pcr methods have been described for the detection of pedv, but none have been validated according to a norm. in this study we described the development and validation of a sybr™ green one-step rt-qpcr according to the french norm nf u47-600, for the detection and quantification of pedv viral rna. the method was validated from sample preparation (feces or jejunum) through to nucleic acid extraction and rt-qpcr detectio ...202032485176
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nsp15 antagonizes interferon signaling by rna degradation of tbk1 and irf3.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes a porcine disease associated with swine epidemic diarrhea. the type i interferon (ifn-i or ifn α/β) is a key mediator of innate antiviral response during virus infection. different antagonistic strategies have been identified and determined as to how pedv infection inhibits the host's ifn responses to escape the host innate immune pathway, but the pathogenic mechanisms of pedv infection are not fully elucidated. our preliminary results revealed that ...202032486349
development of a taqman-probe-based multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of emerging and reemerging swine coronaviruses.with the outbreak of the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in 2019, coronaviruses have become a global research hotspot in the field of virology. coronaviruses mainly cause respiratory and digestive tract diseases, several coronaviruses are responsible for porcine diarrhea, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and emerging swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov). those viruses have caused huge economic lo ...202032490723
three kinds of treatment with homoharringtonine, hydroxychloroquine or shrna and their combination against coronavirus pedv in vitro.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) of the family coronaviridae has caused substantial economic losses in the swine husbandry industry. there's currently no specific drug available for treatment of coronaviruses or pedv.202032493436
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv): an update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the genus alphacoronavirus in the family coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. two different genogroups of pedv, s indel [pedv variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the s1 subunit of the spike (s) protein, g1b] and non-s indel (g2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in us swine in 2013-2014. similar viruses are also circulating global ...202032502552
genome-wide analysis of long noncoding rna profiles in vero cells infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is an acute enteric disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). in china, variant pedv causes severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in piglets, leading to very high morbidity and mortality. however, the pathogenesis of pedv is still not fully understood. in our study, we analyzed the long noncoding rna (lncrna) and mrna expression profiles of pedv gdgh16 in infected vero cells at 60 h postinfection. a total of 61,790 annotated mrnas, 14,2 ...202032529459
prevalence and genomic characteristics of a novel reassortment mammalian orthoreovirus type 2 in diarrhea piglets in sichuan, china.mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv), which can infect almost all mammals, is a zoonotic virus. in this study, six strains of type 2 mrv (mrv2) were isolated from 7 diarrhea piglets from a farm that had an outbreak of diarrhea in piglets in 2018, which tested negative for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and porcine group a rotavirus (rav). the mrv2 isolate infected neonatal piglets, in which it induced severe ...202032544614
development of a droplet digital pcr for detection and quantification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea, a disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), results in large economic losses to the global swine industry. to manage this disease effectively, it is essential to detect pedv early and accurately. we developed a sensitive and accurate droplet digital pcr (ddpcr) assay to detect pedv. the optimal primer-to-probe concentration and melting temperature were identified as 300:200 nm and 59.2°c, respectively. the specificity of the ddpcr assay was confirmed by ...202032552416
the four of structural genes sequences of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from domestic piglet in fujian, china.a prevalent pedv strain, designated fjly06, was isolated from fujian, china. the four of structural genes sequences of pedv obtained were analyzed to determine their phylogenetic relationships and homology respectively, revealing that fjly06 was highly homologous to virulent pedv strains. the four structural genes all differed genetically from the vaccine strain cv777. the sequence alignment results further showed that n, m and e genes of chinese pedv strains is highly conserved. compared with t ...202032552768
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus orf3 protein is transported through the exocytic pathway.accessory genes occurring between the s and e genes of coronaviruses have been studied quite intensively during the last decades. in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), the only gene at this location, orf3, encodes a 224-residue membrane protein shown to exhibit ion channel activity and to enhance virus production. however, little is known about its intracellular trafficking or about its function during pedv infection. in this study, two recombinant pedvs were rescued by targeted rna recombi ...202032554695
inactivating three interferon antagonists attenuates pathogenesis of an enteric coronavirus.coronaviruses (covs) have repeatedly emerged from wildlife hosts and infected humans and livestock animals to cause epidemics with significant morbidity and mortality. covs infect various organs, including respiratory and enteric systems, as exemplified by newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the constellation of viral factors that contribute to developing enteric disease remains elusive. here, we investigated cov interferon antagonists for their contributi ...202032554697
