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accuracy of international guidelines for identifying significant fibrosis in hepatitis b e antigen--negative patients with chronic hepatitis.differing threshold levels of hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna and alanine aminotransferase (alt) are recommended by international guidelines for commencement of antiviral therapy. these guidelines advocate therapy for patients with significant fibrosis (metavir score ≥f2); we assessed the accuracy of these guideline-defined thresholds in identifying patients with ≥f2 fibrosis.201323811251
performance of rapid tests for detection of hbsag and anti-hbsab in a large cohort, france.the systematic use of rapid tests performed at points-of-care may facilitate hepatitis b virus (hbv) screening and substantially increase hbv infection awareness. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of such tests for hbsag and anti-hbsab detection among individuals visiting a variety of healthcare centers located in a low hbv-prevalent area.201323183527
a diagnostic score for the prediction of spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis c virus infection.il28b polymorphisms, jaundice, decline in hcv-rna, ip-10, and gender have been proposed to be indicative of spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis c virus infection. the aim of this study was to define a score enabling the discrimination of patients with spontaneous clearance of hcv from those with development of viral persistence and need for early antiviral treatment.201323850880
the influence of single and combined il28b polymorphisms on response to treatment of chronic hepatitis c.three single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) near il28b gene were shown to be highly predictive of sustained virological response (svr) in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection.201323831131
treatment optimization and prediction of hcv clearance in patients with acute hcv infection.the lack of consensus on the optimal timing, regimen, and duration of treatment, in patients with acute hcv infection, stimulates the research on both favourable outcome predictors and individualized treatment regimens. this study aimed at investigating the impact of il28b snp rs12979860 alone or in combination with hla class ii alleles in both predicting spontaneous viral clearance and individualizing treatment strategies for patients with hcv persistence, after acute hcv exposure.201323587473
earlier sustained virologic response end points for regulatory approval and dose selection of hepatitis c therapies.trials of therapies for chronic hepatitis c have used detection of hepatitis c virus (hcv) at week 24 of follow-up (sustained virologic response [svr] 24) as a primary end point. however, there is increasing evidence that most patients who have an svr at earlier time points (such as svr12) maintain it until week 24. use of earlier time points for key regulatory decisions (svr12) and dose selection (svr4) could facilitate hcv drug development.201323470616
prediction of sustained virologic response based on week 4 and week 12 response in hepatitis c virus genotype 1 patients treated with peginterferon and ribavirin: assessment in a favorable il28b allele-prevalent area.the aim of this study was to evaluate rapid virologic response (rvr) rate after peginterferon (pegifn) and ribavirin (rbv) dual combination therapy in korean hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 1 patients whose il28b polymorphism is generally favorable. this study also assessed the value of rvr in predicting sustained virologic response (svr).201323306941
baseline factors and early viral response (week 4) to antiviral therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin for predicting sustained virologic response in patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 1: a multicenter study.both baseline predictive factors and viral response at week 4 of therapy are reported to have high predictive ability for sustained virologic response to peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy in patients with hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 1. however, it is not clear how these baseline variables and week 4 response should be combined to predict sustained virologic response. in this multicenter study, the authors investigated the impact of baseline predictive factors on the predictive ...201323154876
use of a comprehensive polymerase chain reaction system for diagnosis of ocular infectious diseases.to measure the genomic dna of ocular infectious pathogens in ocular fluids and to analyze the clinical relevance of these pathogens in uveitis and endophthalmitis.201323664179
validity of medical record documented varicella-zoster virus among unvaccinated cohorts.a varicella diagnosis or verification of disease history by any healthcare provider is currently accepted for determining evidence of immunity by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).201323807363
predictive value of interferon-gamma release assays for postpartum active tuberculosis in hiv-1-infected women.data on the prognostic utility of interferon-gamma release assays (igras) for active tuberculosis (tb) among human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) infected individuals are limited.201324200267
cell surface markers for t and b lymphocytes activation and adhesion as putative prognostic biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.the study population comprised hnscc patients, risk-positive controls (tabagism and alcoholism habits), and risk-negative controls (without risk factors). significant increases in the activation status of cd4(+)and cd8(+) t-cells, and higher migration potentials of lymphocytes were observed in hnscc patients compared with control groups. although decreased frequency of cd19(+)-b lymphocytes was observed in hsncc patients, a higher percentage of hla-dr(+)cd19(+)-b lymphocytes was detected in thes ...201323994583
the health-system benefits and cost-effectiveness of using mycobacterium tuberculosis direct nucleic acid amplification testing to diagnose tuberculosis disease in the united states.the utility of mycobacterium tuberculosis direct nucleic acid amplification testing (mtd) for pulmonary tuberculosis disease diagnosis in the united states has not been well described.201323697743
blood screening for human immunodeficiency virus: a new algorithm to reduce the false-positive results.the objectives to this study were to evaluate the performance of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) blood screening test and propose a new screening algorithm for blood banks routinely using nucleic acid amplification testing (nat) to reduce false-positive results.201323635038
detection of antenatal depression in rural hiv-affected populations with short and ultrashort versions of the edinburgh postnatal depression scale (epds).risk of antenatal depression has been shown to be elevated in southern africa and can impact maternal and child outcomes, especially in the context of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). brief screening methods may optimize access to care during pregnancy, particularly where resources are scarce. this research evaluated shorter versions of the edinburgh postnatal depression scale (epds) to detect antenatal depression. this cross-sectional study at a large primary health care (phc) facility r ...201323615932
