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respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. 201425452661
editorial: rsv: a new box of delights for an old enemy. 201425452617
refining the balance of attenuation and immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus by targeted codon deoptimization of virulence genes.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen for lower respiratory tract illness in children for which there is no licensed vaccine. live-attenuated rsv vaccines are the most clinically advanced in children, but achieving an optimal balance of attenuation and immunogenicity is challenging. one way to potentially retain or enhance immunogenicity of attenuated virus is to mutate virulence genes that suppress host immune responses. the ns1 and ns2 virulence genes of the rsv a2 s ...201425249281
immunity to rsv in early-life.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the commonest cause of severe respiratory infection in infants, leading to over 3 million hospitalizations and around 66,000 deaths worldwide each year. rsv bronchiolitis predominantly strikes apparently healthy infants, with age as the principal risk factor for severe disease. the differences in the immune response to rsv in the very young are likely to be key to determining the clinical outcome of this common infection. remarkable age-related differences in ...201425324843
double-stapled respiratory syncytial virus may prevent nasopulmonary infection. 201425226620
the use of a multiplex real-time pcr assay for diagnosing acute respiratory viral infections in children attending an emergency unit.the use of a multiplex molecular technique to identify the etiological pathogen of respiratory viral infections might be a support as clinical signs are not characteristic.201425223920
hospital length-of-stay is associated with rhinovirus etiology of bronchiolitis.to determine whether hospital length-of-stay (los) for bronchiolitis is influenced by the causative virus: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) or rhinovirus.201425222302
additive protection induced by mixed virus-like particles presenting respiratory syncytial virus fusion or attachment glycoproteins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen for lower respiratory tract illness in infants and a high priority for vaccine development. we previously reported that rsv virus-like particles (vlps) expressing either the fusion (f) or attachment (g) glycoprotein could confer protection against rsv challenge in balb/c mice. here, we tested the hypothesis that rsv vlp vaccine efficacy can be enhanced by mixing rsv vlp f and rsv vlp g, and we analyzed host responses to these rsv v ...201425239522
comparison of the simplexa™ flu a/b & rsv kit (nucleic acid extraction-dependent assay) and the prodessa proflu+™ assay for detecting influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses.the relative performance of 2 widely used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays, the focus diagnostics simplexa™ flu a/b & rsv kit (nucleic acid extraction-dependent assay) and the prodessa proflu+™ assay, was evaluated using 735 prospectively and retrospectively collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens. overall, the assays showed positive and negative agreements of 100% and 99.7% for influenza a, 98.1% and 99.9% for influenza b, and 99.3% and 99.5% for respiratory syncy ...201425209363
novel respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genotype on1 predominates in germany during winter season 2012-13.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of hospitalization especially in young children with respiratory tract infections (rti). patterns of circulating rsv genotypes can provide a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of rsv infection. we retrospectively analyzed the genetic diversity of rsv infection in hospitalized children with acute rti admitted to university hospital heidelberg/germany between october 2012 and april 2013. nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) were rout ...201425290155
leukemia inhibitory factor protects the lung during respiratory syncytial viral infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects the lung epithelium where it stimulates the production of numerous host cytokines that are associated with disease burden and acute lung injury. characterizing the host cytokine response to rsv infection, the regulation of host cytokines and the impact of neutralizing an rsv-inducible cytokine during infection were undertaken in this study.201425277705
an insect cell derived respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f nanoparticle vaccine induces antigenic site ii antibodies and protects against rsv challenge in cotton rats by active and passive immunization.post-infectious immunity to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection results in limited protection as evidenced by the high rate of infant hospitalization in the face of high titer, maternally derived rsv-specific antibodies. by contrast, rsv fusion (f) glycoprotein antigenic site ii humanized monoclonal antibodies, palivizumab and motavizumab, have been shown to reduce rsv-related hospitalization in infants. immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in cotton rats comparing a recomb ...201425269094
[vrs bronchiolitis with severe hyponatremia leading to acute seizures: a report of three cases].acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can present with extrapulmonary manifestations, notably severe hyponatremia. hyponatremia is caused by excess secretion of antidiuretic hormone and can be exacerbated by intravenous infusion of hypotonic solutions. we report three cases of infants admitted for acute bronchiolitis and hyponatremia leading to acute seizures. we describe how hyponatremia was corrected and analyze the management aspects that might have worsened the magnitu ...201425445128
the first wheezing episode: respiratory virus etiology, atopic characteristics, and illness severity.susceptibility to early rhinovirus-induced wheezing has been recognized as an important risk factor for childhood asthma, but data on the first wheezing episode are limited. the aim of this selected population study was to investigate virus etiology, atopic characteristics, and illness severity, as well as their interrelation, among first-time wheezing children.201425444257
