Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| recombinant bovine adenovirus-3 co-expressing bovine respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein g and truncated glycoprotein gd of bovine herpesvirus-1 induce immune responses in cotton rats. | one of the impediments in the development of safe and cost effective vaccines for veterinary use has been the availability of appropriate delivery vehicle. we have chosen to develop and use bovine adenovirus (badv)-3 as vaccine delivery vector in cattle. here, we describe the construction of recombinant e3 deleted badv-3 vectors expressing single vaccine antigen (bav360; bovine respiratory syncytial virus g) or two vaccine antigens (bav851; bovine herpesvirus-1gdt and bovine respiratory syncytia ... | 2015 | 25173687 |
| mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and other respiratory viruses in dromedary camels in sudan, an abattoir study. | this study was intended to determine the role played by peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in causing respiratory infections in camels and its association with other respiratory viruses. a total of 474 lung specimens showing pneumonia were collected from clinically healthy camels in slaughterhouses at five different areas in sudan. using immunocapture elisa (icelisa), 214 specimens (45.1 %) were found to be positive for ppr antigen. the highest prevalence was found in central sudan (59.9 %) then n ... | 2015 | 25904508 |
| association of bovine respiratory disease or vaccination with serologic response in dairy heifer calves up to three months of age. | to investigate the association of bovine respiratory disease (brd) or vaccination with serologic response in calves. | 2015 | 25710760 |
| systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza type 3 virus for mitigation of bovine respiratory disease complex in cattle. | to evaluate and analyze data from controlled studies on the effectiveness of vaccinating cattle with commercially available viral antigen vaccines for mitigation of the effects of bovine respiratory disease complex (brdc). | 2015 | 25517335 |
| identification of viral and bacterial pathogens from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory illness in lusaka, zambia, 2011-2012: a cross-sectional study. | morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections are higher in resource-limited countries than developed countries, but limited studies have been conducted in resource-limited settings to examine pathogens from patients with acute respiratory infections. influenza surveillance has been conducted in zambia since 2008; however, only 4.3% of patients enrolled in 2011-2012 were positive for influenza. therefore, we examined non-influenza respiratory pathogens in children with severe acute respira ... | 2015 | 25888024 |
| importance of viruses in acute otitis media. | acute otitis media occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infection. bacterial otopathogens and respiratory viruses interact and play important roles in acute otitis media development. a better understanding of viral and bacterial interactions may lead to innovative ways to lessen the burden of this common childhood disease. | 2015 | 25514574 |
| toward primary prevention of asthma. reviewing the evidence for early-life respiratory viral infections as modifiable risk factors to prevent childhood asthma. | a first step in primary disease prevention is identifying common, modifiable risk factors that contribute to a significant proportion of disease development. infant respiratory viral infection and childhood asthma are the most common acute and chronic diseases of childhood, respectively. common clinical features and links between these diseases have long been recognized, with early-life respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus (rv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) being strongl ... | 2015 | 25369458 |
| the role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis. | host genetic factors have frequently been implicated in respiratory infectious diseases, often with inconsistent results in replication studies. we identified 386 studies from the total of 24,823 studies identified in a systematic search of four bibliographic databases. we performed meta-analyses of studies on tuberculosis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, sars-coronavirus and pneumonia. one single-nucleotide polymorphism from il4 gene was significant for pooled respiratory infections (rs ... | 2015 | 26524966 |
| problem of immunoglobulin m co-detection in serological response to bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens among children suspected of legionellosis. | the objective of this research was an analysis of the serological response to respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens, in 156 children admitted to hospital in warsaw with a suspicion of legionellosis. levels of immunoglobulin (ig) m to bordetella pertussis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenoviruses, human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) t. 1-4 and influenza t. a + b viruses were determined retrospectively by elisas. in the prospective examinations (only legionella pneum ... | 2015 | 26557031 |
| prevalence and correlation of infectious agents in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in central china. | acute respiratory tract infections (artis) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under the age of 5 years. almost 2 million children die from artis each year, and most of them are from developing countries. the prevalence and correlation of pathogens in artis are poorly understood, but are critical for improving case prevention, treatment, and management. in this study, we investigated the prevalence and correlation of infectious agents in chil ... | 2015 | 25751402 |
| viral etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adolescents and adults with mild or moderate severity and its relation to age and severity. | better knowledge of distribution of respiratory viruses (rvs) in adolescents and adults with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is needed. | 2015 | 25812108 |
| the aetiology of community associated pneumonia in children in nanjing, china and aetiological patterns associated with age and season. | viral and atypical bacterial pathogens play an important role in respiratory tract infection. using the pneumoslide igm test, the presented study explored the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and investigated further whether there was an association between age or season and aetiological organisms. | 2015 | 25879996 |
| communicable diseases prioritized according to their public health relevance, sweden, 2013. | to establish strategic priorities for the public health agency of sweden we prioritized pathogens according to their public health relevance in sweden in order to guide resource allocation. we then compared the outcome to ongoing surveillance. we used a modified prioritization method developed at the robert koch institute in germany. in a delphi process experts scored pathogens according to ten variables. we ranked the pathogens according to the total score and divided them into four priority gr ... | 2015 | 26397699 |