[value of high risk human papilloma virus detection in screening and diagnosing cervical lesion in littoral of zhejiang province].to analyse the infection of high-risk human papiliomavirus (hr-hpv) in cervical lesion wome, and evaluate the significance of high-risk human pappilomavirus detection by hybrid capture ii (hv-ii) in screening and diagnosing cervical lesion, especially high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin).201324319961
identification of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas with active hpv16 involvement by immunohistochemical analysis of the retinoblastoma protein pathway.viral oncogene rna expression is regarded as reliable biomarker to identify oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (opscc) with active hpv16 involvement. this study addressed whether the expression profile of the cellular proteins p16(ink4a), prb, cyclin d1 and p53 provide surrogate marker combinations that identify opscc with active hpv16 in situations where only formalin-fixed biopsies are available. protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays created from 188 ...201323457055
comparative evaluation of the bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 confirmatory assay and the bio-rad multispot hiv-1/2 rapid test as an alternative differentiation assay for clsi m53 algorithm-i.the clsi-m53-a, criteria for laboratory testing and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection; approved guideline includes an algorithm in which samples that are reactive on a 4th generation eia screen proceed to a supplemental assay that is able to confirm and differentiate between antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2. the recently ce-marked bio-rad geenius hiv-1/2 confirmatory assay was evaluated as an alternative to the fda-approved bio-rad multispot hiv-1/hiv-2 rapid test which has ...201324342484
the potential for pneumococcal vaccination in hajj pilgrims: expert opinion.hajj is the annual pilgrimage to mecca in the kingdom of saudi arabia, and is one of the largest mass gathering events in the world. acute respiratory tract infections are very common during hajj, primarily as a result of close contact among pilgrims, intense congestion, shared accommodation and air pollution. a number of vaccines are (or have been) recommended for hajj pilgrims in recent years. several additional vaccines could significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality at hajj and should ...201323810307
a pcv2 vaccine based on genotype 2b is more effective than a 2a-based vaccine to protect against pcv2b or combined pcv2a/2b viremia in pigs with concurrent pcv2, prrsv and ppv infection.the predominant genotype of porcine circovirus (pcv) in the pig population today is pcv2b yet pcv2a-based commercial vaccines are considered effective in protecting against porcine circovirus associated disease. the objective of this study was to compare the ability of pcv2a- and pcv2b-based vaccines to control pcv2b viremia in a challenge model that mimics the u.s. field situation. sixty-three pigs were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. sixteen pigs were vaccinated with an experimental ...201323174198
fluctuating temperature leads to evolution of thermal generalism and preadaptation to novel environments.environmental fluctuations can select for generalism, which is also hypothesized to increase organisms' ability to invade novel environments. here, we show that across a range of temperatures, opportunistic bacterial pathogen serratia marcescens that evolved in fluctuating temperature (daily variation between 24°c and 38°c, mean 31°c) outperforms the strains that evolved in constant temperature (31°c). the growth advantage was also evident in novel environments in the presence of parasitic virus ...201324094344
non-enveloped virus reduction with quaternized chitosan nanofibers containing graphene.membranes are an accepted technology for water purification. membrane filtration can remove pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, by size. for small viruses that can have a diameter <25nm, removal by size leads to large membrane areas, high transmembrane pressures, low water flux, and frequent changing of membranes. in this work, we discovered that electrospun nanofibers made of chitosan and functionalized with a quaternary amine (htcc) have the ability to adsorb a model non-enveloped virus ...201324041631
plum pox virus accumulates mutations in different genome parts during a long-term maintenance in prunus host plants and passage in nicotiana benthamiana.plum pox virus (ppv) isolates of the strain ppv-m prevalently infect peaches under natural conditions in middle europe. comparison of complete genome sequences obtained from subisolates of a ppv-m isolate maintained experimentally over a 6-year period in different prunus host species and passaged in nicotiana benthamiana was performed with the aim to highlight the mutations potentially connected with the virus-host adaptation. the results showed that the lowest number of non-silent mutations was ...201324020764
[the development of a rapid loop-mediated indirect pcr method for detection and differentiation of highly and lowly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus].the aim of this study is to establish the method of loop-mediated indirect pcr assay for detection of reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection and differentiation of highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) and lowly pathogenic prrsv (lp-prrsv). based on the alignments of orf2 gene sequences and orfla gene sequences of prrsv chinese isolates deposited in genbank, two pairs of specific probes were designed and labeled to both ends of the soybean lectin gene fragment by pcr, respect ...201323894998
[proliferation characteristics of a pk-15 cell-adapted strain of porcine parvovirus].to study the proliferation characteristics of ppv in differently infected way and the variance of concentrations in different cells. a strain of porcine parvovirus(ppv) was adapted to pk-15 cells, and a real-time fluorescent quantitative pcr (fq-pcr) assay was developed based on the specific region of the ns1 gene of ppv to quantify the ppv. the fq-pcr was used to measure the viral concentration of virus-infected cells by simultaneous or step by step inoculation and plot one-step growth curves. ...201323894997
complete genome sequence of a novel plum pox virus strain w isolate determined by 454 pyrosequencing.the near-complete (99.7 %) genome sequence of a novel russian plum pox virus (ppv) isolate pk, belonging to the strain winona (w), has been determined by 454 pyrosequencing with the exception of the thirty-one 5'-terminal nucleotides. this region was amplified using 5'race kit and sequenced by the sanger method. genomic rna released from immunocaptured ppv particles was employed for generation of cdna library using transplex whole transcriptome amplification kit (wta2, sigma-aldrich). the entire ...201323813250
