Publications

host specificity of microsporidia (protista: microspora) from european populations of lymantria dispar (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) to indigenous north american lepidoptera	results of traditional laboratory bioassays may not accurately represent ecological (field) host specificity of entomopathogens but, if carefully interpreted, may be used to predict the ecological host specificity of pathogens being considered for release as classical biological control agents. we conducted laboratory studies designed to evaluate the physiological host specificity of microsporidia, which are common protozoan pathogens of insects. in these studies, 49 nontarget lepidopteran speci ...	1997	9056464
persistence of resting spores of entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar		1997	9056470
[comparative characteristics of nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolates from gypsy moth lymantria dispar l].	eight strains of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv) were isolated from dead larvae in kirghizia and tyumen and novosibirsk districts. the strains were characterized in terms of polyhedron morphology, biological activity, virus production, and restriction analysis of dna. the isolated strains did not differ in size or shape of polyhedrons. npv strain nshn-2 was characterized by the highest biological activity (ld50 = 1.2 +/- 0.4) x 10(4) and maximum production: 7.3 x 10(8) pib/larva in c ...	1997	9103045
baculovirus-mediated trans-epithelial transport of proteins in infected caterpillars.	baculovirus-mediated abnormal protein trafficking was studied in infected caterpillars by using heterologous proteins. the gene for human complement c1r was expressed in larvae of mamestra brassicae by a recombinant autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) vector. by following the time-course of recombinant c1r distribution among various tissues, cell types and cell organelles, we concluded that the dominant site of recombinant protein synthesis was the fat body, although some ...	1997	9129671
effect of bacillus thuringiensis toxins on the membrane potential of lepidopteran insect midgut cells.	to test whether the ability of bacillus thuringiensis toxins to form pores in the midgut epithelial cell membrane of susceptible insects correlates with their in vivo toxicity, we measured the effects of different toxins on the electrical potential of the apical membrane of freshly isolated midguts from gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) and silkworm (bombyx mori) larvae. in the absence of toxin, the membrane potential, measured with a conventional glass microelectrode, was stable for up to 30 min. i ...	1997	9143102
characterization of p91, a protein associated with virions of an orgyia pseudotsugata baculovirus.	polyclonal antiserum produced against preoccluded virions from the orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (opmnpv) was used to screen an opmnpv lambda gt11 expression library. the insert from one of the immunoreactive phage isolates hybridized to opmnpv orf86 (p91), a 2460-bp (819 amino acids) open reading frame that encodes a predicted protein of 91 kda. antibodies generated against a maltose binding protein-p91 fusion detected a band of approximately 91 kda on wester ...	1997	9201231
differential requirements of two insect cell lines for growth in serum-free medium.	the development of a serum-free medium that supports the growth of cells from a spodoptera frugiperda and a lymantria dispar cell line is reported. a yeast hydrolysate provided the b-vitamin complex, and a combination of a meat hydrolysate and tryptose provided most of the free amino acids required for cell growth. supplemental cystine and methionine were required to achieve maximum cell growth. the serum or serum replacements used in earlier formulations were replaced with commercial lipid prep ...	1997	9201517
complete sequence and transposon mutagenesis of the bamhi j fragment of cydia pomonella granulosis virus.	the bamhi j fragment of cydia pomonella granulosis virus was subcloned and subjected to transposon mutagenesis in escherichia coli using a tn3 derivative. after screening by restriction endonuclease digestion and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), 44 clones were selected representing insertions every 100 to 300 bp. the complete sequence was compiled and the transposon insertion sites mapped precisely by sequencing. analysis of the sequence revealed the presence of 7 potential open reading frames ( ...	1997	9237352
splicing is required for transactivation by the immediate early gene 1 of the lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	a region of the lymantria disper multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) genome containing the homolog of the baculovirus ie-1 gene was identified using a series of overlapping cosmids and individual plasmids in a transient transcriptional expression assay. sequence analysis of the active region identified two orfs, one of which is 32% identical to acmnpv orf141 (ie-0) and contains a putative splice donor site and the other of which is 29% identical to acmnpv ie-1 and contains a hi ...	1997	9300047
responses of insect cells to baculovirus infection: protein synthesis shutdown and apoptosis.	protein synthesis is globally shut down at late times postinfection in the baculovirus autographa californica m nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv)-infected gypsy moth cell line ld652y. a single gene, hrf-1, from another baculovirus, lymantria dispar m nucleopolyhedrovirus, is able to preclude protein synthesis shutdown and ensure production of acmnpv progeny in ld652y cells (s. m. thiem, x. du, m. e. quentin, and m. m. berner, j. virol. 70:2221-2229, 1996; x. du and s. m. thiem, virology 227:42 ...	1997	9311875
aminopeptidase dependent pore formation of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin on trichoplusia ni membranes.	the insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac delta-endotoxin specifically binds to a 120 kda aminopeptidase n (apn) in the midgut of susceptible insects such as manduca sexta, heliothis virescens, lymantria dispar and plutella xylostella. the 120 kda apn has a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor susceptible to the action of gpi-specific phospholipase c (piplc). here we show that cry1ac pore-forming activity depends on the amount of apn present on brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) fro ...	1997	9315707
in vitro differentiation of isolated stem cells from the midgut of manduca sexta larvae	isolated spherical stem cells from midguts of pharate fourth-instar larvae of manduca sexta proliferated in vitro in the presence of 1 ng ml-1 20-hydroxyecdysone and co-cultured fat body tissue or cell-free fat body extract from m. sexta, lymantria dispar or heliothis virescens. in this environment, the stem cells were able to undergo mitosis and increase in number. however, stem cells were only able to differentiate to mature goblet and columnar cells when cell-free conditioned medium, taken fr ...	1996	9317884
molecular analysis of an enhancin gene in the lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	a lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) gene has been identified that encodes a homolog to the granulovirus (gv) enhancin proteins that are capable of enhancing the infection of other baculoviruses. enhancin genes have been identified and sequenced for three species of gvs but have not been found in any other nuclear polyhedrosis virus to date. the ldmnpv enhancin gene is located between 67.6 and 70.1 kbp on the viral genome. northern and primer extension analyses of viral rnas in ...	1997	9343163