il-6 receptor α defines effector memory cd8+ t cells producing th2 cytokines and expanding in asthma.cytokine receptors can be markers defining different t-cell subsets and considered as therapeutic targets. the association of il-6 and il-6 receptor α (il-6rα) with asthma was reported, suggesting their involvement in asthma.201425390970
respiratory syncytial virus human experimental infection model: provenance, production, and sequence of low-passaged memphis-37 challenge virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children and is responsible for as many as 199,000 childhood deaths annually worldwide. to support the development of viral therapeutics and vaccines for rsv, a human adult experimental infection model has been established. in this report, we describe the provenance and sequence of rsv memphis-37, the low-passage clinical isolate used for the model's reproducible, safe, experimental infections of heal ...201425415360
optimization of potent and selective quinazolinediones: inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus that block rna-dependent rna-polymerase complex activity.a quinazolinedione-derived screening hit 2 was discovered with cellular antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (cpe ec50 = 2.1 μm), moderate efficacy in reducing viral progeny (4.2 log at 10 μm), and marginal cytotoxic liability (selectivity index, si ∼ 24). scaffold optimization delivered analogs with improved potency and selectivity profiles. most notable were compounds 15 and 19 (ec50 = 300-500 nm, cc50 > 50 μm, si > 100), which significantly reduced viral titer (>400,000-fold ...201425399509
[respiratory virus infections in adult patients hospitalized in an internal medicine unit].respiratory viral infections (rvi) can be associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations.201425327313
management of respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies.despite preventive strategies and increased awareness, a high incidence of respiratory viral infections still occur in patients with hematologic malignancies (hms) and in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplant (hct). progression of these viral infections to lower respiratory tract may prove fatal, especially in hct recipients. increasing evidence on the successful use of ribavirin (alone or in combination with immunomodulators) for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections in ...201425352629
clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis.this guideline is a revision of the clinical practice guideline, "diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis," published by the american academy of pediatrics in 2006. the guideline applies to children from 1 through 23 months of age. other exclusions are noted. each key action statement indicates level of evidence, benefit-harm relationship, and level of recommendation. key action statements are as follows:201425349312
elective cesarean delivery as a predisposing factor of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children.to investigate the effect of cesarean delivery and other predisposing factors of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-positive acute bronchiolitis in children.201425345258
children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection in saskatchewan pediatric tertiary care centers, 2002-2005.to describe the epidemiology and severity of illness of children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, including those who received palivizumab prophylaxis, at royal university hospital (ruh), saskatoon and regina general hospital (rgh) from july 2002 to june 2005.201425344181
prolonged seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus infection among preterm infants in a subtropical climate.there is limited epidemiological data on the seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in subtropical climates, such as in taiwan. this study aimed to assess rsv seasonality among children ≤24 months of age in taiwan. we also assessed factors (gestational age [ga], chronologic age [ca], and bronchopulmonary dysplasia [bpd]) associated with rsv-associated hospitalization in preterm infants to confirm the appropriateness of the novel taiwanese rsv prophylactic policy.201425333346
inhibitors of the interferon response enhance virus replication in vitro.virus replication efficiency is influenced by two conflicting factors, kinetics of the cellular interferon (ifn) response and induction of an antiviral state versus speed of virus replication and virus-induced inhibition of the ifn response. disablement of a virus's capacity to circumvent the ifn response enables both basic research and various practical applications. however, such ifn-sensitive viruses can be difficult to grow to high-titer in cells that produce and respond to ifn. the current ...201425390891
utilization of viral molecular diagnostics among children hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia.to examine whether results of a polymerase chain reaction-based respiratory viral panel (rvp) are associated with changes in antibiotic use or differential clinical outcomes among children hospitalized with pneumonia.201425362079
the burden of single virus and viral coinfections on severe lower respiratory tract infections among preterm infants: a prospective birth cohort study in brazil.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is associated with severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), especially in preterm infants. other viruses, co-detected with rsv, may play a role in the severity of respiratory outcomes.201425361184
clinical risk factors for life-threatening lower respiratory tract infections in children: a retrospective study in an urban city in malaysia.lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low income countries. the aim of this study was to determine risk factors of life-threatening lrtis in hospitalised children in malaysia.201425360811
viral etiology of respiratory tract infections in children at the pediatric hospital in ouagadougou (burkina faso).acute respiratory infections (aris) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in africa. the circulation of viruses classically implicated in aris is poorly known in burkina faso. the aim of this study was to identify the respiratory viruses present in children admitted to or consulting at the pediatric hospital in ouagadougou.201425360527