agrodiag porcov: a multiplex immunoassay for the differential diagnosis of porcine enteric coronaviruses.three different porcine enteric coronaviruses (pecs), i.e., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are currently circulating in u.s. commercial swine herds. differential diagnosis of pecs relies on laboratory methods. this study describes the development of an elisa-like multiplex planar immunoassay based on virus-specific recombinant s1 proteins printed in an array of spots at the bottom of a 96-well microplate for ...202032562689
vaccination against coronaviruses in domestic animals.the current pandemic of covid-19 has set off an urgent search for an effective vaccine. this search may well benefit from the experiences of the animal health profession in the development and use of coronavirus vaccines in domestic animal species. these animal vaccines will in no way protect humans against covid-19 but knowledge of the difficulties encountered in vaccinating animals may help avoid or minimize similar problems arising in humans. diverse coronaviruses can infect the domestic spec ...202032563608
virus-like particle vaccine with b-cell epitope from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) incorporated into hepatitis b virus core capsid provides clinical alleviation against pedv in neonatal piglets through lactogenic immunity.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has had a negative economic impact on the global swine industry for decades since its first emergence in the 1970s in europe. in 2013, pedv emerged for the first time in the united states, causing immense economic losses to the swine industry. efforts to protect u.s. swine herds from pedv infection and limit pedv transmission through vaccination had only limited success so far. following the previous success in our virus-like particle (vlp) based vaccine in ...202032565343
rapid differentiation of pedv wild-type strains and classical attenuated vaccine strains by fluorescent probe-based reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), an intestinal coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea and high mortality in suckling piglets, can result in high economic losses in the swine industry. in recent years, despite the use of china's current vaccine immunization strategy, multiple types of pedv strains were still found in immunized swine herds. our research aims to explore a new rapid differentiation method to distinguish the different types of pedv strains and assess the safety evaluation of c ...202032571305
the coronavirus pedv evades type iii interferon response through the mir-30c-5p/socs1 axis.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an economically important pathogen that has evolved several mechanisms to evade type i ifn responses. type iii interferon (ifn-λ), an innate cytokine that primarily targets the mucosal epithelia, is critical in fighting mucosal infection in the host and has been reported to potently inhibit pedv infection in vitro. however, how pedv escapes ifn-λ antiviral response remains unclear. in this study, we found that pedv infection induced significant ifn-λ exp ...202032574254
[the 40-91 aa sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus orf3 protein is the key structural domain controlling its location in cytoplasm].orf3 protein, the single accessory protein encoded by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), is related to viral pathogenicity. in order to determine the cytoplasmic location signal of pedv orf3, we constructed a series of recombinant plasmids carrying full-length or truncated segments of pedv dr13 orf3 protein. when the acquired plasmids were transfected into vero cells, expression and distribution of the egfp-fused full-length orf3 protein and its truncated forms in the cells were observed by ...202032597061
humoral immune responses in piglets experimentally infected with a field strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes severe clinical diarrhea in neonatal piglets, with reported mortality rates between 70-100%. the humoral immunity, especially the local intestinal iga responses, plays an important role in the immune protection against pedv infection. in this study, we evaluated the isotype antibody responses against the pedv nucleocapsid (n) protein and the spike (s) protein subunits 1 (s1) and 2 (s2) in the serum and intestine of piglets. we also determined its ser ...202032605747
identification of host cell proteins that interact with the m protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs of all ages and a high fatality rate in neonates. the pedv membrane protein (m) plays crucial roles in viral assembly, viral budding and host immune regulation, most likely by interacting with host cell proteins that have yet to be identified. in this study, co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) using an m-specific monoclonal antibody, coupled with lc-ms/ms, was employed to identify m protein-interacting protein ...202032605758
corrigendum to "effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and intestinal dendritic cells" [vet. microbiol. 179 (3-4) (2015) 131-141]. 202032605761
modeling regional disease spread over time using a dynamic spatio-temporal model - with an application to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus data in iowa, us.regional surveillance is important for detecting the incursion of new pathogens and informing disease monitoring and control programs. modeling disease distribution over time can provide insight into the development of more efficient regional surveillance approaches. herein we propose a bayesian spatio-temporal model to describe the distribution of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in iowa usa. model parameters are estimated through a bayesian spatio-temporal model approach which can accoun ...202032623290
