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unravelling respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in buenos aires, argentina: molecular basis of the spatio-temporal transmission.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the main viral cause of hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. several vaccines against rsv are under research and development, which are about to be approved. we evaluated transmission patterns in different settings to determine age-specific vaccination targets from a viral perspective. we sequenced the g glycoprotein's ectodomain of a constant clinical sampling between two epidemic outbreaks in a limited geogra ...201728527341
infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides.asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness to non-specific bronchoconstriction agonists as the primary underlying pathophysiology. the worldwide incidence of asthma has increased dramatically in the last 40 years. according to world health organization (who) estimates, over 300 million children and adults worldwide currently suffer from this incurable disease and 255,000 die from the disease each year. it is now well acce ...201728526018
passive and active immunization against respiratory syncytial virus for the young and old.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide and also causes significant disease in the elderly. despite 60 years of rsv research and vaccine development, there is only one approved medicine to prevent rsv infections. palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mab) against the rsv fusion (f) protein, is indicated for preterm infants and children at high-risk for rsv infections. it is an active time in rsv vaccine and mab development w ...201728525961
vaccine development for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important and ubiquitous respiratory pathogen for which no vaccine is available notwithstanding more than 50 years of effort. it causes the most severe disease at the extremes of age and in settings of immunodeficiency. although rsv is susceptible to neutralizing antibody, it has evolved multiple mechanisms of immune evasion allowing it to repeatedly infect people despite relatively little genetic diversity. recent breakthroughs in determining the structur ...201728525878
unexpected infection spikes in a model of respiratory syncytial virus vaccination.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an acute respiratory infection that infects millions of children and infants worldwide. recent research has shown promise for the development of a vaccine, with a range of vaccine types now in clinical trials or preclinical development. we extend an existing mathematical model with seasonal transmission to include vaccination. we model vaccination both as a continuous process, applying the vaccine during pregnancy, and as a discrete one, using impulsive diffe ...201728524109
airway t cells protect against rsv infection in the absence of antibody.tissue resident memory t (trm) cells act as sentinels and early responders to infection. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-specific trm cells have been detected in the lungs after human rsv infection, but whether they have a protective role is unknown. to dissect the protective function of trm cells, balb/c mice were infected with rsv; infected mice developed antigen-specific cd8(+) trm cells (cd103(+)/cd69(+)) in the lungs and airways. intranasally transferring cells from the airways of previou ...201728537249
risk of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in the first and second years of life in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. 201728536747
rapid tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.rapid diagnosis of respiratory virus infections contributes to patient care. this systematic review evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of rapid tests for the detection of respiratory viruses. we searched medline and embase for studies evaluating these tests against pcr as reference standard. 179 studies were included of which 134 evaluated rapid tests for influenza viruses, 32 for rsv, and 13 for other respiratory viruses. we used the bivariate random effects model for quantitative meta-analysis ...201728520858
virus detection by pcr following vaccination of naive calves with intranasal or injectable multivalent modified-live viral vaccines.we evaluated duration of pcr-positive results following administration of modified-live viral (mlv) vaccines to beef calves. twenty beef calves were randomly assigned to either group 1 and vaccinated intranasally with a mlv vaccine containing bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), or to group 2 and vaccinated subcutaneously with a mlv vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (bvdv-1, -2), bohv-1, brs ...201728545321
pcpp-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) sf subunit vaccine: self-assembled supramolecular complexes enable enhanced immunogenicity and protection.pcpp, a well-defined polyphosphazene macromolecule, has been studied as an immunoadjuvant for a soluble form of the postfusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv sf), which is an attractive vaccine candidate for inducing rsv-specific immunity in mice and humans. we demonstrate that rsv sf-pcpp formulations induce high neutralization titers to rsv comparable to alum formulations even at a low pcpp dose and protect animals against viral challenge both in the lung and in the upper res ...201728544850
humidified high-flow nasal cannula oxygen in bronchiolitis reduces need for invasive ventilation but not intensive care admission.to describe the changes to paediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission patterns and ventilation requirements for children with bronchiolitis following the introduction of humidified high-flow nasal cannula oxygen outside the picu.201728544665
a risk-adapted approach to treating respiratory syncytial virus and human parainfluenza virus in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients with oral ribavirin therapy: a pilot study.here we report the applicability of a protocol based on clinical conditions and risk factors (rfs) for managing 35 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct) recipients who developed a total of 52 episodes of respiratory viral infections (rvis) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv; n=19), human parainfluenza virus (hpiv; n=29), or both (n=4) over a 2-year study period. risk categories were classified as high risk (cat-1) when the immunodeficiency scoring index was ≥3 an ...201728544152