| prevalence and seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses during the 2014 - 2015 season in istanbul. | acute respiratory tract infection (arti) is one of the most common infections worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality. | 2016 | 27800148 |
| epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children and adults in mexico. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children. however, little information is available regarding rsv infections in latin american countries, particularly among adult patients. | 2016 | 27439650 |
| epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia and implications for vaccination of children living in developing and newly industrialized countries: a systematic literature review. | this systematic review evaluated the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children <6 y of age within 90 developing and newly industrialized countries. literature searches (1990-2011), based on medline, embase, cochrane, cab global health, who, unicef, country-specific websites, conferences, health-technology-assessment agencies, and the reference lists of included studies, yielded 8,734 records; 62 of 340 studies were included in this review. the highest incidence rate among included ... | 2016 | 27269963 |
| follicular bronchiolitis in a nigerian female child: a case report and review of the literature. | small airways diseases are not uncommon in childhood. they account for about 28.4% of hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections in south west nigeria, most of which are due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. noninfectious causes of small airways diseases, on the other hand, are poorly recognized and rarely feature in the differential diagnoses of chronic/recurrent lower respiratory tract disease in our environment. we present a case of follicular bronchiolitis in a ... | 2016 | 27313935 |
| are respiratory viruses involved in preseasonal symptoms or severity in japanese cedar pollinosis? | respiratory virus infections are involved in asthma exacerbations. however, there are no reports of the relationship between respiratory virus infections and japanese cedar pollinosis. | 2016 | 27658182 |
| bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine coronavirus antibodies in bulk tank milk - risk factors and spatial analysis. | bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and bovine coronavirus (bcov) are considered widespread among cattle in norway and worldwide. this cross-sectional study was conducted based on antibody-elisa of bulk tank milk (btm) from 1347 herds in two neighboring counties in western norway. the study aims were to determine the seroprevalence at herd level, to evaluate risk factors for brsv and bcov seropositivity, and to assess how these factors were associated with the spatial distribution of posit ... | 2016 | 27720029 |
| how efficacious are vaccines against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle? | bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is a paramyxovirus that is the major cause of pneumonia in calves. vaccines for this important pathogen have been available since the late 1970's. this review is a critical assessment of the literature including, experimental challenge studies and field trials, that address the efficacy of commonly used vaccines to control respiratory disease caused by brsv. | 2016 | 28024854 |
| molecular evolution of the fusion protein gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a. | we studied the molecular evolution of the fusion protein (f) gene in the human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a (hrsv-a). we performed time-scaled phylogenetic analyses using the bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method. we also conducted genetic distance (p-distance), positive/negative selection, and bayesian skyline plot analyses. furthermore, we mapped the amino acid substitutions of the protein. the mcmc-constructed tree indicated that the hrsv f gene diverged from the bovine rs ... | 2016 | 27291709 |
| bovine gamma delta t cells contribute to exacerbated il-17 production in response to co-infection with bovine rsv and mannheimia haemolytica. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. il-17 and th17 responses are increased in children infected with hrsv and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. bovine rsv (brsv) is genetically closely related to hrsv and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. while brsv infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection w ... | 2016 | 26942409 |
| γδ t cells and the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. | γδ t cells are a subset of nonconventional t cells that play a critical role in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. γδ t cells are particularly abundant in ruminant species and may constitute up to 60% of the circulating lymphocyte pool in young cattle. the frequency of circulating γδ t cells is highest in neonatal calves and declines as the animal ages, suggesting these cells may be particularly important in the immune system of the very young. bovine respiratory syncyti ... | 2016 | 26923879 |
| adverse effects of a 10-day course of ibuprofen in holstein calves. | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are recommended for various conditions in cattle. ibuprofen is an inexpensive short-acting nsaid and is readily available in liquid formulation for administration to bottle-fed calves. we compared the adverse effects of a 10-day course of ibuprofen and placebo in 16 five- to six-week-old holstein bull calves that were being treated for experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. ibuprofen was administered as a liquid in milk ... | 2016 | 26876241 |
| bovine respiratory syncytial virus outbreak reduced bulls' weight gain and feed conversion for eight months in a norwegian beef herd. | cost-benefit evaluation of measures against respiratory disease in cattle requires accounting with the associated production losses. investigations of naturally occurring respiratory infections in a herd setting are an opportunity for accurate estimates of the consequences. this article presents estimates based on individual monitoring of weight and concentrate intake of several hundred bulls previous to, during and after a respiratory infection outbreak with bovine respiratory syncytial virus ( ... | 2016 | 26810215 |
| host immune response to histophilus somni. | histophilus somni is known to cause several overlapping syndromes or to be found in genital or upper respiratory carrier states in ruminants. vaccines have been used for decades, yet efficacy is controversial and mechanisms of protective immunity are not well understood. since h. somni survives phagocytosis, it has sometimes been considered to be a facultative intercellular parasite, implying that cell-mediated immunity would be critical in protection. however, h. somni not only inhibits phagocy ... | 2016 | 26728062 |
| neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) in young children worldwide. extensive neutrophil accumulation in the lungs and occlusion of small airways by dna-rich mucus plugs are characteristic features of severe rsv-lrtd. activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (nets), extracellular networks of dna covered with antimicrobial proteins, as part of the first-line defence against pathogens. nets can tr ... | 2016 | 26468056 |