population dynamics and in vitro antibody pressure of porcine parvovirus indicate a decrease in variability.to estimate the impact of porcine parvovirus (ppv) vaccines on the emergence of new phenotypes, the population dynamic history of the virus was calculated using the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method with a bayesian skyline coalescent model. additionally, an in vitro model was performed with consecutive passages of the 'challenge' strain (a virulent field strain) and nadl2 strain (a vaccine strain) in a pk-15 cell line supplemented with polyclonal antibodies raised against the vaccine stra ...201323804570
diverse amino acid changes at specific positions in the n-terminal region of the coat protein allow plum pox virus to adapt to new hosts.plum pox virus (ppv)-d and ppv-r are two isolates from strain d of ppv that differ in host specificity. previous analyses of chimeras originating from ppv-r and ppv-d suggested that the n terminus of the coat protein (cp) includes host-specific pathogenicity determinants. here, these determinants were mapped precisely by analyzing the infectivity in herbaceous and woody species of chimeras containing a fragment of the 3' region of ppv-d (including the region coding for the cp) in a ppv-r backbon ...201323745677
genomic analysis reveals math gene(s) as candidate(s) for plum pox virus (ppv) resistance in apricot (prunus armeniaca l.).sharka disease, caused by plum pox virus (ppv), is the most important viral disease affecting prunus species. a major ppv resistance locus (ppvres) has been mapped to the upper part of apricot (prunus armeniaca) linkage group 1. in this study, a physical map of the ppvres locus in the ppv-resistant cultivar 'goldrich' was constructed. bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones belonging to the resistant haplotype contig were sequenced using 454/gs-flx titanium technology. concurrently, the who ...201323672686
reduction of porcine parvovirus infectivity in the presence of protecting osmolytes.osmolytes are natural compounds found in the cells of many organisms that stabilize intracellular proteins against environmental stresses. protecting osmolytes can promote protein folding, whereas denaturing osmolytes have the opposite effect. a variety of osmolytes were tested for their antiviral activity against porcine parvovirus (ppv). ppv is a non-enveloped, icosahedral, single-strand dna virus. we have discovered two protecting osmolytes, trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) and glycine that redu ...201323648707
o-glcnac modification of the coat protein of the potyvirus plum pox virus enhances viral infection.o-glcnacylation is a dynamic protein modification which has been studied mainly in metazoans. we reported previously that an arabidopsis thaliana o-glcnac transferase modifies at least two threonine residues of the plum pox virus (ppv) capsid protein (cp). now, six additional residues were shown to be involved in o-glcnac modification of ppv cp. cp o-glcnacylation was abolished in the ppv cp7-t/a mutant, in which seven threonines were mutated. ppv cp7-t/a infected nicotiana clevelandii, nicotian ...201323639873
unfolding the secrets of plum pox virus: from epidemiology to genomics.over an approximately 80-year period since the description of the sharka disease, the plum pox virus (ppv) has been thoroughly studied on various levels of the infection cycle. world-wide distribution of the virus, severity of the disease for the fruit industry with a potential to be further increased and discovery/emergence of new strains make ppv the most epidemiologically important viral pathogen of stone fruit trees. the history of ppv research reflects the development of analytical methods ...201323600878
characterization of sour cherry isolates of plum pox virus from the volga basin in russia reveals a new cherry strain of the virus.plum pox virus (ppv) is the causal agent of sharka, the most detrimental virus disease of stone fruit trees worldwide. ppv isolates have been assigned into seven distinct strains, of which ppv-c regroups the genetically distinct isolates detected in several european countries on cherry hosts. here, three complete and several partial genomic sequences of ppv isolates from sour cherry trees in the volga river basin of russia have been determined. the comparison of complete genome sequences has sho ...201323581702
influence of minor displacements in loops of the porcine parvovirus vp2 capsid on virus-like particles assembly and the induction of antibody responses.an antigen-delivery system based on hybrid virus-like particles (vlps) formed by the self-assembly of the capsid vp2 protein of porcine parvovirus (ppv) and expressing foreign peptides offers an alternative method for vaccination. in this study, the three-dimensional structure of the ppv capsid protein and surface loops deletion mutants were analyzed to define essential domains in ppv vp2 for the assembly of vlps. electron microscopic analysis and sds-page analysis confirmed the presence of abun ...201323430711
complete genome sequence of a novel porcine parvovirus (ppv) provisionally designated ppv5.a new porcine parvovirus (ppv) was identified from pig lung tissues in the united states. it is most closely related to the recently identified ppv4 with overall genomic identities of 64.1 to 67.3%. unlike ppv4, this virus lacks the additional open reading frame 3 (orf3) and has a much longer orf2. the name ppv5 is provisionally proposed.201323405295
detection and partial molecular characterization of atypical plum pox virus isolates from naturally infected sour cherry.atypical isolates of plum pox virus (ppv) were discovered in naturally infected sour cherry in urban ornamental plantings in moscow, russia. the isolates were detected by polyclonal double antibody sandwich elisa and rt-pcr using universal primers specific for the 3'-non-coding and coat protein (cp) regions of the genome but failed to be recognized by triple antibody sandwich elisa with the universal monoclonal antibody 5b and by rt-pcr using primers specific to for ppv strains d, m, c and w. se ...201323404462
silencing of the host factor eif(iso)4e gene confers plum pox virus resistance in plum.plum pox virus (ppv) causes the most economically-devastating viral disease in prunus species. unfortunately, few natural resistance genes are available for the control of ppv. recessive resistance to some potyviruses is associated with mutations of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e (eif4e) or its isoform eif(iso)4e. in this study, we used an rna silencing approach to manipulate the expression of eif4e and eif(iso)4e towards the development of ppv resistance in prunus species. the eif4 ...201323382802
