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glucocorticoid insensitivity in virally infected airway epithelial cells is dependent on transforming growth factor-β activity.asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations are commonly associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), rhinovirus (rv) and influenza a virus (iav) infection. the ensuing airway inflammation is resistant to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (gcs). viral infection elicits transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β) activity, a growth factor we have previously shown to impair gc action in human airway epithelial cells through the activation of activin-like kin ...201728046097
influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses: efficacy of different diagnostic assays.to determine the efficacy of cell culture, immunoflourescence assay (ifa) and real time polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) in relation to diagnosis of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).201726430404
a new hexahydrobenzopyran derivative from the gorgonian-derived fungus eutypella sp.a new hexahydrobenzopyran derivative cytosporin l (1), and another eight known compounds were isolated from the gorgonian-derived fungus eutypella sp. collected from the south china sea. the structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data. the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by a chemical reaction and the modified mosher's method. the isolated secondary metabolites were evaluated for their antibacterial activities. compound 1 showed antibacterial activity towards mic ...201728278631
lactobacillus johnsonii supplementation attenuates respiratory viral infection via metabolic reprogramming and immune cell modulation.regulation of respiratory mucosal immunity by microbial-derived metabolites has been a proposed mechanism that may provide airway protection. here we examine the effect of oral lactobacillus johnsonii supplementation on metabolic and immune response dynamics during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. l. johnsonii supplementation reduced airway t helper type 2 cytokines and dendritic cell (dc) function, increased regulatory t cells, and was associated with a reprogrammed circulating meta ...201728295020
[rapid diagnostic test for respiratory infections].acute respiratory infections are the second cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide, being viruses, bacteria and fungi involved in their etiology. the rapid diagnosis allows for a better clinical management of the patient, for adopting public health measures and for controlling possible outbreaks. the main etiologic agents can be diagnosed within the first hours after the onset of symptoms with antigen detection techniques, primarily immunochromatography. results are ob ...201728062161
intranasal administration of rsv antigen-expressing mcmv elicits robust tissue-resident effector and effector memory cd8+ t cells in the lung.cytomegalovirus vectors are promising delivery vehicles for vaccine strategies that aim to elicit effector cd8+ t cells. to determine how the route of immunization affects cd8+ t-cell responses in the lungs of mice vaccinated with a murine cytomegalovirus vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus matrix (m) protein, we infected cb6f1 mice via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route and evaluated the m-specific cd8+ t-cell response at early and late time points. we found that intranasal v ...201727220815
rage deficiency predisposes mice to virus-induced paucigranulocytic asthma.asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. although many patients with asthma develop type-2 dominated eosinophilic inflammation, a number of individuals develop paucigranulocytic asthma, which occurs in the absence of eosinophilia or neutrophilia. the aetiology of paucigranulocytic asthma is unknown. however, both respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and mutations in the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (rage) are risk factors for asthma development. here, we show that rage def ...201728099113
diagnostic value of nasopharyngeal aspirates in children with lower respiratory tract infections.the accuracy of nasopharyngeal aspirate (npa) specimens in detecting lower respiratory pathogens remains controversial. the objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of aspirates (npas) specimen in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in children.201728303845
meteorological factors on the incidence of mp and rsv pneumonia in children.pneumonia is common in children and mostly caused by many pathogens. the aim of this study was to investigate whether the incidence of pediatric mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) pneumonia and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia was associated with meteorological factors in hangzhou, china.201728282391
utility of assessing cytokine levels for the differential diagnosis of pneumonia in a pediatric population.although pneumonia is easily diagnosed, determining the causative agent is difficult due to low pathogen detection rates. we performed a prospective observational study to evaluate the utility of measuring inflammatory cytokine levels to discriminate between pneumonia caused by typical bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus, or mycoplasma pneumoniae in a pediatric population.201728198756
human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viral infections during pregnancy and birth, nepal.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a respiratory virus that can cause severe lower respiratory tract disease and even death, primarily in young children. the incidence and characteristics of hmpv have not been well described in pregnant women. as part of a trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural southern nepal, we conducted prospective, longitudinal, home-based active surveillance for febrile respiratory illness during pregnancy through 6 months postpartum. during 2011-2014, hmpv was dete ...201728726613
prolonged viral replication and longitudinal viral dynamic differences among respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infected infants.longitudinal rsv dynamics have not been well-studied despite existence of factors favoring prolonged rsv replication including: high mutation rates allowing rapid evolution and potential escape from immune control. we therefore measured viral load in previously rsv-naïve infants over prolonged time-spans.201728723886