social, economic, and health impact of the respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic search.bronchiolitis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and its related complications are common in infants born prematurely, with severe congenital heart disease, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia, as well as in immunosuppressed infants. there is a rich literature on the different aspects of rsv infection with a focus, for the most part, on specific risk populations. however, there is a need for a systematic global analysis of the impact of rsv infection in terms of use of resources and healt ...201425358423
reprint of: perinatal and early childhood environmental factors influencing allergic asthma immunopathogenesis.the prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past several decades. while hereditary factors are highly important, the rapid rise outstrips the pace of genomic variation. great emphasis has been placed on potential modifiable early life exposures leading to childhood asthma.201425308874
partial palivizumab prophylaxis and increased risk of hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in a medicaid population: a retrospective cohort analysis.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is common among young children insured through medicaid in the united states. complete and timely dosing with palivizumab is associated with lower risk of rsv-related hospitalizations, but up to 60% of infants who receive palivizumab in medicaid population do not receive full prophylaxis. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of partial palivizumab prophylaxis with the risk of rsv hospitalization among high-risk medicaid-insure ...201425308481
does cesarean section pose a risk of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infants and children?to determine the risk of acquiring acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infants and children delivered by the mode of cesarean section (c-section).201425312107
antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age.bronchiolitis is a serious, potentially life-threatening respiratory illness commonly affecting babies. it is often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). antibiotics are not recommended for bronchiolitis unless there is concern about complications such as secondary bacterial pneumonia or respiratory failure. nevertheless, they are often used.201425300167
safety and effectiveness of palivizumab in children at high risk of serious disease due to respiratory syncytial virus infection: a systematic review.lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is the leading cause of infant mortality globally in post-neonatal infants (i.e., 28-364 days of age). respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most commonly identified pathogen for infant lrti and is the second most important cause of death in post-neonatal infants. despite 50 years of rsv vaccine research, there is still no approved vaccine. therefore, passive immunity with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab is the sole regulatory-approved option for t ...201425297809
respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in pre-mature infants in lima, peru.we conducted a prospective cohort study in four hospitals in lima, peru in infants with a birth weight ≤ 1,500 g followed from birth hospital discharge up to 1 year of age to determine the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalizations. we enrolled 222 infants from march of 2009 to march of 2010: 48 infants with a birth weight < 1,000 g and 174 infants with a birth weight of 1,000-1,500 g (birth weight = 1,197 ± 224 g; gestational age = 30.1 ± 2.6 weeks). there were 936 episodes ...201425294617
common questions about outpatient care of premature infants.preterm births (deliveries before 37 weeks' gestation) comprise 12% of all u.s. births and are responsible for onethird of all infant deaths. neonatal medical advances have increased survival, and primary care physicians often care for infants who were in the neonatal intensive care unit after birth. functions of the primary care physician include coordination of medical and social services, nutritional surveillance, and managing conditions associated with prematurity. parental guidance and enco ...201425250998
performance of the simplexa™ flu a/b & rsv direct kit on respiratory samples collected in saline solution.molecular assays for diagnosis of influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with short turnaround time are of considerable clinical importance. we have evaluated the diagnostic performance of the simplexa(™) flu a/b & rsv direct kit, which has a run time of 60 min, using different types of respiratory samples collected from patients with a suspected respiratory tract infection, including materials not previously evaluated on this kit.201425195649
seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial virus igg among healthy young adults in basic training for the republic of korea air force.this investigation enrolled 570 healthy young males gathered from all over the country for military service at the republic of korea air force boot camp. it confirmed rsv igg seroprevalence by utilizing the enzyme immunoassay method just prior to undergoing basic training. the mean age of this study was 20.25 ± 1.34 yr old. the results of their immunoassay seroprofiles showed that 561 men (98.4%) were positive, 2 (0.4%) were negative and 7 (1.2%) were equivocal belonging to the grey zone. it was ...201425246755
respiratory syncytial virus: clinical and epidemiological pattern in pediatric patients admitted to a children's hospital between 2000 and 2013.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major causative organism associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children.the objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological pattern of rsv and identify risk factors for rsv infection.201425192519
contributing and terminating factors of a large rsv outbreak in an adult hematology and transplant unit.in january 2012, an increase of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections on an adult hematology and transplant unit in a german university hospital was detected. we investigated the outbreak to assess its timing and extent and to identify risk factors for transmission.201425687181