characterization of the replication cycle of the lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	the life cycle of the lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) was characterized through analysis of budded virus (bv) release, the temporal formation of polyhedra, the temporal transcription pattern of representative early, late, and hyper-expressed late genes, and the onset of dna replication in the ld652y cell line. transcripts from the ldmnpv immediate early gene g22 were detected 4 h post infection (h p.i.). the late and hyper-expressed late p39 capsid and polyhedrin genes were ...	1997	9381798
immunocytochemical localization of testis ecdysiotropin in the pupa of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar (l.) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae).	antiserum against testis ecdysiotropin isolated from the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, reacted with neurons in the protocerebrum, optic and antennal lobes, subesophageal, thoracic and abdominal ganglia, as well as in nerve tracts extending through the optic lobes, tritocerebrum, and interganglionic connectives of the pupal stage of these insects. testis ecdysiotropin is a peptide required by immature moths to initiate production of testes ecdysteroid, which is necessary for the development of th ...	1997	9481621
lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus hrf-1 expands the larval host range of autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus.	the gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) is nonpermissive for autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acnpv) infection. we previously isolated a gene, host range factor 1 (hrf-1), from l. dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus that promotes acnpv replication in ld652y cells, a nonpermissive l. dispar cell line (s. m. thiem, x. du, m. e. quentin, and m. m. berner, j. virol. 70:2221-2229, 1996). in the present study, we investigated the ability of hrf-1 to alter the larval host range of acnpv. bioassays using ...	1998	9499118
assembly of amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus spheroidin into spheroids following synthesis in insect cells using a baculovirus vector.	the gene encoding the major occlusion body protein, spheroidin, of amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (amepv) was introduced into a baculovirus vector under control of the polyhedrin gene promoter. a recombinant virus produced large, ovoid occlusion body-like structures in both spodoptera frugiperda and trichoplusia ni cells. these structures resembled the spheroids found in amepv-infected lymantria dispar cells, except they were devoid of virus particles and were not surrounded by a membrane- or env ...	1998	9519843
environmental persistence of bacillus thuringiensis spores following aerial application.	soil and leaf populations of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were monitored following aerial application of commercial bt formulations at the rate of 72 billion international units per acre per year during a 5-year period. data from soil sample spore counts suggested that bt spores persisted in wasatch forest soils for up to 2 years but they did not proliferate. bt isolates were recovered from leaf samples 12 months post application from sprayed, previously sprayed and from nonsprayed areas. the fre ...	1998	9538032
n-linked glycosylation of a baculovirus-expressed recombinant glycoprotein in insect larvae and tissue culture cells.	the potential of insect cell cultures and larvae infected with recombinant baculoviruses to produce authentic recombinant glycoproteins cloned from mammalian sources was investigated. a comparison was made of the n-linked glycans attached to secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) produced in four species of insect larvae and their derived cell lines plus one additional insect cell line and larvae of one additional species. these data survey n-linked oligosaccharides produced in four families and s ...	1998	9621115
identification of a novel lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus mutant that exhibits abnormal polyhedron formation and virion occlusion.	in previous studies on the formation of lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) few polyhedra (fp) mutants, several polyhedron formation mutants (pfm) were identified that appeared to be unique. these viral mutants are being characterized to investigate the processes of polyhedron formation and virion occlusion. ldmnpv isolate pfm-1 is one of these mutants, and is described in this report. genetic techniques were used to determine if isolate pfm-1 contained a mutation in the polyhed ...	1998	9647698
interactions between a nosema sp. (microspora: nosematidae) and nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar (lepidoptera: lymantriidae).	simultaneous and sequential per os inoculations of gypsy moth larvae with the lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldnpv) and a nosema sp. from portugal demonstrated that the interaction of two pathogens during coinfection was variable, ranging from synergistic to antagonistic. susceptibility of gypsy moth larvae to viral infection was unaffected by simultaneous and subsequent microsporidian infection. this resulted from the comparatively slow pathogenesis of the microsporidium when comp ...	1998	9709015
the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (pban) of the black cutworm moth, agrotis ipsilon: immunohistochemistry, molecular characterization and bioassay of its peptide sequence.	pban-like immunoreactivity has been detected in the suboesophageal ganglion and the brain (br-sog) of larvae and adult males and females of agrotis ipsilon, using an antiserum against helicoverpa zea pban (hez-pban). the amino acid sequence of a. ipsilon pban (agi-pban) was deduced from the cdna sequence, using both reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and 5' rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the primers were degenerate sets of oligonucleotides derived from known amino ...	1998	9753769
characterization of a baculovirus-encoded atp-dependent dna ligase.	sequence analysis of the lymantria dispar multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv) genome identified an open reading frame (orf) encoding a 548-amino-acid (62-kda) protein that showed 35% amino acid sequence identity with vaccinia virus atp-dependent dna ligase. ligase homologs have not been reported from other baculoviruses. the ligase orf was cloned and expressed as an n-terminal histidine-tagged fusion protein. incubation of the purified protein with [alpha-32p]atp resulted in formation of a ...	1998	9765460
angiotensin ii and angiotensin-converting enzyme as candidate compounds modulating the effects of testis ecdysiotropin in testes of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar1.	lymantria dispar testes synthesize immunodetectable ecdysteroid in vitro in response to the brain peptide, testis ecdysiotropin (te), acting primarily via a cascade involving gi protein, diacyl glycerol, and phosphokinase c. however, a component of te activation also involves the opposite cascade, gs protein, camp, and phosphokinase a. excess camp inhibits the action of te, acting as a feedback modulator. here, we show that bovine angiotensin ii (aii) and bovine angiotensin converting enzyme (ac ...	1998	9784306
a nonpermissive entomophthoralean fungal infection increases activation of insect prophenoloxidase	entomophaga maimaiga and entomophaga aulicae are entomopathogenic fungi that show species-specific infection in lepidoptera. these fungi grow as protoplasts in the hemolymph of permissive insect hosts. e. maimaiga infects gypsy moth larvae, lymantria dispar, and e. aulicae infects hemlock looper, lambdina fiscellaria. cross-infections do not occur and are referred to as a nonpermissive response. we circumvented cuticular barriers and injected e. aulicae protoplasts into l. dispar and investigate ...	1998	9784345
new cell lines from heliothis virescens: characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses	new cell lines from embryos of heliothis virescens were recently developed. six primary cultures were initiated in june 1995. from these initial cultures, two produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of seven cell strains, three of which are maintained at low temperatures (17 degreesc). the strains were compared with a previously established cell line from h. virescens by isozyme analysis and shown to be from the same species. all the strain ...	1998	9784351