serum ll-37 level is associated with severity of bronchiolitis and viral etiology.ll-37 is a host defense peptide with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. we examined the relation of serum ll-37 levels to the severity of bronchiolitis and viral etiology.201728541502
significance of platelet count in children admitted with bronchiolitis.to determine the true prevalence of thrombocytosis in children less than 2 years of age with bronchiolitis, its association with risk factors, disease severity and thromboembolic complications.201728540196
the absence of interferon-β promotor stimulator-1 (ips-1) predisposes to bronchiolitis and asthma-like pathology in response to pneumoviral infection in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-bronchiolitis is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality and a risk factor for subsequent asthma. we showed previously that toll-like receptor (tlr)7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) is critical for protection against bronchiolitis and asthma in mice infected with pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), the mouse homolog of rsv. this lack of redundancy was unexpected as interferon-β promotor stimulator-1 (ips-1) signalling, downstream of rig-i-like receptor ...201728539639
improved prefusion stability, optimized codon usage, and augmented virion packaging enhance the immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in a vectored-vaccine candidate.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important viral agent of severe pediatric respiratory tract disease worldwide, but it lacks a licensed vaccine or suitable antiviral drug. a live attenuated chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (rb/hpiv3) was developed previously as a vector expressing rsv fusion (f) protein to confer bivalent protection against rsv and hpiv3. in a previous clinical trial in virus-naive children, rb/hpiv3 was well tolerated but the immunogenicity of wild- ...201728539444
mitochondrial protein p32/hapb1/gc1qr/c1qbp is required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus production.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory infections in infants and the elderly, leading to more deaths than influenza each year, but there is no antiviral or efficacious vaccine currently available. here we examine the role in infection of the host mitochondrial protein p32 (habp/gc1qr/c1qbp) for the first time. rsv replication as well as infectious virus production was significantly reduced by p32 sirna knockdown, consistent with an important role for p32 in rsv infecti ...201728576489
association of c-reactive protein with bacterial and respiratory syncytial virus-associated pneumonia among children aged <5 years in the perch study.lack of a gold standard for identifying bacterial and viral etiologies of pneumonia has limited evaluation of c-reactive protein (crp) for identifying bacterial pneumonia. we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of crp for identifying bacterial vs respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia in the pneumonia etiology research for child health (perch) multicenter case-control study.201728575375
respiratory syncytial virus: prospects for new and emerging therapeutics.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. although the development of a rsv vaccine has been a priority for >50 years, there is still no vaccine available. treatment of rsv lrti has remained mostly supportive, i.e. hydration and oxygenation. palivizumab and ribavirin are the only options currently available for prevention and treatment of rsv infection, but evidence suggests that they are ...201728574729
efficacy and safety of ban huang oral liquid for treating bovine respiratory diseases.ban huang oral liquid was developed as a veterinary compound preparation by the lanzhou institute of husbandry and pharmaceutical sciences of the chinese academy of agricultural sciences (caas). the purpose of this study was to determine whether the oral liquid preparation of traditional chinese medicine, ban huang, is safe and effective for treating respiratory diseases in cattle.201728573221
discovery of a prefusion respiratory syncytial virus f-specific monoclonal antibody that provides greater in vivo protection than the murine precursor of palivizumab.palivizumab, a humanized murine monoclonal antibody that recognizes antigenic site ii on both the prefusion (pre-f) and postfusion (post-f) conformations of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f glycoprotein, is the only prophylactic agent approved for use for the treatment of rsv infection. however, its relatively low neutralizing potency and high cost have limited its use to a restricted population of infants at high risk of severe disease. previously, we isolated a high-potency neutralizing ...201728539438
α-asarone suppresses the proliferation and migration of asmcs through targeting the lncrna-pvt1/mir-203a/e2f3 signal pathway in rsv-infected rats.asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. α-asarone presents many pharmacological effects and has been demonstrated to be useful in treating asthma. however, the functional mechanism of α-asarone in rsv-infected asthma has not been investigated. long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) have been reported to play critical roles in many biological processes. although m ...201728510638
real-life comparison of three general paediatric wards showed similar outcomes for children with bronchiolitis despite different treatment regimens.this study evaluated the effectiveness of three different treatments for bronchiolitis in a tertiary paediatric facility.201728510350
palivizumab prophylaxis in infants with cystic fibrosis does not delay first isolation of pseudomonas aeruginosa or staphylococcus aureus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections may worsen cystic fibrosis (cf) lung disease and favor pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) or staphylococcus aureus (sa) acquisition, which is of particular importance in the youngest patients. we aimed to determine the effectiveness of pvz on microbiological outcomes in young children with cf. we conducted a retrospective case-control study to compare these outcomes in children who systematically received pvz (pvz+; n = 40) or not (pvz-; n = 140). one case w ...201728508992
bac-based recovery of recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus, which causes lower respiratory tract infections and is a leading cause of mortality in young infants. there is no available rsv vaccine and currently administered prophylactic antibodies are limited to high-risk populations. current efforts to develop vaccines include development of live-attenuated rsv candidates. we describe here methods for preparation and recovery of recombinant rsv using an efficient b ...201728508217