heterogeneity within and across pediatric pulmonary infections: from bipartite networks to at-risk subphenotypes.although influenza (flu) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are extremely common in children under two years and resolve naturally, a subset develop severe disease resulting in hospitalization despite having no identifiable clinical risk factors. however, little is known about inherent host-specific genetic and immune mechanisms in this at-risk subpopulation. we therefore conducted a secondary analysis of statistically significant, differentially-expressed genes from a whole genome ...201425717396
prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection: from vaccine to antibody.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. initial efforts to develop a vaccine to prevent rsv lower respiratory tract disease in children were halted because of serious adverse events that occurred when children were infected with rsv following vaccination, including vaccine-related deaths. subsequently, a major focus for researchers was to understand what led to these adverse events. investment in a vaccine for rsv c ...201426104207
[regulation of jinxin oral liquid for the expression of negative regulatory factor of tlr3 signaling pathway socs1 in rsv infected balb/c mice].to investigate the regulation trend of jinxin oral liquid (jxol) on the expression of negative regulatory factor of tlr3 signaling pathway socs1 in the lung tissue of rsv infected balb/c mice at different time points.201425632753
[roles of cd4+cd25+foxp3+ regulatory t cells and il-33 in the pathogenesis of asthma in children].to study the roles of cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) regulatory t cells (treg) and il-33 in the pathogenesis of asthma in children.201425523567
clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized infants.to investigate the clinical characteristics and analyze risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in hospitalized infants with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alris).201425515808
[palivizumab: four seasons in russia].in 2010, the russian federation (rf) registered palivizumab--innovative drug, based on monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization of seasonal respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children of disease severe progress risk group, which include primarily premature infants, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. currently, palivizumab is included in the list of recommended medicines and medical care standards of different count ...201425563005
recent advances in the management of acute bronchiolitis.acute bronchiolitis is characterized by acute wheezing in infants or children and is associated with signs or symptoms of respiratory infection; it is rarely symptomatic in adults and the most common etiologic agent is respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). usually it does not require investigation, treatment is merely supportive and a conservative approach seems adequate in the majority of children, especially for the youngest ones (<3 months); however, clinical scoring systems have been proposed a ...201425580257
a passive quantitative measurement of airway resistance using depth data.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. rsv often causes increased airway resistance, clinically detected as wheezing by chest auscultation. in this disease, expiratory flows are significantly reduced due to the high resistance in patient's airway passages. a quantitative method for measuring resistance can have a great benefit to diagnosis and management of children with rsv infections as well as ...201425571300
epidemiology of pathogen-specific respiratory infections among three us populations.diagnostic tests for respiratory infections can be costly and time-consuming. improved characterization of specific respiratory pathogens by identifying frequent signs, symptoms and demographic characteristics, along with improving our understanding of coinfection rates and seasonality, may improve treatment and prevention measures.201425549089
effectiveness of palivizumab in preventing rsv hospitalization in high risk children: a real-world perspective.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the major causes globally of childhood respiratory morbidity and hospitalization. palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been recommended for high risk infants to prevent severe rsv-associated respiratory illness. this recommendation is based on evidence of efficacy when used under clinical trial conditions. however the real-world effectiveness of palivizumab outside of clinical trials among different patient populations is no ...201425548575
pulmonary immunity during respiratory infections in early life and the development of severe asthma.asthma affects 10% of the population in westernized countries, being most common in children. it is a heterogeneous condition characterized by chronic allergic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) to normally innocuous antigens. combination therapies with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators effectively manage mild to moderate asthma, but there are no cures, and patients with severe asthma do not respond to these treatments. the inception of asth ...201425525736
respiratory syncytial virus infection-associated hospitalization in adults: a retrospective cohort study.once considered primarily a pediatric concern, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is gaining recognition as a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in adults. a better understanding of rsv epidemiology and disease in adults is needed to guide patient management and to assess the need for prophylaxis, vaccines, and treatments.201425494918
clinical evaluation of viral acute respiratory tract infections in children presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in the netherlands.the relative incidence and clinical impact of individual respiratory viruses remains unclear among children presenting to the hospital emergency department with acute respiratory tract infection (arti).201425491885
screening for respiratory syncytial virus and isolation strategies in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection.nosocomial infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important health risk in pediatric care but is largely preventable by efficient infection control measures. commonly applied rapid antigen detection tests (radts) miss a considerable number of rsv-infected patients. the objective of our analysis was to evaluate whether readily available host parameters are associated with false-negative radt, and to assess how these parameters could be applied in an optimized rsv isolation strateg ...201425437026