analysis of porcine parvoviruses in tonsils and hearts from healthy pigs reveals high prevalence and genetic diversity in germany.in the present study, tonsils and hearts from 100 pigs were collected in a german slaughterhouse in 2010 and tested for porcine parvoviruses (ppv, ppv2, ppv3 and ppv4). ppv was observed in 60 of 100 hearts and 61 of 100 tonsils, and ppv2 was observed in 55 of 100 hearts and 78 of 100 tonsils. ppv3 and ppv4 were found in 20 and 7, respectively, of the 100 tonsils tested, but not in the heart samples. positive samples of ppv, ppv2 and ppv3 were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic a ...201323338705
results of the rubella elimination program in catalonia (spain), 2002-2011.rubella is usually a mild disease with nonspecific symptoms, but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (crs) when infection occurs during pregnancy. the objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and positive predictive value of different data sources used for surveillance purposes in the rubella elimination program of catalonia between 2002 and 2011. the urgent notification to the statutory disease reporting system, the individualized disease reporting system, screening for other v ...201323299566
chloroplast protection in plum pox virus-infected peach plants by l-2-oxo-4-thiazolidine-carboxylic acid treatments: effect in the proteome.sharka, a disease caused by plum pox virus (ppv), has a significant economic impact on fruit tree production. in this work, we analysed the effect of (2,1,3)-benzothiadiazole (bth) and l-2-oxo-4-thiazolidine-carboxylic acid (otc) on plant growth and virus content. otc reduced sharka symptom, stimulated plant growth and alleviated ppv-induced oxidative stress, indicated by a lack of changes in some oxidative stress parameters. ppv infection reduced chloroplast electron transport efficiency. howev ...201322913613
cloning of the complete infectious cdna of the plum pox virus strain ppv-rec.plum pox virus (ppv) is the causal agent of sharka, considered to be the most detrimental viral disease of prunus spp. worldwide. so far, several ppv strains have been recognized, three of them (ppv-d, ppv-m, and ppv-rec) having shown serious economic impact in the european area. infectious cdna clones of plant rna viruses are excellent tools for functional studies of viral genomes. preparation and use of ppv-d and ppv-m infectious clones have been previously reported. here we describe the const ...201222720703
plant growth stimulation in prunus species plantlets by bth or otc treatments under in vitro conditions.the effects of benzothiadiazole (bth) and l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (otc) on the growth and viral content of micropropagated, plum pox virus (ppv)-infected peach [(prunus persica (l.) batsch] 'gf305' plantlets were analyzed. low bth and otc concentrations resulted in a significant increase in the growth of gf305 peach and plum plants, with greater effects in ppv-infected than in healthy gf305 peach plantlets. neither bth nor otc reduced the virus content. in fact, the highest growth ...201222595304
high titer and avidity of nonneutralizing antibodies against influenza vaccine antigen are associated with severe influenza.the importance of neutralizing antibody in protection against influenza virus is well established, but the role of the early antibody response during the initial stage of infection in affecting the severity of disease is unknown. the 2009 influenza pandemic provided a unique opportunity for study because most patients lacked preexisting neutralizing antibody. in this study, we compared the antibody responses of 52 patients with severe or mild disease, using sera collected at admission. a microne ...201222573737
evaluation of the genetic diversity of plum pox virus in a single plum tree.genetic diversity of plum pox virus (ppv) and its distribution within a single perennial woody host (plum, prunus domestica) has been evaluated. a plum tree was triply infected by chip-budding with ppv-m, ppv-d and ppv-rec isolates in 2003 and left to develop untreated under open field conditions. in september 2010 leaf and fruit samples were collected from different parts of the tree canopy. a 745-bp nib-cp fragment of ppv genome, containing the hypervariable region encoding the cp n-terminal e ...201222521553
virus variants with differences in the p1 protein coexist in a plum pox virus population and display particular host-dependent pathogenicity features.subisolates segregated from an m-type plum pox virus (ppv) isolate, ppv-ps, differ widely in pathogenicity despite their high degree of sequence similarity. a single amino acid substitution, k109e, in the helper component proteinase (hcpro) protein of ppv caused a significant enhancement of symptom severity in herbaceous hosts, and notably modified virus infectivity in peach seedlings. the presence of this substitution in certain subisolates that induced mild symptoms in herbaceous hosts and did ...201222458641
serum protein profiles as potential biomarkers for infectious disease status in pigs.in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, there is a need for tools allowing the early warning of diseases. preferably, tests should be available that warn farmers and veterinarians during the incubation periods of disease and before the onset of clinical signs. the objective of this study was to explore the potential of serum protein profiles as an early biomarker for infectious disease status. serum samples were obtained from an experimental pig model for porcine circovirus-associated disea ...201222439879
pvx-potyvirus synergistic infections differentially alter microrna accumulation in nicotiana benthamiana.in comparison to single infections, co-infection of nicotiana benthamiana with potato virus x (pvx) and potato virus y (pvy) or plum pox virus (ppv), resulted in increased systemic symptoms (synergism in pathology). previous studies have shown that virus infections affected the accumulation of various micrornas (mirnas) and mirna target genes. our studies revealed that double infection by pvx and pvy or ppv that produced the most severe symptoms in n. benthamiana altered accumulation of mir156, ...201222387565
the 3'-proximal part of the plum pox virus p1 gene determinates the symptom expression in two herbaceous host plants.three major strains of the plum pox virus (ppv) are the most important in europe: ppv-d, ppv-m, and ppv-rec. by combining the genomes of two different strains of ppv (ppv-d with ppv-rec; ppv-d with ppv-m), 20 inter-strain chimeric infectious clones (cicppv) were constructed. biological properties of cicppv were tested by inoculating them on different herbaceous host species susceptible to ppv. four of the seven species tested, exhibited visible symptoms. in nicotiana benthamiana all cicppv induc ...201222367316
sharka: the past, the present and the future.members the potyviridae family belong to a group of plant viruses that are causing devastating plant diseases with a significant impact on agronomy and economics. plum pox virus (ppv), as a causative agent of sharka disease, is widely discussed. the understanding of the molecular biology of potyviruses including ppv and the function of individual proteins as products of genome expression are quite necessary for the proposal the new antiviral strategies. this review brings to view the members of ...201223202508