timing of an early sporulation sequence of microsporidia in the genus vairimorpha (microsporidia: burenellidae)	an early sporulation event in the host midgut tissues has been reported for several species of microsporidia infecting diptera, hymenoptera, and lepidoptera. the role of these primary spores, formed between 35 and 96 h postinfection per os, has been suggested to be the cell to cell spread of infection within the host, but the sequence of events during the early sporulation stages has been reported for only a few species of microsporidia. we investigated these early life cycle events for two spec ...	1998	9784358
characterization of the acidic domain of the ie1 regulatory protein from orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus.	this study presents a detailed analysis of the acidic n-terminal region of the orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (opmnpv) transactivator ie1. the n-terminal region of ie1 is rich in acidic amino acids and has been hypothesized to be an acidic activation domain. removal of the n-terminal 126 amino acids containing the acidic domain of ie1 resulted in complete loss of transactivation activity, indicating that this region is essential for transactivation. the opmnpv acidic domai ...	1998	9875318
nosema portugal, n. sp., isolated from gypsy moths (lymantria dispar l.) collected in portugal	a microsporidium nosema portugal n. sp. was isolated from gypsy moths, lymantria dispar l, collected near lisbon, portugal, in 1985. the life cycle includes two sequential developmental cycles, a primary and a secondary cycle. the primary cycle occurs in midgut epithelial cells, where primary spores are produced within 48 h. the primary spores immediately extrude their polar filaments, presumably to infect other cells. in the target tissues (salivary glands and fat body) the secondary developmen ...	1999	9878284
within-host interactions of lymantria dispar (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus and entomophaga maimaiga (zygomycetes: entomophthorales)	the interaction of two gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) pathogens, a nucleopolyhedrosis virus (ldnpv) and a fungus (entomophaga maimaiga), were studied by assessing mortality among dually inoculated hosts. when fourth and fifth instar gypsy moths were inoculated with a range of doses of ldnpv and a fixed dose of e. maimaiga on the same day, the majority of larvae died from e. maimaiga infections regardless of the dose of ldnpv. when the larvae were inoculated with e. maimaiga 10 days after ldnpv, t ...	1999	9878294
sequence and analysis of the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for lymantria dispar.	the genome of the lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv) was sequenced and analyzed. it is composed of 161,046 bases with a g + c content of 57.5% and contains 163 putative open reading frames (orfs) of >/=150 nucleotides. homologs were found to 95 of the 155 genes predicted for the autographa californica mnpv (acmnpv) genome. more than 9% of the ldmnpv genome was occupied by 16 repeated genes related to acmnpv orf2. readily identifiable homologs of several genes that h ...	1999	9887315
differences in the expression and localization of human melanotransferrin in lepidopteran and dipteran insect cell lines.	the ability of several lepidopteran and dipteran insect cell lines to express human melanotransferrin (p97), a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored, iron-binding sialoglycoprotein, was assessed. spodoptera frugiperda-derived (sf9) cell lines, transformed with the p97 gene under control of a baculovirus immediate-early promoter, were able to constitutively express the protein and correctly attach it to the outer cell membrane via a gpi anchor as demonstrated by pi-plc treatment. in contra ...	1999	10092489
lipofectin increases the specific activity of cypovirus particles for cultured insect cells.	cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (cpv) are classified as 14 distinct species (electropherotypes) within the genus cypovirus, family reoviridae. cypovirus research has been limited by a lack of appropriate cell culture systems (for each of these virus species) in which the majority of cells can become productively infected. lipofection increased the infection rate of lymantria dispar 652 cells, by virus particles (derived from polyhedra) of orgyia pseudosugata type 5 cypovirus (op-5 cpv), from 3 ...	1999	10204708
in vitro host range of autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus recombinants lacking functional p35, iap1 or iap2.	we have examined the host range in different insect cell lines of autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) recombinants lacking p35, iap1 or iap2. these genes encode, or are predicted to encode, anti-apoptotic proteins. abrogation of p35 reduced the ability of acmnpv to replicate in permissive cell lines derived from spodoptera frugiperda insects by inducing apoptosis. in semi-permissive cell lines, such as lymantria dispar and spodoptera littoralis cells, we observed cytopathic effe ...	1999	10211976
a field release of genetically engineered gypsy moth (lymantria dispar l.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldnpv).	the gypsy moth (lymantria dispar l.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus was genetically engineered for nonpersistence by removal of the gene coding for polyhedrin production and stabilized using a coocclusion process. a beta-galactosidase marker gene was inserted into the genetically engineered virus (ldgev) so that infected larvae could be tested for its presence using a colorimetric assay. in 1993, ldgev-infected gypsy moths were released in a forested plot in massachusetts to test for spread and pers ...	1999	10222179
cloning and complete sequence characterization of two gypsy moth aminopeptidase-n cdnas, including the receptor for bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin.	the complete cdnas corresponding to two distinct gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) larval gut aminopeptidases, apn1 and lambda apn2, were cloned and sequenced. the 3.4 kilobasepair cdna of apn1 which encodes a 1017 amino acid prepro-protein corresponds to the previously-identified gypsy moth apn (apn-1) that specifically binds the cry1ac delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis. analysis of the primary structure of apn1 revealed a cluster of five potential n-linked glycosylation sites near the n-te ...	1999	10406091
global protein synthesis shutdown in autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected ld652y cells is rescued by trna from uninfected cells.	global protein synthesis arrest occurs in autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acnpv)-infected ld652y cells at late times postinfection (p.i.). a lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus gene, hrf-1, precludes this protein synthesis arrest. we used in vitro translation assays to characterize the translation defect. cell-free lysates prepared from uninfected ld652y cells, acnpv-infected cells harvested at early times p.i., and cells infected with vachrf-1, a recombinant acnpv bearing hrf-1, ...	1999	10417257
in vitro analysis of venom from the wasp nasonia vitripennis: susceptibility of different cell lines and venom-induced changes in plasma membrane permeability.	the lethal effects of crude venom prepared from the ectoparasitic wasp nasonia vitripennis were examined with cultured cells from six insect and two vertebrate species. venom caused cells from sarcophaga peregrina (nih sape4), drosophila melanogaster (crl 1963), trichoplusia ni (tn-368 and bti-tn-5b1-4), spodoptera frugiperda (sf-21ae), and lymantria dispar (ipl-ldfbc1) to round up, swell, and eventually die. despite similar sensitivities and overlapping lc50 values [0.0004-0.0015 venom reservoi ...	1999	10475265