serum palivizumab level is associated with decreased severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease in high-risk infants.monthly doses of palivizumab, an rsv-specific monoclonal antibody, reduce rsv-related hospitalizations (rsvh) in high-risk children; however, no specific palivizumab level has been correlated with disease severity in humans. a post hoc analysis of a previous randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the relationship between serum palivizumab level at the time of rsvh and disease severity. pediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission was the primary severity marker. relationships were eval ...201425483663
a population-weighted, condition-adjusted estimate of palivizumab efficacy in preventing rsv-related hospitalizations among us high-risk children.preterm infants ≤ 35 weeks' gestational age (ga), and children ≤ 24 months of age with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) or hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (hschd) are at high risk for developing severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. in 3 previous randomized, placebo-controlled trials, palivizumab efficacy varied significantly based on these underlying conditions, and trial enrollment was not proportional to condition prevalence. this analysis provides the first e ...201425483483
bacterial lysates improve the protective antibody response against respiratory viruses through toll-like receptor 4.respiratory viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. current strategies to modulate the immune system and prevent or treat respiratory viral infections in this age group have shown limited success. here, we demonstrate that a lysate derived from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms positively modulates protective antibody responses against both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus in murine models of infection. interestingly ...201425483455
the eukaryotic elongation factor 1a is critical for genome replication of the paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus.the eukaryotic translation factor eef1a assists replication of many rna viruses by various mechanisms. here we show that down-regulation of eef1a restricts the expression of viral genomic rna and the release of infectious virus, demonstrating a biological requirement for eef1a in the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) life cycle. the key proteins in the replicase/transcriptase complex of rsv; the nucleocapsid (n) protein, phosphoprotein (p) and matrix (m) protein, all associate with eef1a in rsv ...201425479059
respiratory syncytial virus--united states, july 2012-june 2014.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes lower respiratory infection among infants and young children worldwide. annually in the united states, rsv infection has been associated with an estimated 57,527 hospitalizations and 2.1 million outpatient visits among children aged <5 years. in temperate climate zones, rsv generally circulates during the fall, winter, and spring. however, the exact timing and duration of rsv seasons vary by region and from year-to-year. knowing the start of the rsv seaso ...201425474034
hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus among patients attending a network of private hospitals in south africa, 2007-2012.influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection are common causes of lower respiratory tract illness. data on their burden in low and middle-income settings and from africa are scarce. we aimed to estimate age-specific rates of hospitalization attributable to influenza and rsv among patients attending private hospitals in south africa during 2007-2012.201425510622
raman spectroscopy characterization of antibody phases in serum.when administered in serum, an efficacious therapeutic antibody should be homogeneous to minimize immune reactions or injection site irritation during administration. monoclonal antibody (mab) phase separation is one type of inhomogeneity observed in serum, and thus screening potential phase separation of mabs in serum could guide lead optimization. however, serum contains numerous components, making it difficult to resolve mab/serum mixtures at a scale amenable to analysis in a discovery settin ...201425484036
palivizumab prophylaxis during nosocomial outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus in a neonatal intensive care unit: predicting effectiveness with an artificial neural network model.to identify subgroups of premature infants who may benefit from palivizumab prophylaxis during nosocomial outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.201423897635
is the interpretation of rapid antigen testing for respiratory syncytial virus as simple as positive or negative?to measure the performance characteristics of an immunochromatographic rapid antigen test for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and determine how its interpretation should be contextualised in patients presenting to the emergency department (ed) with bronchiolitis.201423964062
respiratory morbidity of preterm infants of less than 33 weeks gestation without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a 12-month follow-up of the castor study cohort.the aim of this study was to describe the incidence and risk factors for respiratory morbidity during the 12-month period following the first respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) season in 242 preterm infants [<33 weeks gestational age (ga)] without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 201 full-term infants (39-41 weeks ga) from the french castor study cohort. preterm infants had increased respiratory morbidity during the follow-up period compared to full-terms; they were more likely to have wheezing (21 ...201424029023
hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus illness in down syndrome following prophylaxis with palivizumab.down syndrome (ds) is a risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization, but little is known about prophylaxis in these children.201423989104
