| two histidines of the coat protein of turnip yellow mosaic virus at the capsid interior are crucial for viability. | rna-coat protein interactions in turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) have been shown to involve low pk proton-donating groups. two different types of interaction have been proposed. in the so-called type i interaction, protonated c-residues interact with acidic amino acids at low ph, thereby providing a rationale for the high c-content (38%) of the genomic rna. the type ii interaction involves charged histidines interacting with phosphates of the rna backbone. site-directed mutagenesis of the tymv ... | 2004 | 15048817 |
| timing of the synthesis of empty shells and minor nucleoproteins in relation to turnip yellow mosaic virus synthesis in brassica protoplasts. | following inoculation of chinese cabbage protoplasts in vitro with turnip yellow mosaic virus, the development of characteristic changes in the chloroplasts was significantly asynchronous when observed by light or electron microscopy. in fully infected protoplasts there were only about 25% as many peripheral vesicles (the site of virus rna synthesis) as in infected cells in the intact leaf. the yield of virus per infected protoplast was only about 1/10 th that found for an equivalent population ... | 1981 | 18635063 |
| analysis of the in vitro coding properties of the 3' region of turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic rna. | the genomic rna of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) codes in vitro for two proteins of 195,000 (195k) and 150,000 (150k) daltons initiated at the same site of the rna. in the presence of yeast amber suppressor trna, synthesis of the 195k protein is reduced in favor of a 210,000-dalton (210k) protein. using tymv rna sequence data and comparison of tryptic peptides of the 150k, 195k, 210k, and coat proteins, we postulate that the silent region between the 195k gene and the coat protein gene locat ... | 1982 | 18635143 |
| mechanism for release of rna from turnip yellow mosaic virus at high ph. | the formation of empty protein shells from intact turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) following treatment at alkaline ph has been investigated. the loss of viral rna is accompanied by the release of a small amount of protein which has sedimentation properties expected for aggregates of about five to eight coat protein subunits. these results imply that the release of rna at elevated ph occurs concomitantly with the removal of a discrete amount of protein from the virus shell. the protein released ... | 1982 | 18635145 |
| single molecule studies of rna secondary structure: afm of tymv viral rna. | nowadays, the development of experimental procedures for the determination of the secondary structure of rna molecules is taking advantage of the novel single-molecule probing and imaging techniques. we report a method for the mapping of the secondary structure of rna molecules spread on a flat surface by means of the atomic force microscope. globular domains comprising groups of rna secondary and tertiary structure elements separated by unstructured domains can be discerned in the micrographs a ... | 2004 | 15630685 |
| properties of turnip yellow mosaic virus in cesium chloride solutions: the formation of high-density components. | the bottom component b1a of tymv with a buoyant density of 1.42-1.43 g/ml, is converted to a more dense particle b2a following csci density gradient centrifugation. this conversion is complete after a prior incubation of the virus in the cscl solution at elevated temperatures. it is shown that the formation of b28 is accompanied with a loss from the virion of polyvalent cations like spermidine and mg2+. the exchange of the latter ions for cs ions is responsible for the occurrence of the higher-d ... | 1982 | 18638730 |
| the rna of turnip yellow mosaic virus exhibits icosahedral order. | difference electron density maps, based on structure factor amplitudes and experimental phases from crystals of wild-type turnip yellow mosaic virus and those of empty capsids prepared by freeze-thawing, show a large portion of the encapsidated rna to have an icosahedral distribution. four unique segments of base-paired, double-helical rna, one to two turns in length, lie between 33-a and 101-a radius and are organized about either 2-fold or 5-fold icosahedral axes. in addition, single-stranded ... | 2005 | 15780874 |
| carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plant viruses: evidence for protein-nucleic acid interactions in belladonna mottle virus and detection of polyamines in turnip yellow mosaic virus. | belladonna mottle virus (bdmv) enriched in carbon-13 was isolated from infected tobacco plants grown in a 2% 13c02, 8% 12co2 atmosphere. the enrichment led to a fivefold improvement in the signal to noise ratio of the (13)c nmr spectrum of bdmv. 1h and 13c nmr peaks of the intact virion are broad. however, upon removal of the rna, many sharp peaks appear in spectra of the empty capsid which are attributed to aliphatic amino acid side chains at the inner surface of the protein shell that have gai ... | 1983 | 18639152 |
| turnip yellow mosaic virus rna-replicase contains host and virus-encoded subunits. | the enzyme (rna-replicase) involved in the synthesis of viral rna has been purified from turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv)-infected chinese cabbage leaves. the rna-replicaset contains two major subunits: one of apparent molecular weight 115,000 (115k) and the other of 45k. we have raised antisera against the purified tymv-rna-replicase and have demonstrated by immunoaffinity chromatography and immunoblotting that the 115k polypeptide is coded by the viral rna but that the 45k protein is of host ... | 1984 | 18639811 |
