Publications

probiotic-associated aspiration pneumonia due to lactobacillus rhamnosus.	lactobacilli are low-virulence, commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and are commonly used as "probiotic supplements." herein, we describe an episode of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis with bacterial superinfection secondary to administration of lactobacillus rhamnosus in an 11-month-old female with trisomy 21.	2014	24899028
cd8+ tcr transgenic strains expressing public versus private tcr targeting the respiratory syncytial virus k(d)m2(82-90) epitope demonstrate similar functional profiles.	our previous work has characterized the functional and clonotypic features of two respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epitope-specific t cell responses in mice. following single-cell sequencing, we selected t cell receptor sequences to represent both a public and a private clone specific for the dominant k(d)m2(82-90) epitope for the generation of t cell receptor transgenic (tcr tg) mice. we evaluated cells from these tcr tg strains for three major functions of cd8+ t cells: proliferation, cytokin ...	2014	24897427
[respiratory syncitial virus in immunocompromised patients in a pediatric hospital: 5 years experience].	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts.	2015	24890887
antiviral c-25 epimers of 26-acetoxy steroids from the south china sea gorgonian echinogorgia rebekka.	four new steroids with an acetoxy linked at the end of the side chain, echrebsteroids a-d (1-4) were obtained from the south china sea gorgonian echinogorgia rebekka. the absolute configurations of 1-3 were determined using the modified mosher's method on the hydrolysis products. the isolation of the pair of epimers (2 and 3) represents the first reported separation of c-25 epimers of 26-acetoxy steroids. the (25r)-epimer (3) exhibited promising antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial v ...	2014	24882250
concordance between rt-pcr-based detection of respiratory viruses from nasal swabs collected for viral testing and nasopharyngeal swabs collected for bacterial testing.	epidemiologic studies of respiratory infections frequently rely on separate sample collections for the detection of bacteria and viruses. the requirement for two specimens presents cost, logistical, and acceptability challenges.	2014	24875136
randomised controlled trial and health economic evaluation of the impact of diagnostic testing for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae infection on the management of acute admissions in the elderly and high-risk 18- to 64-year-olds.	western industrialised nations face a large increase in the number of older people. people over the age of 60 years account for almost half of the 16.8 million hospital admissions in england from 2009 to 2010. during 2009-10, respiratory infections accounted for approximately 1 in 30 hospital admissions and 1 in 20 of the 51.5 million bed-days.	2014	24875092
a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody exhibits in vivo efficacy against both human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.	human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection, with significant morbidity and mortality. no licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents exist. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are effective at preventing other infectious diseases and could be used against hmpv in high-risk hosts.	2015	24864121
association between the level of antibodies in bulk tank milk and bovine respiratory syncytial virus exposure in the herd.	antibody levels in bulk tank milk (btm) against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) are used to classify brsv status of herds. the aim of this study was to investigate how these levels correspond with the time at which the herds were infected. bulk tank milk, individual milk and serum samples from cows and young stock were investigated using an indirect elisa. screenings of btm from 89 dairy herds during two winter seasons revealed a prevalence of positive herds from 82 per cent to 85 per ...	2014	24864076
infants under 6 months with bronchiolitis are most likely to need major medical interventions in the 5 days after onset.	this study examined the need for, and timing of, major medical interventions (mmis) in infants under 6 months of age with bronchiolitis.	2014	24862359
viral epidemiology of respiratory infections among children at a tertiary hospital in southern brazil.	this study reports the pediatric epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza (if), parainfluenza (piv), and adenovirus (adv) at hospital de clínicas de porto alegre.	2014	24861298
an investigation of the genetic basis of increased susceptibility to neutralization by anti-fusion glycoprotein antibody arising on passage of human respiratory syncytial virus in cell culture.	human respiratory syncytial virus isolates have previously been shown to exhibit resistance to neutralization by anti-fusion glycoprotein antibodies that is lost on passage in cell culture. early passage resistant and late passage susceptible stocks of two virus isolates from different epidemics were cloned by plaque purification. early passage stocks of both isolates yielded predominantly neutralization resistant clones while late passage stocks yielded predominantly susceptible clones. on furt ...	2015	24861209
modulation of respiratory tlr3-anti-viral response by probiotic microorganisms: lessons learned from lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. host immune response is implicated in both protective and immunopathological mechanisms during rsv infection. activation of toll-like receptor (tlr)-3 in innate immune cells by rsv can induce airway inflammation, protective immune response, and pulmonary immunopathology. a clear understanding of rsv-host interaction is important for the development of novel and effective thera ...	2014	24860569
antifeedant and antiviral diterpenoids from the fresh roots of euphorbia jolkinii.	the perennial herbaceous plant euphorbia jolkinii (euphorbiaceae) is a noxious weed widely distributed in the grasslands of northwestern yunnan and has greatly threatened the local biodiversity. phytochemical investigation on the fresh roots of e. jolkinii afforded six new diterpenoids 1, 2, 4-6, and 8, together with fifteen known diterpenoids. their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1d and 2d nmr and other spectroscopic methods. casbane, lathyrane, abietane, and ent-kaurane diterpenoid ...	2014	24859600