interclade recombination in porcine parvovirus strains.a detailed analysis of the ns1/vp1vp2 genome region of the porcine parvovirus (ppv) strains isolated from vaccinated animals was performed. we found many inconsistencies in the phylogenetic trees of these viral isolates, such as low statistical support and strains with long branches in the phylogenetic trees. thus, we used distance-based and phylogenetic methods to distinguish de facto recombinants from spurious recombination signals. we found a mosaic virus in which the ns1 gene was acquired fr ...201222993191
family-based linkage and association mapping reveals novel genes affecting plum pox virus infection in arabidopsis thaliana.sharka is a devastating viral disease caused by the plum pox virus (ppv) in stone fruit trees and few sources of resistance are known in its natural hosts. since any knowledge gained from arabidopsis on plant virus susceptibility factors is likely to be transferable to crop species, arabidopsis's natural variation was searched for host factors essential for ppv infection. to locate regions of the genome associated with susceptibility to ppv, linkage analysis was performed on six biparental popul ...201222943366
the vp3 factor from viruses of birnaviridae family suppresses rna silencing by binding both long and small rna duplexes.rna silencing is directly involved in antiviral defense in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms, including plants, fungi, invertebrates, and presumably vertebrate animals. the study of rna silencing-mediated antiviral defences in vertebrates is hampered by the overlap with other antiviral mechanisms; thus, heterologous systems are often used to study the interplay between rna silencing and vertebrate-infecting viruses. in this report we show that the vp3 protein of the avian birnavirus infecti ...201223049903
heterologous rna-silencing suppressors from both plant- and animal-infecting viruses support plum pox virus infection.hcpro, the rna-silencing suppressor (rss) of viruses belonging to the genus potyvirus in the family potyviridae, is a multifunctional protein presumably involved in all essential steps of the viral infection cycle. recent studies have shown that plum pox potyvirus (ppv) hcpro can be replaced successfully by cucumber vein yellowing ipomovirus p1b, a sequence-unrelated rss from a virus of the same family. in order to gain insight into the requirement of a particular rss to establish a successful p ...201222513385
infectious risk factors for individual postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) development in pigs from affected farms in spain and denmark.two prospective longitudinal studies in 13 postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected farms from spain (n=3) and denmark (n=10) were performed. blood samples from pigs were longitudinally collected from 1st week until the occurrence of the pmws outbreak. wasted and healthy age-matched pigs were euthanized, necropsied and histopathologically characterised. pmws diagnosis was confirmed by means of lymphoid lesions and detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in these tissues b ...201222884005
comparative performance of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and eia for hiv screening in a multiethnic region of china.the recent approval of 4th generation hiv tests has forced many laboratories to decide whether to shift from 3rd to these tests. there are limited published studies on the comparative evaluation of these two different assays. we compare the performance of fourth-generation electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (chia) and third-generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (eia) for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) screening and gauge whether the shift from eia to chia could be better in a multie ...201223144740
implementing early infant diagnosis of hiv infection at the primary care level: experiences and challenges in malawi.malawi's national guidelines recommend that infants exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) be tested at 6 weeks of age. rollout of services for early infant diagnosis has been limited and has resulted in the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (art) in very few infants.201222984315
ziehl-neelsen microscopy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in settings of high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence.to determine the accuracy of ziehl-neelsen microscopy in the diagnosis of tb in setings of high hiv prevalence.201226852457
il28b favorable genotype and ultrarapid viral response as the earliest treatment predictors of a sustained viral response in a georgian cohort infected with the hepatitis c genotype 1.the early identification of factors contributing to the successful treatment of hepatitis c infection is important for researchers and clinicians. studies carried out on the role of an ultrarapid viral response (urvr) for the prediction of a sustained viral response (svr) have shown its high positive predictive value (ppv). however, data on the combined effect of urvr with il28b genotypes for the prediction of svr are lacking. our aim was to study the role of urvr and il28b genotypes in the pred ...201222569080
hepatic cell-type specific gene expression better predicts hcv treatment outcome than il28b genotype.cell-type specific expression patterns of hepatic interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) near the il28b gene are associated with response to interferon-based therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. it is not known how the il28b genotype influences the isg expression pattern and which is a better predictor of treatment response.201222285807
inactivation effect of standard and fractionated electron beam irradiation on enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in a tendon transplant model.background: for increasing allograft tendon safety in reconstructive surgery, an effective sterilization method achieving sterility assurance including viruses without impairing the grafts properties is needed. fractionated electron beam (ebeam) has shown promising in vitro results. the proof of sufficient virus inactivation is a central part of the process validation. methods: the ebeam irradiation of the investigated viruses was performed in an optimized manner (oxygen content < 0.1%, -78 °c). ...201222896764
[antiviral activity of polyprenylphosphates in experimental infection caused by hepatitis c virus in vitro].study antiviral effect of sodium polyprenylphosphate (ppp) in experimental infection model caused by hepatitis c virus (hcv) in cell culture.201223163044
meld score: utility and comparison with king's college criteria in non-acetaminophen acute liver failure.to compare model for end-stage liver disease score (meld score, ms) and king's college hospital (kch) criteria for finding correlation of mortality in non-acetaminophen induced acute liver failure (nai-alf).201222868013