heliox delivered by high flow nasal cannula improves oxygenation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis.the objective of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis that use of heliox would result in improvement of gas exchange when used with high flow nasal cannula in infants with rsv acute bronchiolitis.201728506664
genetic characterization respiratory syncytial virus in kerala, the southern part of india.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in infants and young children globally. rsv presents two antigenic groups rsv- a and b. genetic variability is also very high within each group. rsv circulation varies year to year and even varies among different regions. data on circulatory pattern of rsv are available from other parts of india except kerala. the aim of the study was to generate data about groups and genotypes of circulatin ...201728464224
molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus detected from central india.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the major cause of respiratory tract infection in both children and adults, virtually all children acquire infection with hrsv by the age of 3 years. two subgroups of the virus, hrsv-a and hrsv-b based on sequence variability of g protein gene are divided into 11 and 17 genotypes, respectively. very limited data regarding circulating genotypes is available from india. this study aimed to detect and characterize the circulating genotype of hrsv from cen ...201728460417
grape seed proanthocyanidin inhibits mucin synthesis and viral replication by suppression of ap-1 and nf-κb via p38 mapks/jnk signaling pathways in respiratory syncytial virus-infected a549 cells.airway epithelial cells are often infected by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), one of the most common causes of asthma, bronchiolitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia. during the infection process, excessive mucins instigate airway inflammation. however, the mechanism underlying rsv-induced airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation is poorly understood. furthermore, no reliable vaccines or drugs for antiviral therapy are available. in this study, the effect of the natur ...201728502165
ongoing developments in rsv prophylaxis: a clinician's analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. lower respiratory tract infection due to rsv is one of the most common causes of hospitalization for infants, especially those born premature or with chronic lung or heart disease. furthermore, rsv infection is an important cause of morbidity in adults, particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. the acute phase of this infection is often followed by episodes of w ...201728500974
a highly potent extended half-life antibody as a potential rsv vaccine surrogate for all infants.prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness in all infants is a major public health priority. however, no vaccine is currently available to protect this vulnerable population. palivizumab, the only approved agent for rsv prophylaxis, is limited to high-risk infants, and the cost associated with the requirement for dosing throughout the rsv season makes its use impractical for all infants. we describe the development of a monoclonal antibody as potential rsv prophylaxis for all infant ...201728469033
respiratory syncytial virus infection accelerates lung fibrosis through the unfolded protein response in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis animal model.emerging evidence has demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum stress (er) is involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. viral infection often triggers a hyperinflammatory response by an expansion of the er. the present study was designed to observe the role of respiratory syncytial virus infection (rsv)‑induced er stress on lung fibrosis. in order to determine the role of er stress on the onset and progression of pulmonary fi ...201728498407
comparison of interferon and bovine herpesvirus-1-specific iga levels in nasal secretions of dairy cattle administered an intranasal modified live viral vaccine prior to calving or on the day of calving.thirty-two holstein cows were allocated to receive intranasal vaccination with modified live bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and parainfluenza type 3 virus (pi3v) vaccine either two weeks prior to their projected calving date, or within 24h after calving. nasal secretions were collected twice at a 12-h interval on the day prior to vaccination (day 0) and at 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14days post vaccination to measure interferon (ifn) alpha, ifn-beta, ifn-gamma, and ...201728494927
complete heart block complicating the acute phase of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus is the most common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection in infants. in recent years, the importance of extrapulmonary complications and longterm sequelae including those involving the cardiovascular system has become apparent. we report on a 10 month old infant with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, the acute phase of which was complicated by irreversible complete heart block, which was managed conservatively.201728486756
comparison of first year of life acute otitis media admissions before and after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.acute otitis media (aom) is a common childhood infection, which is usually managed in the outpatient setting. yet, the more severe cases are referred for inpatient treatment. we hypothesized that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (pcvs), administered during the first year of life, would decrease aom admissions rate in this age group. we studied the characteristics of infants admitted with aom and acute mastoiditis (am) in the pcv13 era, routinely given from november 2010 to all infants.201728483246
ifnγ influences epithelial anti-viral responses via histone methylation of the rig-i promoter.the asthmatic lung is prone to respiratory viral infections that exacerbate the symptoms of the underlying disease. recent work has suggested that a deficient th1 response in early life may lead to these aberrant anti-viral responses. we investigated whether the inflammatory environment of the airway epithelium could modulate anti-viral gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms, in order to study the development of a long-term dysregulation of innate responses, which are a hallmark of asthma. we ...201728481620