a duplex recombinant viral nucleoprotein microbead immunoassay for simultaneous detection of seroresponses to human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections.	serologic diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infections has been shown to complement virus detection methods in epidemiologic studies. enzyme immunoassays (eias) using cultured virus lysate antigens are often used to diagnose infection by demonstration of a ≥4-fold rises in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum pairs. in this study, hrsv and hmpv nucleocapsid (recn) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system and their perform ...	2014	24859050
screening of respiratory pathogens by respiratory multi well system (mws) r-gene™ assay in hospitalized patients.	novel respiratory viruses have been identified as possible agents of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. multiplex real-time pcrs have been developed to identify clinically relevant respiratory pathogens. in this study, 178 respiratory samples already screened for influenza virus types a and b by flu a/b asr real-time pcr kit were retrospectively analyzed with the respiratory multi well system (mws) r-gene™ real-time pcr kit which detects a wide spectrum of respiratory pathogens. the g ...	2014	24858651
virologic testing in bronchiolitis: does it change management decisions and predict outcomes?	the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, therapeutic, laboratory, and radiological differences between respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and non-rsv bronchiolitis in order to assess if the prior knowledge of viral etiology changed management decisions and would be able to predict outcomes. medical charts of children <1 year admitted to the emergency department with bronchiolitis during two rsv seasons (2010-2012) were reviewed. we analyzed 221 episodes of bronchiolitis. the percentage ...	2014	24858463
[pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus infection and research on attenuated live vaccine].	numerous studies have indicated that human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important viral pathogen in acute respiratory infections in children, presenting similar manifestations with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). hmpv infection peaks in the winter-spring season and is more prevalent in younger ages, especially in children less than 1 year old. host innate immune response has been implicated in recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) of the virus. this recognition occurs ...	2014	24857012
rapid spread and diversification of respiratory syncytial virus genotype on1, kenya.	respiratory syncytial virus genotype on1, which is characterized by a 72-nt duplication in the attachment protein gene, has been detected in >10 countries since first identified in ontario, canada, in 2010. we describe 2 waves of genotype on1 infections among children admitted to a rural hospital in kenya during 2012. phylogenetic analysis of attachment protein gene sequences showed multiple introductions of genotype on1; variants distinct from the original canadian viruses predominated in both ...	2014	24856417
induction of interleukin-8 and interleukin-12 in neonatal ovine lung following experimental inoculation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.	this study aimed to determine the immunohistochemical expression of interleukin (il)-1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnf)-α, interferon (ifn)-γ, il-4, il-6, il-8, il-10 and il-12 and to measure the concentrations of these cytokines in lung tissue from lambs infected experimentally with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). lambs (n = 15) were inoculated at 2 days of age with 20 ml of viral inoculum (1.26 × 10(6) tcid50 per ml) or sterile medium (n = 15). rectal temperature, pulse and resp ...	2014	24854063
influenza and other respiratory virus infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory infection during the 2011-12 influenza season.	respiratory tract infections are a major cause of outpatient visits, yet only a portion is tested to determine the etiologic organism. multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assays for detection of multiple viruses are being used increasingly in clinical settings.	2014	24852890
palivizumab for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis.	respiratory syncytial virus infection causes acute lung infection in infants and young children worldwide, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. children with cystic fibrosis are prone to recurrent lung inflammation, bacterial colonisation and subsequent chronic airway disease, putting them at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring intensive care and respiratory support. no treatment currently exists, hence prevention is important. palivizumab is effective ...	2014	24851825
comparison of simplexa flu a/b & rsv pcr with cytospin-immunofluorescence and laboratory-developed taqman pcr in predominantly adult hospitalized patients.	to compare simplexa flu a/b & rsv pcr with cytospin-immunofluorescence and laboratory-developed taqman pcr methods, 445 nasopharyngeal samples were tested. of these, 199 were positive (46 for respiratory syncytial virus [rsv], 120 for influenza a, and 33 for influenza b) and 246 were negative. the direct fluorescent-antibody assay (dfa) detected 132 (66.3%) positive samples, simplexa direct detected 162 (81.4%), simplexa using extracts detected 177 (88.9%), and lab-developed taqman pcr reference ...	2014	24850350
human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen.	human metapneumovirus (hmpv), discovered in 2001, most commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but is also a concern for elderly subjects and immune-compromised patients. hmpv is the major etiological agent responsible for about 5% to 10% of hospitalizations of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. hmpv infection can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and its symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by human ...	2014	24841931
egfr activation suppresses respiratory virus-induced irf1-dependent cxcl10 production.	airway epithelial cells are the primary cell type involved in respiratory viral infection. upon infection, airway epithelium plays a critical role in host defense against viral infection by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. influenza a virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) represent a broad range of human viral pathogens that cause viral pneumonia and induce exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. these respiratory viruses induce ...	2014	24838750