hbsag quantification in clinical practice.several standardized commercial assays for quantification of hepatitis b surface antigen (qhbsag) are now available. studies on hbsag kinetics from asia and europe have demonstrated that hbsag levels are highest during the immune-tolerant phase, become lower during immune-clearance phase and are the lowest in hepatitis b 'e' antigen (hbeag)-negative inactive low-replicative phase with a rise during hbeag-negative chronic hepatitis b (chb). combined use of hepatitis b virus-deoxyribonucleic acid ...201225755408
serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level as a marker of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis b.and aims: hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is a public health problem and affects nearly 350 million people worldwide. the present study was conducted in order to investigate the role of circulating angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) in the context of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone in newly diagnosed chronic hepatitis b infection. moreover the association between liver fibrosis and serum ace levels was also investigated.201222277254
vaccine efficacy against malaria by the combination of porcine parvovirus-like particles and vaccinia virus vectors expressing cs of plasmodium.with the aim to develop an efficient and cost-effective approach to control malaria, we have generated porcine parvovirus-like particles (ppv-vlps) carrying the cd8(+) t cell epitope (syvpsaeqi) of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein from plasmodium yoelii fused to the ppv vp2 capsid protein (ppv-pycs), and tested in prime/boost protocols with poxvirus vectors for efficacy in a rodent malaria model. as a proof-of concept, we have characterized the anti-cs cd8(+) t cell response elicited by these h ...201222529915
half-life of porcine antibodies absorbed from a colostrum supplement containing porcine immunoglobulins.absorption of immunoglobulins (ig) at birth from colostrum is essential for piglet survival. the objective was to evaluate the half-life of antibodies absorbed in the bloodstream of newborn piglets orally fed a colostrum supplement (cs) containing energy (fat and carbohydrates) and igg from porcine plasma. viable piglets (n = 23; 900 to 1,800 g bw) from 6 sows were colostrum deprived and blood sampled and within the next 2 h of life randomly allocated to either control group (n = 9) providing 30 ...201223365363
prevalence of hiv and hcv infections in two populations of malian women and serological assays performances.to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections in women in mali and to evaluate the performance of serological assays.201223355914
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
twelve-week posttreatment follow-up to predict sustained virologic response for recurrent hepatitis c infection in liver recipients.background: the current standard for determining sustained virologic response (svr) in patients treated for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is undetectable serum hcv-rna 24 weeks after treatment. this study evaluates the value of hcv-rna determination at 12 weeks posttreatment (w+12) to predict svr in liver transplant (lt) patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for recurrent hcv infection. methods: this study, performed in 2001 to 2010, included hcv-lt patients with an end-of ...201222262129
A multiple SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR system for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus and Torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 in pigs.Multiple viral infections are common in pigs under intensive production conditions. All five of the viruses included in this study are associated with multifactorial diseases that cause significant economic losses in swine farming worldwide. The development is described of a novel multiple real-time PCR system based on the use of SYBR Green I that allows the simultaneous detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Torque t ...201222119629
accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic test and immunofluorescence assay compared to real time rt-pcr in children with influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 infection.the influenza burden among children is underestimated. the aim of our study was to estimate the accuracy of the rapid influenza detection test (ridt) bd directigen™ ez flu a+b® and direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) used among children with influenza-like illness (ili) consulted in the ambulatory care clinic.201223175329
development of multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of six swine dna and rna viruses.uniplex and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and pcr protocols were developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in detecting simultaneously single and mixed infections in swine. specific primers for three dna viruses and three rna viruses, including classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) an ...201222575688
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
luiii parvovirus selectively and efficiently targets, replicates in, and kills human glioma cells.because productive infection by parvoviruses requires cell division and is enhanced by oncogenic transformation, some parvoviruses may have potential utility in killing cancer cells. to identify the parvovirus(es) with the optimal oncolytic effect against human glioblastomas, we screened 12 parvoviruses at a high multiplicity of infection (moi). mvmi, mvmc, mvm-g17, tumor virus x (tvx), canine parvovirus (cpv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), rat parvovirus 1a (rpv1a), and h-3 were relatively ineffect ...201222553327
comparison of conventional cervical cytology versus visual inspection with acetic acid among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in western kenya.objective: this study aimed to determine the accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (via) versus conventional pap smear as a screening tool for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/cancer among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected women. materials and methods: a total of 150 hiv-infected women attending the moi teaching and referral hospital hiv clinic in eldoret underwent conventional pap smear, via, colposcopy, and biopsy. both via and pap smears were done by nurses, whereas colpo ...201122126834
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of porcine boca-like virus.the porcine boca-like virus (pbo-likev) was recently discovered in swedish pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pbo-likev. a set of four primers specific for six regions of pbo-likev vp1/2 genes was designed with the online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized to 65°c and 60min, respectively. lamp products were detected b ...201122172971
