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pre-birth cohort study of atopic dermatitis and severe bronchiolitis during infancy.infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis (i.e. severe bronchiolitis) are at increased risk of childhood asthma. there are many known risk factors for severe bronchiolitis, including cardiac and pulmonary diseases. less is known about the association between atopic diseases and risk of severe bronchiolitis. we sought to further examine risk factors for severe bronchiolitis, focusing on atopic dermatitis (ad).201626766307
who informal consultation on surveillance of respiratory syncytial virus on the who global influenza surveillance and response system (gisrs) platform, 25–27 march 2015, geneva, switzerland. 201626753193
phenotype and hierarchy of two transgenic t cell lines targeting the respiratory syncytial virus kdm282-90 epitope is transfer dose-dependent.in this study, we compared two lines of transgenic cd8+ t cells specific for the same kdm282-90 epitope of respiratory syncytial virus in the cb6f1 hybrid mouse model. here we found that these two transgenic lines had similar in vivo abilities to control viral load after respiratory syncytial virus infection using adoptive transfer. transfer of the trbv13-2 line resulted in higher levels of il-6 and mip1-α in the lung than trbv13-1 transfer. interestingly, when large numbers of cells were co-tra ...201626752171
the logistics and coordination of respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis use among us pediatric specialists.this study was conducted to survey us pediatric specialists about administration of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immunoprophylaxis, communication patterns among physicians and parents, and barriers to access. separate surveys were sent to neonatologists, pediatricians, pediatric pulmonologists, and pediatric cardiologists. most physicians (≥93.5%) routinely recommended immunoprophylaxis to high-risk children. most respondents (≥71.8%) reported that >50.0% of eligible infants and young child ...201626746004
clinical outcomes in outpatient respiratory syncytial virus infection in immunocompromised children.immunocompromised patients are at high risk for morbidity and mortality due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. increasingly, pediatric patients with malignancy or undergoing transplantation are managed primarily as outpatients. data regarding the clinical presentation and outcomes of rsv in the outpatient pediatric immunocompromised population are limited.201626859306
risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cyanotic congenital heart disease in a subtropical area.to compare the risk of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated hospitalization and analyze the epidemiology of rsv infection in patients with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease (chd), we analyzed the nationwide health insurance database from 2005-2010.201626822618
absence of human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus from bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies of selected patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.previous studies have reported very different rates of human rhinovirus (hrv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genome detection in nasal and sputum samples, but not in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and bronchial biopsy samples. our study aimed to investigate the presence of hrv and rsv in the lungs of 31 consecutive patients with stable copd (11 gold stage i, 11 ii, and 9 iii) and 22 control subjects (12 current or past smokers, and 10 non-smokers), who underwent diagnostic (e.g., lung cance ...201626819185
burden of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in pregnant women and infants under 6 months in mongolia: a prospective cohort study.pregnant women and infants under 6 months are at risk of influenza-related complications. limited information exists on their community burden of respiratory viruses.201626849042
erratum: effect of prophylactic palivizumab on admission due to respiratory syncytial virus infection in former very low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 201626839492
chest physiotherapy for acute bronchiolitis in paediatric patients between 0 and 24 months old.this cochrane review was first published in 2005 and updated in 2007, 2012 and now 2015. acute bronchiolitis is the leading cause of medical emergencies during winter in children younger than two years of age. chest physiotherapy is sometimes used to assist infants in the clearance of secretions in order to decrease ventilatory effort.201626833493
evaluation of a fluorescent immunoassay rapid test (sofia™) for detection of influenza a+b and rsv in a tertiary pediatric setting.in response to the lack of sensitivity and reproducibility of previously marketed rapid antigen detection tests, a novel fluorescent immunoassay was recently developed. this new assay offers rapidity and automated reading. more characterization of this assay is needed. the aim of this study was to assess diagnostic performance of sofia influenza a+b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) while compared to traditional viral cell culture. a total of 416 respiratory samples were analyzed prospective ...201626827091
atypical presentations of respiratory syncytial virus infection: case series.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) usually causes a lower respiratory tract infection in affected patients. rsv has also been infrequently linked to extrapulmonary diseases in children. we report four children who had unusually severe clinical manifestations of rsv infections requiring critical care admission. these patients presented to the royal hospital, muscat, oman, in december 2013 with acute necrotising encephalopathy (ane), acute fulminant hepatic failure with encephalopathy, pneumato ...201626909220
respiratory syncytial virus - more chimera than chimpanzee? 201626906878
[lower respiratory tract infection caused by influenza virus a and influenza virus b in wenzhou, china: a clinical analysis of 366 children].to compare the epidemiological and clinical features of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) caused by influenza virus a (iva) and influenza virus b (ivb) in children.201626903057