a multi-laboratory study of diverse rsv neutralization assays indicates feasibility for harmonization with an international standard.a current barrier to the standardized evaluation of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine candidates is the wide variety of virus neutralization assay formats currently in use for assessing immunogenicity. assay formats vary widely in labor intensiveness, duration, and sample throughput. furthermore, the cell lines and virus strains used are not consistent among formats. the purpose of this multi-laboratory study was to assess the variability across a diverse array of assay formats that quan ...201728476625
etiology and clinical features of viral bronchiolitis in infancy.bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. the aim of this review is to present the clinical profile of viral bronchiolitis, the different culprit viruses and the disease severity in relation to the viral etiology.201728470580
respiratory syncytial virus-neutralizing serum antibody titers in infants following palivizumab prophylaxis with an abbreviated dosing regimen.monthly injections of palivizumab during the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) season in at-risk infants reduces rsv-associated hospitalizations. however, the additive effect of naturally acquired immunity remains unclear. the objective of this study was to assess total neutralizing serum antibodies (nab) against rsv in at-risk infants who had received an abbreviated course of palivizumab prophylaxis.201728437470
infective respiratory syncytial virus is present in human cord blood samples and most prevalent during winter months.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease amongst infants, and continues to cause annual epidemics of respiratory disease every winter worldwide. demonstrating placental transmission of viable rsv in human samples is a major paradigm shift in respiratory routes considered likely for rsv transmission.201728437435
transmission patterns and evolution of respiratory syncytial virus in a community outbreak identified by genomic analysis.detailed information on the source, spread and evolution of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) during seasonal community outbreaks remains sparse. molecular analyses of attachment (g) gene sequences from hospitalized cases suggest that multiple genotypes and variants co-circulate during epidemics and that rsv persistence over successive seasons is characterized by replacement and multiple new introductions of variants. no studies have defined the patterns of introduction, spread and evolution of ...201728458916
global epidemiology of non-influenza rna respiratory viruses: data gaps and a growing need for surveillance.together with influenza, the non-influenza rna respiratory viruses (nirvs), which include respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, coronavirus, rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus, represent a considerable global health burden, as recognised by who's battle against respiratory viruses initiative. by contrast with influenza viruses, little is known about the contemporaneous global diversity of these viruses, and the relevance of such for development of pharmaceutical interventions. a ...201728457597
cost-effectiveness of palivizumab compared to no prophylaxis in term infants residing in the canadian arctic.hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus infection result in large health expenditures for inuit infants. palivizumab has been shown to be highly effective in reducing such admissions in preterm inuit infants. we performed a cost-effectiveness analysis estimating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (icer) for palivizumab prophylaxis per admission related to respiratory syncytial virus avoided in healthy term infants across the canadian arctic.201728443266
a three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells.recapitulation of lung development from human pluripotent stem cells (hpscs) in three dimensions (3d) would allow deeper insight into human development, as well as the development of innovative strategies for disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. we report here the generation from hpscs of lung bud organoids (lbos) that contain mesoderm and pulmonary endoderm and develop into branching airway and early alveolar structures after xenotransplantation and in matrigel 3d cultur ...201728436965
pulmonary function and outcomes in infants randomized to a rescue course of antenatal steroids.our objective was to obtain follow-up pulmonary function testing and assessment of clinical respiratory outcomes, at 1-2 years, in preterm infants whose mothers were randomized to a single rescue course of antenatal steroids (as) versus placebo.201728436580
watsonianone a from rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit attenuates respiratory-syncytial-virus-induced inflammation in vitro.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens. immoderate inflammation plays a great role in causing rsv-induced diseases. in the present study, watsonianone a, isolated from the fruit of rhodomyrtus tomentosa (ait.) hassk, was found to show a good inhibitory effect on rsv-induced no production, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 37.2 ± 1.6 μm. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses indic ...201728436225
antibody-induced internalization of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections remain a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalizations among infants. infection recurs frequently and establishes a weak and short-lived immunity. to date, rsv immunoprophylaxis and vaccine research is mainly focused on the rsv fusion (f) protein, but a vaccine remains elusive. the rsv f protein is a highly conserved surface glycoprotein and is the main target of neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection. here, we analyzed an inte ...201728468888
prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in mexico.acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. although a viral aetiological agent is estimated to be involved in up to 80% of cases, the majority of these agents have never been specifically identified. since 2009, diagnostic and surveillance efforts for influenza virus have been applied worldwide. however, insufficient epidemiological information is available for the many other respiratory viruses that can cause acute respiratory infections.201728467515
