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virus-viroid interactions: citrus tristeza virus enhances the accumulation of citrus dwarfing viroid in mexican lime via virus-encoded silencing suppressors.an assay to identify interactions between citrus dwarfing viroid (cdvd) and citrus tristeza virus (ctv) showed that viroid titer was enhanced by the coinfecting ctv in mexican lime but not in etrog citron. since ctv encodes three rna silencing suppressors (rsss), p23, p20 and p25, an assay using transgenic mexican limes expressing each rss revealed that p23 and, to a lesser extent, p25 recapitulated the effect observed with coinfections of ctv and cdvd.201424227850
the epitope structure of citrus tristeza virus coat protein mapped by recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies.it has been known that there exists serological differentiation among citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates. the present study reports three linear epitopes (aa 48-63, 97-104, and 114-125) identified by using bacterially expressed truncated coat proteins and ten monoclonal antibodies against the native virions of ctv-s4. site-directed mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the mutation d98g within the newly identified epitope (97)dddstgit(104) abolished its reaction to mabs 1, 4, and 10, and the ...201424314654
exploring the limits of vector construction based on citrus tristeza virus.we examined the limits of manipulation of the citrus tristeza virus (ctv) genome for expressing foreign genes in plants. we previously created a vector with a foreign gene cassette inserted between the major and minor coat protein genes, which is position 6 from the 3' terminus. yet, this virus has 10 3'-genes with several other potential locations for expression of foreign genes. since genes positioned closer to the 3' terminus tend to be expressed in greater amounts, there were opportunities f ...201424314658
past and future of a century old citrus tristeza virus collection: a california citrus germplasm tale.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates collected from citrus germplasm, dooryard and field trees in california from 1914 have been maintained in planta under quarantine in the citrus clonal protection program (ccpp), riverside, california. this collection, therefore, represents populations of ctv isolates obtained over time and space in california. to determine ctv genetic diversity in this context, genotypes of ctv isolates from the ccpp collection were characterized using multiple molecular mark ...201324339822
e-book on closteroviridae. 201324409172
evidence of recombinant citrus tristeza virus isolate occurring in acid lime cv. pant lemon orchard in uttarakhand terai region of northern himalaya in india.the present study for the first time describes biological and molecular characterization of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) occurring in the terai area of uttarakhand state in northern himalaya region of india. direct antigen coated-elisa and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) detected the ctv infection in acid lime cv. pant lemon (citrus aurantifolia) orchards of pantnagar with an estimated disease incidence of 16.6-20.5 %. to know the biological and genetic properties, an iso ...201324426255
citrus tristeza virus-based rnai in citrus plants induces gene silencing in diaphorina citri, a phloem-sap sucking insect vector of citrus greening disease (huanglongbing).a transient expression vector based on citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is unusually stable. because of its stability it is being considered for use in the field to control huanglongbing (hlb), which is caused by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) and vectored by asian citrus psyllid, diaphorina citri. in the absence of effective control strategies for clas, emphasis has been on control of d. citri. coincident cohabitation in phloem tissue by clas, d. citri and ctv was exploited to develop a no ...201424572372
characterization of a novel citrus tristeza virus genotype within three cross-protecting source gfms12 sub-isolates in south africa by means of illumina sequencing.tristeza disease (caused by citrus tristeza virus, ctv) is currently controlled in south africa by means of cross-protection. in this study, we characterized the ctv populations of three grapefruit mild strain 12 (gfms12) single-aphid-transmission-derived sub-isolates at the whole-genome level using illumina sequencing technology. a novel south african isolate (ct-za3, of the t68 genotype) was shown to be the dominant genotype in all gfms12 sub-isolates tested, along with reads unique to various ...201424623089
differential tropism in roots and shoots infected by citrus tristeza virus.virus tropism is a result of interactions between virus, host and vector species, and determines the fate of an infection. in this study, we examined the infection process of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) in susceptible and resistant species, and found that the tropism of ctv is not simply phloem limited, but tissue specific. in resistant species, virus infection was not prevented, but mostly restricted to the roots. this phenomenon was also observed after partial replacement of genes of one ctv s ...201425010274