latest options for treatment of bronchiolitis in infants.bronchiolitis is the most frequent pathology associated with lower respiratory tract infection in newborns and young infants. the treatment of bronchiolitis is essentially supportive therapy for respiratory distress, hypoxia and dehydration. to date, no specific antiviral drug is used on a routine basis for the treatment of rsv infections. currently, the only antiviral drug approved for the infection is ribavirin; however, its use is limited due to adverse side effects and the risks it poses to ...201626901672
intrinsic disorder to order transitions in the scaffold phosphoprotein p from the respiratory syncytial virus rna polymerase complex.intrinsic disorder is at the center of biochemical regulation and is particularly overrepresented among the often multifunctional viral proteins. replication and transcription of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) relies on a rna polymerase complex with a phosphoprotein cofactor p as the structural scaffold, which consists of a four-helix bundle tetramerization domain flanked by two domains predicted to be intrinsically disordered. because intrinsic disorder cannot be reduced to a defined ato ...201626901160
antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in children <18 months old.the development of a safe and effective respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine might be facilitated by knowledge of the natural immune response to this virus. the aims of this study were to evaluate the neutralizing antibody response of a cohort of healthy children <18 months old to rsv infection. during the rsv season, 89 healthy children <18 months old were enrolled and followed up weekly for 12 weeks. at each visit, a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained for rsv detection by real-time polymera ...201626901128
naso-pharyngeal carriage of organisms in children aged 3-59 months diagnosed with severe community-acquired pneumonia.to study the naso-pharyngeal carriage of organisms in children diagnosed with severe pneumonia.201626897143
evidence for a biphasic mode of respiratory syncytial virus transmission in permissive hep2 cell monolayers.during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection filamentous virus particles are formed on the cell surface. although the virus infectivity remains cell-associated, low levels of cell-free virus is detected during advanced infection. it is currently unclear if this cell-free virus infectivity is due to a low-efficiency specific cell-release mechanism, or if it arises due to mechanical breakage following virus-induced cell damage at the advanced stage of infection. understanding the origin of t ...201626790623
seasonal dynamics of the airborne bacterial community and selected viruses in a children's daycare center.children's daycare centers appear to be hubs of respiratory infectious disease transmission, yet there is only limited information about the airborne microbial communities that are present in daycare centers. we have investigated the microbial community of the air in a daycare center, including seasonal dynamics in the bacterial community and the presence of specific viral pathogens. we collected filters from the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) system of a daycare center every ...201626942410
incorporating transmission into causal models of infectious diseases for improved understanding of the effect and impact of risk factors.conventional measures of causality (which compare risks between exposed and unexposed individuals) do not factor in the population-scale dynamics of infectious disease transmission. we used mathematical models of 2 childhood infections (respiratory syncytial virus and rotavirus) to illustrate this problem. these models incorporated 3 causal pathways whereby malnutrition could act to increase the incidence of severe infection: increasing the proportion of infected children who develop severe infe ...201626940116
correction: correction: molecular characterization of circulating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genotypes in gilgit baltistan province of pakistan during 2011-2012 winter season. 201626938668
prediction model of rsv-hospitalization in late preterm infants: an update and validation study.new vaccines and rsv therapeutics have been developed in the past decade. with approval of these new pharmaceuticals on the horizon, new challenges lie ahead in selecting the appropriate target population. we aimed to improve a previously published prediction model for prediction of rsv-hospitalization within the first year of life.201626930376
progress toward a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.in accompanying papers (p. l. acosta, m. t. caballero, and f. p. polack, clin vaccine immunol 23:189-195, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00609-15; m. vissers, i. m. l. ahout, m. i. de jonge, and g. ferwerda, clin vaccine immunol 23:243-245, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00590-15) in this issue of clinical and vaccine immunology, the history of and immune mechanisms underlying vaccine-enhanced respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease and of investigations of mucosal antibodies and the ...201626818954
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a major cause of severe lower respiratory illness in infants and young children, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for viral pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. to date, no drugs or vaccines have been employed to improve clinical outcomes for rsv-infected patients. in this paper, we report that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2) protected against severe lung injury induced by rsv infection in an experimental mouse model and in p ...201626813885
protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b negatively regulates s100a9-mediated lung damage during respiratory syncytial virus exacerbations.protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (ptp1b) has anti-inflammatory potential but ptp1b responses are desensitized in the lung by prolonged cigarette smoke exposure. here we investigate whether ptp1b expression affects lung disease severity during respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). ptp1b(-/-) mice infected with rsv exhibit exaggerated immune cell infiltration, damaged epithelial cell barriers, cytokine production, and increased apoptosis. e ...201626813343
fas-associated factor 1 negatively regulates the antiviral immune response by inhibiting translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 to the nucleus.this study is designed to examine the cellular functions of human fas-associated factor 1 (faf1) containing multiple ubiquitin-related domains. microarray analyses revealed that interferon-stimulated genes related to the antiviral response are significantly increased in faf1-knockdown hela cells. silencing faf1 enhanced the poly(i·c)- and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced production of type i interferons (ifns), the target genes of interferon regulator factor 3 (irf3). irf3 is a key tran ...201626811330