| anti-respiratory syncytial virus compounds from two endophytic fungi isolated from nigerian medicinal plants. | background: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is known to cause severe respiratory infections particularly in infants younger than 2 years of age. the only approved drug, ribavirin, is expensive and is not likely to improve therapeutic outcome, thereby necessitating the search for safer and more potent alternatives from natural sources such as endophytic fungi. the present study aimed to investigate the anti-rsv activity of compounds from endophytic fungi. methods: two endophytic fungi colletotr ... | 2016 | 27463031 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to common respiratory viruses in intravenous immunoglobulin and in healthy donors in southern china. | acute respiratory infections (aris) are a leading cause of death among children under the age of 5. however, there are no effective drugs for most of these severe viral infections. passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma or hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (h-ivig) is a potential therapeutic option for serious viral infections. it is important to find a suitable source of convalescent plasma and of h-ivig containing high titer neutralizing antibodies (nabs). | 2016 | 27162653 |
| high frequency jet ventilation in respiratory failure secondary to respiratory syncytial virus infection: a case series. | to describe the utility of high frequency jet ventilation (hfjv) as a rescue therapy in patients with respiratory failure secondary to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) that was refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation (cmv). | 2016 | 27626028 |
| virus infection facilitates the development of severe pneumonia in transplant patients with hematologic malignancies. | allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) is an effective therapy for patients with hematologic malignancies. severe pneumonia is associated with high mortality rate in hsct recipients. viral co-infection indicates a poor prognosis of hsct recipients. in this study, a total of 68 allogeneic hsct recipients were included. cytomegalovirus (cmv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was assessed by testing peripheral blood and oropharynx swabs, respectively, collected in t ... | 2016 | 27340772 |
| therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule gs-5734 against ebola virus in rhesus monkeys. | the most recent ebola virus outbreak in west africa, which was unprecedented in the number of cases and fatalities, geographic distribution, and number of nations affected, highlights the need for safe, effective, and readily available antiviral agents for treatment and prevention of acute ebola virus (ebov) disease (evd) or sequelae. no antiviral therapeutics have yet received regulatory approval or demonstrated clinical efficacy. here we report the discovery of a novel small molecule gs-5734, ... | 2016 | 26934220 |
| current views and advances on paediatric virology: an update for paediatric trainees. | paediatric virology is a bold new scientific field, which combines paediatrics with virology, epidemiology, molecular medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical governance, quality improvement, pharmacology and immunology. the workshop on paediatric virology, which took place on saturday october 10, 2015 in athens, greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. it was included in the official programme of the 20th world congress ... | 2016 | 26889211 |
| a generic screening platform for inhibitors of virus induced cell fusion using cellular electrical impedance. | fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membranes is an essential step in the life cycle of all enveloped viruses. despite such a clear target for antiviral drug development, few anti-fusion drugs have progressed to market. one significant hurdle is the absence of a generic, high-throughput, reproducible fusion assay. here we report that real time, label-free measurement of cellular electrical impedance can quantify cell-cell fusion mediated by either individually expressed recombinant viral ... | 2016 | 26976324 |
| basic chemokine-derived glycosaminoglycan binding peptides exert antiviral properties against dengue virus serotype 2, herpes simplex virus-1 and respiratory syncytial virus. | chemokines attract leukocytes to sites of infection in a g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) and glycosaminoglycan (gag) dependent manner. therefore, chemokines are crucial molecules for proper functioning of our antimicrobial defense mechanisms. in addition, some chemokines have gpcr-independent defensin-like antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. recently, high affinity for gags has been reported for the positively charged cooh-terminal region of the chemokine cxcl9. in addition to ... | 2016 | 26551597 |
| immunogenicity of an adeno-vector vaccine expressing the f protein of a respiratory syncytial virus manufactured from serum-free suspension culture. | we have developed an efficient cell culture process to scale up the production of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses the membrane-trunked fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv; ad-f0δtm). adherent cells of human embryonic kidney (hek) 293-derived cell, 293a, which supports the production of e1/e3-deleted ad-f0δtm when cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum (fbs), were adapted to suspension growth under serum-free medium. in doing so, we studied the immunogenicity of ad- ... | 2016 | 27001351 |
| cell fusion assay by expression of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein to analyze the mutation of palivizumab-resistant strains. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) consists of fusion (f), glyco (g), and small hydrophobic (sh) proteins as envelope proteins, and infects through cell fusion. f protein is expressed on the surface of infected cells, and induces cell fusion. in the present report, expression plasmids of the f, g and sh proteins were constructed and cell fusion activity was investigated under t7 rna polymerase. f protein alone induced cell fusion at a lower concentration than previously reported, and co-expressio ... | 2016 | 26794681 |
| update from the advisory committee on immunization practices. | the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) consists of medical and public health experts who develop recommendations on vaccine use in the united states. the acip meets 3 times per year, and members and centers for disease control (cdc) staff present findings and discuss vaccine research, vaccine effectiveness (ve) and safety, clinical trial results, and labeling/package insert information. outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine shortages are also discussed. nonvoting ... | 2016 | 27856770 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of enteroviral acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized paediatric patients in a malaysian tertiary center. | human enteroviruses (hevs) have been recognized to cause a significant number of respiratory tract infections in many regions. previous studies conducted to analyse enteroviral respiratory tract infections focused on outbreaks. data in the southeast asian region is still rather limited to date. | 2016 | 28064293 |
| inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses in vitro and in vivo. | bee venom (bv) from honey bee (apis melifera l.) contains at least 18 pharmacologically active components including melittin (mlt), phospholipase a2 (pla2), and apamin etc. bv is safe for human treatments dose dependently and proven to possess different healing properties including antibacterial and antiparasitidal properties. nevertheless, antiviral properties of bv have not well investigated. hence, we identified the potential antiviral properties of bv and its component against a broad panel ... | 2016 | 27888461 |
| cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent atpases with antiviral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide, yet no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. to search for new anti-rsv agents, we developed a cell-based assay that measures inhibition of rsv-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) and identified cyclopiazonic acid (cpa), an intracellular calcium atpase inhibitor as a rsv inhibitor (ec50 values 4.13 μm) by screening of natural product library. cpa i ... | 2016 | 27210812 |
| transcriptional analysis of antiviral small molecule therapeutics as agonists of the rlr pathway. | the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prr) during viral infection initiates the induction of antiviral signaling pathways, including activation of the interferon regulator factor 3 (irf3). we identified small molecule compounds that activate irf3 through mavs, thereby inhibiting infection by viruses of the families flaviviridae (west nile virus, dengue virus and hepatitis c virus), filoviridae (ebola virus), orthomyxoviridae (influenz ... | 2016 | 26981429 |
| respiratory syncytial virus and cellular stress responses: impact on replication and physiopathology. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is a major cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, elderly and immunocompromised adults. despite decades of research, a complete integrated picture of rsv-host interaction is still missing. several cellular responses to stress are involved in the host-response to many virus infections. the endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by altered endoplasmic reticulum (er) function leads to activat ... | 2016 | 27187445 |
| n-desmethylclozapine, fluoxetine, and salmeterol inhibit postentry stages of the dengue virus life cycle. | around 10,000 people die each year due to severe dengue disease, and two-thirds of the world population lives in a region where dengue disease is endemic. there has been remarkable progress in dengue virus vaccine development; however, there are no licensed antivirals for dengue disease, and none appear to be in clinical trials. we took the approach of repositioning approved drugs for anti-dengue virus activity by screening a library of pharmacologically active compounds. we identified n-desmeth ... | 2016 | 27572397 |
| baicalin from scutellaria baicalensis blocks respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury in mice. | the roots of scutellaria baicalensis has been used as a remedy for inflammatory and infective diseases for thousands of years. we evaluated the antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, the leading cause of childhood infection and hospitalization. by fractionation and chromatographic analysis, we determined that baicalin was responsible for the antiviral activity of s. baicalensis against rsv infection. the concentration for 50% inhibition (ic50) of rsv infection wa ... | 2016 | 27767097 |
| fulminant ecchymosis as the initial manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome (aps) triggered by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection: a case report and review of the literature. | we present a unique and informative instance of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (aps), and discuss this case in the context of the literature addressing the immunopathogenesis of aps associated with diverse infections. we describe the case of a 43-year-old man with no significant past medical history who presented with the acute onset of fever, hemoptysis, and extensive bullous, ecchymotic lesions in both lower extremities. punch biopsy of th ... | 2016 | 27920986 |
| hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections among infants in the canadian arctic: a cohort study. | it is unknown whether this burden of disease of lower respiratory tract infections is comparable across the canadian arctic. the objectives of this surveillance study were to compare the rates of hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection and the severity of infection across arctic canada, and to describe the responsible viruses. | 2016 | 28018874 |
| lack of association between viral load and severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants. | to investigate the correlation between respiratory syncytial viral load and length of hospitalization in infants with acute wheezing episodes. | 2016 | 27832233 |
| viruses as sole causative agents of severe acute respiratory tract infections in children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a viruses are known to cause severe acute respiratory tract infections (saris) in children. for other viruses like human rhinoviruses (hrvs) this is less well established. viral or bacterial co-infections are often considered essential for severe manifestations of these virus infections. | 2016 | 26964038 |
| histophilus somni stimulates expression of antiviral proteins and inhibits brsv replication in bovine respiratory epithelial cells. | our previous studies showed that bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) followed by histophilus somni causes more severe bovine respiratory disease and a more permeable alveolar barrier in vitro than either agent alone. however, microarray analysis revealed the treatment of bovine alveolar type 2 (bat2) epithelial cells with h. somni concentrated culture supernatant (ccs) stimulated up-regulation of four antiviral protein genes as compared with brsv infection or dual treatment. this suggested ... | 2016 | 26859677 |
| progress in pediatrics in 2015: choices in allergy, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, haematology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nephrology, neurology, nutrition, oncology and pulmonology. | this review focuses key advances in different pediatric fields that were published in italian journal of pediatrics and in international journals in 2015. weaning studies continue to show promise for preventing food allergy. new diagnostic tools are available for identifying the allergic origin of allergic-like symptoms. advances have been reported in obesity, short stature and autoimmune endocrine disorders. new molecules are offered to reduce weight gain and insulin-resistance in obese childre ... | 2016 | 27566421 |