comparison of cell line maintenance procedures on insect cells used for producing baculoviruses.	a gypsy moth cell line, iplb-ldeita, maintained under various conditions was tested for susceptibility to and productivity of two baculoviruses, the autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) and lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv). the results suggest that cells maintained in serum-containing medium (modified tc100) were more susceptible (on the basis of titers in an endpoint assay) to ldmnpv than cells maintained in a serum-free medium (excell 400). such a difference was n ...	1999	10475270
identification of residues in domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin that affect binding and toxicity.	alanine substitution mutations in the cry1ac domain iii region, from amino acid residues 503 to 525, were constructed to study the functional role of domain iii in the toxicity and receptor binding of the protein to lymantria dispar, manduca sexta, and heliothis virescens. five sets of alanine block mutants were generated at the residues (503)ss(504), (506)nni(508), (509)qnr(511), (522)st(523), and (524)st(525). single alanine substitutions were made at the residues (509)q, (510)n, (511)r, and ( ...	1999	10508083
production of chymotrypsin-resistant bacillus thuringiensis cry2aa1 delta-endotoxin by protein engineering.	cleavage of the cry2aa1 protoxin (molecular mass, 63 kda) from bacillus thuringiensis by midgut juice of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) larvae resulted in two major protein fragments: a 58-kda fragment which was highly toxic to the insect and a 49-kda fragment which was not toxic. in the midgut juice, the protoxin was processed into a 58-kda toxin within 1 min, but after digestion for 1 h, the 58-kda fragment was further cleaved within domain i, resulting in the protease-resistant 49-kda fragment ...	1999	10508095
molecular characterization of genes in the gp41 region of baculoviruses and phylogenetic analysis based upon gp41 and polyhedrin genes.	a newly sequenced anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (agmnpv) gp41 gene was used to reconstruct the phylogeny for gp41 by comparison with autographa californica mnpv, bombyx mori mnpv, helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (snpv), lymantria dispar mnpv, orgyia pseudotsugata mnpv and spodoptera frugiperda mnpv. the 3.5 kb fragment of the agmnpv gp41 region not only contained the gp41 gene but also three other open reading frames that had significant homology with the very l ...	1999	10518714
a baculovirus anti-apoptosis gene homolog of the trichoplusia ni granulovirus.	an inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) gene homolog (tn-iap) of the trichoplusia ni granulovirus (tngv) was cloned, sequenced and mapped on the genome of tngv. tn-iap encoded a protein (tn-iap) of 301 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 35 kda. the tn-iap contained the two sequence motifs, birs and ring finger, characteristic of iap proteins, and shared identities of 21-27% and similarities of 28-53% with iap proteins of cydia pomonella gv (cp-iap), orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuc ...	1999	10541013
sequence and organization of the spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome.	the nucleotide sequence of the dna genome of spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (semnpv), a group ii npv, was determined and analysed. the genome contains 135611 bp and has a g+c content of 44 mol%. computer-assisted analysis revealed 139 orfs of 150 nucleotides or larger; 103 have homologues in autographa californica mnpv (acmnpv) and a further 16 have homologues in other baculoviruses. twenty orfs are unique to semnpv. major differences in semnpv gene content and arrangement we ...	1999	10567663
pathology and epizootiology of entomophaga maimaiga infections in forest lepidoptera.	the insect-pathogenic fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga is endemic to northeastern asia and was first found in north america in 1989. due to repeated epizootics and spread within populations of the major forest defoliator in northeastern north america, the gypsy moth (lymantria dispar), this pathogen has gained much notoriety. although this pathogen was purposely introduced to north america for biological control of l. dispar in 1910 to 1911, it is questionable whether it became established a ...	1999	10585966
interactions between an entomopathogenic microsporidium and the endoparasitoid glyptapanteles liparidis within their host, the gypsy moth larva.	interactions in the host-parasitoid-pathogen system, lymantria dispar l. (lep., lymantriidae)-glyptapanteles liparidis (bouché) (hym., braconidae)-vairimorpha sp. (protista, microspora), were investigated. host selection experiments revealed that g. liparidis females did not discriminate between infected and uninfected host larvae for oviposition. transmission of the microsporidium from infected to uninfected hosts by stinging female wasps could not be ascertained. females that developed in infe ...	2000	10631059
evidence for integration of glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus dna into the chromosome of lymantria dispar in vitro.	polydnaviruses replicate within calyx cells of the female ovaries of certain species of parasitic wasps and are required for the successful parasitization of lepidopteran hosts. these viruses, which have unusual double-stranded circular dna segmented genomes, are integrated as proviruses into the genomes of their associated wasp hosts and are believed to be transmitted vertically through germline tissue. here, by combined southern hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and viral s ...	2000	10653915
isolation and characterization of juvenile hormone esterase from hemolymph of lymantria dispar by affinity- and by anion-exchange chromatography.	juvenile hormone esterase (jhe), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of juvenile hormone, was isolated from the hemolymph of 5(th) instars of lymantria dispar by two different procedures. one procedure was based on affinity chromatography and the other on anion-exchange chromatography. the material from both purifications showed bands of approximately 50 kda when analyzed by sds-page. isoelectric focusing (ief) gels in combination with enzyme activity assays indicated two isoelectric forms with the s ...	2000	10727897
in vitro formation of resting spores by the insect pathogenic fungus entomophaga maimaiga.	field-collected resting spores (azygospores) of the fungal pathogen of lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), entomophaga maimaiga, have been used to release this biological control agent in areas where this pathogen is not established. we have found that e. maimaiga can produce resting spores in vitro using grace's insect tissue culture medium (95%) plus fetal bovine serum (5%). the majority of spores become mature between 7 and 21 days after cultures are initiated. spore production varies by fungal is ...	2000	10753595
diagnosis of penaeus monodon-type baculovirus by pcr and by elisa of occlusion bodies.	the black tiger prawn penaeus monodon is a valuable aquaculture product in taiwan. two specific diagnostic methods were established for p. monodon-type baculovirus, one using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology and the other enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technology. monodon-type baculovirus (mbv) was purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation from occlusion bodies of mbv-infected postlarvae of p. monodon. mbv dna was subsequently purified from the occlusion bodies and its pre ...	2000	10782342