the cd4 t cell response to respiratory syncytial virus infection.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can induce severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children worldwide. rsv-induced inflammation is believed to contribute substantially to the severity of disease. t helper (th)2-, th9-, and th17-related cytokines are all observed in infants hospitalized following a severe rsv infection. these cytokines cause an influx of inflammatory cells, resulting in mucus production and reduced lung function. consist ...	2014	24838148
assessing the association of early life antibiotic prescription with asthma exacerbations, impaired antiviral immunity, and genetic variants in 17q21: a population-based birth cohort study.	the relationship between early-life antibiotic use and the development of wheeze and asthma has been reported in several studies but might arise as a consequence of bias rather than causal relationship. we investigated the association between antibiotic prescription and subsequent development of atopy, wheeze, and asthma exacerbations, and the relation of early life antibiotic prescription with anti-infective immunity and genetic variants on asthma susceptibility locus 17q21.	2014	24835835
quinoid glycosides from forsythia suspensa.	phytochemical investigation on forsythia suspensa (thunb.) vahl afforded 10 compounds, including quinoid glycosides, lignan glycosides, phenylethanoid glycoside and allylbenzene glycoside together with 13 known ones. their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic data analyses, including ir, uv, hresims, 1d nmr and 2d nmr. absolute configurations were determined by ecd calculation method and chemical degradation. in addition, all compounds were evaluated for their antiviral a ...	2014	24833035
palivizumab use in japanese infants and children with immunocompromised conditions.	a total of 27/28 (96%) immunocompromised japanese children received ≥ 4 doses of palivizumab. no respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations occurred. mean palivizumab trough concentrations were 59.0 and 91.8 μg/ml 30 days after the 1st and 4th doses, respectively. of 28 subjects, 27 (96%) experienced ≥ 1 adverse event and 7 (25%) experienced ≥ 1 serious adverse event, none of which was considered related to palivizumab.	2014	24830698
a 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in shenzhen, china.	the epidemiology of local viral etiologies is essential for the management of viral respiratory tract infections. limited data are available in china to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections, especially in small-medium cities and rural areas.	2014	24828783
characterization of an experimental vaccine for bovine respiratory syncytial virus.	bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) are major causes of respiratory disease in calves and children, respectively, and are priorities for vaccine development. we previously demonstrated that an experimental vaccine, brsv-immunostimulating complex (iscom), is effective in calves with maternal antibodies. the present study focuses on the antigenic characterization of this vaccine for the design of new-generation subunit vaccines. the results of our ...	2014	24828093
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia treated with lower-dose palivizumab in a heart transplant recipient.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important community-acquired pathogen that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients who have compromised pulmonary function, are elderly, or are immunosuppressed. this paper describes a 70-year-old man with a remote history of heart transplantation who presented with signs and symptoms of pneumonia. chest computed tomography (ct) imaging demonstrated new patchy ground glass infiltrates throughout the upper and lower lobes of the left lung, ...	2012	24826271
rapid replacement of human respiratory syncytial virus a with the on1 genotype having 72 nucleotide duplication in g gene.	human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the main cause of severe respiratory illness in young children and elderly people. we investigated the genetic characteristics of the circulating hrsv subgroup a (hrsv-a) to determine the distribution of genotype on1, which has a 72-nucleotide duplication in attachment g gene. we obtained 456 hrsv-a positive samples between october 2008 and february 2013, which were subjected to sequence analysis. the first on1 genotype was discovered in august 2011 an ...	2014	24820343
respiratory viruses in exacerbations of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children.	respiratory viral infections precipitate exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease though similar data in non-cystic fibrosis (cf) bronchiectasis are missing. our study aimed to determine the point prevalence of viruses associated with exacerbations and evaluate clinical and investigational differences between virus-positive and -negative exacerbations in children with bronchiectasis.	2014	24819370
[determination of the frequency of human bocavirus and other respiratory viruses among 0-2 years age group children diagnosed as acute bronchiolitis].	acute bronchiolitis, mostly seen in infants and younger children, is a lower respiratory tract infection frequently caused by viral agents. we aimed to determine the frequency of a broad panel of respiratory viruses including human bocavirus (hbov) and to assess the clinical characteristics of acute bronchiolitis in a group of children under 24 months of age. a total of 62 children (45 male, 17 female; age range: 0-2 years) with the initial diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis and 33 healthy childre ...	2014	24819262
implementing video cases in clinical paediatric teaching increases medical students' self-assessed confidence.	use of video cases in clinical education is rarely used systematically.	2014	24814587
respiratory syncytial virus: current and emerging treatment options.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important respiratory pathogen in infants and children worldwide. although rsv typically causes mild upper respiratory infections, it frequently causes severe morbidity and mortality, especially in premature infants and children with other chronic diseases. treatment of rsv is limited by a lack of effective antiviral treatments; however, ribavirin has been used in complicated cases, along with the addition of intravenous immune globulin in specific patient ...	2014	24812523
viral and host factors determine innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells from children with wheeze and atopy.	airway epithelial cells (aec) from patients with asthma, appear to have an impaired interferon (ifn)-β and -λ response to infection with rhinovirus.	2014	24811725
effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: a review.	melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger. its other physiological or pharmacological activities could be dependent or independent of receptors located in different cells, organs, and tissues. in addition to its role in promoting sleep and circadian rhythms regulation, it has important immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects suggesting that this indole must be considered as a therapeutic alternative against inf ...	2014	24811367
alternative mechanisms for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and persistence: could rsv be transmitted through the placenta and persist into developing fetal lungs?	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) represents the most common respiratory pathogen observed worldwide in infants and young children and may play a role in the inception of recurrent wheezing and asthma in childhood. we discuss herein the recent hypothesis that rsv vertically transmitted from the mother to the fetus in utero causes persistent structural and functional changes in the developing lungs of the offspring, thereby predisposing to postnatal airway obstruction.	2014	24810284
development of an efficient qrt-pcr assay for quality control and cellular quantification of respiratory samples.	sample quality is a fundamental parameter for the successful diagnosis of respiratory viruses. this parameter depends upon the concentration of epithelial cells. respiratory samples are usually heterogeneous, which makes relative quantification of the viral load, against the quantity of cells, the most suitable measurement. the quantification of viral load in the field of respiratory viruses is a vital piece of information. quantification is required from rna or dna viral genomes extracted.	2014	24809729
human respiratory syncytial virus memphis 37 causes acute respiratory disease in perinatal lamb lung.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of hospitalization due to respiratory illness among infants and young children of industrialized countries. there is a lack of understanding of the severe disease mechanisms as well as limited treatment options, none of which are fully satisfactory. this is partly due to lack of a relevant animal model of perinatal rsv infection that mimics moderate to severe disease in infants. we and others have shown mild disease in perinatal lambs with e ...	2014	24804166
clinical severity of rhinovirus/enterovirus compared to other respiratory viruses in children.	human rhinovirus/enterovirus (hrv/ent) infections are commonly identified in children with acute respiratory infections (aris), but data on their clinical severity remain limited.	2014	24801963
induction of protective effector immunity to prevent pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. implications on therapy and vaccine design.	human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of respiratory illness in infants and young children around the globe. this pathogen, which was discovered in 1956, continues to cause a huge number of hospitalizations due to respiratory disease and it is considered a health and economic burden worldwide, especially in developing countries. the immune response elicited by hrsv infection leads to lung and systemic inflammation, which results in lung damage but is not efficient at prev ...	0	24801878
sustained activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 during infection by paramyxoviruses requires mda5.	retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) are the main cytosolic sensors of single-stranded rna viruses, including paramyxoviruses, and are required to initiate a quick and robust innate antiviral response. despite different ligand-binding properties, the consensus view is that rig-i and mda5 trigger common signal(s) to activate interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf-3) and nf-κb, and downstream antiviral and proinflammatory cytokine expression. he ...	2014	24800889
respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in down syndrome: a prospective cohort study.	children with down syndrome (ds) are at significant risk for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and related hospitalization. we compared hospitalization rates due to respiratory tract infection in children with ds aged <2 years who prospectively received palivizumab during the rsv season with a previously published, similar untreated ds birth cohort.	2014	24799541
maternal immunization.	maternal immunization has the potential to protect the pregnant woman, fetus, and infant from vaccine-preventable diseases. maternal immunoglobulin g is actively transported across the placenta, providing passive immunity to the neonate and infant prior to the infant's ability to respond to vaccines. currently inactivated influenza, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines are recommended during pregnancy. several other vaccines have been studied in pregnancy and found to be safe and imm ...	2014	24799324
frequency of apnea and respiratory viruses in infants with bronchiolitis.	the frequency of apnea in infants <12 months of age admitted with acute bronchiolitis was 5.16% (95% confidence interval: 3.94-6.72). most commonly detected viruses in the 51 apneic infants were respiratory syncytial virus (33.3%), rhinovirus (13.7%) and viral coinfections (23.5%). young age and prematurity were the main risk factors for apnea independent of the respiratory syncytial virus status. non-respiratory syncytial virus infants had a higher rate of prematurity.	2014	24797994
epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children in guangzhou: a three-year study.	acute respiratory infections (ari) are some of the most common human diseases worldwide. however, they have a complex and diverse etiology, and the characteristics of the pathogens involved in respiratory infections in developing countries are not well understood. in this work, we analyzed the characteristics of 17 common respiratory pathogens in children (≤14 years old) with ari in guangzhou, southern china over a 3-year period using real-time polymerase chain reaction. pathogens were identifie ...	2014	24797911
inhibition of stat6 during vaccination with formalin-inactivated rsv prevents induction of th2-cell-biased airway disease.	the pattern of immune response to a vaccine antigen can influence both efficacy and adverse events. th2-cell-deviated responses have been implicated in both human and murine susceptibility to enhanced disease following formalin-inactivated (fi) vaccines for measles and rsv. in this study, we used the th2-cell-deviated murine model of fi-rsv vaccination to test the ability of a dominant negative, cell-penetrating peptide inhibitor of stat6 (stat6 inhibitory peptide (ip)) to modulate the vaccine-i ...	2014	24796717