a viral protein mediates superinfection exclusion at the whole-organism level but is not required for exclusion at the cellular level.superinfection exclusion (sie), the ability of an established virus infection to interfere with a secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus, has been described for different viruses, including important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. citrus tristeza virus (ctv), a positive-sense rna virus, represents a valuable model system for studying sie due to the existence of several phylogenetically distinct strains. furthermore, ctv allows sie to be examined at the whole-organi ...201425031351
protein-protein interactions between proteins of citrus tristeza virus isolates.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is one of the most devastating pathogens of citrus. its genome is organized into 12 open reading frames (orfs), of which ten orfs located at the 3'-terminus of the genome have multiple biological functions. the ten genes at the 3'-terminus of the genome of a severe isolate (ctv-s4) and three orfs (cp, cpm and p20) of three other isolates (n4, s45 and hb1) were cloned into pgbkt7 and pgadt7 yeast shuttle vectors. yeast two-hybridization (y2h) assays results revealed a ...201425064367
symptoms induced by transgenic expression of p23 from citrus tristeza virus in phloem-associated cells of mexican lime mimic virus infection without the aberrations accompanying constitutive expression.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is phloem restricted in natural citrus hosts. the 23-kda protein (p23) encoded by the virus is an rna silencing suppressor and a pathogenicity determinant. the expression of p23, or its n-terminal 157-amino-acid fragment comprising the zinc finger and flanking basic motifs, driven by the constitutive 35s promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus, induces ctv-like symptoms and other aberrations in transgenic citrus. to better define the role of p23 in ctv pathogenesis, we c ...201525171669
superinfection exclusion by citrus tristeza virus does not correlate with the production of viral small rnas.superinfection exclusion (sie), a phenomenon in which a preexisting viral infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or closely related virus, has been described for different viruses, including important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. several mechanisms acting at various stages of the viral life cycle have been proposed to explain sie. most cases of sie in plant virus systems were attributed to induction of rna silencing, a host defense mechanism that is mediated by small ...201425248160
the first identified citrus tristeza virus isolate of turkey contains a mixture of mild and severe strains.the presence of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) has previously been reported in citrus growing regions of turkey. all serologically and biologically characterized isolates including iğdır, which was the first identified ctv isolates from turkey, were considered mild isolates. in this study, molecular characteristics of the iğdır isolate were determined by different methods. analysis of the iğdır isolate by western blot and bd-rt-pcr assays showed the presence of mca13 epitope, predominantly found in ...201325288926
genetic diversity and evolution of two capsid protein genes of citrus tristeza virus isolates from china.the genetic diversity and population structure of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates from china were investigated based on partial sequences spanning the c-terminal end of p61 and the complete sequences of the cpm and cp genes. phylogenetic analysis revealed five known groups (rb, t30, t36, ha and vt) and one new group (vi) consisting of only chinese ctv isolates. incongruent phylogenetic trees coupled with recombination analysis suggested several recombination events in the cpm gene. positive ...201525387862
with a little help from my friends: complementation as a survival strategy for viruses in a long-lived host system.in selective host species, the extent of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) infection is limited through the prevention of long-distance movement. as ctv infections often contain a population of multiple strains, we investigated whether the members of a population were capable of interaction, and what effect this would have on the infection process. we found that the tissue-tropism limitations of strain t36 in selective hosts could be overcome through interaction with a second strain, vt, increasing ti ...201525666523
development of salinity tolerance in rice by constitutive-overexpression of genes involved in the regulation of programmed cell death.environmental factors contribute to over 70% of crop yield losses worldwide. of these drought and salinity are the most significant causes of crop yield reduction. rice is an important staple crop that feeds more than half of the world's population. however among the agronomically important cereals rice is the most sensitive to salinity. in the present study we show that exogenous expression of anti-apoptotic genes from diverse origins, atbag4 (arabidopsis), hsp70 (citrus tristeza virus) and p35 ...201525870602