| uncoating of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna in vivo. | following mechanical inoculation of leaves with turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv), a significant proportion of the retained inoculum is uncoated within 45 sec, and the process is more or less complete after 2 min. at least 80-90% of the uncoating takes place in the epidermis. the application of virus to the intact leaf is essential for uncoating to occur. the uncoating process is not confined to plants which are known hosts for tymv. the process gives rise to empty shells and low molecular weigh ... | 1985 | 18640530 |
| variation in the coat protein sequence of british isolates of turnip yellow mosaic virus and comparison with previously published isolates. brief report. | isolates of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) were collected from wild cabbage (brassica oleracea) on a 400 m stretch of dorset coastline. the coat protein genes of four isolates showed high homology in nucleotide sequence (0.970-1.000, mean 0.987). lower levels of homology where found to previously published sequences of australian isolates [10] (0.725-0.775, mean 0.741). the amino acid composition of the dorset isolates showed high levels of homology (0.964-1.000, mean 0.986). numerous amino a ... | 2005 | 16052285 |
| the trna-like structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna: structural organization of the last 159 nucleotides from the 3' oh terminus. | the secondary structure of the isolated trna-like sequence (n=159) present at the 3' oh terminus of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna has been established from partial nuclease digestion with s1 nuclease and t1, cl(3), and naja oxiana rnases. the fragment folds into a 6-armed structure with two main domains. the first domain, of loose structure and nearest the 5' oh terminus, is composed of one large arm which extends into the coat protein cistron. the second, more compact domain, is composed of th ... | 1982 | 16453415 |
| nucleotide sequence at the 5' extremity of turnip yellow mosaic virus genome rna. | the sequence of the first 110 nucleotides at the 5' extremity of turnip yellow mosaic virus genome rna has been determined. the sequence is blocked at its 5' terminus with the group pppm(7)g and contains two aug triplets. the determined sequence bears a strong resemblance to the 5' noncoding region of rabbit beta-globin mrna. region 95-103 of the sequence can base-pair with part of the 3' extremity of either the genome rna or the coat protein mrna. | 1978 | 16592542 |
| aminoacyl rna domain of turnip yellow mosaic virus val-rna interacting with elongation factor tu. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) val-rna forms a complex with the peptide elongation factor tu (ef-tu) in the presence of gtp: the val-rna is protected by ef-tu.gtp from non-enzymatic deacylation and nuclease digestion. the determination of the length of the shortest tymv val-rna fragment that binds ef-tu.gtp leads us to conclude that the valylated aminoacyl rna domain equivalent in trnas to the continuous helix formed by the acceptor stem and the t arm is sufficient for complex formation. sinc ... | 1984 | 16617475 |
| phosphorylation of viral rna-dependent rna polymerase and its role in replication of a plus-strand rna virus. | central to the process of plus-strand rna virus genome amplification is the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). understanding its regulation is of great importance given its essential function in viral replication and the common architecture and catalytic mechanism of polymerases. here we show that turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rdrp is phosphorylated, when expressed both individually and in the context of viral infection. using a comprehensive biochemical approach, including metabolic ... | 2006 | 16717096 |
| structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus crystals in the electron microscope. | | 1948 | 18867693 |
| unit cell measurements of wet and dry crystalline turnip yellow mosaic virus. | | 1948 | 18871479 |
| complete nucleotide sequence and experimental host range of okra mosaic virus. | okra mosaic virus (okmv) is a tymovirus infecting members of the family malvaceae. early infections in okra (abelmoschus esculentus) lead to yield losses of 12-19.5%. besides intensive biological characterizations of okmv only minor molecular data were available. therefore, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a nigerian isolate of okmv. the complete genomic rna (grna) comprises 6,223 nt and its genome organization showed three major orfs coding for a putative movement protein (mp) ... | 2008 | 18049886 |
| gcn2-dependent phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2alpha in arabidopsis. | the yeast regulatory protein kinase, general control non-derepressible-2 (gcn2) plays a key role in general amino acid control. gcn2 phosphorylates the alpha subunit of the trimeric eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2 (eif2), bringing about a decrease in the general rate of protein synthesis but an increase in the synthesis of gcn4, a transcription factor that promotes the expression of genes encoding enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis. the present study concerned the phosphorylation of ... | 2008 | 18603615 |
| role of 5'-utr hairpins of the turnip yellow mosaic virus rna in replication and systemic movement. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna has two hairpins in its 5' untranslated region (5'-utr). to investigate the role of the hairpins in replication of tymv, mutants lacking one or both of the two hairpins were constructed. the tymv constructs were introduced into chinese cabbage by an agrobacterium-mediated t-dna transfer method, called agroinfiltration. analysis of total rna from agroinfiltrated leaves showed that replication of the mutant tymv rna lacking both hairpins was about 1/100 of wil ... | 2008 | 19017489 |