major swine viral diseases: an asian perspective after the african swine fever introduction.asia is a major pig producer of the world, and at present, african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to significantly impact the asian pig industry. since more than 50% of the world's pig population is in asia, asfv outbreaks in asia will affect the global pig industry. prior to the introduction of asf, several outbreaks of major swine viruses occurred in asia over the last two decades, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) ...202032637149
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection blocks cell cycle and induces apoptosis in pig intestinal epithelial cells.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is responsible for the acute infectious swine disease porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped). ped causes damage to the intestine, including villus atrophy and shedding, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. we carried out an in vitro study to investigate cell apoptosis and the cell cycle in a pedv-infected host using transcriptomic shotgun sequencing (rna-seq) to study gene responses to pedv infection. results revealed that the pedv inf ...202032653434
low-level contamination of deoxynivalenol: a threat from environmental toxins to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection.mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungal species that commonly present in the global environment, especially in cereals and animal forages. the changing global environment may further increase the exposure to these toxins, posing a serious threat to humans and animals. recently, coronavirus has become one of the most important pathogens threatening human and animal health. it is not clear whether environmental toxins, such as mycotoxins, will affect coronavirus infection. given that p ...202032673909
microfluidic-rt-lamp chip for the point-of-care detection of emerging and re-emerging enteric coronaviruses in swine.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (sads-cov) are three emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses (covs). symptoms caused by these three viruses are extremely similar, including acute diarrhea, vomiting and even death in piglets. to date, strict biosecurity is still the most effective disease prevention and control measures, and the early detection of pathogens is the most important link. here, we developed a micro ...202032674781
comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses prove that ifn-λ1 is a more potent inducer of isgs than ifn-α against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.type iii interferon (ifn-λ) is currently considered to be largely nonredundant to type i interferon (ifn-α) in antivirus infection, especially in epithelial cells. previous studies reported that, compared with ifn-α, ifn-λ exhibited stronger induction of interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) at the transcriptional level in intestinal epithelial cells and stronger inhibition of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). in this study, the different mechanisms of isg upregulation induced by ifn-α and if ...202032692179
postweaning mortality in commercial swine production ii: review of infectious contributing factors.postweaning mortality is extremely complex with a multitude of noninfectious and infectious contributing factors. in the current review, our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. while infectious mortality is often categorized by physiologic body system affected, we believe the complex multifactorial nature is better understood by an alternative stra ...202032705048
characteristics of the spike and orf3 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in henan and shanxi provinces of china.to investigate the epidemic characteristics of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), 135 clinical samples (including intestinal tissues and feces) were collected from diseased piglets during outbreaks of diarrhea from 2015 to 2019 on farms in henan and shanxi provinces of china where swine had been immunized with attenuated pedv (cv777). a total of 86 clinical samples (86/135, 63.7%) were positive for pedv by rt-pcr, and subsequently, the complete spike (s) and orf3 genes of 32 pedv samples we ...202032715325
molecular characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and its new genetic classification based on the nucleocapsid gene.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes continuous, significant damage to the swine industry worldwide. by rt-pcr-based methods, this study demonstrated the ongoing presence of pedv in pigs of all ages in korea at the average detection rate of 9.92%. by the application of bayesian phylogenetic analysis, it was found that the nucleocapsid (n) gene of pedv could evolve at similar rates to the spike (s) gene at the order of 10-4 substitutions/site/year. based on branching patterns of pedv str ...202032717934
the antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral n protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.in the early stage of virus infection, the pattern recognition receptor (prr) signaling pathway of the host cell is activated to induce interferon production, activating interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) that encode antiviral proteins that exert antiviral effects. viperin is one of the innate antiviral proteins that exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects by various mechanisms. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that causes huge losses to the pig industry. research on early ...202032719955
transferrin receptor 1 levels at the cell surface influence the susceptibility of newborn piglets to pedv infection.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) mainly infects the intestinal epithelial cells of newborn piglets causing acute, severe atrophic enteritis. the underlying mechanisms of pedv infection and the reasons why newborn piglets are more susceptible than older pigs remain incompletely understood. iron deficiency is common in newborn piglets. here we found that high levels of transferrin receptor 1 (tfr1) distributed in the apical tissue of the intestinal villi of newborns, and intracellular iron l ...202032730327