a critical role of gas6/axl signal in allergic airway responses during rsv vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common virus that causes lower respiratory infections across a wide range of ages. a licensed rsv vaccine is not available because vaccination with formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) and the subsequent rsv infection cause not only insufficient induction of neutralizing antibodies but also severe allergic airway responses, termed fi-rsv vaccine enhanced disease (fi-rsv ved). however, the underlying mechanism has not been identified, although a th2-biased immu ...201728722020
burden and seasonality of viral acute respiratory tract infections among outpatients in southern sri lanka.in tropical and subtropical settings, the epidemiology of viral acute respiratory tract infections varies widely between countries. we determined the etiology, seasonality, and clinical presentation of viral acute respiratory tract infections among outpatients in southern sri lanka. from march 2013 to january 2015, we enrolled outpatients presenting with influenza-like illness (ili). nasal/nasopharyngeal samples were tested in duplicate using antigen-based rapid influenza testing and multiplex p ...201728719323
severity of pneumonia in under 5-year-old children from developing countries: a multicenter, prospective, observational study.pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children. the objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. a multicenter, observational study was conducted in five hospitals, from india (lucknow, vadu), madagascar (antananarivo), mali (bamako), and paraguay (san lorenzo). children aged 2-60 months wit ...201728719310
severe viral respiratory infections in children with ifih1 loss-of-function mutations.viral respiratory infections are usually mild and self-limiting; still they exceptionally result in life-threatening infections in previously healthy children. to investigate a potential genetic cause, we recruited 120 previously healthy children requiring support in intensive care because of a severe illness caused by a respiratory virus. using exome and transcriptome sequencing, we identified and characterized three rare loss-of-function variants in ifih1, which encodes an rig-i-like receptor ...201728716935
modulation of the transcription factor nf-κb in antigen-presenting cells by bovine respiratory syncytial virus small hydrophobic protein.bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is an important cause of respiratory disease in young cattle and is closely related to human rsv (hrsv), which causes severe respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. the rsv genome encodes a small hydrophobic (sh) protein with viroporin activity. previous studies have shown that recombinant brsv lacking the sh gene (rbrsvδsh) is attenuated in the lungs, but not in the upper respiratory tract, of calves and mucosal vaccination with rbrsvδsh induced ...201728714847
emergence of on1 genotype of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a in china between 2011 and 2015.a molecular epidemiological study of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) was conducted to examine the distribution of its subgroups and genotypes, as well as to identify its transmission pattern in china. a total of 705 samples collected from 9 provinces in china between january 2008 and february 2015 were identified as hrsv-positive and were subsequently sequenced. of these, 336 samples were hrsv subgroup a (hrsva), 368 samples were hrsv subgroup b (hrsvb), and 1 sample contained both hrsv ...201728710393
advances in asthma 2016: designing individualized approaches to management.in this years advances in asthma review we discuss viral infections in asthma and potential therapeutic agents, the microbiome, novel genetic associations with asthma, air quality and climate effects on asthma, exposures during development and long term sequelae of childhood asthma, patient centered outcome research, and precision medicine. in addition, we discuss application of biomarkers to precision medicine, and new information on asthma medications. new evidence indicates that rhinovirus-tr ...201728709967
effectiveness of palivizumab in high-risk infants and children: a propensity score weighted regression analysis.infants with premature birth ≤35 weeks gestational age, chronic lung disease of prematurity and congenital heart disease are at an increased risk for lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which has been shown in randomized trials to be prevented by palivizumab. however, palivizumab effectiveness (pe) has not been studied in a large clinical setting.201728709160
identification of two novel functional trna-derived fragments induced in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in children from infancy up to early childhood. recently, we demonstrated that rsv infection alters cellular small non-coding rna (sncrna) expression, most notably the trna-derived rna fragments (trfs). however, the functions of the trfs in virus-host interaction are largely unknown. herein, we examined the role of three rsv-induced trfs derived from the 5-end of mature trnas decoding glyccc, lysct ...201728708049
viral etiology, seasonality and severity of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infections in the eastern mediterranean region, 2007-2014.little is known about the role of viral respiratory pathogens in the etiology, seasonality or severity of severe acute respiratory infections (sari) in the eastern mediterranean region.201728704440
costs of hospitalization with respiratory syncytial virus illness among children aged <5 years and the financial impact on households in bangladesh, 2010.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute respiratory illness in young children and results in significant economic burden. there is no vaccine to prevent rsv illness but a number of vaccines are in development. we conducted this study to estimate the costs of severe rsv illness requiring hospitalization among children <5 years and associated financial impact on households in bangladesh. data of this study could be useful for rsv vaccine development and also the value of va ...201728702175
a novel host factor for human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of severe lower respiratory disease in young children worldwide. as part of a genome-wide sirna screen, we recently discovered that actin-related protein 2 (arp2) is a host factor in the rsv replication cycle. arp2 is a major constituent of the arp2/3 complex, which catalyzes actin polymerization involved in cell morphology and motility. in the course of investigating this finding, we also found that rsv infection of human lung e ...201728702128