comparison of xtag respiratory virus panel and verigene respiratory virus plus for detecting influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.	nucleic acid amplification tests have allowed simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses.	2015	24796703
palivizumab and respiratory syncytial virus disease: selling sickness for future?	over the past two decades russia has gone through dramatic "democratic" changes resulting in unprecedented deterioration of health, loss of lives and extinction of population. the health system turned into a ridiculous monster of poorly organized business exploiting reminiscent social values of the past to build profits on selling sickness-for-all in consumer culture. we present facts and conclude that introduction of palivizumab into clinical practice for the most vulnerable patient category wa ...	2014	24796349
mucosal vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants, young children, immune-compromised and elderly populations worldwide. natural rsv infection in young children does not elicit long-lasting immunity and individuals remain susceptible to repeated rsv infections throughout life. because rsv infection is restricted to the respiratory tract, an rsv vaccine should elicit mucosal immunity at upper and lower respiratory tracts in order to most effectively pre ...	2014	24794644
exposure to infections and risk of leukemia in young children.	epidemiologic studies indicate that infections in early childhood may protect against pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all).	2014	24793957
differential impact of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus on the frequency of acute otitis media is explained by lower adaptive and innate immune responses in otitis-prone children.	acute otitis media (aom) is a leading cause of bacterial pediatric infections associated with viral upper respiratory infections (uris). we examined the differential impact of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza virus uris on the frequency of aom caused by streptococcus pneumoniae (spn) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) in stringently defined otitis-prone (sop) and non-otitis-prone (nop) children as a potential mechanism to explain increased susceptibility to aom.	2014	24785236
micrornas and the immune response to respiratory virus infections.	micrornas (mirnas) are small ssrna molecules, which are involved in gene expression regulation at the post-transcriptional level. their biological functions include modulation of both innate and adaptive immune response. mirnas participate in the maintenance of the airway epithelial barrier and are also implicated in the modulation of antiviral defense in epithelial cells. the immune response to respiratory viruses such as rhinovirus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus is associated ...	2014	24784476
a new transcriptional role for matrix metalloproteinase-12 in antiviral immunity.	interferon-α (ifn-α) is essential for antiviral immunity, but in the absence of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (mmp-12) or iκbα (encoded by nfkbia) we show that ifn-α is retained in the cytosol of virus-infected cells and is not secreted. our findings suggest that activated iκbα mediates the export of ifn-α from virus-infected cells and that the inability of cells in mmp12(-/-) but not wild-type mice to express iκbα and thus export ifn-α makes coxsackievirus type b3 infection lethal and renders res ...	2014	24784232
noblesse oblige: nrf2 functions in the airways.	the transcription factor, nuclear factor (nf), erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (nrf2), was discovered nearly 2 decades ago. since then, over 4,000 papers have been published on nrf2 function in diverse biological systems, and it has been found to be a critical regulator of antioxidant and defense genes with antioxidant response elements in their promoters. nrf2 is particularly important in protecting cells and tissues under highly oxidative microenvironments, including the airways that inte ...	2014	24783956
dngr-1 is dispensable for cd8+ t-cell priming during respiratory syncytial virus infection.	during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection cd8(+) t cells both assist in viral clearance and contribute to immunopathology. cd8(+) t cells recognize viral peptides presented by dendritic cells (dcs), which can directly present viral antigens when infected or, alternatively, "cross-present" antigens after endocytosis of dead or dying infected cells. mouse cd8α(+) and cd103(+) dcs excel at cross-presentation, in part because they express the receptor dngr-1 that detects dead cells by bindi ...	2014	24777856
characterization of a respiratory syncytial virus l protein inhibitor.	the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) l protein is a viral rna-dependent rna polymerase that contains multiple enzyme activities required for rsv replication. the rsv l inhibitors described in literature are limited by their cytotoxicity or the lack of rsv b subtype coverage. here, we characterize a new rsv l inhibitor with strong antiviral activity against both rsv a and b subtypes and no detectable cytotoxicity. this compound, az-27, was equally active against rsv live viruses and subgenomic r ...	2014	24777090
[researches on virology at the tohoku university research center in the philippines].	tohoku university graduate school of medicine has established the tohoku-ritm collaborative research center on emerging and re-emerging diseases at research institute for tropical medicine (ritm) in the philippines in 2008. our aim of the center is to conduct operational researches, which can contribute to control of infectious diseases in the philippines. therefore most of our researches in the philippines are being conducted in the fields. main research themes include severe acute respiratory ...	2013	24769577
environmental variables associated with an increased risk of invasive aspergillosis.	information on the environmental variables that may affect the incidence of invasive aspergillosis (ia) is scarce. we sought to determine the relationship between airborne spore counts, climatic conditions and ia. we also examined whether circulating respiratory viruses predispose patients to ia in a multicentre cohort study of hospitalized adults with ia. data on environmental mould spores, climatic conditions and circulating respiratory viruses were obtained from the environmental department o ...	2014	24766565