increased concentration of iodide in airway secretions is associated with reduced respiratory syncytial virus disease severity.recent studies have revealed that the human and nonrodent mammalian airway mucosa contains an oxidative host defense system. this three-component system consists of the hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)-producing enzymes dual oxidase (duox)1 and duox2, thiocyanate (scn(-)), and secreted lactoperoxidase (lpo). the lpo-catalyzed reaction between h2o2 and scn(-) yields the bactericidal hypothiocyanite (oscn(-)) in airway surface liquid (asl). although scn(-) is the physiological substrate of lpo, the duox/l ...201424053146
defective control of vitamin d receptor-mediated epithelial stat1 signalling predisposes to severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants with seasonal frequency, for which vitamin d deficiency and a well-described polymorphism in the vitamin d receptor (vdr) foki are important risk factors. recent studies suggest that vitamin d regulates immune pathways in airway epithelial cells during rsv infection. it is not understood why the vdr foki polymorphism predisposes to severe rsv bronchiolitis. we investigated how the vdr foki polymorphism regulates the epit ...201424105653
reversible diffusion restriction of the middle cerebellar peduncles and dentate nucleus in acute respiratory syncytial virus cerebellitis: a case report.acute cerebellitis is a postinfectious or postvaccinal disorder that predominantly affects children. the typical magnetic resonance imaging appearance has been previously described as cerebellar hemispheric cortical edema. here, we report a rare case of respiratory syncytial virus-related cerebellitis with transient diffusion restriction of cerebellar peduncles and dentate nucleus. differential diagnoses are also discussed.201424013714
clinical characteristics and direct medical cost of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children hospitalized in suzhou, china.there have been few studies on children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) published from mainland china. we performed a retrospective review of medical charts to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and direct medical cost of laboratory-proven rsv children hospitalized in suzhou, china.201424088730
systematic review of montelukast's efficacy for preventing post-bronchiolitis wheezing.infants often develop reactive airway diseases subsequent to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. cysteinyl leukotrienes (cyslts), a class of lipid mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and asthma, are released during rsv infection, thereby contributing to the pathogenic changes in airway inflammation. many pediatric patients, especially those of very young age, continue to have recurrent episodes of lower airway obstruction after bronchiolitis ...201424118637
children with multiple viral respiratory infections are older than those with single viruses.to study the clinical impact of multiple viral respiratory infections compared to single infections.201424117958
infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus needed less ventilator time with nasal continuous airways pressure then invasive mechanical ventilation.nasal continuous positive airway pressure (ncpap) has been proposed as an early first-line support for infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we hypothesised that infants <6 months with severe rsv would require shorter ventilator support on ncpap than invasive mechanical ventilation (imv).201424117695
increased risk for respiratory syncytial virus-associated, community-acquired alveolar pneumonia in infants born at 31-36 weeks of gestation.we compared hospitalization and pediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission rates for community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (caap) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated caap (rsv-caap) in non-rsv-immunized children <24-month-old born at 31-36 weeks gestational age (ga) versus those born at term (>36 weeks ga).201424145171
respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis reduces chronic respiratory morbidity in prematurely born infants. 201424142143
induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunization with a respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccine formulation.the majority of infections, including those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), occur at mucosal surfaces. as no rsv vaccine is available our goal is to produce an effective subunit vaccine with an adjuvant suitable for mucosal delivery and cross-presentation. a truncated secreted version of the rsv fusion (δf) protein formulated with polyi : c, an innate defence regulator peptide and polyphosphazene, induced local and systemic immunity, including affinity maturation of rsv f-specific i ...201424136365
viruses associated with influenza-like-illnesses in papua new guinea, 2010.influenza-like-illness can be caused by a wide range of respiratory viruses. the etiology of influenza-like-illness in developing countries such as papua new guinea is poorly understood. the etiological agents associated with influenza-like-illness were investigated retrospectively for 300 nasopharyngeal swabs received by the papua new guinea national influenza centre in 2010. real-time pcr/rt-pcr methods were used for the detection of 13 respiratory viruses. patients with influenza-like-illness ...201424136362
pediatricians' attitudes and costs of bronchiolitis in the emergency department: a prospective multicentre study.how pediatricians manage bronchiolitis and the derived total costs (direct and indirect) in the emergency department (ed) have not been fully characterized. the aim of the present study is to calculate those costs in a european country.201424167120
malnutrition: a risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection and hospitalization.longitudinal information examining the effect of poor infant growth on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) severity is limited. children hospitalized with rsv lower respiratory infection represent those at the severe end of the disease spectrum.201424168980