comparison of oral and nasal immunization with inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on intestinal immunity in piglets.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has proven to be a major problem for the porcine industry worldwide. conventional injectable vaccines induce effective systemic immune responses but are less effective in preventing pedv at mucosal invasion sites, including the nasal or oral mucosa. additionally, antigens delivered orally are easily degraded. nasal immunization induces intestinal mucosal immune responses, which can aid in blocking viral invasion, and requires fewer antigen inoculation doses ...202032742391
isolation of a leuconostoc mesenteroides strain with anti-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus activities from kefir grains.swine grown under commercial conditions are vulnerable to environmental exposure to several viruses, which may cause infectious diseases and spread easily and rapidly, resulting in significant economic losses in animal husbandry. previous studies have suggested that probiotics seem to be a new and promising alternative to vaccinations to protect animals against potential viral infections. in this study, we used the vero cell culture model of infection to study porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pe ...202032760370
acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection reshapes the intestinal microbiota.the intestinal microbiota is crucial to intestinal homeostasis. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is high pathogenic to intestines, causing diarrhea, even death in piglets. to investigate the detailed relationship between pedv infection and intestinal microbiota, the composition and distribution of intestinal microbiota from pigs were first analyzed using 16s rrna sequencing technology. the results demonstrated that the composition and distribution of microbes in different intestinal segmen ...202032763491
cellular poly(c) binding protein 2 interacts with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus papain-like protease 1 and supports viral replication.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) belongs to the alphacoronavirus genus in the coronaviridae family. similar to other coronaviruses, pedv encodes two papain-like proteases. papain-like protease (plp)2 has been proposed to play a key role in antagonizing host innate immunity. however, the function of plp1 remains unclear. in this study, we found that overexpression of plp1 significantly promoted pedv replication and inhibited production of interferon-β. immunoprecipitation and mass spectrome ...202032768236
emergence and evolution of novel g2b-like porcine epidemic diarrhea virus inter-subgroup g1b recombinants.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a fatal epizootic swine coronavirus that presents a financial threat to the global swine industry. since the discovery of the low-pathogenic genotype 1b (g1b) in 2014, it has been responsible for sporadic outbreaks in south korea. in this study, we identified novel g1b variants arising from the natural recombination of a major pandemic-like g2b virus and a minor g1b virus currently circulating in the domestic field. the whole-genome sequences of two 2018 ...202032772174
genetic diversity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with a naturally occurring truncated orf3 gene found in guangxi, china.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is one of the major enteric pathogens, causing severe enteric disease, resulting in enormous economic losses. the orf3 gene encodes an accessory protein which is related to the infectivity and virulence of pedv. in this study, 33 pedv positive field samples were collected from guangxi, from 2017 to 2019, and the genetic diversity of orf3 was investigated. thirty-eight strains of orf3 were obtained, and these were composed of five strains of orf3 named guang ...202032793651
inhibition of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) replication by a77 1726 through targeting jak and src tyrosine kinases.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that primarily infects porcine intestinal epithelial cells and causes severe diarrhea and high fatality in piglets. a77 1726 is the active metabolite of leflunomide, a clinically approved anti-rheumatoid arthritis (ra) drug. a77 1726 inhibits the activity of protein tyrosine kinases (ptks), p70 s6 kinase (s6k1), and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (dho-dhase). whether a77 1726 can control coronavirus infections has not been investigated. ...202032829915
n6-methyladenosine regulates pedv replication and host gene expression.methylation of the n6 position of adenosine (m6a) is a widespread rna modification that is critical for various physiological and pathological processes. although this modification was also found in the rna of several viruses almost 40 years ago, its biological functions during viral infection have been elucidated recently. here, we investigated the effects of viral and host rna methylation during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection. the results demonstrated that the m6a modificatio ...202032838947
evaluating the risk factors for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in an endemic area of vietnam.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes enteritis, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and high mortality in suckling pigs, threatening the swine industry. porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) re-emerged globally in 2013 in many important swine-producing countries in asia and the americas. several studies have identified the risk factors for the spread of pedv in acute outbreaks. however, limited information is available on the risk factors for the transmission of pedv in endemic regions. we hypothesize ...202032851018