membrane association of a nonconserved viral protein confers virus ability to extend its host range.citrus tristeza virus (ctv), the largest and most complex member of the family closteroviridae, encodes a unique protein, p33, which shows no homology with other known proteins, however, plays an important role in virus pathogenesis. in this study, we examined some of the characteristics of p33. we show that p33 is a membrane-associated protein that is inserted into the membrane via a transmembrane helix formed by hydrophobic amino acid residues at the c-terminal end of the protein. removal of t ...201525880112
spatial and temporal spread of citrus tristeza virus and its aphid vectors in the north western area of morocco.first report of citrus tristeza virus (ctv,closterovirus) in morocco datesback to 1961 in collections of citrus varieties. an exhaustive survey of citrus in the north of the country in 2009 revealed that ctv was spread all over the citrus production area. we attempted to evaluate the relative contribution of different aphid species in the spread of ctv disease in a citrus reticulata orchard at the loukkous region during 2 years (2012 and 2013). the overall ctv incidence estimated in the experime ...201625884375
development and validation of a multiplex reverse transcription quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) assay for the rapid detection of citrus tristeza virus, citrus psorosis virus, and citrus leaf blotch virus.a single real-time multiplex reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) assay for the simultaneous detection of citrus tristeza virus (ctv), citrus psorosis virus (cpsv), and citrus leaf blotch virus (clbv) was developed and validated using three different fluorescently labeled minor groove binding qpcr probes. to increase the detection reliability, coat protein (cp) genes from large number of different isolates of ctv, cpsv and clbv were sequenced and a multiple sequ ...201525907469
citrus tristeza virus: making an ally from an enemy.virus diseases of perennial trees and vines have characteristics not amenable to study using small model annual plants. unique disease symptoms such as graft incompatibilities and stem pitting cause considerable crop losses. also, viruses in these long-living plants tend to accumulate complex populations of viruses and strains. considerable progress has been made in understanding the biology and genetics of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) and in developing it into a tool for crop protection and impr ...201525973695
deep sequencing and analysis of small rnas in sweet orange grafted on sour orange infected with two citrus tristeza virus isolates prevalent in sicily.two representative isolates of a citrus tristeza virus population in sicily, sg29 (aggressive) and bau282 (mild), were sequenced via viral small rnas (vsrna) produced in budlings of sweet orange grafted on sour orange. phylogenetic relationships with mediterranean and exotic isolates revealed that sg29 clustered within the "vt-asian" subtype, whereas bau282 belonged to the cluster t30. the study confirms that molecular data need to be integrated with bio-indexing in order to obtain adequate info ...201526175068
phylogenetic studies of the three rna silencing suppressor genes of south american ctv isolates reveal the circulation of a novel genetic lineage.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is the most economically important virus of citrus worldwide. genetic diversity and population structure of ctv isolates from all citrus growing areas from uruguay were analyzed by rt-pcr and cloning of the three rna silencing suppressor genes (p25, p20 and p23). bayesian phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of three known genotypes (vt, t3, t36) in the country, and the presence of a new genetic lineage composed by isolates from around the world, mainly from ...201526205407
citrus tristeza virus (ctv) causing proteomic and enzymatic changes in sweet orange variety "westin".citrus tristeza disease, caused by ctv (citrus tristeza virus), committs citrus plantations around the world and specifically attacks phloem tissues of the plant. the virus exists as a mixture of more or less severe variants, which may or may not cause symptoms of tristeza. the objective of this study was to analyze the changes caused by ctv in the proteome of stems of sweet orange, as well as in the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. the ctv-infected sweet orange displayed mil ...201526207751
the conundrum of a unique protein encoded by citrus tristeza virus that is dispensable for infection of most hosts yet shows characteristics of a viral movement protein.citrus tristeza virus (ctv), one of the most economically important viruses, produces a unique protein, p33, which is encoded only in the genomes of isolates of ctv. recently, we demonstrated that membrane association of the p33 protein confers virus ability to extend its host range. in this work we show that p33 shares characteristics of viral movement proteins. upon expression in a host cell, the protein localizes to plasmodesmata and displays the ability to form extracellular tubules. further ...201526210077
finding balance: virus populations reach equilibrium during the infection process.virus populations, mixtures of viral strains or species, are a common feature of viral infection, and influence many viral processes including infection, transmission, and the induction of disease. yet, little is known of the rules that define the composition and structure of these populations. in this study, we used three distinct strains of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) to examine the effect of inoculum composition, titer, and order, on the virus population. we found that ctv populations stabili ...201526291064