adults face increased asthma risk after infant rsv bronchiolitis and reduced respiratory health-related quality of life after rsv pneumonia.	to evaluate the association between hospitalisation for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) in infancy and asthma, respiratory health-related quality of life and lung function at 28-31 years of age.	2014	24766320
an overview of respiratory syncytial virus.		2014	24763387
prevention and prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric cardiology: a uk perspective.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common infection, causing bronchiolitis in over 70% of infants each year and almost all children by the age of 2. it is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and admissions to hospital worldwide. previously healthy infants may have a prolonged cough or wheezing following rsv infection but up to 20% of those with congenital cardiac disease will be hospitalized and have significant morbidity and mortality. for this reason, it is genera ...	2014	24762251
comparative epidemiology of human metapneumovirus- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in guatemala.	human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ari), but little is known about how it compares with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in central america.	2014	24761765
structural analysis of respiratory syncytial virus reveals the position of m2-1 between the matrix protein and the ribonucleoprotein complex.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family of nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded rna genome viruses, is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and the elderly or immunocompromised. there are many open questions regarding the processes that regulate human rsv (hrsv) assembly and budding. here, using cryo-electron tomography, we identified virus particles that were spherical, filamentous, and asymmetric in structu ...	2014	24760890
systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infection epidemiology in latin america.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a frequent cause of acute respiratory infection and the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to obtain a comprehensive epidemiological picture of the data available on disease burden, surveillance, and use of resources in latin america. pooled estimates are useful for cross-country comparisons. data from published studies reporting patients with probable or confirmed rsv infection in medical da ...	2014	24757727
palivizumab compliance by infants in puerto rico during the 2009-2010 respiratory syncytial virus season.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral pathogen responsible for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. we assessed palivizumab prophylaxis compliance for infants in puerto rico. we retrospectively studied data from 868 infants (409 females, 459 males) during the 2009-2010 rsv season. the infants had a mean gestational age of 33 weeks (range 23-41) and a mean birth weight of 1,767 g (range 509-4,120). only 74 % of the infants with indications received prophylaxis. the main reason ...	2014	24756837
antiviral activity of ginseng extract against respiratory syncytial virus infection.	panax ginseng has been known to have a number of immuno-modulatory effects. in this study, we investigated whether panax korean red ginseng extract (krge) has in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. krge improved the survival of human lung epithelial cells against rsv infection and inhibited rsv replication. in addition, krge treatment suppressed the expression of rsv-induced inflammatory cytokine genes (il-6 and il-8) and the formation of reactive ...	2014	24756136
asthma: nhlbi workshop on the primary prevention of chronic lung diseases.	asthma is a common disease with enormous public health costs, and its primary prevention is an ambitious and important goal. understanding of how host and environmental factors interact to cause asthma is incomplete, but persistent questions about mechanisms should not stop clinical research efforts aimed at reducing the prevalence of childhood asthma. achieving the goal of primary prevention of asthma will involve integrated and parallel sets of research activities in which mechanism-oriented s ...	2014	24754822
viral infection is not uncommon in adult patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia.	viral pathogens have not generally been regarded as important causes of severe hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap), except in patients with hematologic malignancy or transplant recipients. we investigated the role and distribution of viruses in adult with severe hap who required intensive care.	2014	24752070
bronchiolitis and pneumonia requiring hospitalization in young first nations children in northern ontario, canada.	high rates of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), including bronchiolitis and pneumonia, have been reported in inuit infants living in arctic canada. we examined rates of lrti in first nations canadian infants living in the sioux lookout zone, in northern ontario.	2014	24751861
[viral etiology in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections plus platelet disorders in changsha, china: an analysis of 255 cases].	to investigate the viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) plus platelet disorders.	2014	24750840
alveolar macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus infection while protecting against respiratory syncytial virus infection.	human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are leading causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children and among elderly and immunocompromised patients. the pathogenesis of hmpv-induced lung disease is poorly understood. the lung macrophage population consists of alveolar macrophages (ams) residing at the luminal surface of alveoli and interstitial macrophages present within the parenchymal lung interstitium. the involvement of ams in innate immun ...	2014	24749674
[sequence analysis of g glycoprotein gene of human respiratory syncytial virus].	to understand the variation of g glycoprotein gene of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) obtained from sichuan in 2010 and determine the dominant genotypes.	2014	24749351
[expression of heparanase in kidney of rats with respiratory syncytial virus nephropathy and its relationship with proteinurina].	to explore the role of heparanase in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) nephropathy in rats model.	2014	24749342