| metagenomics study of viral pathogens in undiagnosed respiratory specimens and identification of human enteroviruses at a thailand hospital. | numerous pathogens cause respiratory infections with similar symptoms. routine diagnostics detect only a limited number of pathogens, leaving a gap in respiratory illness etiology surveillance. this study evaluated next-generation sequencing for unbiased pathogen identification. respiratory samples collected in thailand, philippines, bhutan, and nepal, that were negative by several molecular and immunofluorescence assays, underwent viral cultivation. samples which demonstrated cytopathic effect ... | 2016 | 27352877 |
| potential sirna molecules for nucleoprotein and m2/l overlapping region of respiratory syncytial virus: in silico design. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the pediatric population, elderly and in immunosuppressed individuals. respiratory syncytial virus is also responsible for bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary infections in all age groups. with this high disease burden and the lack of an effective rsv treatment and vaccine, there is a clear need for discovery and development of novel, effective and safe drugs to prevent ... | 2016 | 27303618 |
| current landscape of antiviral drug discovery. | continued discovery and development of new antiviral medications are paramount for global human health, particularly as new pathogens emerge and old ones evolve to evade current therapeutic agents. great success has been achieved in developing effective therapies to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv); however, the therapies are not curative and therefore current efforts in hiv and hbv drug discovery are directed toward longer-acting therapies and/or developin ... | 2016 | 26962437 |
| urine metabolomic profiling of children with respiratory tract infections in the emergency department: a pilot study. | clinicians lack objective tests to help determine the severity of bronchiolitis or to distinguish a viral from bacterial causes of respiratory distress. we hypothesized that children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection would have a different metabolomic profile compared to those with bacterial infection or healthy controls, and this might also vary with bronchiolitis severity. | 2016 | 27549246 |
| engineering and expression of a rhoa peptide against respiratory syncytial virus infection in plants. | main conclusion : a rhoa-derived peptide fused to carrier molecules from plants showed enhanced biological activity of in vitro assays against respiratory syncytial virus compared to the rhoa peptide alone or the synthetic rhoa peptide. a rhoa-derived peptide has been reported for over a decade as a potential inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection both in vitro and in vivo and is anticipated to be a promising alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapy against rsv infectio ... | 2016 | 26474991 |
| anti-infectious human vaccination in historical perspective. | a brief history of vaccination is presented since the jenner's observation, through the first golden age of vaccinology (from pasteur's era to 1938), the second golden age (from 1940 to 1970), until the current period. in the first golden age, live, such as bacille calmette guérin (bcg), and yellow fever, inactivated, such as typhoid, cholera, plague, and influenza, and subunit vaccines, such as tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, have been developed. in the second golden age, the cell culture techn ... | 2016 | 26606466 |
| phosphorylation of human metapneumovirus m2-1 protein upregulates viral replication and pathogenesis. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a major causative agent of upper- and lower-respiratory-tract infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. like all pneumoviruses, hmpv encodes the zinc binding protein m2-1, which plays important regulatory roles in rna synthesis. the m2-1 protein is phosphorylated, but the specific role(s) of the phosphorylation in viral replication and pathogenesis remains unknown. in this study, we found that hmpv m2-1 is phosphorylated at a ... | 2016 | 27252537 |
| antiviral activity of favipiravir (t-705) against a broad range of paramyxoviruses in vitro and against human metapneumovirus in hamsters. | the clinical impact of infections with respiratory viruses belonging to the family paramyxoviridae argues for the development of antiviral therapies with broad-spectrum activity. favipiravir (t-705) has demonstrated potent antiviral activity against multiple rna virus families and is presently in clinical evaluation for the treatment of influenza. here we demonstrate in vitro activity of t-705 against the paramyxoviruses human metapneumovirus (hmpv), respiratory syncytial virus, human parainflue ... | 2016 | 27185803 |
| a reverse genetics approach for the design of methyltransferase-defective live attenuated avian metapneumovirus vaccines. | avian metapneumovirus (ampv), also known as avian pneumovirus or turkey rhinotracheitis virus, is the causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and is associated with swollen head syndrome in chickens. ampv belongs to the family paramyxoviridae which includes many important human pathogens such as human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3). the family also includes highly lethal emerging pathogens such as nipah virus and hen ... | 2016 | 27076293 |
| dexamethasone treatment differentially alters viral shedding and the antibody and acute phase protein response after multivalent respiratory vaccination in beef steers. | our objective was to examine immunosuppression induced by dexamethasone (dex) administration in cattle on immunological responses to a multivalent respiratory vaccine containing replicating and nonreplicating agents. steers ( = 32; 209 ± 8 kg) seronegative to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), and parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v) were stratified by bw and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) acute immun ... | 2016 | 27695816 |
| effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpes virus 1 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus following administration of a modified-live virus vaccine in dairy calves. | our objective was to evaluate the effect of an injectable trace mineral (itm) supplement containing zinc, manganese, selenium, and copper on the humoral and cell mediated immune (cmi) responses to vaccine antigens in dairy calves receiving a modified-live viral (mlv) vaccine containing bvdv, bhv1, pi3v and brsv. a total of 30 dairy calves (3.5 months of age) were administered a priming dose of the mlv vaccine containing bhv1, bvdv1 & 2, brsv, pi3v, and an attenuated-live mannheimia-pasteurella b ... | 2016 | 27496747 |
| efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease. | objective to evaluate efficacy and duration of immunity of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) fraction of a trivalent vaccine also containing parainfluenza virus-3 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus fractions administered intranasally (in) for protection of calves against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr). design controlled challenge study. animals 120 dairy calves (3 to 8 days old) seronegative for antibody against bhv-1 (experiments 1 and 2) or seropositive for maternally derived ... | 2016 | 27172345 |