risk of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection and effectiveness of control measures to prevent transmission events: a systematic review.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes a significant public health burden, and outbreaks among vulnerable patients in hospital settings are of particular concern. we reviewed published and unpublished literature from hospital settings to assess: (i) nosocomial rsv transmission risk (attack rate) during outbreaks, (ii) effectiveness of infection control measures. we searched the following databases: medline, embase, cinahl, cochrane library, together with key websites, journals and grey literat ...201626901358
genetic association of tlr4 asp299gly, tlr4 thr399ile, and cd14 c-159t polymorphisms with the risk of severe rsv infection: a meta-analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants worldwide. it is recognized by toll-like receptor 4 (tlr 4) and cluster of differentiation 14 (cd14) in the innate immune response. previous case-control studies reported the influence of tlr4 asp299gly, tlr4 thr399ile, and cd14 c-159t polymorphisms on the risk of severe rsv infection. however, a decisive conclusion has not been achieved. therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to examine the associatio ...201626901241
respiratory syncytial virus: a byzantine pathogen. 201626795683
a recombinant g protein plus cyclosporine a-based respiratory syncytial virus vaccine elicits humoral and regulatory t cell responses against infection without vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can cause severe disease in the lower respiratory tract of infants and older people. vaccination with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv) and subsequent rsv infection has led to mild to severe pneumonia with two deaths among vaccinees. the vaccine-enhanced disease (ved) was recently demonstrated to be due to an elevated level of th2 cell responses following loss of regulatory t (treg) cells from the lungs. to induce high levels of neutralizing ...201626792805
prospective clinical and serological follow-up in early childhood reveals a high rate of subclinical rsv infection and a relatively high reinfection rate within the first 3 years of life.children encounter repeated respiratory tract infections during their early life. we conducted a prospective clinical and serological follow-up study to estimate the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) primary infection and reinfection rates in early childhood. sera were collected from 291 healthy children at the ages of 13, 24 and 36 months and antibody levels against rsv antigens were determined by enzyme immunoassay. the rt-pcr method was also used for identifying the possible presence of rsv i ...201626732801
population-based analysis of bronchiolitis epidemiology in valencia, spain.there is a lack of european epidemiologic population-based studies on bronchiolitis and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis including both hospitalizations and primary care attendance.201626658376
protection against respiratory syncytial virus by inactivated influenza virus carrying a fusion protein neutralizing epitope in a chimeric hemagglutinin.a desirable vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) should induce neutralizing antibodies without eliciting abnormal t cell responses to avoid vaccine-enhanced pathology. in an approach to deliver rsv neutralizing epitopes without rsv-specific t cell antigens, we genetically engineered chimeric influenza virus expressing rsv f262-276 neutralizing epitopes in the globular head domain as a chimeric hemagglutinin (ha) protein. immunization of mice with formalin-inactivated recombinant chi ...201626656630
post-bronchiolitis use of asthma medication: a prospective 1-year follow-up study.our aim was to evaluate the association between viral findings during bronchiolitis and the use of asthma controller medication (primary outcome) and systemic corticosteroids (secondary outcome) during the first post-bronchiolitis year.201626658529
reduced expression of hla-dr on monocytes during severe respiratory syncytial virus infections.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of bronchiolitis in infants with a wide spectrum of disease severity. besides environmental and genetic factors, it is thought that the innate immune system plays a pivotal role. the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of immune receptors on monocytes and the in vitro responsiveness from infants with severe rsv infections.201626658377
antiviral benzofurans from eupatorium chinense.eleven benzofuran dimers, (+)-dieupachinins a-e, (-)-dieupachinins a-e and dieupachinin f, a benzofuran trimer trieupachinin a, as well as seven known compounds were isolated from the roots of eupatorium chinense. the enantiomers of racemates dieupachinins a-e were separated by chiral hplc. the structures with absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, x-ray diffraction analysis, and circular dichroism experiments. the isolated compounds were evaluated for their ...201626675360
understanding respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development and aspects of disease pathogenesis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in young children and the elderly. despite decades of research there is no licensed rsv vaccine. although significant advances have been made in understanding the immune factors responsible for inducing vaccine-enhanced disease in animal models, less information is available for humans. in this review, we discuss the different types of rsv vaccines and thei ...201626641318
humidity: a review and primer on atmospheric moisture and human health.research examining associations between weather and human health frequently includes the effects of atmospheric humidity. a large number of humidity variables have been developed for numerous purposes, but little guidance is available to health researchers regarding appropriate variable selection. we examine a suite of commonly used humidity variables and summarize both the medical and biometeorological literature on associations between humidity and human health. as an example of the importance ...201626599589
downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‑19 induced by respiratory syncytial viral infection affects the interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts.the present study was designed to examine the expression and function of matrix metalloproteinase‑19 (mmp‑19), which is downregulated following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. the diverse expression levels of mmp were examined using a designed cdna expression array. the expression and secretion of mmp‑19 was examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt‑qpcr) analysis and elisa, respectively. the proliferation of epithelial cells and lung fibroblast ...201626548962
maternal high-fat hypercaloric diet during pregnancy results in persistent metabolic and respiratory abnormalities in offspring.we have shown in a previous population-based study significant correlation between childhood asthma and early abnormalities of lipid and glucose metabolism. this study's specific aim was to determine whether maternal nutrition in pregnancy affects postnatal metabolic and respiratory outcomes in the offspring.201626539661
etiology of pneumonia in a pediatric population with high pneumococcal vaccine coverage: a prospective study.improved childhood immunizations programs, especially the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination, better diagnostic methods and the importance of reduced antibiotic misuse, make this a critical time to increase knowledge on the etiology of pediatric pneumonia. our main objective was to identify the contribution of various microbiological species that causes pneumonia in previously healthy children and adolescents in a population with high pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage.201626599568
agonistic 4-1bb antibody fails to reduce disease burden during acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. despite this, there are limited therapeutic options. cd8 t cells have an integral role in controlling viral infections; strategies to enhance these responses may be clinically relevant. the t cell costimulatory receptor, 4-1bb, is known to play a role in expansion of antiviral cd8 t cells. in this study, we examined the effect of agonistic 4-1bb antibody at the time of rsv infection in mice. we ...201626597692
high burden of rsv hospitalization in very young children: a data linkage study.linked administrative population data were used to estimate the burden of childhood respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization in an australian cohort aged <5 years. rsv-coded hospitalizations data were extracted for all children aged <5 years born in new south wales (nsw), australia between 2001 and 2010. incidence was calculated as the total number of new episodes of rsv hospitalization divided by the child-years at risk. mean cost per episode of rsv hospitalization was estimated using ...201626626237
maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from rsv in newborn lambs.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the causative agent of serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in newborns and infants. protection from rsv is crucial for neonates, and maternal immunization is one approach that holds promise for providing immediate protection to young infants against severe rsv infection. we previously reported efficacy of a subunit vaccine consisting of the fusion (f) protein formulated with a novel adjuvant (δf/triadj) in neonates. the goal of the current st ...201626616551
flt3 ligand improves the innate response to respiratory syncytial virus and limits lung disease upon rsv reexposure in neonate mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. the immunological factors responsible for rsv susceptibility in infants are poorly understood. here, we used the balb/c mouse model of neonatal rsv infection to study the mechanisms leading to severe disease upon reexposure to the virus when adults. two major deficiencies in neonatal lung innate responses were found: a poor dcs mobilization, and a weak engagement of the ifni pathway. the administration of flt3 li ...201626681580
rsv vaccine use--the missing data.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most important cause of hospitalization in infants and is one of the leading global causes of infant mortality and as such its prevention through vaccination is a public health priority. while essential for the successful implementation of vaccine programs, there remains a paucity of data on the epidemiology of the virus in different settings and age groups and limited knowledge about virus transmission and the health-care costs of the disease. ...201626636902
effectiveness of palivizumab in children with childhood interstitial lung disease: the french experience.there is a lack of evidence concerning the effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab in children with childhood interstitial lung disease (child). in this retrospective study, we evaluated the effectiveness of palivizumab for decreasing the rate of rsv-related hospitalizations in children under the age of 24 months with child treated with corticosteroids.201626636747
baculovirus vectors expressing f proteins in combination with virus-induced signaling adaptor (visa) molecules confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection.baculovirus has been exploited for use as a novel vaccine vector. to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of recombinant baculoviruses (rbvs) expressing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) proteins, four constructs (bac-tf/64, bac-cf, bac-cf/tf64 and bac-cf/tf64-visa) were generated. bac-tf64 displays the f ectodomain (tf) on the envelope of rbvs, whereas bac-cf expresses full-length f protein in transduced mammalian cells. bac-cf/tf64 not only displays tf on the envelope but also e ...201626643933
tlr3 activation increases chemokine expression in human fetal airway smooth muscle cells.viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, adversely affect neonatal and pediatric populations, resulting in significant lung morbidity, including acute asthma exacerbation. studies in adults have demonstrated that human airway smooth muscle (asm) cells modulate inflammation through their ability to secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. the role of asm in the developing airway during infection remains undefined. in our study, we used human fetal asm cells as a ...201626589477