use of different cell lines for in vitro cultures of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.	this study compared the use of different cell lines for in vitro cultures of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv). the brsv 375 strain and 3 nasal swabs obtained from simmental calves were used for this study. the culture was performed on 3 cell lines: bovine kidney cells (llc-pk1), bovine tracheal cells (tbtr) and primary chicken embryo-related cells (cer). a comparative analysis of titres was performed using a microplate agglutination test with human group o erythrocytes and bovine erythr ...	2014	24747584
mucosal delivery of a double-stapled rsv peptide prevents nasopulmonary infection.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection accounts for approximately 64 million cases of respiratory disease and 200,000 deaths worldwide each year, yet no broadly effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. rsv deploys paired, self-associating, heptad repeat domains of its fusion protein, rsv-f, to form a fusogenic 6-helix bundle that enables the virus to penetrate the host cell membrane. here, we developed hydrocarbon double-stapled rsv fusion peptides that exhibit stabilized α ...	2014	24743147
repurposing staples for viruses: applying peptide design to rsv prophylaxis.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for lower respiratory tract infections and annually results in 200,000 deaths worldwide. despite the burden of rsv-associated disease, treatments and preventative measures are limited. in this issue of jci, bird and colleagues describe their work using a peptide stapling technique that allowed synthesis of a stable peptide mimic of a portion of the rsv fusion protein. pretreatment of cells with the stable peptide effectively blocked virus entry. w ...	2014	24743141
within-host whole-genome deep sequencing and diversity analysis of human respiratory syncytial virus infection reveals dynamics of genomic diversity in the absence and presence of immune pressure.	human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children and an important respiratory pathogen in the elderly and immunocompromised. while population-wide molecular epidemiology studies have shown multiple cocirculating rsv genotypes and revealed antigenic and genetic change over successive seasons, little is known about the extent of viral diversity over the course of an individual infection, the origins of novel variants, or ...	2014	24741088
recent evidence on the management of bronchiolitis.	bronchiolitis is a common condition in children less than 2 years of age and is a leading cause of infant hospitalization. although there is significant variability in testing and treatment of children with bronchiolitis, diagnostic testing rarely improves care, and no currently available pharmacologic options have been proven to provide meaningful benefits or improve outcomes.	2014	24739493
detecting specific infections in children through host responses: a paradigm shift.	there is a need for improved diagnosis and for optimal classification of patients with infectious diseases. an alternative approach to the pathogen-detection strategy is based on a comprehensive analysis of the host response to the infection. this review focuses on the value of transcriptome analyses of blood leukocytes for the diagnosis and management of patients with infectious diseases.	0	24739346
development of safe and effective rsv vaccine by modified cd4 epitope in g protein core fragment (gcf).	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory tract infection in infants and young children worldwide, but currently no safe and effective vaccine is available. the rsv g glycoprotein (rsvg), a major attachment protein, is an important target for the induction of protective immune responses during rsv infection. however, it has been thought that a cd4+ t cell epitope (a.a. 183-195) within rsvg is associated with pathogenic pulmonary eosinophilia. to develop safe and effective ...	2014	24736750
investigation of the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique.	objective: we aimed to identify the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of human nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique. methods: thirty patients with nasal polyps and a group of 20 healthy patients (control group) were included in this study. mucosa was obtained from the polyps of patients with nasal polyposis and from the middle turbinate of the control group patients by means of biopsy. the samples were stored at -80 °c until molecular analysis by polymerase cha ...	2014	24735988
association of serum clara cell protein cc16 with respiratory infections and immune response to respiratory pathogens in elite athletes.	respiratory epithelium integrity impairment caused by intensive exercise may lead to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. clara cell protein (cc16) has anti-inflammatory properties and its serum level reflects changes in epithelium integrity and airway inflammation. this study aimed to investigate serum cc16 in elite athletes and to seek associations of cc16 with asthma or allergy, respiratory tract infections (rtis) and immune response to respiratory pathogens.	2014	24735334
profiling the approach to the investigation of viral infections in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy in the western cape province, south africa.	sudden unexpected death in infancy is one of the main contributory factors to high infant mortality rates world-wide. several risk factors, including viral infection, have been implicated in sudi cases, but no single factor has been confirmed as the main cause of death. at the tygerberg medico-legal laboratory, cape town, south africa, investigation of lung tissue for viral infection forms part of an institutional protocol for the examination of cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy.	2014	24727219
il-27r-mediated regulation of il-17 controls the development of respiratory syncytial virus-associated pathogenesis.	il-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the subunits p28 and epstein-barr virus induced gene (ebi)-3 and is known for its effects on t-cell function and differentiation. il-27 signals through the widely expressed il-27 receptor (il-27r), composed of the ligand-specific il-27rα chain and gp130. engagement of the il-27r activates stat1 signaling, induces the expression of the type 1 helper t-cell (th1) cytokine, interferon γ, and suppresses the differentiation of th2 and th17 cells. this stu ...	2014	24726498