| atomic force microscopy investigation of turnip yellow mosaic virus capsid disruption and rna extrusion. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) was subjected to a variety of procedures which disrupted the protein capsids and produced exposure of the ssrna genome. the results of the treatments were visualized by atomic force microscopy (afm). both in situ and ex situ freeze-thawing produced rna emission, though at low efficiency. the rna lost from such particles was evident, in some cases in the process of exiting the virions. more severe disruption of tymv and extrusion of intact rna onto the substrate ... | 2006 | 16730366 |
| infection of chlorophyll-less protoplasts from etiolated chinese cabbage hypocotyls by turnip yellow mosaic virus. | protoplasts were prepared from hypocotyls of dark-grown, 8-day-old chinese cabbage seedlings. pectinase and cellulase were used together in a one-step procedure. these hypocotyl protoplasts did not contain detectable amounts of chlorophyll. they could be infected in vitro with turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv). virus replication was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus recovery by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and infectivity tests on chi ... | 1980 | 18631665 |
| occurrence of potato virus x on hybrid dock in czech republic. | hybrid dock of uteush (rumex patientia l. x rumex tianschanicus a. los., the family polygonaceae) is a perspective high productive crop and in the last decade its farming area has continuously grown in czech republic. however, the introduction of this non-native perennial crop into a present plant production creates a new potential reservoir for some plant viruses. also, the hybrid dock could become a host of currently uncommon or insignificant viruses. we screened two dock-farming localities si ... | 2009 | 19301951 |
| turnip yellow mosaic virus rna as a substrate of the transfer rna nucleotidyltransferase ii. incorporation of cytidine 5'-monophosphate and determination of a short nucleotide sequence at the 3' end of the rna. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna treated with snake venom phosphodiesterase accepts cytidine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (amp) when it is incubated in the presence of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (ctp), adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and escherichia coli transfer rna nucleotidyltransferase; untreated tymv rna accepts only amp. when alpha (32)pctp was used for terminal labeling, the nearest neighbor analyses and the anallyses after action of various nucleases showed that the sequ ... | 1973 | 16789136 |
| the trna-like structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna is a 3'-translational enhancer. | many positive stand rna viral genomes lack the poly(a) tail that is characteristic of cellular mrnas and that promotes translation in cis. the 3' untranslated regions (utrs) of such genomes are expected to provide similar translation-enhancing properties as a poly(a) tail, yet the great variety of 3' sequences suggests that this is accomplished in a range of ways. we have identified a translational enhancer present in the 3' utr of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna using luciferase reporter ... | 2004 | 15033563 |
| post-translational proteolytic cleavage of in vitro-synthesized turnip yellow mosaic virus rna-coded high-molecular-weight proteins. | in a reticulocyte lysate, turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic rna directs the synthesis of two proteins with molecular weights of 150,000 (150k) and 195k. we present evidence that the larger protein is processed in vitro, after its completion, in at least three fragments. the nh(2)-terminal fragment (82k) and the cooh-terminal fragment (78k) have been well characterized by different methods. the fact that the 150k protein is not cleaved in vitro, although it contains the regions that are processe ... | 1980 | 16789193 |
| eef1a binding to aminoacylated viral rna represses minus strand synthesis by tymv rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the genomic rna of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) has an 82-nucleotide-long trna-like structure at its 3'-end that can be valylated and then form a stable complex with translation elongation factor eef1a.gtp. transcription of this rna by tymv rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) to yield minus strands has previously been shown to initiate within the 3'-cca sequence. we have now demonstrated that minus strand synthesis is strongly repressed upon the binding of eef1a.gtp to the valylated viral r ... | 2004 | 15033564 |
| a turnip yellow mosaic virus infection system in arabidopsis suspension cell culture. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a positive-strand rna virus able to infect arabidopsis thaliana. to establish a tymv infection system in arabidopsis cell culture, tymv replicons with the capsid protein gene replaced by a reporter gene expressing the sh ble protein conferring zeocin resistance were used to transfect arabidopsis cells. zeocin-resistant arabidopsis calli were used to generate a suspension cell culture. detection of viral proteins and rnas after 18 months in culture demonstrate ... | 2007 | 17222410 |
| turnip yellow mosaic virus as a chemoaddressable bionanoparticle. | viruses and virus-like particles (vlps) have been demonstrated to be robust scaffolds for the construction of nanomaterials. in order to develop new nanoprobes for time-resolved fluoroimmuno assays as well as to investigate the two-dimensional self-assembly of viruses and vlps, the icosahedral turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) was investigated as a potential building block in our study. tymv is an icosahedral plant virus with an average diameter of 28 nm that can be isolated inexpensively in gra ... | 2007 | 17428027 |