rootstock-scion interaction affecting citrus response to ctv infection: a proteomic view.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is the causal agent of various diseases with dramatic effects on citrus crops worldwide. most citrus species, grown on their own roots, are symptomless hosts for many ctv isolates. however, depending on different scion-rootstock combination, ctv infection should result in distinct syndromes, being 'tristeza' the more severe one, leading to a complete decline of the susceptible plants in a few weeks. transcriptomic analyses revealed several genes involved either in def ...201626459956
reference gene validation for quantitative pcr under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions in toxoptera citricida (hemiptera, aphidiae).the regulation of mrna expression level is critical for gene expression studies. currently, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) is commonly used to investigate mrna expression level of genes under various experimental conditions. an important factor that determines the optimal quantification of qrt-pcr data is the choice of the reference gene for normalization. to advance gene expression studies in toxoptera citricida (kirkaldy), an important citrus pest and a ...201526470351
a 5'-proximal region of the citrus tristeza virus genome encoding two leader proteases is involved in virus superinfection exclusion.superinfection exclusion (sie), a phenomenon in which a primary virus infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or closely related virus, has been observed with various viruses. earlier we demonstrated that sie by citrus tristeza virus (ctv) requires viral p33 protein. in this work we show that p33 alone is not sufficient for virus exclusion. to define the additional viral components that are involved in this phenomenon, we engineered a hybrid virus in which a 5'-proximal region in ...201626748332
simultaneous visualization of two citrus tristeza virus genotypes provides new insights into the structure of multi-component virus populations in a host.complex citrus tristeza virus (ctv) populations composed of mixtures of different strains of the virus are commonly found in citrus trees in the field. at present, little is known about how these populations are formed, maintained, and how they are structured within a host. here we used a novel in situ hybridization approach allowing simultaneous visualization of two different rna targets with high sensitivity and specificity to examine the distribution of two isolates, t36 and t68-1, representi ...201626874013
identification, characterization and functional analysis of a chitin synthase gene in the brown citrus aphid, toxoptera citricida (hemiptera, aphididae).chitin synthase (chs) is a crucial enzyme involved in the final step of the insect chitin biosynthetic pathway. in this study, we cloned the full-length cdna sequence of a chitin synthase gene (tcichs) from the brown citrus aphid, toxoptera citricida, an important citrus pest and the main vector of citrus tristeza virus worldwide. tcichs was expressed during the entire lifecycle and in all insect tissues examined. expression was highest in first-second-instar nymphs, nymph-adult transitions and ...201626991909
transcriptome analysis of sweet orange trees infected with 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' and two strains of citrus tristeza virus.huanglongbing (hlb) and tristeza, are diseases of citrus caused by a member of the α-proteobacteria, 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (calas), and citrus tristeza virus (ctv) respectively. hlb is a devastating disease, but ctv strains vary from very severe to very mild. both calas and ctv are phloem-restricted. the calas-b232 strain and ctv-b6 cause a wide range of severe and similar symptoms. the mild strain ctv-b2 doesn't induce significant symptoms or damage to plants.201627169471
development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of clostero-, badna- and mandari-viruses along with huanglongbing bacterium in citrus trees.citrus trees harbor a large number of viral and bacterial pathogens. citrus yellow vein clearing virus (cyvcv), indian citrus ringspot virus (icrsv), citrus yellow mosaic virus (cymv), citrus tristeza virus (ctv) and a bacterium, candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (cla) associated with huanglongbing (hlb) disease, the most prevalent pathogens in citrus orchards of different regions in india and are responsible for debilitating citriculture. for detection of these viral and bacterial pathogens a q ...201627208471
synthesis and assessment of dna/silver nanoclusters probes for optimal and selective detection of tristeza virus mild strains.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is one of the most destructive pathogens worldwide that exist as a mixture of malicious (sever) and tolerable (mild) strains. mild strains of ctv can be used to immunize healthy plants from more severe strains damage. recently, innovative methods based on the fluorescent properties of dna/silver nanoclusters have been developed for molecular detection purposes. in this study, a simple procedure was followed to create more active dna/agncs probe for accurate and select ...201627349801