nanoparticles increase human bronchial epithelial cell susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus infection via nerve growth factor-induced autophagy.cytotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects of tio2 nanoparticles (tio2-np) in human airways are mediated by nerve growth factor (ngf), which is also implicated in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. we tested the hypothesis that exposure to tio2-np results in increased susceptibility to rsv infection and exacerbation of airway inflammation via ngf-mediated induction of autophagy in lower respiratory tract cells. human primary bronchial epithelial cells were exposed t ...201728701524
an interaction of lps and rsv infection in augmenting the ahr and airway inflammation in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in children under 5 years of age, especially infants with severe bronchiolitis. our preliminary clinical experiments showed that bacterial colonization was commonly observed in children with virus-induced wheezing, particularly in those with recurrent wheezing, suggesting that bacterial colonization with an accompanying viral infection may contribute to disease severity. in most cases, rsv-in ...201728695368
systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of combined epinephrine and corticosteroid therapy for acute bronchiolitis in infants.objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of combined epinephrine and corticosteroid therapy for acute bronchiolitis in infants. methods: four electronic databases (medline, embase, cinahl, and central) were searched from their inception to february 28, 2017 for studies involving infants aged less than 24 months with bronchiolitis which assessed the use of epinephrine and corticosteroid combination therapy. the methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the cochrane collabo ...201728690542
determining the burden of respiratory syncytial virus disease: the known and the unknown. 201728689665
global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study.we have previously estimated that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was associated with 22% of all episodes of (severe) acute lower respiratory infection (alri) resulting in 55 000 to 199 000 deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2005. in the past 5 years, major research activity on rsv has yielded substantial new data from developing countries. with a considerably expanded dataset from a large international collaboration, we aimed to estimate the global incidence, hospital admission rate, ...201728689664
severe respiratory viral infections: new evidence and changing paradigms.lower respiratory tract infection is a leading cause of death in the united states. advances in diagnostic testing have improved our ability to detect pathogens. viral pathogens are important causal pathogens in immunocompetent patients. as the number of elderly adults and those with chronic medical conditions increases, the burden of viral respiratory infections will increase. clinicians must be familiar with the characteristics of rhinovirus, human adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, an ...201728687214
estimating influenza and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in western kenya using health and demographic surveillance system data, 2007-2013.influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) associated mortality has not been well-established in tropical africa.201728686692
etiology, seasonality, and clinical features of viral respiratory tract infections in children hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis: a single-center study.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the viral frequency, seasonality, and clinical and demographic features of patients hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis. a cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed in 316 infants younger than 2 years of age who were hospitalized for acute viral bronchiolitis. respiratory tract infection agents were investigated with polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 316 infants were included in this study. of the 316 infants, at least one respiratory ...201728680946
dose selection for an adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus f protein vaccine for older adults based on humoral and cellular immune responses.this is the second phase 1 study of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine containing rsv fusion protein (sf) adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid a in 2% stable emulsion (gla-se). in this randomized, double-blind study (nct02289820, clinicaltrials.gov), 261 subjects aged ≥60 years received inactivated influenza vaccine (iiv) or a vaccine containing 120 μg sf with escalating doses of gla (1, 2.5, or 5 μg) in se or a vaccine containing 80 μg sf with 2.5 μg gla in se. subjects receiving 120 μ ...201728679495
first report of immunohistochemical detection of peste des petit ruminants, parainfluenza 3 and respiratory syncytial viral antigens in lungs of nigerian goats.this study determined the of involvement of ppr, pi3 and rs viruses in the pathology of caprine pneumonia across nigeria. 150 goats were selected randomly. pi3 and rsv monoclonal antibodies and ppr polyclonal antibody were used for the immunolocalisation of the antigens. histologically, 61 of the goats had broncho-interstitial pneumonia, 25 had interstitial pneumonia, 42 had bronchopneumonia, 12 had bronchiolitis and 10 were normal. ppr, pi3 and rs viral antigens were demonstrated in: intact and ...201728679075
respiratory syncytial virus in adults with severe acute respiratory illness in a high hiv prevalence setting.there are limited data on the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness in hiv-infected adults or the elderly in africa. we studied the epidemiology of rsv-associated severe acute respiratory illness (sari) hospitalizations in adults in south africa from 2009 through 2013.201728676408
a functional genomics approach to henipavirus research: the role of nuclear proteins, micrornas and immune regulators in infection and disease.hendra and nipah viruses (family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus) are zoonotic rna viruses that cause lethal disease in humans and are designated as biosafety level 4 (bsl4) agents. moreover, henipaviruses belong to the same group of viruses that cause disease more commonly in humans such as measles, mumps and respiratory syncytial virus. due to the relatively recent emergence of the henipaviruses and the practical constraints of performing functional genomics studies at high levels of contai ...201728674944