| formation of two-dimensional crystals of icosahedral rna viruses. | the formation of 2d arrays of three small icosahedral rna viruses with known 3d structures (tomato bushy stunt virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus and bromegrass mosaic virus) has been investigated to determine the role of each component of a negative staining solution containing ammonium molybdate and polyethylene glycol. virion association was monitored by dynamic light scattering (dls) and virus array formation was visualised by conventional transmission electron microscopy and cryo-electron mi ... | 2008 | 17466523 |
| secondary structure prediction of plant virus coat proteins. | application of the secondary structure prediction techniques to the coat protein amino acid sequences of turnip yellow mosaic virus and satellite tobacco necrosis virus yielded an excellent correlation with the patterns of secondary structural elements observed in the capsid proteins of southern bean mosaic virus and tomato bushy stunt virus. helical predictions for the very basic n-terminal regions of three plant viruses suggested modes of protein-nucleic acid interaction similar to those propo ... | 1981 | 18635044 |
| role of trna-like structures in controlling plant virus replication. | transfer rna-like structures (tlss) that are sophisticated functional mimics of trnas are found at the 3'-termini of the genomes of a number of plant positive strand rna viruses. three natural aminoacylation identities are represented: valine, histidine, and tyrosine. paralleling this variety in structure, the roles of tlss vary widely between different viruses. for turnip yellow mosaic virus, the tls must be capable of valylation in order to support infectivity, major roles being the provision ... | 2009 | 18638511 |
| prototype protein assembly as scaffold for time-resolved fluoroimmuno assays. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is an icosahedral plant virus with an average diameter of 28 nm and can be isolated in gram quantities from turnip or chinese cabbage inexpensively. in this study, it was selected as a prototype bionanoparticle for time-resolved fluoroimmuno assay (trfia). two types of reactive amino acid residues were employed to anchor luminescent terbium complexes and biotin groups based on orthogonal chemical reactions. while terbium complexes were used as luminescent signal ... | 2007 | 17542581 |
| identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of transcripts from virus-infected arabidopsis thaliana. | real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) of complementary dna is now a standard method for studies of gene expression. however, qpcr can identify genuine variation only when transcript quantities are accurately normalized to an appropriate reference. to identify the most reliable reference genes for transcript quantification by qpcr, we describe a systematic evaluation of candidate reference genes of arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia-0 (col-0). twelve genes were selected for t ... | 2011 | 21091160 |
| chemoselective modification of turnip yellow mosaic virus by cu(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and its application in cell binding. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is an icosahedral plant virus with a diameter of 28-30 nm that can be isolated in gram quantities from turnip or chinese cabbage inexpensively. in this study, tymv combined with spatially addressable surface chemistries was selected as a prototype bionanoparticle for modulating patterns of cell adhesion, morphology, and proliferation. we exploited the chemical reactivity of tymv using the mild conditions of cu(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (cuaac) reac ... | 2010 | 21166476 |
| assembly of turnip yellow mosaic virus replication complexes: interaction between the proteinase and polymerase domains of the replication proteins. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv), a positive-strand rna virus in the alphavirus-like supergroup, encodes two nonstructural replication proteins (140k and 66k), both of which are required for its rna genome replication. the 140k protein contains domains indicative of methyltransferase, proteinase, and ntpase/helicase activities, while the 66k protein encompasses the rna-dependent rna polymerase domain. recruitment of the 66k protein to the sites of viral replication, located at the periphery of ... | 2004 | 15254167 |
| genetics and virology: two interdisciplinary branches of biology. | genetics has a tradition that dates back to the ancient greeks. it developed, between insight and contradiction, from the post-renaissance to the mid-1800s, when mendel and darwin gave it the first experimental and conceptual bases. from 1910, genetics became a true experimental discipline of biology thanks to the work of morgan's group. on the contrary, virology is a relatively young discipline which had origin only after the success of the "germ theory" of pasteur and koch, by the hypothesis o ... | 2007 | 17592822 |
| turnip yellow mosaic virus forms infectious particles without the native beta-annulus structure and flexible coat protein n-terminus. | structural studies have implicated the tymv n-terminal amino acids of the coat protein (cp) in both static (virion stabilization) and dynamic (rna encapsidation and disencapsidation) roles. we have deleted residues 2-5, 2-10 and 2-26 from the n-terminus and expressed the mutant cps in e. coli to assess assembly in the absence of genomic rna and in plant infections to assess infectivity and virion properties. in e. coli, the deletion constructs formed virus-like particles, but in decreased yield. ... | 2012 | 22078163 |