| metagenomic characterization of the virome associated with bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle identified novel viruses and suggests an etiologic role for influenza d virus. | bovine respiratory disease (brd) is the most costly disease affecting the cattle industry. the pathogenesis of brd is complex and includes contributions from microbial pathogens as well as host, environmental and animal management factors. in this study, we utilized viral metagenomic sequencing to explore the virome of nasal swab samples obtained from feedlot cattle with acute brd and asymptomatic pen-mates at six and four feedlots in mexico and the usa, respectively, in april-october 2015. twen ... | 2016 | 27154756 |
| detection and characterization of viruses as field and vaccine strains in feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory disease. | this study investigated viruses in bovine respiratory disease (brd) cases in feedlots, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine coronaviruses (bocv) and parainfluenza-3 virus (pi3v). nasal swabs were collected from 114 cattle on initial brd treatment. processing included modified live virus (mlv) vaccination. seven brd necropsy cases were included for 121 total cases. mean number of days on feed before first sa ... | 2016 | 27108192 |
| associations between exposure to viruses and bovine respiratory disease in australian feedlot cattle. | bovine respiratory disease (brd) is the most important cause of clinical disease and death in feedlot cattle. respiratory viral infections are key components in predisposing cattle to the development of this disease. to quantify the contribution of four viruses commonly associated with brd, a case-control study was conducted nested within the national bovine respiratory disease initiative project population in australian feedlot cattle. effects of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv ... | 2016 | 26972273 |
| one year duration of immunity of the modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 and bovine herpesvirus-1 fractions of vista® once sq vaccine. | three studies were performed to determine the duration of immunity of the bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and type 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) fractions of a commercially prepared modified-live vaccine. vista® once sq (vista®) vaccine contains five modified-live viruses, bvdv-1, bvdv-2, bhv-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine parainfluenza 3 virus, and two modified-live bacteria, pasteurella multocida and mannheimia haemolytica. for all three studies, ... | 2016 | 26859238 |
| efficacy of four commercially available multivalent modified-live virus vaccines against clinical disease, viremia, and viral shedding in early-weaned beef calves exposed simultaneously to cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and cattle acutely infected with bovine herpesvirus 1. | to evaluate the efficacy of 4 commercially available multivalent modified-live virus vaccines against clinical disease, viremia, and viral shedding caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) in early-weaned beef calves. | 2016 | 26709942 |
| [a case of bronchiolitis obliterans secondary to human metapneumovirus bronchiolitis]. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv), formerly classified in paramyxoviridae family is now moved into pneumoviridae, which was described as a novel family. it causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) usually in children younger than five years old. the recent epidemiological studies indicated that hmpv is the second most frequently detected virus in lrtis of young children, following the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). bronchiolitis obliterans (bo) is a chronic obstructive lung dis ... | 2016 | 28124966 |
| comparison of point-of-care-compatible lysis methods for bacteria and viruses. | nucleic acid sample preparation has been an especially challenging barrier to point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests in low-resource settings. here we provide a head-to-head comparison of methods for lysis of, and nucleic acid release from, several pathogenic bacteria and viruses-methods that are adaptable to point-of-care usage in low-resource settings. digestion with achromopeptidase, a mixture of proteases and peptidoglycan-specific hydrolases, followed by thermal deactivation in a bo ... | 2016 | 27424294 |
| aetiology of childhood pneumonia in a well vaccinated south african birth cohort: a nested case-control study of the drakenstein child health study. | pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children globally. the cause of pneumonia after introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) has not been well studied in low-income and middle-income countries, and most data are from cross-sectional studies of children admitted to hospital. we aimed to longitudinally investigate the incidence and causes of childhood pneumonia in a south african birth cohort. | 2016 | 27117547 |
| absence of bordetella pertussis among infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis in finland, 2008-2010. | in 169 finnish infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at age <6 months in 2008-2010, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by polymerase chain reaction for bordetella pertussis and 16 viruses. respiratory viruses were detected in 89% (71% with respiratory syncytial virus), but no infant had b. pertussis. the latter finding may reflect a positive effect from the broadening of the finnish pertussis vaccination program in 2005. | 2016 | 26551447 |
| analysis of antiviral properties of hexoral in vitro against some viruses that cause acute respiratory infections and herpes. | antiviral properties of hexoral (0.1% solution and 0.2% aerosol for local application) and its constituent hexetidine against viruses causing human respiratory tract infections and herpes virus were studied in vitro. it was found that non-cytotoxic concentrations of hexetidine (alone and as a component of hexoral) attenuated infectious properties of highly virulent influenza virus a/h5n1, pandemic influenza virus a/h1n1pdm, respiratory syncytial virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 after a sho ... | 2016 | 26750930 |
| nasopharyngeal microbiota, host transcriptome, and disease severity in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in infants worldwide. known risk factors, however, incompletely explain the variability of rsv disease severity, especially among healthy children. we postulate that the severity of rsv infection is influenced by modulation of the host immune response by the local bacterial ecosystem. | 2016 | 27135599 |
| incidence of respiratory disease during the first two years of life in children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease in italy: a retrospective study. | children affected by hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (hschd) experience severe respiratory complications that can increase the frequency of hospitalizations. the aim of the sinergy study was to describe the incidence of respiratory diseases and to collect information on active and passive immunoprophylaxis in the first 2 years of life. in this retrospective, multicenter, and epidemiologic study, children with hschd were enrolled across 11 italian sites. children born between ... | 2016 | 27573216 |