respiratory syncytial virus shedding by children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection.children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection shed virus for variable periods. the aim of this study was to quantify the viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with rsv throughout their hospitalization. this study included 37 children who were admitted with a diagnosis of rsv infection based on a positive rapid diagnostic test. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients every day, from admission to discharge. viral detection and quantification were performed us ...201626588816
current practices for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus and other non-influenza respiratory viruses in high-risk patient populations: a survey of institutions in the midwestern respiratory virus collaborative.the optimal treatment for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in adult immunocompromised patients is unknown. we assessed the management of rsv and other non-influenza respiratory viruses in midwestern transplant centers.201626923867
epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children in england, 2010-2014: the importance of birth month.the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in young children has not recently been described in england, and is an essential step in identifying optimal target groups for future licensed rsv vaccines. we used two laboratory surveillance systems to examine the total number and number of positive rsv tests in children aged <5 years in england from 2010 to 2014. we derived odds ratios (ors) with 95% confidence intervals (cis) comparing children by birth mo ...201626916807
spontaneous pneumothorax with subcutaneous emphysema: a rare complication of respiratory syncytial virus infection.viral bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children under the age of 2. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the infecting agent in more than 50% of the cases. usually the clinical course is uneventful and complications are uncommon. secondary air leaks are a recognized rare complication of bronchiolitis, although the real incidence remains unknown. we report a case of a 21-month-old female that developed a spontaneous pneumothorax (pno) with subcutan ...201626858803
early-life respiratory infections and asthma development: role in disease pathogenesis and potential targets for disease prevention.this article presents recent findings and perspectives on the relationship between early-life respiratory infections and asthma inception, and discusses emerging concepts on strategies that target these infectious agents for asthma prevention.201626854761
new insight into the pathogenesis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome: role of the persistence of respiratory tract virus in immune disorders.the pathogenesis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (mcns) is a complex clinical problem which, unfortunately, has been in need of significant breakthroughs for decades. improved understanding of the mechanisms is important to develop effective treatment strategies. to our knowledge, the pathogenesis of mcns is multifactorial, involving both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, reasonable to be regarded as a "long chain" cascade reaction. current studies implicating that the disease could probably ...201626876386
children hospitalized with rhinovirus bronchiolitis have asthma-like characteristics.children with bronchiolitis often are considered a homogeneous group. however, in a multicenter, prospective study of 2207 young children hospitalized for bronchiolitis, we found that children with respiratory syncytial virus detected differ from those with rhinovirus detected; the latter patients resemble older children with asthma, including more frequent treatment with corticosteroids.201626875009
cathelicidins have direct antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and protective function in vivo in mice and humans.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in infants, causing significant morbidity and mortality. no vaccine or specific, effective treatment is currently available. a more complete understanding of the key components of effective host response to rsv and novel preventative and therapeutic interventions are urgently required. cathelicidins are host defense peptides, expressed in the inflamed lung, with key microbicidal and modulatory roles in innate hos ...201626873992
meeting report: 4th isirv antiviral group conference: novel antiviral therapies for influenza and other respiratory viruses.the international society for influenza and other respiratory virus diseases (isirv) held its 4th antiviral group conference at the university of texas on 2-4 june, 2015. with emerging resistance to the drugs currently licensed for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza viruses, primarily the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) and the m2 inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine, and the lack of effective interventions against other respiratory viruses, the 3-day programme focus ...201626872862
implementation of american academy of pediatrics guidelines for palivizumab prophylaxis in a pediatric hospital.one hospital's implementation of revised american academy of pediatrics (aap) guidelines for palivizumab prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is described.201626953285
prevalence of respiratory viruses among children hospitalized from respiratory infections in shenzhen, china.the prevalence of local dominant viral etiologies is important for clinical management and prevention of common viral respiratory tract infections. unfortunately, there is limited large-scale data about common viral respiratory infection in south china. to survey dominant viral etiology and seasonality of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children, a 4-year consecutive study was conducted in shenzhen, china.201626952107
rsv-related thrombocytopenia associated with transient cytogenetic abnormalities in a recipient of umbilical cord blood transplantation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are associated with thrombocytopenia. the underlying mechanism of thrombocytopenia in this setting is unknown. herein, we report a case of rsv-related thrombocytopenia associated with transient cytogenetic abnormalities that occurred following umbilical cord blood transplantation.201626949553
neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection has an effect on lung inflammation and the cd4(+) cd25(+) t cell subpopulation during ovalbumin sensitization in adult mice.in balb/c adult mice, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection enhances the degree of lung inflammation before and/or after ovalbumin (ova) respiratory sensitization. however, it is unclear whether rsv infection in newborn mice has an effect on the immune response to ova respiratory sensitization in adult mice. the aim of this study was to determine if rsv neonatal infection alters t cd4(+) population and lung inflammation during ova respiratory sensitization in adult mice. balb/c mice were i ...201626990762