respiratory syncytial virus increases lung cellular bioenergetics in neonatal c57bl/6 mice.	we have previously reported that lung cellular bioenergetics (cellular respiration and atp) increased in 4-10 week-old balb/c mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). this study examined the kinetics and changes in cellular bioenergetics in ≤ 2-week-old c57bl/6 mice following rsv infection. mice (5-14 days old) were inoculated intranasally with rsv and the lungs were examined on days 1-10 post-infection. histopathology and electron microscopy revealed preserved pneumocyte architectu ...	2014	24725953
escape from neutralization by the respiratory syncytial virus-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody palivizumab is driven by changes in on-rate of binding to the fusion protein.	the role of binding kinetics in determining neutralizing potency for antiviral antibodies is poorly understood. while it is believed that increased steady-state affinity correlates positively with increased virus-neutralizing activity, the relationship between association or dissociation rate and neutralization potency is unclear. we investigated the effect of naturally-occurring antibody resistance mutations in the rsv f protein on the kinetics of binding to palivizumab. escape from palivizumab ...	2014	24725940
a population-based study of childhood respiratory morbidity after severe lower respiratory tract infections in early childhood.	to estimate the risk of childhood chronic respiratory morbidity among those hospitalized for severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in early childhood, and to determine whether severe lrti is an independent predictor.	2014	24725580
evaluating national guidelines for the prophylactic treatment of respiratory syncytial virus in children with congenital heart disease.	this is the first study to evaluate compliance with the 2003 swedish national guidelines for prophylactic treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children with congenital heart disease (chd). we estimated the relative risk (rr) of children with chd being hospitalised with a rsv infection, studied the extent to which rsv prophylactic treatment with palivizumab corresponded to the guidelines and determined the morbidity of children with chd who developed rsv infection despite prophylaxis ...	2014	24724913
sendai virus-based rsv vaccine protects against rsv challenge in an in vivo maternal antibody model.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality among infants, and despite decades of research there remains no licensed vaccine. sevrsv is a sendai virus (sev)-based live intranasal vaccine that expresses the full length rsv fusion (f) gene. sev is the murine counterpart of human parainfluenza virus type 1. given that the target population of sevrsv is young infants, we questioned whether maternal antibodies typical of this age group would inhibit sevrsv va ...	2014	24721531
a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine based on parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5).	human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe respiratory disease and hospitalizations in infants and young children. it also causes significant morbidity and mortality in elderly and immune compromised individuals. no licensed vaccine currently exists. parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) is a paramyxovirus that causes no known human illness and has been used as a platform for vector-based vaccine development. to evaluate the efficacy of piv5 as a rsv vaccine vector, we generated ...	2014	24717150
rsv-encoded ns2 promotes epithelial cell shedding and distal airway obstruction.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the major cause of bronchiolitis in young children. the factors that contribute to the increased propensity of rsv-induced distal airway disease compared with other commonly encountered respiratory viruses remain unclear. here, we identified the rsv-encoded nonstructural 2 (ns2) protein as a viral genetic determinant for initiating rsv-induced distal airway obstruction. infection of human cartilaginous airway epithelium (hae) and a hamster model of ...	2014	24713657
glycan variants of a respiratory syncytial virus antibody with enhanced effector function and in vivo efficacy.	respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can cause devastating lower respiratory tract infections in preterm infants or when other serious health problems are present. immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab (synagis), a humanized igg1 mab, is the current standard of care for preventing rsv infection in at-risk neonates. we have explored the contribution of effector function to palivizumab efficacy using a plant-based expression system to produce palivizumab n-glycan structure variants with high homogeneity ...	2014	24711420
prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections by traditional chinese herbs.	this review focuses on current knowledge of traditional chinese herbs on prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections, especially caused by severe acute respiratory syndromes (sars) virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza viruses.	2014	24709192
clinical efficacy of montelukast sodium in treating infantile wheezing.	the efficacy and safety of a single-dose of montelukast sodium for treating virus-related infantile wheezing are investigated in this study.	2014	24706299
bushenyiqi formula strengthens th1 response and suppresses th2-th17 responses in rsv-induced asthma exacerbated mice.	the prevalence of allergic asthma has been increased rapidly in recent years. about 20% of all these sufferers have experienced asthma exacerbation. although corticosteroids and β-agonists therapy improves serious asthma symptoms, they can׳t completely cure these allergic diseases. bushenyiqi formula (bsyqf) has been widely used to treat bronchial asthma and its exacerbation for decades in huashan hospital of fudan university, china. nevertheless, the mechanisms of bsyqf' anti-asthmatic effects ...	2014	24704667
acute respiratory viral infections in pediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.	to estimate the prevalence of infection by respiratory viruses in pediatric patients with cancer and acute respiratory infection (ari) and/or fever.	2014	24703819
infectious pathogens and bronchiolitis outcomes.	bronchiolitis is a common early childhood illness and an important cause of morbidity, it is the number one cause of hospitalization among us infants. bronchiolitis is also an active area of research, and recent studies have advanced our understanding of this illness. although it has long been the conventional wisdom that the infectious etiology of bronchiolitis does not affect outcomes, a growing number of studies have linked specific pathogens of bronchiolitis (e.g., rhinovirus) to short- and ...	2014	24702592