evidence of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza-3 virus in mexican sheep.this is a first report in mexico of the presence of antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza-3 virus in mexican sheep in different productive stages. we determine the association of serological positivity with age and production system, and obtain molecular evidence of infection by both virus. rsv prevalence in adult sheep was 47% (49/105) at the tropic and 64% (63/99) at the uplands. a significant difference in rsv seropositivity between animals from the tropic and ...201728466061
maternal immunisation: collaborating with mother nature.maternal immunisation has the potential to substantially reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases after birth. the success of tetanus, influenza, and pertussis immunisation during pregnancy has led to consideration of additional maternal immunisation strategies to prevent group b streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus infections, among others. however, many gaps in knowledge regarding the immunobiology of maternal immunisation prevent the optimal design and application of t ...201728433705
group b streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus immunisation during pregnancy: a landscape analysis.group b streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus are leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. no licensed vaccines are available for either disease, but vaccines for both are under development. severe respiratory syncytial virus disease can be prevented by passively administered antibody. the presence of maternal igg antibody specific to respiratory syncytial virus is associated with reduced prevalence and severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease in the first few w ...201728433702
genetic variability of human respiratory syncytial virus group b in panama reveals a novel genotype ba14.in panama, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is responsible of 20-40% of acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years old. currently, little is known about the genetic variability of hrsv in central america and the caribbean. recently, we reported the genetic variability of hrsv-a, however; no studies on hrsv-b in panama have been described yet. in this study, 24 sequences of panamanian hrsv-b, from children (<5 years) with acute respiratory infections (ari), collected from july ...201728464479
type 2 bvdv n(pro) suppresses ifn-1 pathway signaling in bovine cells and augments brsv replication.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection induces immunosuppression and in conjunction with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex. bovine turbinate cells were single or co-infected with type 2 bvdv wild-type (bvdv2-wt), its dysfunctional n(pro) mutant (bvdv2-e), and/or brsv. bvdv2-e significantly up-regulated pkr, irf-7, tbk-1, irf-3, and ifn-β mrnas based on real-time q-rt-pcr. brsv-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated ...201728432927
respiratory virus detection during hospitalisation for lower respiratory tract infection in children under 2 years in south auckland, new zealand.to describe respiratory virus detection in children under 2 years of age in a population admitted with lower respiratory infection and to assess correlation with measures of severity.201728430397
tomentodione e, a new sec-pentyl syncarpic acid-based meroterpenoid from the leaves of rhodomyrtus tomentosa.a new meroterpenoid, tomentodione e (1), along with four known ones (2-5) were isolated from the leaves of rhodomyrtus tomentosa. their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data as well as computational methods. compound 1 represents the first example of meroterpenoid possessing a sec-pentyl syncarpic acid motif coupled with a caryophyllene. compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with cytopathic effect ( ...201728429610
acute viral bronchiolitis in infants (review).bronchiolitis is a common condition in children less than 2 years of age and is a leading cause of infant hospitalization. acute bronchiolitis is characterized by acute wheezing in infants or children and is associated with signs or symptoms of respiratory infection; the most common etiologic agent is respiratory syncytial virus. there is a lack of consensus regarding the clinical definition of acute viral bronchiolitis in children and hence the management varies across the globe. usually it doe ...201728480848
hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus among adults in the united states, 1997-2012.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an established cause of serious lower respiratory disease in children, but the burden in adults is less well studied.201728480262
host dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr)-directed cycloguanil analogues endowed with activity against influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.we have identified a series of 1-aryl-4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydrotriazines, structurally related to the antimalarial drug cycloguanil, as new inhibitors of influenza a and b virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) via targeting of the host dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) enzyme. most analogues proved active against influenza b virus in the low micromolar range, and the best compounds (11, 13, 14 and 16) even reached the sub-micromolar potency of zanamivir (ec50 = 0.060 μm), and markedly exceeded ...201728477572
update in the treatment of non-influenza respiratory virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients.despite the improved outcomes in solid organ transplantation with regard to prevention of rejection and increased patient and graft survival, infection remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality. respiratory viruses are a frequent and potentially serious cause of infection after solid organ transplantation. furthermore, clinical manifestations of respiratory virus infection (rvi) may be more severe and unusual in solid organ transplant recipients (sotrs) compared with the non-immunocompro ...201728425766
febrile status epilepticus due to respiratory syncytial virus infection.febrile status epilepticus can have neurological sequelae. the type of sequelae, however, depend on the etiology, including infection due to viral agents such as the influenza virus. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in childhood may also contribute to this. the aim of this study was therefore to characterize febrile status epilepticus associated with rsv infection, and to determine whether this type of infection is a risk factor for neurological sequelae in febrile status epilepticus.201728423465