delayed sequelae of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection are dependent on cells of the innate immune system.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in neonatal mice leads to exacerbated disease if mice are reinfected with the same virus as adults. both t cells and the host major histocompatibility complex genotype contribute to this phenomenon, but the part played by innate immunity has not been defined. since macrophages and natural killer (nk) cells play key roles in regulating inflammation during rsv infection of adult mice, we studied the role of these cells in exacerbated inflammation fo ...201424173217
respiratory syncytial virus: how, why and what to do.bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization of infants and young children worldwide. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. studies conducted using molecular diagnostic assays confirmed that rsv accounts for over 50% of bronchiolitis in young children requiring hospitalization. those studies demonstrate that it is common to identify rsv in association with a second viral agent but it is yet unclear whether the simultaneous detection of t ...201424171820
tidal volume drives inflammation during mechanical ventilation for viral respiratory infection.respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection is the most frequent cause of respiratory insufficiency necessitating mechanical ventilation in infants during the winter season. recently, we presented a new animal model to show that mechanical ventilation aggravates respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary inflammation by distinct mechanisms. we now use this model to study whether low tidal volume mechanical ventilation causes less ventilator-induced lung injury in the presenc ...201424196010
medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infections in adults aged ≥ 50 years: clinical characteristics and outcomes.few studies have examined respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in adults. we assessed the characteristics and outcomes of rsv relative to other viral infections.201424265361
targeting cd137 enhances vaccine-elicited anti-respiratory syncytial virus cd8+ t cell responses in aged mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. no vaccines for rsv are in use. because of immunosenescence, the immunologic requirements for a successful rsv vaccine in the elderly might differ from a rsv vaccine for young children. using an aged mouse model of rsv pathogenesis, we found that aged mice had impaired ag-specific cd8(+) t cell responses and delayed rsv clearance compared with young mice. to study vaccine-elicited rsv-specif ...201424285837
epidemiology and risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring pediatric intensive care admission in hong kong children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. however, there are limited data on severe rsv infection requiring pediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission. this retrospective study described features of rsv-associated picu admissions in hong kong and investigated factors for mortality and duration of picu stay.201424277597
cell-mediated immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection: magnitude, kinetics, and correlates with morbidity and age.we evaluated the cell-mediated immune (cmi) response to rsv acute infection including the magnitude, kinetics and correlates with morbidity and age. twenty-nine rsv-infected patients with mean ± sd age of 15 ± 14 months were enrolled during their first week of disease. th1, th2, th9, th17 and th22 responses were measured at entry and 2 and 6 weeks later. all subjects were hospitalized for a median (range) of 5 (3-11) days. rsv-specific effector and memory th1 cmi measured by lymphocyte prolifera ...201424513666
fc gamma receptors in respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for innate immunity.rsv infections are a major burden in infants less than 3 months of age. newborns and infants express a distinct immune system that is largely dependent on innate immunity and passive immunity from maternal antibodies. antibodies can regulate immune responses against viruses through interaction with fc gamma receptors leading to enhancement or neutralization of viral infections. the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effect of fc gamma receptors on viral infections have yet to be elucidat ...201424227634
a recombinant anchorless respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein/monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) vaccine protects against rsv-induced replication and lung pathology.we previously demonstrated that the severe cytokine storm and pathology associated with rsv infection following intramuscular vaccination of cotton rats with fi-rsv lot 100 could be completely abolished by formulating the vaccine with the mild tlr4 agonist and adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl). despite this significant improvement, the vaccine failed to blunt viral replication in the lungs. since mpl is a weak tlr4 agonist, we hypothesized that its adjuvant activity was mediated by modulati ...201424252693
atomic force microscopic investigation of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hep-2 cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) primarily causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. in spite of intense research, no safe and effective vaccine has been developed yet. for understanding its pathogenesis and development of anti-rsv drugs/therapeutics, it is indispensable to study the rsv-host interaction. although, there are limited studies using electron microscopy to elucidate the infection process of rsv, to our knowledge, no study has reported the morphological impact of rsv infection ...201424251370
impact of a bronchiolitis guideline on ed resource use and cost: a segmented time-series analysis.bronchiolitis is a major cause of infant morbidity and contributes to millions of dollars in health care costs. care guidelines may cut costs by reducing unnecessary resource utilization. through the implementation of a guideline, we sought to reduce unnecessary resource utilization and improve the value of care provided to infants with bronchiolitis in a pediatric emergency department (ed).201424324000
development of a high-throughput replicon assay for the identification of respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) drug discovery has been hindered by the lack of good chemistry starting points and would benefit from robust and convenient assays for high-throughput screening (hts). in this paper, we present the development and optimization of a 384-well rsv replicon assay that enabled hts for rsv replication inhibitors with a low bio-containment requirement. the established replicon assay was successfully implemented for high-throughput screening. a validation screen was per ...201424246168