respiratory viruses detected in mexican children younger than 5 years old with community-acquired pneumonia: a national multicenter study.acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. pneumonia accounts for 16% of all deaths of children under 5 years of age and was the cause of death of 935000 children in 2015. despite its frequency and severity, information regarding its etiology is limited. the aim of this study was to identify respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in children younger than 5 years old.201728673837
the central conserved region (ccr) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein modulates host mirna expression and alters the cellular response to infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects respiratory epithelial cells and deregulates host gene expression by many mechanisms including expression of rsv g protein (rsv g). rsv g protein encodes a central conserved region (ccr) containing a cx3c motif that functions as a fractalkine mimic. disruption of the cx3c motif (a.a. 182-186) located in the ccr of the g protein has been shown to affect g protein function in vitro and the severity of rsv disease pathogenesis in vivo. we show that infectio ...201728671606
effects of icariin on asthma mouse model are associated with regulation of prostaglandin d2 level.we aimed to observe the effect of icariin on an asthma mouse model and explore the potential underlying mechanisms.201728669561
seasonal variations of respiratory viruses detected from children with respiratory tract infections in riyadh, saudi arabia.artis have a huge impact in health systems in which 20-30% of all hospital admissions and 30-60% of practitioner visits are related to respiratory tract infections. the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, age distribution, and seasonal variation of respiratory viruses. this study was descriptive retrospective study in which all patients 14 years of age and below who presented with signs and symptoms of artis between january 2013 and december 2014 and had respiratory specimen tested ...201728668655
pulmonary immunity to viruses.mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. as a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory ...201728667071
role of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in asthma exacerbations: where are we now?since its discovery in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in young children, second only to the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). clinical evidence suggests that hmpv is associated with acute exacerbations of asthma in both children and adults, and may play a role in initiating asthma development in children. animal models have demonstrated that airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) and inflammation are triggere ...201728667069
structural basis for human respiratory syncytial virus ns1-mediated modulation of host responses.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric, elderly and immune-compromised populations(1,2). a gap in our understanding of hrsv disease pathology is the interplay between virally encoded immune antagonists and host components that limit hrsv replication. hrsv encodes for non-structural (ns) proteins that are important immune antagonists(3-6); however, the role of these proteins in viral pathogenesis is incompletely understood. here, we ...201728665409
correction: sequence variability of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion gene among contemporary and historical genotypes of rsv/a and rsv/b.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175792.].201728658276
defining the incidence and associated morbidity and mortality of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among children with chronic diseases.regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) has provided a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. this review covers the risk and burden of rsv infection in children with underlying medical conditions or chronic diseases (excluding prematurity and congenital heart disease).201728653300
poly(u) and cpg ameliorate the unbalanced t cell immunity and pneumonia of mice with rsv vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncycial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen responsible for children's severe lower respiratory tract infection. so far no rsv vaccine has yet been authorized for clinical use. the main impediment that blocked development of rsv vaccine is that inactivated rsv vaccine could cause rsv vaccine-enhanced disease (rved). the mechanism of rved remains unclear. recently some researchers found that insufficient activation of innate immunity, including toll-like receptors (tlrs), mig ...201728652534
preclinical characterization of the inhaled small molecule respiratory syncytial virus l-protein polymerase inhibitor, pc786.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, attempts to develop an effective therapy have so far proved unsuccessful. herein we report the preclinical profiles of pc786, a potent non-nucleoside rsv l-protein polymerase inhibitor, designed for inhalation treatment of rsv infection. pc786 demonstrated a potent and selective anti-viral activity against laboratory adapted or clinical isolates of rsva (ic50: < ...201728652242
sofia(®)rsv: prospective laboratory evaluation and implementation of a rapid diagnostic test in a pediatric emergency ward.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for severe respiratory infections and higher costs in medical care. the two aims of this work were to assess the performances of sofia(®)rsv tests in "real-life-laboratory" conditions (study 1) and implemented at point-of-care testing in a pediatric emergency department (ed, study 2), during two consecutive winter seasons.201728651525
helper t cell responses to respiratory viruses in the lung: development, virus suppression, and pathogenesis.the lung is an important line of defense that is exposed to respiratory infectious pathogens, including viruses. lung epithelial cells and/or alveolar macrophages are initially targeted by respiratory viruses. once respiratory viruses invade the cells of the lung, innate immunity is activated to inhibit viral replication. innate immune signaling also activates virus-specific adaptive immune responses. the helper t cells play pivotal roles in the humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses. he ...201728650258
respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, weather conditions and air pollution in an italian urban area: an observational study.in this study we sought to evaluate the association between viral bronchiolitis, weather conditions, and air pollution in an urban area in italy.201728647513
development of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines for infants.2017 will mark the 60(th) anniversary since the first isolation of rsv in children. in spite of concerted efforts over all these years, the goal of developing an effective vaccine against paediatric rsv disease has remained elusive. one of the main hurdles standing in the way of an effective vaccine is the fact that the age incidence of severe disease peaks within the first 3 months of life, providing limited opportunity for intervention. in addition to this complexity, the spectre of failed his ...201728646954
molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus in iranian ≥60 years old hospitalized patients with acute respiratory symptoms.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is an important cause of acute respiratory infection (ari) and mortality in ≥60 years old population around the world. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and circulating genotypes of hrsv in iranian patients ≥ 60 years old.201728646846
roles of non-coding rnas in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.analysis of host gene expression profiles following viral infections of target cells/tissues can reveal crucial insights into the host: virus interaction and enables the development of novel therapeutics and prophylactics. regions of the host genome that do not code for protein, encode structural, and functional non-coding rnas that are important not only in regulation of host gene expression but also may impact viral replication. this review summarizes the role of host non-coding rnas during re ...201728646339
national high-flow nasal cannula and bronchiolitis survey highlights need for further research and evidence-based guidelines.high-flow nasal cannula (hfnc) therapy provides noninvasive respiratory support for infant bronchiolitis and its use has increased following good clinical experiences. this national study describes hfnc use in finland during a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemic.201728643443
a new antiviral pregnane from a gorgonian-derived cladosporium sp. fungus.a new pregnane, 3α-hydroxy-7-ene-6,20-dione (1), and five known steroids (2-6), along with one known steroidal glycoside (7) were obtained from the fungus cladosporium sp. wz-2008-0042 cultured from a gorgonian dichotella gemmacea collected from the south china sea. the structure and absolute configuration of the new compound (1) were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data and x-ray diffraction data. the compound has a rare configuration of 3α-oh that is different from most of pregnanes. ...201728641456
viral aetiology of wheezing in children under five.wheezing is a common problem in children under five with acute respiratory infections (aris). viruses are known to be responsible for a considerable proportion of aris in children. this study was undertaken to know the viral aetiology of wheezing among the children less than five years of age, admitted to a tertiary care hospital in eastern india.201728639594
does atopy affect the course of viral pneumonia?the presence of atopy is considered as a risk factor for severe respiratory symptoms in children. the objective of this study was to examine the effect of atopy on the course of disease in children hospitalised with viral pneumonia.201728634031
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in adult emergency department patients: do emergency providers consider rsv as an admission diagnosis?: a retrospective, observational study carried out at massachusetts general hospital, boston, ma.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized for over half a century as a cause of morbidity in infants and children. over the past 20years, data has emerged linking rsv as a cause of illness in adults resulting in 177,000 annual hospitalizations and up to 14,000 deaths among older adults.201728633906
severe viral pneumonia in adults: what is important for the icu physician? 201728633583
analysis of respiratory viral infections detected using multiplex real-time pcr in hwaseong, korea from 2013 to 2015.we investigated the incidences and age-related/seasonal variations of respiratory virus infections in a regional area in korea.201728627819
infections caused by hrsv a on1 are predominant among hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis in são paulo city.human respiratory syncytial virus is the main cause of respiratory infections in infants. several hrsv genotypes have been described. goals. to describe the main genotypes that caused infections in são paulo (2013-2015) and to analyze their clinical/epidemiological features. methods. 94 infants (0-6 months) with bronchiolitis were studied. clinical/epidemiological information was collected; a search for 16 viruses in nasopharyngeal secretion (pcr-real-time and conventional, sequencing, and phylo ...201728626754
preclinical assessment of safety of maternal vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in cotton rats.maternal immunization directed to control rsv infection in newborns and infants is an appealing vaccination strategy currently under development. in this work we have modeled maternal vaccination against rsv in cotton rats (cr) to answer two fundamental questions on maternal vaccine safety. we tested (i), whether a known, unsafe rsv vaccine (i.e., fi-rsv lot 100 vaccine) induces vaccine enhanced disease in the presence of passively transferred, rsv maternal immunity, and (ii) whether the same fi ...201728624306
broad-spectrum inhibition of respiratory virus infection by microrna mimics targeting p38 mapk signaling.the majority of antiviral therapeutics target conserved viral proteins, however, this approach confers selective pressure on the virus and increases the probability of antiviral drug resistance. an alternative therapeutic strategy is to target the host-encoded factors that are required for virus infection, thus minimizing the opportunity for viral mutations that escape drug activity. micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding rnas that play diverse roles in normal and disease biology, and they gener ...201728624201
clinical course of community-acquired respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. 201728621252