systematic review of the safety and efficacy of palivizumab among infants and young children with cystic fibrosis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common pathogen in infants with cystic fibrosis (cf). the use of palivizumab prophylaxis for rsv infection as the standard of care for infants with cf remains controversial.201728423192
persistence in temporary lung niches: a survival strategy of lung-resident memory cd8(+) t cells.respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long- ...201728418771
sequence variability of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion gene among contemporary and historical genotypes of rsv/a and rsv/b.the fusion (f) protein of rsv is the major vaccine target. this protein undergoes a conformational change from pre-fusion to post-fusion. both conformations share antigenic sites ii and iv. pre-fusion f has unique antigenic sites p27, ø, α2α3β3β4, and mpe8; whereas, post-fusion f has unique antigenic site i. our objective was to determine the antigenic variability for rsv/a and rsv/b isolates from contemporary and historical genotypes compared to a historical rsv/a strain.201728414749
molecular evolution of the fusion protein (f) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b.in this study, we examined the molecular evolution of the fusion protein (f) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup b (hrsv-b). first, we performed time-scale evolution analyses using the bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method. next, we performed genetic distance, linear b-cell epitope prediction, n-glycosylation, positive/negative selection site, and bayesian skyline plot analyses. we also constructed a structural model of the f protein and mapped the amino acid substitutio ...201728414106
the burden of seasonal respiratory infections on a national telehealth service in england.seasonal respiratory illnesses present a major burden on primary care services. we assessed the burden of respiratory illness on a national telehealth system in england and investigated the potential for providing early warning of respiratory infection. we compared weekly laboratory reports for respiratory pathogens with telehealth calls (nhs 111) between week 40 in 2013 and week 29 in 2015. multiple linear regression was used to identify which pathogens had a significant association with respir ...201728413995
respiratory syncytial virus infection rates with limited use of palivizumab for infants born at 29 to 31+6/7 weeks gestational age.immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab can reduce respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and hospitalizations. criteria in british columbia limit the use of palivizumab to infants born at 29 to 31+6/7 weeks gestational age, which differ from guidelines of the american academy of pediatrics (aap) and the canadian paediatric society (cps).201728348428
cd4(+) t cells support establishment of rsv-specific igg and iga antibody secreting cells in the upper and lower murine respiratory tract following rsv infection.the rsv vaccine field suffered a major set-back when children were vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv). unexpectedly, the vaccinated children fared worse than unvaccinated children when they were naturally infected with rsv. mouse models were then developed that implicated the cd4(+) t helper cell population as a contributor to adverse events. today, the t cell is viewed with much caution in the rsv field, and its induction by vaccination is sometimes discouraged. here we ...201728410812
characterization of pre-f-gcn4t, a modified human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein stabilized in a noncleaved prefusion conformation.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) fusion (f) protein is considered a major target of the neutralizing antibody response to hrsv. this glycoprotein undergoes a major structural shift from the prefusion (pre-f) to the postfusion (post-f) state at the time of virus-host cell membrane fusion. recent evidences suggest that the pre-f state is a superior target for neutralizing antibodies compared to the post-f state. therefore, for vaccine purposes, we have designed and characterized a reco ...201728404847
efficacy of palivizumab prophylaxis on the frequency of rsv-associated lower respiratory tract infections in preterm infants: determination of the ideal target population for prophylaxis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in high-risk infants is an effective intervention for the prevention of severe disease. the aim of this study was to determine the ideal target preterm population that might benefit from palivizumab prophylaxis by establishing the main risk factors for acute rsv-related infections. former premature infants born with a gestational age ≤37 weeks and ≤1 year of age at the beginning of the rsv season and admitted with respiratory infection were included. ...201728391538
il-4rα on dendritic cells in neonates and th2 immunopathology in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis in children, and severe rsv infection early in life has been associated with asthma development. using a neonatal mouse model, we have shown that down-regulation of il-4 receptor α (il-4rα) with antisense oligonucleotides in the lung during neonatal infection protected from rsv immunopathophysiology. significant down-regulation of il-4rα was observed on pulmonary cd11b(+) myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) suggesting a r ...201728389622
universal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus a and b subtypes.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, young children, and the elderly. two subtypes of rsv, a and b, circulate alternately at 1-2-year intervals during epidemics. the attachment glycoprotein (g protein) of rsv is one of the major targets for immune responses. in this study, we generated a recombinant fusion protein, gcfab, which consists of the central regions (a.a. residues 131-230) of the g proteins of both rsv a (a2 strain) a ...201728384263
clinical profiles of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes a and b among children hospitalized with bronchiolitis.in this analysis of a prospective, multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, 925 had respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-a and 649 had rsv-b. overall, bronchiolitis severity did not differ by rsv subtype. however, among children with rsv-only bronchiolitis, those children with rsv-a had higher risk of intensive care treatment (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.71; p = 0.048) when compared with those having rsv-b.201728383391