| non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protects human airway epithelial cells from a subsequent respiratory syncytial virus challenge. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and the common commensal and opportunistic pathogen, non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) both serve as a frequent cause of respiratory infection in children. although it is well established that some respiratory viruses can increase host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, few studies have examined how commensal bacteria could influence a secondary viral response. here, we examined the impact of nthi exposure on a subsequent rsv infection of ... | 2016 | 27573069 |
| ten-year study of the stringently defined otitis-prone child in rochester, ny. | this review summarizes a prospective, longitudinal 10-year study in rochester, ny, with virtually every clinically diagnosed acute otitis media (aom) confirmed by bacterial culture of middle ear fluid. children experiencing 3 episodes within 6 months or 4 episodes in 12 months were considered stringently defined otitis prone (sop). we found stringent diagnosis compared with clinical diagnosis reduced the frequency of children meeting the op definition from 27% to 6% resulting in 14.8% and 2.4% r ... | 2016 | 27273691 |
| exposure to common respiratory bacteria alters the airway epithelial response to subsequent viral infection. | colonization of the airways with potential pathogenic bacteria is observed in a number of chronic respiratory diseases, such as copd or cystic fibrosis. infections with respiratory viruses are known triggers of exacerbations of these diseases. we here investigated if pre-exposure to bacteria alters the response of lung epithelial cells to subsequent viral infection. | 2016 | 27259950 |
| intercellular adhesion molecule 1 serves as a primary cognate receptor for the type iv pilus of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) utilizes the type iv pilus (tfp) to adhere to respiratory tract epithelial cells thus colonizing its human host; however, the host cell receptor to which this adhesive protein binds is unknown. from a panel of receptors engaged by tfp expressed by other bacterial species, we showed that the majority subunit of nthi tfp, pila, bound to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (icam1) and that this interaction was both specific and of high affinity. further, tfp- ... | 2016 | 26857242 |
| impact of meteorological factors on lower respiratory tract infections in children. | to evaluate retrospectively the relationship between meteorological factors in shenmu county, yulin city, shaanxi province, china and the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children. | 2016 | 26658270 |
| the clinical usefulness of lymphocyte:monocyte ratios in differentiating influenza from viral non-influenza-like illnesses in hospitalized adults during the 2015 influenza a (h3n2) epidemic: the uniqueness of hpiv-3 mimicking influenza a. | during influenza epidemics, influenza-like illnesses (ilis) viruses cocirculate with influenza strains. if positive, rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) identify influenza a/b, but false-negative ridts require retesting by viral polymerase chain reaction (pcr). patient volume limits testing during influenza epidemics, and non-specific laboratory findings have been used for presumptive diagnosis pending definitive viral testing. in adults, the most useful laboratory abnormalities in influenz ... | 2016 | 26563893 |
| viral inhibition of bacterial phagocytosis by human macrophages: redundant role of cd36. | macrophages are essential to maintaining lung homoeostasis and recent work has demonstrated that influenza-infected lung macrophages downregulate their expression of the scavenger receptor cd36. this receptor has also been shown to be involved in phagocytosis of streptococcus pneumoniae, a primary agent associated with pneumonia secondary to viral infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of cd36 in the effects of viral infection on macrophage phagocytic function. human monocy ... | 2016 | 27701435 |
| incidence and clinical course of respiratory viral coinfections in children aged 0-59 months. | clinical data available on coinfections are contradictory concerning both the number of viruses involved and the severity of the condition. a total of 114 patients aged 0-59 months with symptoms of respiratory tract infection were enrolled into the study. nasal and pharyngeal swabs were tested using the pcr method for the following 12 viruses: influenza a, influenza b, respiratory syncytial virus a (rsv a), respiratory syncytial virus b (rsv b), adenovirus, metapneumovirus, coronavirus 229e/nl63 ... | 2016 | 26801151 |
| outcomes of influenza infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: application of an immunodeficiency scoring index. | hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients have lower immune response to influenza vaccination and are susceptible to lower respiratory tract infection (lri) and death. we determined clinical characteristics and outcomes of laboratory-confirmed influenza, including 2014/h3n2 infection, in 146 hct recipients. an immunodeficiency scoring index (isi) was applied to identify patients at high risk for lri and death. thirty-three patients (23%) developed lri and 7 (5%) died within 30 days of diagn ... | 2016 | 26638804 |
| surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections in southern arizona, 2010-2014. | the binational border infectious disease surveillance program began surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (sari) on the us-mexico border in 2009. here, we describe patients in southern arizona. | 2016 | 26590069 |
| [differential diagnosis of the viral etiology of suspected mumps in a population with high vaccine coverage]. | in this study, buccal swabs from patients with the clinical picture of parotitis epidemica in whom mumps virus (mv) infection was not confirmed by direct detection or serologically were tested. the aim was to detect by molecular methods nucleic acids (nas) of other respiratory viruses possibly involved in salivary gland swelling. at the same time, paired sera, if available, were tested. | 2016 | 28078898 |
| biophysical characterization of g protein ectodomain of group b human respiratory syncytial virus from e. coli. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is an important pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection. the g protein of hrsv is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a neutralizing antigen and is thus a vaccine candidate. in this study, synthetic codon optimized ectodomain g protein [g(δtm)] of ba genotype of group b hrsv was cloned, expressed, and characterized using biophysical techniques. the molar absorption coefficient and mean residue ellipticity at 222 nm ([θ]222) of g (δtm) was found to ... | 2016 | 26444871 |
| bacteremia in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the risk of bacteremia is considered low in children with acute bronchiolitis. however the rate of occult bacteremia in infants with rsv infection is not well established. the aim was to determine the actual rate and predictive factors of bacteremia in children admitted to hospital due to confirmed rsv acute respiratory illness (ari), using both conventional culture and molecular techniques. | 2016 | 26872131 |