| crystal structure of an empty capsid of turnip yellow mosaic virus. | empty capsids (artificial top component) of turnip yellow mosaic virus were co-crystallized with an encapsidation initiator rna hairpin. no clear density was observed for the rna, but there were clear differences in the conformation of a loop of the coat protein at the opening of the pentameric capsomer (formed by five a-subunits) protruding from the capsid, compared to the corresponding loop in the intact virus. further differences were found at the n terminus of the a-subunit. these difference ... | 2004 | 15321716 |
| evidence for ph-induced release of rna from belladonna mottle virus and the stabilizing effect of polyamines and cations. | the rna of belladonna mottle virus (bdmv) is released from virions by increasing the ph to neutrality or above, leaving behind intact protein shells. in contrast, much harsher conditions are required to release the rna from the closely related turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv). the heat-induced or ph-dependent escape of rna from bdmv has been investigated by 31p nmr spectroscopy and ultracentrifugation. the methods show a transition ph near 6.8 at which the rna undergoes a structural alteration ... | 1983 | 18639151 |
| proteolytic processing of turnip yellow mosaic virus replication proteins and functional impact on infectivity. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv), a positive-strand rna virus belonging to the alphavirus-like supergroup, encodes its nonstructural replication proteins as a 206k precursor with domains indicative of methyltransferase (mt), proteinase (pro), ntpase/helicase (hel), and polymerase (pol) activities. subsequent processing of 206k generates a 66k protein encompassing the pol domain and uncharacterized 115k and 85k proteins. here, we demonstrate that tymv proteinase mediates an additional cleavage b ... | 2007 | 17686855 |
| characterization of the virus encoded subunit of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna replicase. | an antiserum raised against tymv-rna encoded protein p115 partially inhibits tymv rna replicase activity, demonstrating that this protein is involved in tymv rna synthesis. the detection of protein p115 by an antibody linked polymerase assay demonstrates that protein p115 is indeed a subunit of the tymv rna replicase, the enzyme known to synthesize viral rna in infected chinese cabbage. the use of translation products of other tymoviruses indicates that the serological relationship between the v ... | 1986 | 18640642 |
| efficient virus-induced gene silencing in arabidopsis using a 'one-step' tymv-derived vector. | virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an important tool for the analysis of gene function in plants. this technique exploits recombinant viral vectors harbouring fragments of plant genes in their genome to generate double-stranded rnas that initiate homology-dependent silencing of the target gene. several viral vigs vectors have already been successfully used in reverse-genetics studies of a variety of processes occurring in plants. here, we show that a viral vector derived from turnip yellow m ... | 2008 | 18643968 |
| the promotion of osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells by a polyvalent plant mosaic virus. | to investigate the role that the micro/nano-environment plays on the differentiation pathway of bone marrow stromal cells (bmscs) into osteoblasts, we employed a 2d substrate coated with turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) particles. tymv is a non-enveloped icosahedral plant virus which has an average diameter 28 nm and the protein cage structure consists of 180 identical subunits. the temporal effect of tymv coated substrate on the adhesion and differentiation capacity of the bmscs was monitored ... | 2008 | 18649940 |
| evaluation of seed transmission of turnip yellow mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus in arabidopsis thaliana. | abstract the mechanism of virus transmission through seed was studied in arabidopsis thaliana infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). serological and biological tests were conducted to identify the route by which the viruses reach the seed and subsequently are located in the seed. both tymv and tmv were detected in seed from infected plants, however only tymv was seed-transmitted. this is the first report of transmission of tymv in seed of a. thaliana. est ... | 2000 | 18944425 |
| replication and encapsidation of recombinant turnip yellow mosaic virus rna. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a positive strand rna virus that infects mainly cruciferae plants. in this study, the tymv genome was modified by inserting an extra subgenomic rna promoter and a multiple cloning site. this modified tymv was introduced into nicotiana benthamiana using a agrobacterium-mediated t-dna transfer system (agroinfiltration). when a gene encoding beta-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein was expressed using this modified tymv as a vector, replication of the rec ... | 2008 | 18959822 |
| comparison and functional implications of the 3d architectures of viral trna-like structures. | rna viruses co-opt the host cell's biological machinery, and their infection strategies often depend on specific structures in the viral genomic rna. examples are trna-like structures (tlss), found at the 3' end of certain plant viral rnas, which can use the cell's aminoacyl trna-synthetases (aarss) to drive addition of an amino acid to the 3' end of the viral rna. tlss are multifunctional rnas involved in processes such as viral replication, translation, and viral rna stability; these functions ... | 2009 | 19144910 |
| the 5'-utr of turnip yellow mosaic virus does not include a critical encapsidation signal. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rna has two hairpins in the 5' untranslated region (utr) with internal cc and ca mismatches that become protonated and are able to base pair at a ph near 5. the protonatable hairpins have previously been implicated as playing an important role in rna encapsidation. we have examined the role of the 5'-utr in the amplification and packaging of tymv rna using agroinfiltration of chinese cabbage leaves to express various tymv constructs with mutations affecting the ... | 2009 | 19282015 |