isolated anti-hbc-igm antibody among blood donors in the semi-arid region of nigeria.laboratory screening for the diagnosis of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in blood donors currently consists of testing for hepatitis b surface (hbsag) antigen alone. the prevalence of isolated anti-hbc-igm is not yet known in the semi arid region of nigeria. the major objective of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence of antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc-igm) and other infectious agent markers; hbsag, hcv, hiv and syphilis among blood donors in the north eastern region ...201122129677
Immunogenic compositions assembled from TMV-generated spherical particle platforms and foreign antigens.Recently we reported that RNA-free spherical particles (SPs) generated by thermal remodeling of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were capable of binding green fluorescent protein to their surface. Here we showed that SPs represented a universal particle platform which could form compositions by binding to their surface a diversity of various foreign proteins/epitopes of viral and nonviral origin. Numerous molecules of a foreign protein linked to the SP surface were revealed by immunogold electron micr ...201122049093
using polymer conformation to control architecture in semiconducting polymer/viral capsid assemblies.cowpea chlorotic mottle virus is a single-stranded rna plant virus with a diameter of 28 nm. the proteins comprising the capsid of this virus can be purified and reassembled either by themselves to form hollow structures or with polyanions such as double-stranded dna or single-stranded rna. depending on ph and ionic strength, a diverse range of structures and shapes can form. the work presented here focuses on using these proteins to encapsulate a fluorescent polyanionic semiconducting polymer, ...201121942298
[treatment of chronic hepatitis c virus infection. a study of best predictors for response.]objective: the aim of this study was evaluate the rate of sustained viral response (svr) and the influence of different factors on the svr in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection treated with pegylated interferon alfa 2a and ribavirin. methods: we retrospectively analysed 272 naïve patients with chronic hepatitis c who had been treated for 24 weeks or 48 weeks and had been followed for an additional 6 months thereafter. results: out of 272 patients, 243 completed the entire tr ...201122173189
a plant small polypeptide is a novel component of dna-binding protein phosphatase 1-mediated resistance to plum pox virus in arabidopsis.dna-binding protein phosphatases (dbps) have been identified as a novel class of plant-specific regulatory factors playing a role in plant-virus interactions. ntdbp1 from tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) was shown to participate in transcriptional regulation of gene expression in response to virus infection in compatible interactions, and atdbp1, its closest relative in the model plant arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), has recently been found to mediate susceptibility to potyvirus, one of the most ...201122021419
the cucumber vein yellowing virus silencing suppressor p1b can functionally replace hcpro in plum pox virus infection in a host-specific manner.plant viruses of the genera potyvirus and ipomovirus (potyviridae family) use unrelated rna silencing suppressors (rss) to counteract antiviral rna silencing responses. hcpro is the rss of potyvirus spp., and its activity is enhanced by the upstream p1 protein. distinctively, the ipomovirus cucumber vein yellowing virus (cvyv) lacks hcpro but contains two p1 copies in tandem (p1ap1b), the second of which functions as rss. using chimeras based on the potyvirus plum pox virus (ppv), we found that ...201121970691
immunogenicity of recombinant classic swine fever virus cd8(+) t lymphocyte epitope and porcine parvovirus vp2 antigen coexpressed by lactobacillus casei in swine via oral vaccination.classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) are highly contagious pathogens, resulting in enormous economic losses in pig industries worldwide. because vaccines play an important role in disease control, researchers are seeking improved vaccines that could induce antiviral immune responses against csfv and ppv at the mucosal and systemic levels simultaneously. in this study, a genetically engineered lactobacillus strain coexpressing the csfv-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte (c ...201121940406
top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology.many scientists, if not all, feel that their particular plant virus should appear in any list of the most important plant viruses. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all plant virologists with an association with molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate which plant viruses they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated more than 250 votes from the international community, and allowed the gen ...201122017770
rapid, early and sustained virological responses in a cohort of irish patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis c virus infection.the response to the treatment with pegylated interferon (peg ifn)-α combined with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection varies with some patients having a rapid or early response which is not sustained.201122038749
validation of a norovirus multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of norovirus gi and gii from faeces samples.norovirus is a leading cause of infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. the virus is highly contagious and has multiple modes of transmission, presenting a growing challenge to hospital-based healthcare. in this study, a total of 120 stool samples are tested for the presence of norovirus gi and gii by the roche two-step lightcycler 2.0 assay incorporating primers and probes produced by tib molbiol, and the results are compared with results from the national virus reference laboratory. the roch ...201121950202
Detection of plum pox potyviral protein-protein interactions in planta using an optimized mRFP-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation system.In previous studies, protein interaction maps of different potyviruses have been generated using yeast two-hybrid (YTH) systems, and these maps have demonstrated a high diversity of interactions of potyviral proteins. Using an optimized bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) system, a complete interaction matrix for proteins of a potyvirus was developed for the first time under in planta conditions with ten proteins from plum pox virus (PPV). In total, 52 of 100 possible interactions we ...201121880839
Seroprevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, Aujeszky's disease, and porcine parvovirus in replacement gilts in Thailand.The present study investigated the seroprevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in replacement gilts from selected five swine herds in Thailand. The study consisted of three parts. First, a retrospective data analysis on the seroprevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and ADV glycoprotein I (gI) in gilts, sows, boars, nursery, and fattening pigs in five herds (n?=?7,030). Seco ...201122068636