detection of citrus tristeza virus by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensor.due to the low titer or uneven distribution of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) in field samples, detection of ctv by using conventional detection techniques may be difficult. therefore, in the present work, the cadmium-telluride quantum dots (qds) was conjugated with a specific antibody against coat protein (cp) of ctv, and the cp were immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles (aunps) to develop a specific and sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-based nanobiosensor for det ...201627380305
monoclonal antibody-based serological methods for detecting citrus tristeza virus in citrus groves.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is one of the most economically important citrus viruses and harms the citrus industry worldwide. to develop reliable and effective serological detection assays of ctv, the major capsid protein (cp) gene of ctv was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3) using the expression vector pet-28a and purified through ni+-nta affinity chromatography. the recombinant protein was used to immunize balb/c mice. four hybridoma cell lines (14b10, 14h11, 20d5, and 20g12) secreting ...201627405929
minor coat and heat shock proteins are involved in the binding of citrus tristeza virus to the foregut of its aphid vector, toxoptera citricida.vector transmission is a critical stage in the viral life cycle, yet for most plant viruses how they interact with their vector is unknown or is explained by analogy with previously described relatives. here we examined the mechanism underlying the transmission of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) by its aphid vector, toxoptera citricida, with the objective of identifying what virus-encoded proteins it uses to interact with the vector. using fluorescently labeled virions, we demonstrated that ctv bind ...201627520823
the resistance of sour orange to citrus tristeza virus is mediated by both the salicylic acid and rna silencing defence pathways.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) induces in the field the decline and death of citrus varieties grafted on sour orange (so) rootstock, which has forced the use of alternative decline-tolerant rootstocks in affected countries, despite the highly desirable agronomic features of the so rootstock. declining citrus plants display phloem necrosis below the bud union. in addition, so is minimally susceptible to ctv compared with other citrus varieties, suggesting partial resistance of so to ctv. here, by si ...201627588892
comparison of multiple viral population characterization methods on a candidate cross-protection citrus tristeza virus (ctv) source.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is the most economically important virus found on citrus and influences production worldwide. the 3' half of the rna genome is generally conserved amongst sources, whereas the 5' portion is more divergent, allowing for the classification of the virus into a number of genotypes based on sequence diversity. the acknowledged genotypes of ctv are continually being expanded, and thus far include t36, t30, t3, vt, b165, ha16-5, t68 and rb. the genotype composition of the ct ...201627599410
pcr bias associated with conserved primer binding sites, used to determine genotype diversity within citrus tristeza virus populations.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is present in almost all of the major citrus production areas where it continues to reduce the profitability of citriculture. the accurate characterisation of ctv populations, which are usually made up of a number of disparate strains, requires the use of robust pcr protocols. mismatches between primers and their corresponding binding sites may introduce primer-associated bias during amplification. the primer-associated bias of four sets of ctv specific primers, targe ...201627599411
sequence variation in two genes determines the efficacy of transmission of citrus tristeza virus by the brown citrus aphid.vector transmission is an important part of the viral infection cycle, yet for many viruses little is known about this process, or how viral sequence variation affects transmission efficacy. here we examined the effect of substituting genes from the highly transmissible fs577 isolate of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) in to the poorly transmissible t36-based infectious clone. we found that introducing p65 or p61 sequences from fs577 significantly increased transmission efficacy. interestingly, repla ...201627644950
some like it hot: citrus tristeza virus strains react differently to elevated temperature.viruses often infect plants as a mixed population. the dynamics of viral populations dictate the success of the infection, yet there is little understanding of the factors that influence them. it is known that temperature can affect individual viruses; could it also affect a virus population? in order to study this, we observed citrus tristeza virus (ctv) populations in different hosts under winter and summer conditions (25 versus 36 °c). we found that only some ctv strains were affected by a hi ...201627659675