| interfacial assembly of turnip yellow mosaic virus nanoparticles. | an extensive study of the factors that affect the interfacial assembly of bionanoparticles at the oil/water (o/w) interface is reported. bionanoparticles, such as viruses, have distinctive structural properties due to the unique arrangement of their protein structures. the assembly process of such bionanoparticles at interfaces is governed by factors including the ionic strength and ph of the aqueous layer, concentration of the particles, and nature of the oil phase. this study highlights the im ... | 2009 | 19354217 |
| a tymovirus with an atypical 3'-utr illuminates the possibilities for 3'-utr evolution. | we report the complete genome sequence of dulcamara mottle virus (dumv), confirming its membership within the tymovirus genus, which was previously based on physical and pathology evidence. the 5'-untranslated region (utr) and coding region of dumv rna have the typical characteristics of tymoviral rnas. in contrast, the 3'-utr is the longest and most unusual yet reported for a tymovirus, possessing an internal poly(a) tract, lacking a 3'-trna-like structure (tls) and terminating at the 3'-end wi ... | 2009 | 19664793 |
| oligonucleotide-based microarray for detection of plant viruses employing sequence-independent amplification of targets. | the potential of dna microarrays for detection of plant viruses is hampered by underutilization of sequence-independent amplification methods for target nucleic acid enrichment. a microarray system is described for an unbiased detection of plant viruses using both short (30 nt) and long (50 and 70 nt) oligonucleotide probes. the assay involves amplification of target nucleic acid using random primers followed by in vitro transcription whose crna product is labeled chemically, fragmented and used ... | 2010 | 19850081 |
| [studies on the primary structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus protein. ii. primary structure of the tryptic peptides of aminoethylated protein]. | the sequence of the 7 tryptic peptides obtained from the oxidized protein of turnip yellow mosaic virus have been published in 1970. the other peptides obtained, being insoluble, could not be analysed. the protein was reduced, then alkylated with ethyleneimine and split with trypsin. in this paper we submit the sequence of the 14 peptides obtained, which have been separated on dowex 50-x4 and dowex 1-x2. these 14 peptides account for the 189 residues constituting the turnip yellow mosaic virus s ... | 1973 | 19999710 |
| modification of turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein and its effect on virion assembly. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a positive strand rna virus. we have modified tymv coat protein (cp) by inserting a c-myc epitope peptide at the n- or c-terminus of the cp, and have examined its effect on assembly. we introduced the recombinant cp constructs into nicotiana benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration. examination of the leaf extracts by agarose gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis showed that the cp modified at the n-terminus produced a band co-migrating with wild-type v ... | 2013 | 24148770 |
| [studies on the primary structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus protein. iii. primary structure of the chymotryptic peptides of aminoethylated protein. complete sequence]. | the complete sequence of the protein of turnip yellow mosaic virus is given. the isolation of the peptides obtained by cleavage of the aminoethylated protein with chymotrypsin is described. the present study includes the overlapping sequences which allow the correlation of the different tryptic peptides already described. some hypothesis concerning the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein in the viral particle are also given. | 1973 | 19999711 |
| the pro/hel region is indispensable for packaging non-replicating turnip yellow mosaic virus rna, but not replicating viral rna. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a spherical plant virus that has a single 6.3 kb positive strand rna. the genomic rna has a trna-like structure (tls) at the 3'-end. the 3'-tls and hairpins in the 5'-untranslated region supposedly serve as packaging signals; however, recent studies have shown that they do not play a role in tymv rna packaging. in this study, we focused on packaging signals by examining a series of deletion mutants of tymv. analysis of encapsidated viral rna after agroinfiltr ... | 2010 | 20396967 |
| multi-domain packing in the aminoacylatable 3' end of a plant viral rna. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) contains a trna-like structure (tls) in its 3' untranslated region (3' utr). this highly structured element induces valylation of the viral rna by host cell enzymes and is important for virus proliferation. directly upstream of the tymv tls is an upstream pseudoknot domain (upd) that has been considered to be structurally distinct from the tls. however, using a combination of functional, biochemical, and biophysical assays, we show that the entire 3' utr of the ... | 2010 | 20398674 |
| turnip yellow mosaic virus: transfer rna mimicry, chloroplasts and a c-rich genome. | summary taxonomy: turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is the type species of the genus tymovirus, family tymoviridae. tymv is a positive strand rna virus of the alphavirus-like supergroup. physical properties: virions are non-enveloped 28-nm t = 3 icosahedrons composed of a single 20-kda coat protein that is clustered in 20 hexameric and 12 pentameric subunits. infectious particles and empty capsids coexist in infected tissue. the genomic rna is 6.3 kb long, with a 5'(m7)gpppg cap and a 3' untrans ... | 2004 | 20565613 |