chd and respiratory syncytial virus: global expert exchange recommendations.palivizumab is the standard immunoprophylaxis against serious disease due to respiratory syncytial virus infection. current evidence-based prophylaxis guidelines may not address certain children with chd within specific high-risk groups or clinical/management settings.201728619123
epitope mapping and kinetics of cd4 t cell immunity to pneumonia virus of mice in the c57bl/6 strain.pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) infection has been widely used as a rodent model to study the closely related human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). while t cells are indispensable for viral clearance, they also contribute to immunopathology. to gain more insight into mechanistic details, novel tools are needed that allow to study virus-specific t cells in c57bl/6 mice as the majority of transgenic mice are only available on this background. while pvm-specific cd8 t cell epitopes were recently ...201728615708
recurrent rhinovirus infections in a child with inherited mda5 deficiency.mda5 is a cytosolic sensor of double-stranded rna (ds)rna including viral byproducts and intermediates. we studied a child with life-threatening, recurrent respiratory tract infections, caused by viruses including human rhinovirus (hrv), influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we identified in her a homozygous missense mutation in ifih1 that encodes mda5. mutant mda5 was expressed but did not recognize the synthetic mda5 agonist/(ds)rna mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. when ...201728606988
a human challenge model for respiratory syncytial virus kinetics, the pharmacological effect of a novel fusion inhibitor, and the modelling of symptoms scores.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes acute lower respiratory tract infections, and is a major cause of hospital admissions and death in young children. limited treatments currently exist that can prevent or minimise exacerbation of the disease. the aims of this work were: 1) to develop a population pharmacodynamic model to describe rsv kinetics (rsvk) in nasal lavage, 2) evaluate the impact of an investigational fusion inhibitor, jnj-53718678, on rsvk, and 3) determine the relationship betwe ...201728606804
[expression of interferon-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells of children with rsv infection and its relationship with rsv load].to investigate the expression of ifn-λ1 in respiratory epithelial cells of children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and its relationship with rsv load.201728606236
microorganisms associated with pneumonia in children <5 years of age in developing and emerging countries: the gabriel pneumonia multicenter, prospective, case-control study.pneumonia, the leading infectious cause of child mortality globally, mainly afflicts developing countries. this prospective observational study aimed to assess the microorganisms associated with pneumonia in children aged <5 years in developing and emerging countries.201728605562
product review on the monoclonal antibody palivizumab for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) accounts for about 20% of all respiratory infections in children below the age of 5 y. it is associated with up to 63% of all acute respiratory infections and up to 81% of all viral lower respiratory tract infections causing hospitalization in infants and young children. rsv leads to seasonal epidemics between november and april in the northern hemisphere. most severe infections (rsv accounts for 50 to 80% of all cause bronchiolitis) affect infants younger than ...201728605249
the importance of rsv f protein conformation in vlps in stimulation of neutralizing antibody titers in mice previously infected with rsv.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant respiratory pathogen but no vaccine is available. rsv infections present 2 major, unique problems. first, humans can experience repeated infections caused by the same virus sero-group indicating that protective memory responses to rsv infection are defective. second, most people have been infected with rsv by age 5. immune responses to these infections, while poorly protective, could impact the effectiveness of a vaccine. the goal of this study ...201728604155
usefulness of ct value in acute respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus a and b and influenza virus a (h1n1)pdm09, a (h3n2) and b.acute respiratory infections of viral cause are very frequent entities. the difficulty in evaluating the detection of a virus in these entities could be solved by determining the viral load.201728601216
respiratory syncytial virus infection compromises asthma tolerance by recruiting interleukin-17a-producing cells via ccr6-ccl20 signaling.asthma tolerance can be induced by breast-feeding or oral feeding with ovalbumin (ova). anergy or deletion of specific t cells and generation of t regulatory cells might contribute to this process. however, whether respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection would affect asthma tolerance is not very clear. here, we first established asthma and oral tolerance mouse models and then analyzed airway hypersensitivity and asthma-related genes in the lung, ccr6-expressing il-17a(+) cells in the lungs, ...201728599122
a safe and efficient bcg vectored vaccine to prevent the disease caused by the human respiratory syncytial virus.the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia and bronchiolitis. such infections also cause a large number of hospitalizations and affects mainly newborns, young children and the elderly worldwide. symptoms associated with hrsv infection are due to an exacerbated immune response characterized by low levels of ifn-γ, recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils to the site of infection and lung damage. although hrsv is a major health prob ...201728598702
intravenous palivizumab in respiratory syncytial virus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can cause lower respiratory tract disease and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. we report two children who underwent hsct and developed rsv infection simultaneously at the bone marrow transplant unit. the treatment with intravenous palivizumab was provided and sequential viral loads were measured in nasopharyngeal (np) and whole blood samples. to our knowledge, this is the first report where rsv loads were mea ...201728598593