performance evaluation of four rapid antigen tests for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus.rapid identification of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is important in the management of infected patients. rapid diagnostic tests (rdt) are widely used for this purpose. this study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of four rsv antigen tests including the binaxnow rsv card test, sd bioline rsv test, bd veritor rsv test, and humasis rsv antigen test in comparison with real-time rt-pcr as the reference method. nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 280 patients with symptoms of lower ...201626990654
outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in immunocompromised adults on a hematology ward.we describe an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on a hematology ward without allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. twelve patients and one staff member infected with rsv were identified from the laboratory database. five patients had lower respiratory tract infection, seven had upper respiratory tract infection, one was asymptomatic, and there were two (15.4%) deaths. most patients had overlapping periods of potential infectiousness on the ward. sequencing was possible ...201626990584
determinants of early life immune responses to rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus causes significant morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, and a vaccine that adequately protects from severe disease remains an important unmet need. rsv disease has an inordinate impact on the very young, and the physical and immunological immaturity of early life complicates vaccine design. defining and targeting the functional capacities of early life immune responses and controlling responses during primary antigen exposure with select ...201626986236
development of electrochemiluminescent serology assays to measure the humoral response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus.sensitive and precise serology assays are needed to measure the humoral response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) following natural infection or vaccination. we developed and evaluated a collection of electrochemiluminescent (ecl) serology assays using four rsv antigens (f, n, ga and gb). to assess the merits of ecl technology, the four ecl serology assays were evaluated using a well-characterized "gold standard" panel of acute and convalescent serum samples from fifty-nine rsv-p ...201627070145
the burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease among children younger than 1 year in central and eastern europe.globally, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in young children, and is a major cause of hospital admission in children <1 year of age. the study evaluated the severity of rsv-associated lrti disease among premature (<36 weeks gestational age (ga)) and term children <1 year of age and assessed the influence of ga on outcomes of rsv lrti hospitalization in central and eastern europe (cee).201627174177
temporal association between the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): rsv as a predictor of seasonal influenza.epidemiologists agree that there is a prevailing seasonality in the presentation of epidemic waves of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and influenza. the aim of this study is to quantify the potential relationship between the activity of rsv, with respect to the influenza virus, in order to use the rsv seasonal curve as a predictor of the evolution of an influenza virus epidemic wave. two statistical tools, logistic regression and time series, are used for predicting the evolution of ...201627165946
[airway inflammation induced by poly(i:c) stimulation in the late stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice and its mechanism].to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation and recurrent wheezing induced by recurrent respiratory virus infection after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.201627165597
morbidity and mortality among patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection: a 2-year retrospective review.previous studies have demonstrated high morbidity and mortality for adult patients with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we performed a retrospective, multicenter, two-year chart review of all patients (n = 334) testing positive for rsv by the proflu + (®) influenza a/b and rsv assay (hologic, bedford, ma). we analyzed indicators of morbidity and mortality in children <6 years old, immunocompetent and immunosuppressed adults, and transplant patients. significant morbidity and mortali ...201627179369
enhanced allergic responsiveness after early childhood infection with respiratory viruses: are long-lived alternatively activated macrophages the missing link?early childhood infection with respiratory viruses, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza, is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma and severe exacerbation of ongoing disease. despite the long recognition of this relationship, the mechanism linking viral infection and later susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation is still poorly understood. we discuss the literature and provide new evidence demonstrating that these viruses induce the alte ...201627178560
respiratory viruses and children.respiratory viruses place a great disease burden especially on the youngest children in terms of high rates of infection, bacterial complications and hospitalizations. in developing countries, some viral infections are even associated with substantial mortality in children. the interaction between viruses and bacteria is probably much more common and clinically significant than previously understood. respiratory viruses frequently initiate the cascade of events that ultimately leads to bacterial ...201627177731
a regional cohort study of the treatment of critically ill children with bronchiolitis.to describe the treatment practices in critically ill children with rsv bronchiolitis across four regional picus in the northeastern united states, and to determine the factors associated with increased icu length of stay in this population.201627177013