| the ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates the accumulation of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna-dependent rna polymerase during viral infection. | replication of positive-strand rna viruses, the largest group of plant viruses, is initiated by viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). given its essential function in viral replication, understanding the regulation of rdrp is of great importance. here, we show that turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) rdrp (termed 66k) is degraded by the proteasome at late time points during viral infection and that the accumulation level of 66k affects viral rna replication in infected arabidopsis thaliana cel ... | 2010 | 20823192 |
| new in vitro method for evaluating antiviral activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against plant viruses. | a new method was developed for testing antiviral compounds against plant viruses based on rapidly growing brassicas in vitro on liquid medium. this method enables exchange of media containing tested chemicals in various concentrations and simultaneous evaluation of their phytotoxicity and antiviral activity. while using ribavirin as a standard for comparison, phytotoxicity and ability of the acyclic nucleotide analogues (r)-pmpa, pmea, pmedap, and (s)-hpmpc to eliminate ssrna turnip yellow mosai ... | 2010 | 20933018 |
| arabidopsis drb4 protein in antiviral defense against turnip yellow mosaic virus infection. | rna silencing is an important antiviral mechanism in diverse eukaryotic organisms. in arabidopsis dicer-like 4 (dcl4) is the primary antiviral dicer, required for the production of viral small rnas from positive-strand rna viruses. here, we showed that dcl4 and its interacting partner dsrna-binding protein 4 (drb4) participate in the antiviral response to turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv), and that both proteins are required for tymv-derived small rna production. in addition, our results indicat ... | 2012 | 21883552 |
| a viral deubiquitylating enzyme targets viral rna-dependent rna polymerase and affects viral infectivity. | selective protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) plays an essential role in many major cellular processes, including host-pathogen interactions. we previously reported that the tightly regulated viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of the positive-strand rna virus turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is degraded by the ups in infected cells, a process that affects viral infectivity. here, we show that the tymv 98k replication protein can counteract this degradation proce ... | 2011 | 22117220 |
| the structural basis of transfer rna mimicry and conformational plasticity by a viral rna. | rna is arguably the most functionally diverse biological macromolecule. in some cases a single discrete rna sequence performs multiple roles, and this can be conferred by a complex three-dimensional structure. such multifunctionality can also be driven or enhanced by the ability of a given rna to assume different conformational (and therefore functional) states. despite its biological importance, a detailed structural understanding of the paradigm of rna structure-driven multifunctionality is la ... | 2014 | 24909993 |
| swelling of isometric and of bacilliform plant virus nucleocapsids is required for virus-specific protein synthesis in vitro. | encapsidated rna of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), brome mosaic virus (bmv), alfalfa mosaic virus, and southern bean mosaic virus can act as templates for protein synthesis when preswollen virions are added to a wheat germ extract, or when unswollen virions swell in the extract. encapsidated rna of turnip yellow mosaic virus, whose particles are unlikely to swell under the conditions used here, did not act as a template. ccmv and bmv, swollen in the extract, gave relatively more rna 1 and ... | 1986 | 18640565 |
| immunocytochemical localization of tymv-coded structural and nonstructural proteins by the protein a-gold technique. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) and its coat protein have been localized in ultrathin sections by an immunocytochemical technique using colloidal-gold labeled protein a as the marker. the high sensitivity of the technique and the good structural preservation allowed us to localize nonstructural proteins of the virus such as the rna replicase and its viral-encoded subunit of 115 kda. | 1986 | 18640634 |
| in praise of impurity: 30s ribosomal s15 protein-assisted crystallization of turnip yellow mosaic virus proteinase. | turnip yellow mosaic virus is an excellent model for eukaryotic positive-stranded rna virus replication. correct processing of the replication polyprotein is dependent on the virally encoded cysteine proteinase (pro) domain. crystalline needles obtained from highly pure preparations of the recombinant 17.6 kda pro did not diffract. in contrast, small hexagonal prisms that were obtained together with the needles under the same conditions but from a poorly purified preparation diffracted to 2 å re ... | 2012 | 22505427 |
| finding our roots and celebrating our shoots: plant virology in virology, 1955-1964. | to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of virology a survey is made of the plant viruses, virologists and their institutions, and tools and technology described in the first decade of plant virus publications in virology. this was a period when plant viruses increasingly became tools of discovery as epistemic objects and plant virology became a discipline discrete from plant pathology and other life sciences. | 2015 | 25842010 |