a four-biomarker blood signature discriminates systemic inflammation due to viral infection versus other etiologies.the innate immune system of humans and other mammals responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are conserved across broad classes of infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. we hypothesized that a blood-based transcriptional signature could be discovered indicating a host systemic response to viral infection. previous work identified host transcriptional signatures to individual viruses including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and dengue, but the generality o ...201728588308
outbreaks in the neonatal icu: a review of the literature.neonates in the neonatal icu (nicu) are uniquely vulnerable to colonization and infection with pathogens such as multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria, which in turn are associated with increased infection-related morbidities and higher case-fatality rates. we reviewed the english, french, and german language literature published between 2015 and 2017, for reports of nicu outbreaks.201728582313
epigenetic silencing of irf1 dysregulates type iii interferon responses to respiratory virus infection in epithelial to mesenchymal transition.chronic oxidative injury produced by airway disease triggers a transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β)-mediated epigenetic reprogramming known as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt). we observe that emt silences protective mucosal interferon (ifn)-i and iii production associated with enhanced rhinovirus (rv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication. mesenchymal transitioned cells are defective in inducible interferon regulatory factor 1 (irf1) expression by occluding rela and irf3 ...201728581456
evaluation of the expression level of 12/15 lipoxygenase and the related inflammatory factors (ccl5, ccl3) in respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice model.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection during early childhood and imposes a great burden on patients, parents, and society. disease is thought to be caused, at least partially, by an excessive immune response. pulmonary leukocyte infiltration is the result of a coordinated expression of diverse chemokines with distinct cellular specificities. lipoxygenases (loxs), as a key enzyme catalyzing deoxygenation of poly unsaturated fatty acids, regulate ...201728579398
modelled seasonal influenza mortality shows marked differences in risk by age, sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic position in new zealand.influenza is responsible for a large number of deaths which can only be estimated using modelling methods. such methods have rarely been applied to describe the major socio-demographic characteristics of this disease burden.201728579304
a phase 2 randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of aluminum-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus f particle vaccine formulations in healthy women of childbearing age.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants. we are developing an rsv fusion (f) protein nanoparticle vaccine for immunization of third trimester pregnant women to passively protect infants through transfer of rsv-specific maternal antibodies. the present trial was performed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of several formulations of rsv f vaccine in 1-dose or 2-dose schedules.201728579233
low retinol-binding protein and vitamin d levels are associated with severe outcomes in children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection and respiratory syncytial virus or human metapneumovirus detection.retinol binding protein and vitamin d were measured in children aged <5 years hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection and respiratory syncytial virus and/or human metapneumovirus detections. low vitamin levels were observed in 50% of the children and were associated with significantly elevated risk of the need for intensive care unit admission and invasive mechanical ventilation.201728578159
unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation for sickle cell disease following reduced-intensity conditioning: results of a phase i trial.hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from hla-matched sibling donors results in disease-free survival of >90% in patients with sickle cell disease (scd); however, only approximately 18% of these patients have suitable donors available. unrelated cord blood transplantation (ucbt) is one way to expand donor options for patients with severe scd, but historically has been associated with high graft rejection rates (50% to 62%). we hypothesized that the addition of thiotepa to a previously tested ...201728578010
stat1 represses cytokine-producing group 2 and group 3 innate lymphoid cells during viral infection.the appropriate orchestration of different arms of the immune response is critical during viral infection to promote efficient viral clearance while limiting immunopathology. however, the signals and mechanisms that guide this coordination are not fully understood. ifns are produced at high levels during viral infection and have convergent signaling through stat1. we hypothesized that stat1 signaling during viral infection regulates the balance of innate lymphoid cells (ilc), a diverse class of ...201728576981
mitochondrial protein p32/hapb1/gc1qr/c1qbp is required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus production.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory infections in infants and the elderly, leading to more deaths than influenza each year, but there is no antiviral or efficacious vaccine currently available. here we examine the role in infection of the host mitochondrial protein p32 (habp/gc1qr/c1qbp) for the first time. rsv replication as well as infectious virus production was significantly reduced by p32 sirna knockdown, consistent with an important role for p32 in rsv infecti ...201728576489
association of c-reactive protein with bacterial and respiratory syncytial virus-associated pneumonia among children aged <5 years in the perch study.lack of a gold standard for identifying bacterial and viral etiologies of pneumonia has limited evaluation of c-reactive protein (crp) for identifying bacterial pneumonia. we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of crp for identifying bacterial vs respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia in the pneumonia etiology research for child health (perch) multicenter case-control study.201728575375