understanding superinfection exclusion by complex populations of citrus tristeza virus.superinfection exclusion (sie) is a phenomenon in which a primary viral infection restricts a secondary infection with the same or closely related virus. previously we showed that sie by citrus tristeza virus (ctv) occurs only between isolates of the same virus genotype. this work, however, was done using single genotype-containing isolates, while most field citrus trees harbor complex populations composed of different virus genotypes. here we examined sie in plants simultaneously infected with ...201627743959
population structure and diversity of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates in hunan province, china.stem-pitting (sp) is the main type of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) that causes severe damage to citrus trees, especially those of sweet orange, in hunan province, china. understanding the local ctv population structure should provide clues for effective mild strain cross-protection (mscp) of the sp strain of ctv. in this study, markers for the p23 gene, multiple molecular markers (mmms), and sequence analysis of the three silencing suppressor genes (p20, p23 and p25) were employed to analyze the ...201727771790
the enemy within: phloem-limited pathogens.the growing impact of phloem-limited pathogens on high-value crops has led to a renewed interest in understanding how they cause disease. although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, many are poorly characterized. in this review, we present examples of phloem-limited pathogens that include intracellular bacteria with and without cell walls, and viruses. phloem-limited pathogens have small genomes and lack many genes required for core metabolic processes, which is, in part, an adaptati ...201627997761
self-interaction of citrus tristeza virus p33 protein via n-terminal helix.citrus tristeza virus (ctv), the most economically important viral pathogen of citrus, encodes a unique protein, p33. ctv p33 shows no similarity with other known proteins, yet plays an important role in viral pathogenesis: it extends the virus host range and mediates virus ability to exclude superinfection by other variants of the virus. previously we demonstrated that p33 is an integral membrane protein and appears to share characteristics of viral movement proteins. in this study, we show tha ...201728279804
disulfide-induced self-assembled targets: a novel strategy for the label free colorimetric detection of dnas/rnas via unmodified gold nanoparticles.a modified non-cross-linking gold-nanoparticles (au-nps) aggregation strategy has been developed for the label free colorimetric detection of dnas/rnas based on self-assembling target species in the presence of thiolated probes. two complementary thiol- modified probes, each of which specifically binds at one half of the target introduced sh groups at both ends of dsdna. continuous disulfide bond formation at 3' and 5' terminals of targets leads to the self-assembly of dsdnas into the sulfur- ri ...201728387331
deep sequencing analysis of rnas from citrus plants grown in a citrus sudden death-affected area reveals diverse known and putative novel viruses.citrus sudden death (csd) has caused the death of approximately four million orange trees in a very important citrus region in brazil. although its etiology is still not completely clear, symptoms and distribution of affected plants indicate a viral disease. in a search for viruses associated with csd, we have performed a comparative high-throughput sequencing analysis of the transcriptome and small rnas from csd-symptomatic and -asymptomatic plants using the illumina platform. the data revealed ...201728441782
identification and characterization of citrus tristeza virus isolates breaking resistance in trifoliate orange in california.most citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates in california are biologically mild and symptomless in commercial cultivars on ctv tolerant rootstocks. however, to better define california ctv isolates showing divergent serological and genetic profiles, selected isolates were subjected to deep sequencing of small rnas. full-length sequences were assembled, annotated and trifoliate orange resistance-breaking (rb) isolates of ctv were identified. phylogenetic relationships based on their full genomes pl ...201728453412
in silico probe-based detection of citrus viruses in ngs data.the conservation of plant biosecurity relies on the rapid identification of pathogenic organisms, including viruses. with next-generation sequencing (ngs), it is possible to identify multiple viruses within a metagenomic sample. in this study, we explored the use of electronic probes (e-probes) for the simultaneous detection of 11 recognized citrus viruses. e-probes were designed and screened against raw sequencing data to minimize the bioinformatic processing time required. the e-probes were ab ...201728562184
development of multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of citrus viruses and the incidence of citrus viral diseases in late-maturity citrus trees in jeju island.satsuma dwarf virus (sdv) or citrus mosaic sadwavirus (cimv) were not consistently detected in rt-pcr assay with the primer sets based on gene of japan isolates. sdv and cimv isolates were distinctively divided into two groups based on phylogenetic analysis of pp2 gene cloned from 22 korean isolates, and the korean cimv and sdv isolates shared 95.5-96.2% and 97.1-97.7% sequence identity with japanese isolate, respectively. we developed pp2-1 primer set based on the pp2 gene sequence of korean is ...201728592949
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