the impact of the interferon/tnf-related apoptosis-inducing ligand signaling axis on disease progression in respiratory viral infection and beyond.interferons (ifns) are well described to be rapidly induced upon pathogen-associated pattern recognition. after binding to their respective ifn receptors and activation of the cellular jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. isgs may directly act on the invading pathogen or can eith ...201728382038
rsv hospitalizations in comparison with regional rsv activity and inpatient palivizumab administration, 2010-2013.to compare pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalizations in the united states to regional rsv activity and inpatient palivizumab administration.201728381595
preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection to prevent asthma: the missing link. 201728379714
reply: preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection to prevent asthma: the missing link. 201728379713
discovery of novel benzothienoazepine derivatives as potent inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.the development of novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of the rsv polymerase complex is of significant clinical interest. compounds derived from the benzothienoazepine core, such as az-27, are potent inhibitors of rsv viruses of the a-subgroup, but are only moderately active against the b serotype and as yet have not demonstrated activity in vivo. herein we report the discovery of several novel families of c-2 arylated benzothienoazepine derivatives that are highly potent rsv polymerase inhibitors a ...201728372911
panel 4: report of the microbiology panel.objective to perform a comprehensive review of the literature from july 2011 until june 2015 on the virology and bacteriology of otitis media in children. data sources pubmed database of the national library of medicine. review methods two subpanels comprising experts in the virology and bacteriology of otitis media were created. each panel reviewed the relevant literature in the fields of virology and bacteriology and generated draft reviews. these initial reviews were distributed to all panel ...201728372529
estimates of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus incidences with fraction modeling approach in baguio city, the philippines, 2012-2014.estimation of the incidences of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is important for disease control. previous estimate in the city showed a substantial burden of influenza in both outpatients and inpatients while it did not account for individuals who do not seek medical attention nor rsv.201728371393
nasosorption as a minimally invasive sampling procedure: mucosal viral load and inflammation in primary rsv bronchiolitis.existing respiratory mucosal sampling methods are flawed, particularly in a pediatric bronchiolitis setting.201728368490
interference between respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus infection in infancy.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human rhinovirus (hrv) are the most common viruses associated with acute respiratory tract infections in infancy. viral interference is important in understanding respiratory viral circulation and the impact of vaccines.201728368456
the burden and long-term respiratory morbidity associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in early childhood.the regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provide a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. the objective of this fifth publication was to determine the long-term respiratory morbidity associated with rsv lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) in early life.201728357706
impact of rapid molecular respiratory virus testing on real-time decision making in a pediatric emergency department.acute respiratory illnesses (aris) are usually viral [influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)] and account for 25% of emergency department (ed) peak-season visits. laboratory pcr testing is accurate albeit slow, whereas rapid antigen testing is inaccurate. we determined the impact of bedside pcr (molecular point-of-care test; mpoct) on pediatric ari management. this was a prospective cohort study of consecutive pediatric patients with ed-ordered respiratory pcr test, enrolled over 9 weeks d ...201728341587
rhinovirus-induced first wheezing episode predicts atopic but not nonatopic asthma at school age.persistent childhood asthma is mainly atopy driven. however, limited data exist on the risk factors for childhood asthma phenotypes.201728347734
respiratory syncytial virus-host interaction in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and its impact on respiratory morbidity in later life.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common agent of severe airway disease in infants and young children. large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between rsv infection and subsequent recurrent wheezing and asthma into childhood, thought to be predominantly related to long-term changes in neuroimmune control of airway tone rather than to allergic sensitization. these changes appear to be governed by the severity of the first rsv infection in infancy which in te ...201728339145
benzimidazole-based derivatives as privileged scaffold developed for the treatment of the rsv infection: a computational study exploring the potency and cytotoxicity profiles.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been identified as a main cause of hospitalisation in infants and children. to date, the current therapeutic arsenal is limited to ribavirin and palivizumab with variable efficacy. in this work, starting from a number of in-house series of previously described anti-rsv agents based on the benzimidazole scaffold, with the aim at gaining a better understanding of the related chemical features involved in potency and safety profiles, we applied a computational ...201728276287
mutating the cx3c motif in the g protein should make a live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine safer and more effective.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) belongs to the family paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. through a cx3c chemokine motif ((182)cwaic(186)) in the g protein, rsv binds to the corresponding chemokine receptor, cx3cr1. since rsv binding to cx3cr1 contributes to disease pathogenesis, we investigated whether a mutation in the cx3c motif by insertion of an al ...201728275196
mechanisms and roles by which irf-3 mediates the regulation of ormdl3 transcription in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infancy, which is a major risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma. orosomucoid 1-like protein 3 (ormdl3) has been reported to associate with virus-triggered recurrent wheezing and asthma in children. however, little is known about how ormdl3 is involved into rsv infection. in this study, we showed that the mrna expression of ormdl3 is significantly increased in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of infants with rsv-in ...201728336364