bivalent sequential binding model of a bacillus thuringiensis toxin to gypsy moth aminopeptidase n receptor.	specificity for target insects of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cry toxins is largely determined by toxin affinity for insect midgut receptors. the mode of binding for one such toxin-receptor complex was investigated by extensive toxin mutagenesis, followed by real-time receptor binding analysis using an optical biosensor (biacore). wild-type cry1ac, a three-domain, lepidopteran-specific toxin, bound purified gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) aminopeptidase n (apn) biphasically. site 1 display ...	2000	10799525
identification of the lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus envelope fusion protein provides evidence for a phylogenetic division of the baculoviridae.	the complete genome sequences of a number of diverse members of the baculoviridae including both nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs) and granuloviruses (gvs) revealed that they lack a homolog of gp64, the envelope fusion protein of the budded form of autographa californica multinucleocapsid npv (acmnpv) and its close relatives. computer-assisted analyses of the genome of one of these viruses, lymantria dispar mnpv (ldmnpv), revealed a single open reading frame (ld130) whose product had the predicted p ...	2000	10846096
filamentous actin is required for lepidopteran nucleopolyhedrovirus progeny production.	autographa californica m nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) is the prototypical member of the nucleopolyhedrosis: genus of the baculoviridae:, a family of large, double-stranded dna viruses that are highly diverse. nucleocapsid morphogenesis of acmnpv and others in the nucleopolyhedrovirus: genus takes place within the nuclei of infected host cells. previously, we showed that filamentous actin (f-actin) is essential for this process to occur in acmnpv-infected cells, an unprecedented finding for a dn ...	2000	10859396
discrimination of pheromone enantiomers by two pheromone binding proteins from the gypsy moth lymantria dispar.	the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, uses (7r, 8s)-cis-2-methyl-7, 8-epoxyoctadecane, (+)-disparlure, as a sex pheromone. the (-) enantiomer of the pheromone is a strong behavioral antagonist. specialized sensory hairs, sensillae, on the antennae of male moths detect the pheromone. once the pheromone enters a sensillum, the very abundant pheromone binding protein (pbp) transports the odorant to the sensory neuron. we have expressed the two pbps found in gypsy moth antennae, pbp1 and pbp2, and we ha ...	2000	10913308
[insect-resistant transgenic poplar expressing aait gene].	insect-specific scorpion neurotoxin aait gene inserted into a binary vector was transferred into a hybrid poplar clone n-106(p. deltoides x p. simonii) growing in the southern of china. we obtained sixty-two regenerated plants by agrobacterium tumefaciens transferring system. pcr and pcr-southern analysis showed that aait gene was incorporated into the genome of some recovered poplar plants. one of the transformed plants named a5 was significantly resistant to feeding by first instar larvae of l ...	2000	10976310
a novel baculovirus envelope fusion protein with a proprotein convertase cleavage site.	the entry mechanism of spodoptera exigua multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (semnpv), a group ii npv, in cultured cells was examined. semnpv budded virus (bv) enters by endocytosis as do the bvs of the group i npvs, autographa californica (ac) mnpv and orgyia pseudotsugata (op) mnpv. in group i npvs, upon infection acidification of the endosome triggers fusion of the viral and endosomal membrane, which is mediated by the bv envelope glycoprotein gp64. however, the semnpv genome lacks a homolog of ...	2000	11017785
role of two arginine residues in domain ii, loop 2 of cry1ab and cry1ac bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin in toxicity and binding to manduca sexta and lymantria dispar aminopeptidase n.	two arginine residues (368-369) of cry1ab and cry1ac were mutated to alanine, glutamic acid and lysine by site-directed mutagenesis. insecticidal activities of the mutant toxins on manduca sexta and lymantria dispar larvae were examined. cry1ac mutant toxins (c)rr-aa and (c)rr-ee and cry1ab mutant toxins (b)rr-aa and (b)rr-ee showed great reductions in toxicity against both insects. in contrast, conservatively changed (c)rr-kk and (b)rr-kk mutants did not alter toxicity to either insect. binding ...	2000	11069655
aedes aegypti tmof modulates ecdysteroid production by prothoracic glands of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar.	trypsin modulating oostatic factor (tmof) is a decapeptide that inhibits the biosynthesis of trypsin-like enzymes in the midgut of several insect species and, as such, serves as a dipteran oostatic hormone. in vitro incubation of lepidopteran prothoracic glands with aedes aegypti tmof revealed that this decapeptide, in the presence of brain extract, modulates ecdysteroid production. the modulatory effect was highly dependent on both the concentration of tmof and brain extract. typically, tmof wa ...	2000	11093243
food utilization values of gypsy moth lymantria dispar (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) larvae infected with the microsporidium vairimorpha sp. (microsporidia: burenellidae).	infection of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, with the microsporidium vairimorpha sp. strongly influences the development of the host in ways typical of many species of terrestrial entomopathogenic microsporidia; growth is reduced while development time is extended in infected insects. the appearance of the different stages of the parasite in the host relative to the elapsed time after oral infection, as well as the influence of the parasite proliferation on food utilization of the host, were e ...	2000	11112371
the sequence of the helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome.	the nucleotide sequence of the helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) dna genome was determined and analysed. the circular genome encompasses 131,403 bp, has a g+c content of 39.1 mol% and contains five homologous regions with a unique pattern of repeats. computer-assisted analysis revealed 135 putative orfs of 150 nt or larger; 100 orfs have homologues in autographa californica multicapsid npv (acmnpv) and a further 15 orfs have homologues in other baculoviruses ...	2001	11125177
impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle anoplophora glabripennis (coleoptera: cerambycidae) in logs.	as part of the eradication program for recent introductions of the longhorned beetle anoplophora glabripennis (motschulsky) in the united states, wood from infested trees is chipped and incinerated. two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of chipping wood from infested trees on the survival of the beetle. in the first test, plastic worms were used as surrogates for larvae of the beetle. plastic worms of different sizes were placed in holes drilled in logs of sugar maple, acer sacchar ...	2000	11142319
effects of glyptapanteles liparidis (hym.: braconidae) parasitism, polydnavirus, and venom on development of microsporidia-infected and uninfected lymantria dispar (lep.: lymantriidae) larvae.	effects of parasitism, polydnavirus, and venom of the endoparasitoid glyptapanteles liparidis on lymantria dispar larvae infected with the microsporidium vairimorpha sp. and uninfected hosts were studied. we tested the impact on growth and development of hosts, as well as on microsporidian infection. both parasitism and polydnavirus/venom treatment alone caused a slight increase in growth rate and relative growth rate in uninfected fourth instar hosts. this effect was more pronounced with the ad ...	2001	11161992
replication of the gonad-specific virus hz-2v in ld652y cells mimics replication in vivo.	a newly discovered, nonoccluded insect virus, known as gonad-specific virus or hz-2v, was found to replicate differently in two insect cell lines derived from ovarian tissues (tn-368 cells from trichoplusia ni and ld652y from lymantria dispar). differences between these two cell lines were observed in virus plaque forming ability, rate of viral dna replication, time course of infectious virus production, and the mechanism of virus release from infected cells. replication of hz-2v in ld652y cells ...	2001	11161993