alterations in intestinal innate mucosal immunity of weaned pigs during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection.in the small intestine, localized innate mucosal immunity is critical for intestinal homeostasis. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection induces villus injury and impairs digestive function. moreover, the infection might comprise localized innate mucosal immunity. this study investigated specific enterocyte subtypes and innate immune components of weaned pigs during pedv infection. four-week-old pigs were orally inoculated with pedv in19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24). ...202032880235
recombinant lactobacillus acidophilus expressing s1 and s2 domains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in mice and sows inoculated orally.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a highly contagious intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), which is characterized by a high mortality rate in piglets. since 2012, a remarkable growth in ped outbreaks occurred in many pig farms in china, landing a heavy blow on the pig industry. in order to develop a new effective vaccine for the current pedv, oral vaccines were generated by transferring eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmids carrying the s1 and s2 ...202032891955
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in sichuan province, china.in order to understand the prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in diarrhoeal pigs in sichuan province, 634 clinical samples were collected from individual pigs with diarrhoea in 13 regions of sichuan province, china, from january 2017 and june 2019. the detection results showed that the infection rate of pdcov was relatively low in diarrhoeal pigs, 13.25% (84/634), but the infection rate of pedv (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus) was high, 32.18% (204/634). coinfe ...202032892248
a review of strategies to impact swine feed biosecurity.global pork production has largely adopted on-farm biosecurity to minimize vectors of disease transmission and protect swine health. feed and ingredients were not originally thought to be substantial vectors, but recent incidents have demonstrated their ability to harbor disease. the objective of this paper is to review the potential role of swine feed as a disease vector and describe biosecurity measures that have been evaluated as a way of maintaining swine health. recent research has demonstr ...202032892790
structural basis of sars-cov-2 main protease inhibition by a broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral drug.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), took tens of thousands of lives and caused tremendous economic losses. the main protease (mpro) of sars-cov-2 is a potential target for treatment of covid-19 due to its critical role in maturation of viral proteins and subsequent viral replication. conceptually and technically, targeting therapy against mpro is similar to target therapy t ...202032905393
re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a piglet-producing farm in northwestern germany in 2019.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a viral enteric disease of pigs. it affects all age classes of animals but lethality is mainly seen in suckling piglets. after its first appearance in england in 1971, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has spread worldwide. while sporadic outbreaks prevailed in europe, the disease had high impact in asia. following particularly severe outbreaks in 2011, high impact cases were also reported in the united states and neighboring countries in 2013. subsequentl ...202032912228
emergence and evolution of highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by natural recombination of a low pathogenic vaccine isolate and a highly pathogenic strain in the spike gene.outbreaks of a new variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) at the end of 2010 have raised interest in the mutation and recombination of pedv. a pedv strain (cn/liaoning25/2018) isolated from a clinical outbreak of piglet diarrhea contained a 49-bp deletion in the orf3 gene. this deletion is considered a genetic characteristic of low pathogenic attenuated vaccine strains. however, cn/liaoning25/2018 was highly pathogenic. complete genome sequencing, identity analysis, phylogenetic tree ...202032913664
evaluation of cross-protection between g1a- and g2a-genotype porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses in suckling piglets.to date, two genotypes, i.e., genotype 1 (g1) and genotype 2 (g2), of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) have been identified in swine, while the cross protection between the g2a and g1a subgenotypes is undetermined. hence, in the present study, we attempted to observe a comparative pathogenicity and cross protection of g1a (cv777) and g2a (ch/jx/01) pedvs. initially pregnant sows were vaccinated twice with the two kinds of inactivated g1a- and g2a-based pedv vaccines, respectively and the d ...202032957461
coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery.the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ...202032964796
rapid selective detection of potentially infectious porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus exposed to heat treatments using viability rt-qpcr.coronaviruses (covs) cause severe respiratory, enteric, and systemic infections in a wide range of hosts, including humans and animals. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the coronaviridae family, is the etiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped), a highly contagious intestinal disease affecting pigs of all ages. in this study, we optimized a viability real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) for the selective detection of infectious and heat ...202032973701
identification and characterization of pedv infection in rat crypt epithelial cells.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a devastating enteric disease to the world's swine production. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), as the ped causative agent, has been commonly propagated and investigated in vero cells, as well as in ipec-j2, a porcine epithelial cell-jejunum 2. however, vero cells, which are defective in interferon production, cannot represent the host response in enteric cells while pedv replicates poorly in ipec-j2 cells. in this study, we observed that rat crypt epith ...202032979749