nasopharyngeal microbiome in respiratory syncytial virus resembles profile associated with increased childhood asthma risk. 201627174483
biochemical effect of resistance mutations against synergistic inhibitors of rsv rna polymerase.als-8112 is the parent molecule of als-8176, a first-in-class nucleoside analog prodrug effective in the clinic against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. the antiviral activity of als-8112 is mediated by its 5'-triphosphate metabolite (als-8112-tp, or 2'f-4'clch2-cytidine triphosphate) inhibiting the rna polymerase activity of the rsv l-p protein complex through rna chain termination. four amino acid mutations in the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domain of l (quad: m628l, a789v, ...201627163448
rsv neutralization by palivizumab, but not by monoclonal antibodies targeting other epitopes, is augmented by fc gamma receptors.palivizumab efficiently blocks respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in vitro. however, virus neutralization assays generally omit fc region-mediated effects. we investigated the neutralization activity of rsv-specific monoclonal antibodies on cells with fc receptors. subneutralizing concentrations of antibodies resulted in antibody-dependent enhancement of rsv infection in monocytic cells. contrary to antibodies targeting other epitopes, the neutralization by palivizumab was augmented in ...201627185625
vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus: the time has finally come.respiratory syncytial virus causes a significant public health burden, particularly in very young infants and the frail elderly. the legacy of enhanced rsv disease (erd) from a whole formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine, and the complex biology of the virus and the neonate have delayed the development of effective vaccines. however, new insights into factors associated with erd and breakthroughs in understanding the antigenic structure of the fusion (f) glycoprotein have increased optimism that vacc ...201627182820
the mechanisms of delayed onset type adverse reactions to oseltamivir.oseltamivir is recommended for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in persons at higher risk for influenza complications such as individuals with diabetes, neuropsychiatric illnesses, and respiratory, cardiac, renal, hepatic or haematological diseases. however, a recent cochrane review reported that reduction of antibody production, renal disorders, hyperglycaemia, psychiatric disorders, and qt prolongation may be related to oseltamivir use. the underlying mechanisms are reviewed. there i ...201627251370
respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants in rural nepal.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. the risk of rsv infection associated with preterm birth is not well-characterized in resource-limited settings. we aimed to obtain precise estimates of risk factors and disease burden of rsv in infants in rural southern nepal.201627241525
[th17/treg imbalance mediated by il-8 in rsv-infected bronchial epithelial cells].to explore the mechanisms for an increase in susceptibility of asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), to observe the expression of interleukin-8 (il-8) in human bronchial epithelial cells (hbecs) after rsv infection and to invesigate the regulatory effect of il-8 on th17/treg differentiation.201627241142
core bead chromatography for preparation of highly pure, infectious respiratory syncytial virus in the negative purification mode.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important human pathogen, and is the most frequent viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants. in addition, it is increasingly being recognized as an important cause of respiratory disease in the elderly and immunocompromised. although a passive prophylactic treatment does exist for high-risk neonates and children, the overall disease burden warrants the development of a safe and effective prophylactic vaccine for use in otherwise healthy newborn ...201627238375
predictors of rsv lrti hospitalization in infants born at 33 to 35 weeks gestational age: a large multinational study (poni).preterm infants are at high risk of developing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). this observational epidemiologic study evaluated rsv disease burden and risk factors for rsv-associated lrti hospitalization in preterm infants 33 weeks+0 days to 35 weeks+6 days gestational age not receiving rsv prophylaxis.201627310438
respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants. 201627305208
acute viral bronchiolitis in south africa: strategies for management and prevention.management of acute viral bronchiolitis is largely supportive. there is currently no proven effective therapy other than oxygen for hypoxic children. the evidence indicates that there is no routine benefit from inhaled, rapid short-acting bronchodilators, adrenaline or ipratropium bromide for children with acute viral bronchiolitis. likewise, there is no demonstrated benefit from routine use of inhaled or oral corticosteroids, inhaled hypertonic saline nebulisation, montelukast or antibiotics. t ...201627303780
a preliminary assessment of the role of ambient nitric oxide exposure in hospitalization with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.some in vitro studies have indicated a possible link between respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and exposure to nitric oxide (no). however, these studies used much higher no concentrations than normally found in the ambient environment. this preliminary study explored whether an association was present with short-term exposure to no in the environment. rsv-related admission data between november 2011 and february 2012 were obtained from sheffield children's hospital. the dates of admiss ...201627294948
time series analysis of rsv and bronchiolitis seasonality in temperate and tropical western australia.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory illness in young children and is most commonly associated with bronchiolitis. rsv typically occurs as annual or biennial winter epidemics in temperate regions, with less pronounced seasonality in the tropics. we sought to characterise and compare the seasonality of rsv and bronchiolitis in temperate and tropical western australia. we examined over 13 years of rsv laboratory identifications and bronchiolitis hospitalisations in children, using ...201627294794