identification of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain hd1-like bacteria from environmental and human samples after aerial spraying of victoria, british columbia, canada, with foray 48b.	aerial applications of foray 48b, which contains bacillus thuringiensis strain hd1, were carried out on 9 to 10 may, 19 to 21 may, and 8 to 9 june 1999 to control european gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) populations in victoria, british columbia, canada. a major assessment of the health impact of b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was conducted by the office of the medical health officer of the capital health region during this period. environmental (air and water) and human (nasal swab) samples, co ...	2001	11229889
the effects of cations on the activity of the gypsy moth (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	fourteen cations were tested at a 1% concentration (wt:wt), as chlorides, for their effects on the biological activity of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar (l.), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv). cupric chloride was toxic to gypsy moth larvae. ferrous and ferric chloride were inhibitory to larval growth and development as well as to virus activity. strontium chloride was inhibitory to virus activity but had no apparent effects on gypsy moth larvae. six cations had little or no effect on virus ...	2001	11233097
isolation and partial characterization of gypsy moth btr-270, an anionic brush border membrane glycoconjugate that binds bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins with high affinity.	btr-270, a gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) brush border membrane molecule that binds bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1a toxins with high affinity, was purified by preparative gel electrophoresis. rabbit antibodies specific for the bt toxin-binding molecule were raised. attempts to label btr-270 by protein-directed techniques were futile, but it was degraded by proteases with broad specificity indicating the presence of a peptide. carbohydrate was detected by labeling with digoxigenin hydrazide foll ...	2001	11304752
mutations at the arginine residues in alpha8 loop of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cry1ac affect toxicity and binding to manduca sexta and lymantria dispar aminopeptidase n.	the functional role of the alpha8 loop residues in domain ii of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin was examined. alanine substitution mutations were introduced in the residues from 275 to 293. among the mutant toxins, substitutions at r281 and r289 affected toxicity to manduca sexta and lymantria dispar. loss of toxicity by these mutant toxins was well correlated with reductions in binding affinity for brush border membrane vesicles and the purified receptor, aminopeptidase n (apn), from both i ...	2001	11377423
mapping the epitope in cadherin-like receptors involved in bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxin interaction using phage display.	in susceptible lepidopteran insects, aminopeptidase n and cadherin-like proteins are the putative receptors for bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins. using phage display, we identified a key epitope that is involved in toxin-receptor interaction. three different scfv molecules that bind cry1ab toxin were obtained, and these scfv proteins have different amino acid sequences in the complementary determinant region 3 (cdr3). binding analysis of these scfv molecules to different members of the cry1a t ...	2001	11384982
rapid detection of multiple nucleopolyhedroviruses using polymerase chain reaction.	a technique using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed for detection of the nucleopolyhedrovirus (npv) polyhedrin gene. the amino acid sequences of the polyhedrin gene were compared in twenty-six npvs. a highly conserved dna sequence within the coding region of the polyhedrin gene was targeted for amplification. one pair of degenerate pcr primers was designed to produce fragments of about 430 bp. the npvs detected by this technique were autographa californica npv, bombyx mori npv, h ...	2001	11459223
testis ecdysiotropin, an insect gonadotropin that induces synthesis of ecdysteroid.	testes of lepidoptera synthesized ecdysteroid in a somewhat different temporal pattern than the prothoracic glands that release ecdysteroid to the hemolymph. brain extracts from heliothis virescens and lymantria dispar induced testes to synthesize ecdysteroid, but did not affect prothoracic glands. the testis ecdysiotropin (lte) was isolated from l. dispar pupal brains by a series of high-pressure chromatography steps. its sequence was ile-ser-asp-phe-asp-glu-tyr-glu-pro-leu-asn-asp-ala-asp-asn- ...	2001	11462222
effects of genotype, nutrient availability, and defoliation on aspen phytochemistry and insect performance.	genetic and environmental variability, and their interactions, influence phytochemical composition and, in turn, herbivore performance. we evaluated the independent and interactive effects of plant genotype, nutrient availability, and defoliation on the foliar chemistry of quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) and consequences for performance of gypsy moths (lymantria dispar). saplings of four genotypes were grown under two conditions of nutrient availability and subjected to three levels of artif ...	2001	11504029
both lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus enhancin genes contribute to viral potency.	enhancins are a group of proteins first identified in granuloviruses (gv) that have the ability to enhance nuclear polyhedrosis virus potency. we had previously identified an enhancin gene (e1) in the lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv) (d. s. bischoff and j. m. slavicek, j. virol. 71:8133-8140, 1997). inactivation of the e1 gene product within the viral genome lowered viral potency by an average of 2.9-fold. a second enhancin gene (e2) was identified when the entire ...	2001	11507209
effect of bacillus thuringiensis cry1 toxins in insect hemolymph and their neurotoxicity in brain cells of lymantria dispar.	little information is available on the systemic effects of bacillus thuringiensis toxins in the hemocoel of insects. in order to test whether b. thuringiensis-activated toxins elicit a toxic response in the hemocoel, we measured the effect of intrahemocoelic injections of several cry1 toxins on the food intake, growth, and survival of lymantria dispar (lepidoptera) and neobellieria bullata (diptera) larvae. injection of cry1c was highly toxic to the lymantria larvae and resulted in the complete ...	2001	11525986
sequence analysis of the spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome.	the complete spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (spltmnpv) genome contained 139,342 bp with a g+c content of 42.7%, and 141 putative open reading frames (orfs) or genes of 150 nucleotides or greater that showed minimal overlap. ninety-six orfs had homologues in autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv), 16 had homologues in other baculoviruses, and 29 were unique to spltmnpv. the homologues of ubiquitin and gp37 are fused in spltmnpv. the genome lacked a ho ...	2001	11531416
olfaction in the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar: effect of ph, ionic strength, and reductants on pheromone transport by pheromone-binding proteins.	the pheromone-binding proteins (pbps) are 16-kda abundant proteins in specialized olfactory hairs in insects. the mechanism by which the pbps remove the pheromone from the inner surface of sensory hairs and deliver it to the sensory cell remains unclear. existing qualitative models postulate that pheromone is released near the dendrite by a decrease in ph or by a reduced form of the pbp. this study focuses on the two pbps from the gypsy moth and the enantiomers of the pheromone cis-2-methyl-7,8- ...	2001	11581252