aloe extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes severe diarrhoea and high mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to significant economic losses to the swine industry. currently there are no adequate control strategies against circulating pedv variants, making an urgent need to exploit effect antiviral therapies to compensate for vaccines. here, we report that aloe extract can hamper completely the proliferation of pedv at a non-cytotoxic concentration of 16 mg/ml determined by cck-8 assay ...202032979750
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: molecular mechanisms of attenuation and vaccines.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes an emerging and re-emerging coronavirus disease characterized by vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. vaccination remains the most promising and effective way to prevent and control pedv. however, effective vaccines for pedv are still under development. understanding the genomic structure and function of pedv and the influence of the ...202033011361
parenterally administered porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-like particle-based vaccine formulated with ccl25/28 chemokines induces systemic and mucosal immune protectivity in pigs.generation of a safe, economical, and effective vaccine capable of inducing mucosal immunity is critical for the development of vaccines against enteric viral diseases. in the current study, virus-like particles (vlps) containing the spike (s), membrane (m), and envelope (e) structural proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) expressed by the novel polycistronic baculovirus expression vector were generated. the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the pedv vlps formulated with or ...202033023277
regulatory effect of methylation of the porcine aqp3 gene promoter region on its expression level and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus resistance.as an important carrier for intestinal secretion and water absorption, aquaporin 3 (aqp3) is closely related to diarrhea. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms of aqp3 gene expression regulation in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv)-induced diarrhea confirmed by pcr amplification and sequencing. evaluation of intestinal pathology showed that diarrhea caused by pedv infection destroyed the intestinal barrier of piglets. qpcr analysis showed that aqp3 expression in the small intestine ...202033036186
survival of swine pathogens in compost formed from preprocessed carcasses.an introduction of a foreign animal disease (fad) like african swine fever virus (asf) would be financially devastating. for example, asf, a highly contagious pathogen with high mortality rates, is a world health organization reportable disease that has recently been spreading across asia and europe. control of asf would likely require mass euthanasia of infected and exposed animals similar to the united kingdom's elimination of foot and mouth disease (fmd). subsequent disposal of infectious car ...202033037785
plant-derived trimeric co-26k-equivalent epitope induced neutralizing antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a causative agent of a highly infectious disease with a high mortality rate, especially in newborn piglets in asian countries resulting in serious economic loss. the development of a rapid, safe, effective and cost-efficient vaccine is crucial to protect pigs against pedv infection. the coe antigen is regarded to be a major target for subunit vaccine development against pedv infection. the naturally assembled coe protein forms a homotrimeric structure. i ...202033042128
epithelial-mesenchymal transition of absorptive enterocytes and depletion of peyer's patch m cells after pedv infection.this study focused on intestinal restitution including phenotype switching of absorptive enterocytes and the abundance of different enterocyte subtypes in weaned pigs after porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection. at 10 days post-pedv-inoculation, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in both jejunum and ileum had restored, and the pedv antigen was not detectable. however, enterocytes at the villus tips revealed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt) in the jejunum in which e-cadhe ...202033059319
gold/silver hybrid nanoparticles with enduring inhibition of coronavirus multiplication through multisite mechanisms.as a large enveloped rna virus, coronavirus is of considerable medical and veterinary significance, and anticoronavirus treatment is challenging due to its biodiversity and rapid variability. in this study, au@ag nanorods (au@agnrs) were successfully synthesized by coating aunrs with silver and were shown for the first time to have activity against the replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). viral titer analysis demonstrated that au@agnrs could inhibit pedv infection by 4 orders o ...202033073571
viral variant visualizer (vvv): a novel bioinformatic tool for rapid and simple visualization of viral genetic diversity.here a bioinformatic pipeline vvv has been developed to analyse viral populations in a given sample from next generation sequencing (ngs) data. to date, handling large amounts of data from ngs requires the expertise of bioinformaticians, both for data processing and result analysis. consequently, vvv was designed to help non-bioinformaticians to perform these tasks. by providing only the ngs data file, the developed pipeline generated consensus sequences and determined the composition of the vir ...202033080244
comprehensive analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns and influencing factors of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an enteric pathogen belonging to the family coronaviridae that causes the porcine epidemic diarrhea, a highly contagious disease with high mortality in piglets and symptoms that include dehydration and severe diarrhea. considering the high frequency of genetic mutations in pedv and its potential for interspecies transmission, as it can infect and replicate in bat and human cells, a comprehensive analysis of its codon usage bias was performed. the effecti ...202033125585