Prediction of sustained response to low-dose pegylated interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin in patients with genotype 1b and high hepatitis C virus level using viral reduction within 2 weeks after therapy initiation.Aim: Continuation of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin at the recommended dose is difficult in elderly patients and/or patients with cytopenia or complications. Whether the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy could be predicted based on virological response within 2 weeks of therapy initiation was evaluated. Methods: A total of 106 patients with a high viral load of genotype-1b hepatitis C virus (HCV) underwent low-dose PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy. PE ...201121951330
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of porcine circovirus type 2.ABSTRACT:201122044506
studies on porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination of 5-day-old piglets.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines have become widely used since they became available in 2006. it is not uncommon for producers to use pcv2 vaccines in pigs younger than what is approved by manufacturers. the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a chimeric and a subunit pcv2 vaccine administered at 5 or 21 days of age. forty-eight pcv2-naïve piglets were randomly divided into six groups of eight pigs each. vaccination was done at day 5 or day 21, followed by triple ch ...201121940407
decreasing levels of hbsag predict hbsag seroclearance in patients with inactive chronic hepatitis b virus infection.background & aims: serum levels of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) decrease gradually during chronic hepatitis b virus infection. we investigated the association between levels of hbsag and hbsag seroclearance. methods: we studied data from 46 patients who underwent spontaneous seroclearance of hbsag (median age at seroclearance, 48 y; 87% male; 76% infected with genotype b). there were 46 controls matched for age, sex, and hepatitis b virus genotype, and e antigen status with persistently n ...201121893131
presence of porcine parvovirus in sera from pigs is independent of antibody titers.porcine parvovirus (ppv) is a widespread dna virus that causes reproductive failure in swine. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of ppv in sera of nursery piglets (healthy n = 191 and wasting n = 132) and regularly vaccinated sows (with different parity rank [pr] n = 129), collected from different herds. altogether, 452 animals were sampled in 27 herds owned by five companies. all sera were analyzed for the presence of ppv dna by nested-pcr. the samples from sows were i ...201122059296
diagnostic capacity of rapid influenza antigen test: reappraisal with experience from the 2009 h1n1 pandemic.background: the rapid influenza antigen test (riat) has been questioned because of its poor sensitivity. clinicians are confused as to what diagnostic help it may provide. riat was reappraised by other laboratory confirmatory tests for its diagnostic capacity. methods: records of riat, rt-pcr and virus culture, performed for upper respiratory tract samples during the period from july 2009 to january 2010, were reviewed. the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (ppv) and negative p ...201122177367
Identification of improved IL28B SNPs and haplotypes for prediction of drug response in treatment of hepatitis C using massively parallel sequencing in a cross-sectional European cohort.BACKGROUND: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects nearly 3% of the World's population, causing severe liver disease in many. Standard of care therapy is currently pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin (PegIFN/R), which is effective in less than half of those infected with the most common viral genotype. Two IL28B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs8099917 and rs12979860, predict response to (PegIFN/R) therapy in treatment of HCV infection. These SNPs were identified in genome wide analys ...201121884576
[High-risk human papilloma virus DNA detection kit (cervista HPV HR) should be highly validated clinically in cervical cancer screening programs].The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of High-risk Human Papilloma virus DNA Detection Kit (Cervista HPV HR) designed to the utilized in cervical cancer screening programs.201121863645
[effect of the glycine-rich region deleted ppv vp2 to the vlps].the n-terminal of porcine parvovirus (ppv) viral protein 2 (vp2) links a glycine-rich domain which is a cleavage site of ppv vp3.in order to confirm that the glycine-rich domain was essential for the self-assembling of virus-like particles (vlps).the vp2 gene with glycine-rich domain deleted and the complete vp2 gene were inserted to eukaryotic expression vector pci-neo and were named pci-avp2 and pci-vp2. then, pci-delta vp2, pci-vp2 and pci-neo were transferred into vero cells by liposome and ...201122506413
efficacy of the confidential unit exclusion option in blood donors in tehran, iran, determined by using the nucleic acid testing method in 2008 and 2009.in recent years, the confidential unit exclusion (cue) option has been used to increase blood safety at blood transfusion centers in several countries. the epidemiologic characteristics of diseases and demographic characteristics of patients vary in different countries; therefore, we investigated whether the cue option is useful in iran. in this study, we determined the prevalences of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) in cue-positive and cue-negative units, as well as the effic ...201122308155
combined use of aspartate aminotransferase, platelet count and matrix metalloproteinase 2 measurements to predict liver fibrosis in hiv/hepatitis c virus-coinfected patients.noninvasive tests that can be used in place of liver biopsy to diagnose fibrosis have major limitations. they either leave a significant proportion of patients without a definitive diagnosis or produce inaccurate results. moreover, the performance of these tests is lower in hiv/hepatitis c virus (hcv) coinfection. against this background, we examined the utility of serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 (mmp-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (timp-1) measurements in combination with routi ...201120497249
o-glcnacylation of the plum pox virus capsid protein catalyzed by secret agent: characterization of o-glcnac sites by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry.the capsid protein of plum pox virus (ppv-cp) is modified with o-linked β-n-acetylglucosamine (o-glcnac). in arabidopsis thaliana this modification is made by an o-glcnac transferase named secret agent (sec). modification of ppv-cp by sec is hypothesized to have a direct role in the infection process, because virus titer and rate of spread are reduced in sec mutants. previous studies used deletion mapping and site-directed mutagenesis to identify four o-glcnac sites on the capsid protein that ar ...201120676902
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