discovery of entomophaga maimaiga in north american gypsy moth, lymantria dispar.	an entomopathogenic fungus, entomophaga maimaiga, was found causing an extensive epizootic in outbreak populations of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, throughout many forested and residential areas of the northeastern united states. this is the first recognized occurrence of this or any entomophthoralean fungus in north american gypsy moths, and its appearance was coincident with an abnormally wet spring. most fungal-infected gypsy moth larvae were killed in mass during the fourth and fifth sta ...	1990	11607071
allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses confirm entomophaga maimaiga responsible for 1989 epizootics in north american gypsy moth populations.	in 1989, populations of north american gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, in seven contiguous northeastern states were severely reduced by a fungal pathogen. based on morphology, development, and pathology, this organism appeared to be entomophaga maimaiga. we have now used allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses to confirm this identification. previously, this mycopathogen had been reported only from gypsy moth populations in japan. during 1989, e. maimaiga occurred only in ar ...	1990	11607100
new tachinidae (diptera) host records of eastern north american forest canopy lepidoptera: baseline data in a bacillus thuriengiensis variety kurstaki nontarget study.	macrolepidopteran caterpillars collected in 1995 and 1996 in the monongahela national forest, pocahontas county, wv, and the george washington national forest, augusta county, va, yielded 60 previously unreported tachinid host associations. most associations were between native species, but the introduced polyphagous tachinid compsilura concinnata (meigen) produced eight new associations with native hosts. the tachinids collected were slightly broader in their host preferences than associated br ...	2001	11681675
ion channels induced in planar lipid bilayers by the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1aa in the presence of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) brush border membrane.	the apical brush border membrane, the main target site of bacillus thuringiensis toxins, was isolated from gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) larval midguts and fused to artificial planar lipid bilayer membranes. under asymmetrical n-methyl-d-glucamine-hcl conditions (450 mm cis/150 mm trans, ph 9.0), which significantly reduce endogenous channel activity, trypsin-activated cry1aa, a b. thuringiensis insecticidal protein active against the gypsy moth in vivo, induced a large increase in bilayer membr ...	2001	11687877
resistance of the insect cell line iplb-ldfb to salsolinol-induced apoptosis.	apoptosis is a form of cell death that is manifested in parkinson's disease (pd) and certain other neurodegenerative disorders. metabolites of salsolinol (sal), an intraneuronal, dopamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline (tiq), have been shown to induce apoptosis in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells, implicating these molecules as causative or contributory factors in the selective killing of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, a cardinal manifestation of parkinson's disease. since insects emp ...	2002	11754089
phenotypic and genotypic analysis of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus serially passaged in cell culture.	rapid accumulation of few polyhedra (fp) mutants was detected during serial passaging of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hasnpv) in cell culture. 100% fp infected cells were observed by passage 6. the specific yield decreased from 178 polyhedra per cell at passage 2 to two polyhedra per cell at passage 6. the polyhedra at passage 6 were not biologically active, with a 28-fold reduction in potency compared to passage 3. electron microscopy studies revealed that very few polyhedra were ...	2002	11907345
pseudotyping autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv): f proteins from group ii npvs are functionally analogous to acmnpv gp64.	gp64, the major envelope glycoprotein of budded virions of the baculovirus autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv), is involved in viral attachment, mediates membrane fusion during virus entry, and is required for efficient virion budding. thus, gp64 is essential for viral propagation in cell culture and in animals. recent genome sequences from a number of baculoviruses show that only a subset of closely related baculoviruses have gp64 genes, while other baculoviruses ha ...	2002	11992001
survival and differential development of entomophaga maimaiga and entomophaga aulicae (zygomycetes: entomophthorales) in lymantria dispar hemolymph.	the closely related entomophthoralean fungi entomophaga aulicae and e. maimaiga are both host-specific pathogens of lepidopteran larvae. however, these fungi do not have the same host range. the first objective of this study was to compare the fate of e. aulicae in the nonpermissive host lymantria dispar with the fate of the successful pathogen e. maimaiga over the same time period. in the hemolymph of l. dispar injected with e. maimaiga protoplasts, the number of hemocytes demonstrated a decrea ...	2001	12009800
deposition and germination of conidia of the entomopathogen entomophaga maimaiga infecting larvae of gypsy moth, lymantria dispar.	germination of conidia of entomophaga maimaiga, an important fungal pathogen of gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, was investigated on water agar and larval cuticle at varying densities. percent germination was positively associated with conidial density on water agar but not on larval cuticle. when conidia were showered onto water agar, the rate of germination was much slower than on the cuticle of l. dispar larvae. from the same conidial showers, the resulting conidial densities on water agar were ...	2002	12054785
timing of transmission and the evolution of virulence of an insect virus.	we used the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, to investigate whether the timing of transmission influences the evolution of virulence. in theory, early transmission should favour rapid replication and increase virulence, while late transmission should favour slower replication and reduce virulence. we tested this prediction by subjecting one set of 10 virus lineages to early transmission (early viruses) and another set to late transmission (late viruses). each linea ...	2002	12061960
alterations in carbohydrate and fatty acid levels of lymantria dispar larvae caused by a microsporidian infection and potential adverse effects on a co-occurring endoparasitoid, glyptapanteles liparidis.	infection of lymantria dispar host larvae by the entomopathogenic microsporidium vairimorpha sp. has a negative impact on the performance of the endoparasitic braconid glyptapanteles liparidis. to investigate possible causes for this effect, we studied to what extent nutritional host suitability is altered by the microsporidium. therefore, we analyzed carbohydrates and fatty acids in host larvae after vairimorpha infection and/or parasitism by g. liparidis. trehalose levels were significantly re ...	2002	12111971
responses of songbirds to aerial spraying of the microbial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (foray 48b) on vancouver island, british columbia, canada.	use of bacterial insecticides containing bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. aerial spraying of btk (foray 48b) over a 12,803-ha area on southeastern vancouver island (bc, canada) in may to june 1999 as part of a gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) control program provided us with an opportunity to exam ...	2002	12152767