the accessory protein orf3 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus inhibits cellular interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 productions by blocking the nuclear factor-κb p65 activation.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense rna virus that belongs to a porcine entero-pathogenic alphacoronavirus, causing lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. despite existing study reports the sole accessory protein orf3 identified as nf-κb antagonist, the contribution of pedv orf3 to production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines mediated by nf-κb signaling remains largely unknown. thus in this present study, we showed that pedv orf3 protein significant ...202033126183
inhibition of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication and viral 3c-like protease by quercetin.for the last decade, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) variant strains have caused severe damage to the global pig industry. until now, no effective antivirals have been developed for the therapeutic treatment of pedv infection. in the present study, we found that quercetin significantly suppressed pedv infection at noncytotoxic concentrations. a molecular docking study indicated that quercetin might bind the active site and binding pocket of pedv 3c-like protease (3clpro). surface plasmon ...202033142980
efficacy of porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a devastating disease that causes considerable economic damage to the global pig industry. although the causative agent, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), was identified about a half century ago, there is still much debate on the preventive measures against the disease, especially regarding the ped vaccine. recent reports on pedv variants make the vaccination for pedv more confusing. therefore, we systematically reviewed published articles on ped and ...202033147824
isolation and evolutionary analyses of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in asia.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a leading cause of diarrhea in pigs worldwide. virus isolation and genetic evolutionary analysis allow investigations into the prevalence of epidemic strains and provide data for the clinical diagnosis and vaccine development. in this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of pedv circulation in asia through virus isolation and comparative genomics analysis. apedv strain designated hb2018 was isolated from a pig in a farm experiencing a diarr ...202033150069
several lineages of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in colombia during the 2014 and 2016 epidemic.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a significant global, enteric coronavirus in pigs and was first reported in colombia in 2014. however, the epidemiology, genetic, and antigenic characteristics of the virus have yet to be investigated. in this study, we investigated the dissemination of pedv by testing 536 samples by rt-pcr over a 33-month period. the 35.8% of positive samples (n=192) was significantly different (p<0.01) between months over time, with a higher number of positives samples ...202033155439
gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus and alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus exploit a cell-survival strategy via upregulation of cfos to promote viral replication.coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to optimize cellular microenvironment for efficient replication. in this study, we report the induction of ap-1 transcription factors by coronavirus infection based on genome-wide analyses of differentially expressed genes in cells infected with avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). most members of the ap-1 transcription factors were subsequently found to be upregulated during the course of ibv and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ...202033239458
a potential system for the isolation and propagation of porcine deltacoronavirus using embryonated chicken eggs.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that leads to acute diarrhea/vomiting, dehydration, and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. as widely known, attempts to culture porcine enteropathogenic coronaviruses, such as pdcov and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, in cells have been proven to be difficult. this study aimed to establish an efficient and cost-effective culture system for pdcov using embryonated chicken eggs (eces) to enable future vaccine ...202133460683
identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of sars-cov-2 and related viruses.despite the discovery of animal coronaviruses related to sars-cov-2, the evolutionary origins of this virus are elusive. we describe a meta-transcriptomic study of 411 bat samples collected from a small geographical region in yunnan province, china, between may 2019 and november 2020. we identified 24 full-length coronavirus genomes, including four novel sars-cov-2-related and three sars-cov-related viruses. rhinolophus pusillus virus rpyn06 was the closest relative of sars-cov-2 in most of the ...202134147139
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces vero cell apoptosis via the p53-puma signaling pathway.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the causative agent of swine epidemic diarrhea. in order to study the pathogenic mechanism of pedv, pedv was inoculated into vero cells cultured in vitro, and the total rna of vero cells was extracted to construct a library for illumina high-throughput sequencing and screening of differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05). five differentially expressed genes for qrt-pcr verification analysis were randomly selected, and the verification results were consis ...202134202551
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