genomic loads and genotypes of respiratory syncytial virus: viral factors during lower respiratory tract infection in chilean hospitalized infants.the clinical impact of viral factors (types and viral loads) during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is still controversial, especially regarding newly described genotypes. in this study, infants with rsv bronchiolitis were recruited to describe the association of these viral factors with severity of infection. rsv antigenic types, genotypes, and viral loads were determined from hospitalized patients at hospital roberto del río, santiago, chile. cases were characterized by demographic ...201728335547
completed weeks of gestation and risk of respiratory syncytial virus in late preterm infants. 201728333711
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in infants study (iris) of hospitalized and non-ill infants aged <1 year in four countries: study design and methods.this multi-country prospective study of infants aged <1 year aims to assess the frequency of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections associated with hospitalizations, to describe clinical features and antibody response to infection, and to examine predictors of very severe disease requiring intensive care.201728330443
clinical significance of human coronavirus in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies.the possible role of human coronavirus (hcov) in lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) in hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies (hm) has not been well studied.201728329354
cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations attributable to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza: a population-based study.characterization of the role of respiratory viral pathogens on cystic fibrosis (cf) pulmonary disease is needed. we aimed to determine the association of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) activity with risk of pulmonary exacerbation (pex) in persons with cf in the united states.201728329304
status asthmaticus and central herniation: a case for multidisciplinary critical care.a 24-year-old woman with history of asthma was intubated emergently for acute status asthmaticus triggered by acute respiratory syncytial virus infection and treated with permissive hypercapnia. her ventilation was complicated by auto-positive end-expiratory pressure and elevated peak airway, plateau, and central venous pressures. on hospital day 2, she was noted to have anisocoria. imaging showed diffuse cerebral edema with central herniation. difficult ventilation and hypercapnia directly cont ...201728328592
recent advances in developing antiviral therapies for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection presents a significant health challenge in small children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. there is still a high unmet medical need among patients with rsv infection, and no specific antiviral therapy is available. the only approved agents are palivizumab, which has to be given prophylactically, mainly in high-risk infants, and ribavirin, which is rarely used due to toxicity concerns and questionable benefits. efforts to develop new antivir ...201728324595
the impact of temperature and relative humidity on spatiotemporal patterns of infant bronchiolitis epidemics in the contiguous united states.infant bronchiolitis is primarily due to infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which is highly seasonal. the goal of the study is to understand how circulation of rsv is impacted by fluctuations in temperature and humidity in order to inform prevention efforts. using data from the military health system (mhs) data repository (mdr), we calculated rates of infant bronchiolitis for the contiguous us from july 2004 to june 2013. monthly temperature and relative humidity were extracted from ...201728285184
the role of human parainfluenza virus infections in the immunopathology of the respiratory tract.viral infections are leading causes of both upper and lower airway acute illness in all age groups of healthy persons, and have also been implicated in the acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disorders like asthma and copd. human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus and coronavirus have been considered as the most important respiratory pathogens and relatively little attention has been paid to the role of parainfluenza viruses (hpivs). human parainfluenza viruses are s ...201728283855
testing for urinary tract infection in the influenza/respiratory syncytial virus-positive febrile infant aged 2 to 12 months.infants 12 months or younger with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) commonly present to the emergency department (ed) with fever. previous publications have recommended that these patients have a urinalysis and urine culture performed. we aimed to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection (uti) in febrile rsv/influenza positive infants aged 2 to 12 months presenting to the ed. we also examined whether the 2011 american academy of pediatrics (aap) uti clinical practice guidel ...201728277411
immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein (rsv f) nanoparticle vaccine in older adults.a preventative strategy for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection constitutes an under-recognized unmet medical need among older adults. four formulations of a novel recombinant rsv f nanoparticle vaccine (60 or 90 μg rsv f protein, with or without aluminum phosphate adjuvant) administered concurrently with a licensed inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) in older adult subjects were evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in this randomized, observer-blinded study.201728413427
development of an intradermal dna vaccine delivery strategy to achieve single-dose immunity against respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a massive medical burden in infants, children and the elderly worldwide, and an effective, safe rsv vaccine remains an unmet need. here we assess a novel vaccination strategy based on the intradermal delivery of a syncon® dna-based vaccine encoding engineered rsv-f antigen using a surface electroporation device (sep) to target epidermal cells, in clinically relevant experimental models. we demonstrate the ability of this strategy to elicit robust immune respo ...201728413132
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