peptides that elicit midgut stem cell differentiation isolated from chymotryptic digests of hemolymph from lymantria dispar pupae.	isolated stem cells of heliothis virescens, cultured in vitro, were induced to differentiate by midgut differentiation factors 3 and 4. these were peptides identified from a chymotrypsin digest of hemolymph taken from newly pupated lymantria dispar. partial purification was obtained by filtration through size exclusion filters. the most active preparation was subsequently subjected to a series of 3 reverse phase-hplc procedures. partial sequences of the peptides were identified via automated edm ...	2002	12173293
nucleotide sequence analysis of hasnpv protein kinase.	the protein kinase gene of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (hasnpv) has been cloned and sequenced. it is located approximately 1.25 kb downstream of the polyhedrin gene. the predicted molecular mass of this 267 amino acid protein (havpk) is 31 kd. havpk shows a 43.0% amino acid homology to vpk from lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ldmnpv) and a 39.0% homology to pk-1 from autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedros ...	1997	12219213
effects of temperature on the susceptibility of insect cells to infection by baculoviruses.	three insect cell lines were tested for susceptibility to baculovirus infection by use of a typical endpoint assay procedure. cell lines from spodoptera frugiperda (iplb-sf21ae), lymantria dispar (iplb-ldeita), and heliothis virescens (iplb-hve6s) in 96-well tissue culture plates were each infected with dilutions of extra cellular virus suspensions of the autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv). in addition, the l. dispar and h. virescens cells were also infected with l. dispar nucl ...	2001	12486333
functional analysis of a conserved region of the baculovirus envelope fusion protein, ld130.	the envelope fusion protein from a baculovirus pathogenic for lymantria dispar was characterized. n-terminal sequence analysis determined that it was cleaved downstream of predicted signal peptide and furin cleavage motifs. mutation of the furin motif resulted in a protein that was not cleaved and did not mediate fusion. mutagenesis of three charged amino acids in a conserved sequence with the features of a fusion peptide resulted in significant reduction of the ability of the constructs to medi ...	2002	12490405
evaluation of preventive treatments in low-density gypsy moth populations using pheromone traps.	pheromone traps can be used for evaluating the success of treatments that are applied to either eradicate or delay the growth of isolated low-density populations of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar (l.). we developed an index of treatment success, t, that measures the reduction in moth counts in the block treated adjusted by the change in moth counts in the reference area around it. this index was used to analyze the effectiveness of treatments that were conducted as part of the usda forest serv ...	2002	12539833
[identification of cry-type genes of 31 bacillus thuringiensis isolates and analysis of their expression product].	in this study, cry-type gene of 31 isolates of bt had been identified using pcr-rflp identification system, and sds-page analysis and bioassay had been performed. 25 strains containing cry1 type gene express 130-150 kd protein and 16 of them contain cry1i gene, which codes 80 kd protein and is larvicidal to both lepidopteran and coleopteran species. 15 strains contain both cry1 and cry2 type gene; 10 strains contain unknown cry-type gene; 6 strains don't contain seven identified cry-type gene. r ...	2000	12548957
comparison of the amino acid sequences of rna-dependent rna polymerases of cypoviruses in the family reoviridae.	the nucleotide sequences of the genome segment s2 of bombyx mori cypovirus 1, s2 of lymantria dispar cypovirus 1, s1 of lymantria dispar cypovirus 14 and s1 of a proposed new electropherotype of trichoplusia ni cypovirus 15 were determined. these segments encoded putative rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrps). the deduced amino acid sequences of rdrps within the genus cypovirus showed 32% to 94% identities, while extent of homology between rdrps in the genera cypovirus and oryzavirus, a genus mo ...	2003	12556988
attachment and germination of entomophaga maimaiga conidia on host and non-host larval cuticle.	the lepidopteran-specific fungal pathogen entomophaga maimaiga is highly virulent against lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) larvae, and other members of the family lymantriidae. numerous species in the subfamily cuculliinae (family noctuidae) are not susceptible to e. maimaiga due to the inability of this fungus to penetrate the larval cuticle. conidial attachment and germination were compared among five cuculliine species and l. dispar using bioassays and scanning electron microscopy. although coni ...	2003	12581715
induction of apoptosis in an insect cell line, iplb-ld652y, infected with nucleopolyhedroviruses.	ld652y cells derived from the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar, were infected with seven different nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs) including those from autographa californica, bombyx mori (bmnpv), hyphantria cunea (hycunpv), spodoptera exigua (semnpv), l. dispar, orgyia pseudotsugata (opmnpv) and spodoptera litura (spltmnpv). the results showed that ld652y cells infected with bmnpv, hycunpv, semnpv, opmnpv and spltmnpv underwent apoptosis, displaying apoptotic bodies, characteristic dna fragmentation ...	2003	12604823
n-glycan structures of human transferrin produced by lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) cells using the ldmnpv expression system.	n-glycan structures of recombinant human serum transferrin (htf) expressed by lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) 652y cells were determined. the gene encoding htf was incorporated into a lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. this virus was then used to infect ld652y cells, and the recombinant protein was harvested at 120 h postinfection. n-glycans were released from the purified recombinant human serum transferrin and derivatized with 2-aminopyri ...	2003	12672704
the lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus contains the capsid-associated p24 protein gene.	during the course of investigations on a wild-type strain of lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (ldmnpv), a region of the viral genome was analyzed and found to contain 697 bp that is lacking in the sequenced strain (5-6) of ldmnpv (kuzio et al., virology 253, 17-34, 1999). the sequenced strain of ldmnpv contains a mutation in the 25 k few polyhedra (fp) gene, and exhibits the phenotype of a fp mutant. the additional sequence was located at approximately 81.4 map units withi ...	2003	12680688
quantitative expression analysis of a glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in its natural lepidopteran host, lymantria dispar.	in the present study, expression of a newly identified glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus (gipdv) gene encoding a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase (pdvptp) was monitored in vivo in the parasitized host, l. dispar, using one step rt-pcr. expression levels of the pdvptp transcript were also evaluated in various host tissues at different times post parasitization (pp) using rt quantitative competitive pcr (rt-qcpcr). expression levels varied, with the most abundant transcript detected in ho ...	2003	12752661
effect of the host plant on the antioxidative defence in the midgut of lymantria dispar l. caterpillars of different population origins.	the responses of gypsy moth larvae originating from two populations (oak forest, locust forest) to favorable (oak) and unfavorable (locust) host plants were monitored at the level of midgut antioxidative defence: the activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione peroxidase like ('gsh-px like') and glutathione content (gsh). short-term change of the diet (3 days) to locust leaves of the 5th instar larvae (oak pop ...	1997	12769934