| characteristics of severe acute respiratory infectionassociated hospitalization in yemen, 2014/15. | this study aims to describe etiological agents, demographic details of patients, seasonality and underlying conditions among patients hospitalized due to viral severe acute respiratory infection (sari) in yemen. we carried out a retrospective descriptive analysis of data from january 2014 to december 2015. nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from each patient for laboratory testing. a total of 1346 diagnostic specimens were tested, of which 733 (54%) were positive for influenza viruses. influenza a( ... | 2016 | 27714737 |
| viral infection in the development and progression of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. | viral infections are an important cause of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). numerous viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza a (h1n1) virus, have been implicated in the progression of pneumonia to ards; yet the incidence of progression is unknown. despite acute and chronic morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections, particularly in "at risk" populations, treatment options are limited. thus, with few exceptions, care is symptomatic. in a ... | 2016 | 27933286 |
| monitoring respiratory virus infection in the metropolitan area of belo horizonte, brazil, 2011-2013. | to analyze the circulation of respiratory viruses in people living in the metropolitan area of belo horizonte, brazil, and hospitalized in belo horizonte from 2011 to 2013. | 2016 | 27869941 |
| [influenza surveillance in five consecutive seasons during post pandemic period: results from national influenza center, turkey]. | influenza surveillance provides data about the characteristics of influenza activity, types, sub-types and antigenic properties of the influenza viruses in circulation in a region. surveillance also provides for the preparation against potential influenza pandemics with the identification of the genetic properties of viruses and the mutant strains that could pose a threat. in this study, data in the scope of national influenza surveillance carried out by national influenza center, turkey for fiv ... | 2016 | 27525396 |
| tiotropium attenuates virus-induced pulmonary inflammation in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. | viral infections trigger exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and tiotropium, a m3 receptor antagonist, reduces exacerbations in patients by unknown mechanisms. in this report, we investigated whether tiotropium has anti-inflammatory effects in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (cs) and infected with influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and compared these effects with those of steroid fluticasone and pde4-inhibitor roflumilast. mice were e ... | 2016 | 27016458 |
| viral infections in children in the 2014/2015 epidemic season in poland. | in every epidemic season, viral infections affect the general population, including children, which is an underestimated issue. the present study demonstrates the results of examination of 802 clinical samples obtained from pediatric patients aged 0-14 years during the 2014/2015 epidemic season in poland. the study was part of the virological surveillance systems - sentinel and non-sentinel. a positive result for virological infection was obtained in 50.9 % of samples tested. the distribution of ... | 2016 | 26987329 |
| antigenic drift of a/h3n2/virus and circulation of influenza-like viruses during the 2014/2015 influenza season in poland. | morbidity rates of influenza could be greatly reduced due to vaccination. however, the virus is able to evolve through genetic mutations, which is why vaccines with updated composition are necessary every season. their effectiveness depends on whether there is a good antigenic match between circulating viruses and vaccine strains. in poland, the 2014/2015 influenza epidemic started in week 5 (january/february) of 2015 and continued until week 17 (april) of 2015. the influenza activity was modera ... | 2016 | 26956457 |
| virological surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses during six consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2012 in catalonia, spain. | most attention is given to seasonal influenza and respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks, but the cumulative burden caused by other respiratory viruses (rv) is not widely considered. the aim of the present study is to describe the circulation of rv in the general population during six consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2012 in catalonia, spain. cell culture, immunofluorescence and pcr-based assays were used for the rv laboratory-confirmation and influenza subtyping. phylogenetic and molecular chara ... | 2016 | 26939538 |
| long-term shedding of influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and nosocomial epidemiology in patients with hematological disorders. | respiratory viruses are a cause of upper respiratory tract infections (urti), but can be associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in immunocompromised patients. the objective of this study was to investigate the genetic variability of influenza virus, parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and the duration of viral shedding in hematological patients. nasopharyngeal swabs from hematological patients were screened for influenza, parainfluenza and rsv on a ... | 2016 | 26866481 |
| a nationwide survey of common viral infections in childhood among patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. | patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (pid) are highly susceptible to various microorganisms. however, no population-based studies have been performed among common viral pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), rotavirus (rv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and influenza virus (iv). the objective of this study was to reveal the clinical burden of these four infections among pid patients in japan. | 2016 | 27498293 |
| an overview of infectious complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | infections are the most common and significant cause of mortality and morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct). the presence of neutropenia and mucosal damage are the leading risk factors in the early pre-engraftment phase. in the early post-engraftment phase, graft versus host disease (gvhd) induced infection risk is increased in addition to catheter related infections. in the late phase, in which reconstitution of cellular and humoral immunity continues, a ... | 2016 | 27344206 |
| human coronaviruses in severe acute respiratory infection (sari) cases in southwest india. | acute viral respiratory infections (avri) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all age groups globally. except for influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus, mostly viral aetiology of avri remains undiagnosed. lately, human coronaviruses (hcovs) have emerged as an important aetiology of avri. a laboratory based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in which respiratory samples (throat swabs) of patients (n = 864), with influenza negative sari, of all age groups ... | 2016 | 26512711 |