respiratory syncytial virus: prospects for new and emerging therapeutics.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. although the development of a rsv vaccine has been a priority for >50 years, there is still no vaccine available. treatment of rsv lrti has remained mostly supportive, i.e. hydration and oxygenation. palivizumab and ribavirin are the only options currently available for prevention and treatment of rsv infection, but evidence suggests that they are ...201728574729
efficacy and safety of ban huang oral liquid for treating bovine respiratory diseases.ban huang oral liquid was developed as a veterinary compound preparation by the lanzhou institute of husbandry and pharmaceutical sciences of the chinese academy of agricultural sciences (caas). the purpose of this study was to determine whether the oral liquid preparation of traditional chinese medicine, ban huang, is safe and effective for treating respiratory diseases in cattle.201728573221
natural killer t cell sensitization during neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection induces eosinophilic lung disease in re-infected adult mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major viral pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. infants with severe rsv bronchiolitis tend to experience more wheezing and asthma in later childhood. because invariant natural killer t (inkt) cells are associated with the asthma pathology, we investigated whether neonatal inkt cells are involved in the aggravation of pulmonary diseases following rsv infection in mice. intranasal exposure to th ...201728570692
effect of climate on incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infections in a refugee camp in kenya: a non-gaussian time-series analysis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) in children. children younger than 1 year are the most susceptible to rsv infection. rsv infections occur seasonally in temperate climate regions. based on rsv surveillance and climatic data, we developed statistical models that were assessed and compared to predict the relationship between weather and rsv incidence among refugee children younger than 5 years in dadaab refugee camp in ...201728570627
respiratory syncytial virus associated myocarditis requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.severe fulminant myocarditis causing cardiogenic shock can be a rapidly progressing, life threatening condition. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a very rare infectious culprit infrequently described in medical literature as a cause of myocarditis, particularly in adults. we present a case of acute fulminant myocarditis in a patient with pcr positive rsv infection requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ecmo).201728567315
heme oxygenase-1 modulates human respiratory syncytial virus replication and lung pathogenesis during infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in children. the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral drugs against hrsv is imperative to control the burden of disease in the susceptible population. in this study, we examined the effects of inducing the activity of the host enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) on hrsv replication and pathogenesis on lung inflammation induced by this virus. our results show that after hrs ...201728566367
a dynamic cell entry pathway of respiratory syncytial virus revealed by tracking the quantum dot-labeled single virus.studying the cell entry pathway at the single-particle level can provide detailed and quantitative information for the dynamic events involved in virus entry. indeed, the viral entry dynamics cannot be monitored by static staining methods used in cell biology, and thus virus dynamic tracking could be useful in the development of effective antiviral strategies. therefore, the aim of this work was to use a quantum dot-based single-particle tracking approach to monitor the cell entry behavior of th ...201728561831
respiratory-syncytial-virus- and rhinovirus-related bronchiolitis in children aged <2 years in an english district general hospital.bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalization in young children. in addition to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), other viruses have been increasingly implicated. guidance on testing has also changed.201728559125
age predicts cytokine kinetics and innate immune cell activation following intranasal delivery of ifnγ and gm-csf in a mouse model of rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children and is further associated with increased healthcare utilization and cost of care in the first years of life. severe rsv disease during infancy has also been linked to the later development of allergic asthma, yet there remains no licensed rsv vaccine or effective treatment. pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that disease severity and development of allergic asthma are associat ...201728558308
national cohort study showed that infants with down's syndrome faced a high risk of hospitalisation for the respiratory syncytial virus.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of hospitalisation in infants. we investigated this risk in children with down's syndrome under two years of age, adjusted for other known risk factors.201728556255
consecutive yearly outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus in a haemato-oncology ward and efficacy of infection control measures.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant respiratory tract infection in immunosuppressed patients.201728554834
coptidis rhizoma extract inhibits replication of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo by inducing antiviral state.coptidis rhizoma is derived from the dried rhizome of ranunculaceous plants and is a commonly used traditional chinese medicine. although coptidis rhizoma is commonly used for its many therapeutic effects, antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has not been reported in detail. in this study, we evaluated the antiviral activities of coptidis rhizoma extract (cre) against rsv in human respiratory tract cell line (hep2) and balb/c mice. an effective dose of cre significantly r ...201728551874
virus detection by pcr following vaccination of naive calves with intranasal or injectable multivalent modified-live viral vaccines.we evaluated duration of pcr-positive results following administration of modified-live viral (mlv) vaccines to beef calves. twenty beef calves were randomly assigned to either group 1 and vaccinated intranasally with a mlv vaccine containing bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), or to group 2 and vaccinated subcutaneously with a mlv vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (bvdv-1, -2), bohv-1, brs ...201728545321
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