association between secondary thrombocytosis and viral respiratory tract infections in children.secondary thrombocytosis (st) is frequently observed in children with a variety of clinical conditions. the leading cause of st is respiratory tract infection (rti) in children. nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected and assessed for common respiratory viruses. the relationships between virus infections and secondary thrombocytosis were analyzed retrospectively. the blood platelet count and the presence of respiratory viruses were determined for 3156 rti patients, and 817 (25.9%) cases w ...201626965460
tnf-α and macrophages are critical for respiratory syncytial virus-induced exacerbations in a mouse model of allergic airways disease.viral respiratory infections trigger severe exacerbations of asthma, worsen disease symptoms, and impair lung function. to investigate the mechanisms underlying viral exacerbation, we established a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced exacerbation after allergen sensitization and challenge. rsv infection of ova-sensitized/challenged balb/c mice resulted in significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) and macrophage and neutrophil lung infiltration. exacerbation wa ...201627036916
best practice in the prevention and management of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is ubiquitous with almost all infants having been infected by 2 years of age and lifelong repeated infections common. it is the second largest cause of mortality, after malaria, in infants outside the neonatal period and causes up to 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. rsv results in clinical syndromes that include upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, bronchiolitis (up to 80% of cases) and lower respiratory tract disease including pneumonia ...201627034777
functional correlations of respiratory syncytial virus proteins to intrinsic disorder.protein intrinsic disorder is an important characteristic demonstrated by the absence of higher order structure, and is commonly detected in multifunctional proteins encoded by rna viruses. intrinsically disordered regions (idrs) of proteins exhibit high flexibility and solvent accessibility, which permit several distinct protein functions, including but not limited to binding of multiple partners and accessibility for post-translational modifications. idr-containing viral proteins can therefore ...201627062995
respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus severe bronchiolitis are associated with distinct nasopharyngeal microbiota. 201627061249
bcsh/bsbmt/uk clinical virology network guideline: diagnosis and management of common respiratory viral infections in patients undergoing treatment for haematological malignancies or stem cell transplantation.a joint working group established by the haemato-oncology subgroup of the british committee for standards in haematology, the british society for bone marrow transplantation and the uk clinical virology network has reviewed the available literature and made recommendations for the diagnosis and management of respiratory viral infections in patients with haematological malignancies or those undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. this guideline includes recommendations for the diagno ...201627060988
neonatal pneumonia in sub-saharan africa.neonatal pneumonia is a devastating condition. most deaths in sub-saharan africa can be attributed to preventable diseases, including pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria, which together killed an estimated 2.2 million children under the age of 5 years in 2012, accounting for a third of all under-five deaths in this region. some countries are making progress in reducing mortality through community-based health schemes; however, most countries in this region are far from achieving the world health or ...201628702283
influence of meteorological conditions on rsv infection in portugal.acute viral bronchiolitis is a common cause for infant hospital admissions. of all etiological agents, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is commonly the most frequent. the present study assesses relationships between atmospheric factors and rsv infections in under 3-year-old patients admitted to the inpatient paediatric service of vila real (north of portugal). for this purpose, (1) clinical files of children admitted with a diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis from september 2005 to december 2015 ( ...201627059367
novel diversity-oriented synthesis-derived respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors identified via a high throughput replicon-based screen.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections affect millions of children and adults every year. despite the significant disease burden, there are currently no safe and effective vaccines or therapeutics. we employed a replicon-based high throughput screen combined with live-virus triaging assays to identify three novel diversity-oriented synthesis-derived scaffolds with activity against rsv. one of these small molecules is shown to target the rsv polymerase (l protein) to inhibit viral replicati ...201627059228
outcome of encephalitis in pediatric intensive care unit.to review pathogens, morbidity and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit (picu) patients with viral and infectious encephalitis.201627053179
respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchial hyperreactivity in children up to two years of age in correlation with atopy.bronchiolitis in early childhood caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is considered to be important risk factor of the recurrent wheezing and asthma development. the aim of this study was to examine the frequency of rsv infection and atopy in children up to two years of age and to determine their correlation with bronchial hyperreactivity.201626964386
[controlling an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv among nicu patients and the medical team].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv is the most common cause of respiratory infections in infants, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia. premature infants have an increased risk for developing severe illness and even death. a monoclonal antibody vaccination named palivizumab is available for preventing rsv infection. we describe an outbreak and control of rsv infections in one of our neonatal intensive care units, involving three patients and two medical team members.201627012069
increasing the complexity of respiratory syncytial virus infection: reactive oxygen species, dna damage, and premature senescence. 201627008410
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