a recombinant influenza virus vaccine expressing the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus.infections with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) rank high among the most common human respiratory diseases worldwide. previously, we developed a replication-incompetent influenza virus by replacing the coding sequence of the pb2 gene, which encodes one of the viral rna polymerase subunits, with that of a reporter gene. here, we generated a pb2-knockout recombinant influenza virus expressing the f protein of rsv (pb2-rsvf virus) and tested its potential as a bivalent vaccine. in m ...201424292020
asthma across the ages: knowledge gaps in childhood asthma.the eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development convened an asthma group in response to the best pharmaceuticals for children act. the overall goal of the best pharmaceuticals for children act program is to improve pediatric therapeutics through preclinical and clinical drug trials that lead to drug-labeling changes. although significant advances have been made in the understanding and management of asthma in adults with appropriately labeled medications, less ...201424290281
prolonged respiratory viral shedding in transplant patients.respiratory viral infections are frequent causes of morbidity in transplant patients. we screened symptomatic adult transplant recipients for respiratory viruses in a cohort of patients attending a referral medical center in brazil. the duration of viral shedding and the prevalence of viral codetections were also determined. during a 1-year period (2011-2012), swabs were obtained from 50 patients. an in-house polymerase chain reaction panel designed to detect 10 viruses was used. viruses were id ...201424289829
nkg2c gene deletion in the mexican population and lack of association to respiratory viral infections.expansion of a natural killer (nk) cell population that expresses nkg2c has been associated with cytomegalovirus and other viral infections. it has been suggested that this cell population may play a role in infection control. deletion of the nkg2c gene (homozygous or heterozygous) has been reported with high prevalence in european and asian populations. however, the effect of nkg2c genotype on nk cell responses to infection remains poorly defined. we determined the prevalence of the nkg2c delet ...201424305414
using google flu trends data in forecasting influenza-like-illness related ed visits in omaha, nebraska.emergency department (ed) visits increase during the influenza seasons. it is essential to identify statistically significant correlates in order to develop an accurate forecasting model for ed visits. forecasting influenza-like-illness (ili)-related ed visits can significantly help in developing robust resource management strategies at the eds.201425037278
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus detection in clinical specimens without nucleic acid extraction using focus direct disc assay is substantially equivalent to the traditional methods and the focus nucleic acid extraction-dependent rt-pcr assay.in this study, we evaluated focus diagnostic's flu a/b & rsv direct kit (direct disc assay), designed to detect influenza (flu) and respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv) directly in clinical specimens without nucleic acid extraction. this novel 'sample-to-answer', nucleic acid extraction-independent assay uses a unique disc to process, amplify, and detect viral targets in up to 8 specimens at a time. the performance of this assay for detecting flu and rsv viruses was compared to the traditional me ...201424360265
motavizumab treatment of infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection does not decrease viral load or severity of illness.this study was conducted to determine whether treatment with motavizumab, an anti-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) monoclonal antibody, would decrease viral load and improve clinical outcomes in previously healthy term infants hospitalized with rsv lower respiratory tract infection.201424356256
respiratory syncytial virus infection, tlr3 ligands, and proinflammatory cytokines induce cd161 ligand llt1 expression on the respiratory epithelium.during respiratory-virus infection, excessive lymphocyte activation can cause pathology both in acute infection and in exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. the costimulatory molecule cd161 is expressed on lymphocyte subsets implicated in promoting respiratory inflammation, including th2, th17, mucosally associated invariant t (mait) cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. we asked whether the cd161 ligand llt1 could be expressed on respiratory epithelial cells following respiratory-vi ...201424352438
respiratory syncytial virus in critically ill adult patients with community-acquired respiratory failure: a prospective observational study.the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus infection was determined during three rsv seasons in 158 adult patients consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit with community-acquired respiratory failure. nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for the presence of rsv and influenza virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction. six patients (4%) were positive for rsv and all recovered. this finding was in sharp contrast to influenza (23 (15%) patients, 4 (17%) deaths). i ...201424350766
detection of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein variants between 2009 and 2012 in china.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory tract infection, particularly acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti), in early childhood. the rsv fusion protein (f protein) is an important surface protein, and it is the target of both cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) and neutralizing antibodies; thus, it may be useful as a candidate for vaccine research. this study investigated the genetic diversity of the rsv f protein. to this end, a total of 1800 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospi ...201424297488
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