| a new application of monolithic supports: the separation of viruses from one another. | the emergence of next-generation "deep" sequencing has enabled the study of virus populations with much higher resolutions. this new tool increases the possibility of observing mixed infections caused by combinations of plant viruses, which are likely to occur more frequently than previously thought. the biological impact of co-infecting viruses on their host has yet to be determined and fully understood, and the first step towards reaching this goal is the separation and purification of individ ... | 2015 | 25724100 |
| highly sensitive and practical detection of plant viruses via electrical impedance of droplets on textured silicon-based devices. | early diagnosis of plant virus infections before the disease symptoms appearance may represent a significant benefit in limiting disease spread by a prompt application of appropriate containment steps. we propose a label-free procedure applied on a device structure where the electrical signal transduction is evaluated via impedance spectroscopy techniques. the device consists of a droplet suspension embedding two representative purified plant viruses i.e., tomato mosaic virus and turnip yellow m ... | 2016 | 27869726 |
| turnip yellow mosaic virus p69 interacts with and suppresses glk transcription factors to cause pale-green symptoms in arabidopsis. | | 2016 | 27964999 |
| development of a specific diagnostic system for detecting turnip yellow mosaic virus from chinese cabbage in korea. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted mainly through its host brassica spp. tymv is originated from europe. its infection cases have been reported in australia, brazil, turkey, and japan. symptoms similar to those of tymv infections were also reported in korea in 2012. in this study, we developed rt-pcr primer pairs that were highly sensitive for detecting tymv. the developed rt-pcr primer pairs offered about 10-100 times stronger detection sensitivity compare ... | 2016 | 26843703 |
| mutational bias of turnip yellow mosaic virus in the context of host anti-viral gene silencing. | plant dicer-like (dcl) enzymes exhibit a gc-preference during anti-viral post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs), delivering an evolutionary selection pressure resulting in plant viruses with gc-poor genomes. however, some viruses, e.g. turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv, genus tymovirus) have gc-rich genomes, raising the question as to whether or not dcl derived selection pressure affects these viruses. in this study we analyzed the virus-derived small interfering rnas from tymv-infected leave ... | 2015 | 26379088 |
| crystallization of mutants of turnip yellow mosaic virus protease/ubiquitin hydrolase designed to prevent protease self-recognition. | processing of the polyprotein of turnip yellow mosaic virus is mediated by the protease pro. pro cleaves at two places, one of which is at the c-terminus of the pro domain of another polyprotein molecule. in addition to this processing activity, pro possesses an ubiquitin hydrolase (dub) activity. the crystal structure of pro has previously been reported in its polyprotein-processing mode with the c-terminus of one pro inserted into the catalytic site of the next pro, generating pro polymers in ... | 2015 | 25849500 |
| replication and packaging of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna containing flock house virus rna1 sequence. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a spherical plant virus that has a single 6.3 kb positive strand rna as a genome. in this study, rna1 sequence of flock house virus (fhv) was inserted into the tymv genome to test whether tymv can accommodate and express another viral entity. in the resulting construct, designated ty-fhv, the fhv rna1 sequence was expressed as a tymv subgenomic rna. northern analysis of the nicotiana benthamiana leaves agroinfiltrated with the ty-fhv showed that both genomic ... | 2014 | 24286326 |
| crystallization, structural diversity and anisotropy effects in 2d arrays of icosahedral viruses. | we investigate two-dimensional (2d) assembly of the icosahedral turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) under cationic lipid monolayers at the aqueous solution–vapor interface. the 2d crystallization of tymv has been achieved by enhancing electrostatically induced interfacial adsorption, an approach recently demonstrated for another virus. in situ x-ray scattering reveals two close-packed 2d crystalline phases of tymv that are distinct from the previously reported hexagonal and centered square (√2 × √ ... | 2013 | 26029772 |
| feasibility study for detection of turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) infection of chinese cabbage plants using raman spectroscopy. | raman spectroscopy provides many advantages compared to other common analytical techniques due to its ability of rapid and accurate identification of unknown specimens as well as simple sample preparation. here, we described potential of raman spectroscopic technique as an efficient and high throughput method to detect plants infected by economically important viruses. to enhance the detection sensitivity of raman measurement, surface enhanced raman scattering (sers) was employed. spectra of ext ... | 2013 | 25288935 |
| a protocol for vigs in arabidopsis thaliana using a one-step tymv-derived vector. | virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an important tool for the analysis of gene function in plants, which can be adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in model plant species such as arabidopsis thaliana.here we describe the use of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv)-derived vector pty-s that has the ability to induce vigs in arabidopsis thaliana. this vector harbors a cdna copy of the viral genome, in which a unique snabi restriction site has been engineered. this site allows the c ... | 2013 | 23386305 |
| increased density and coverage uniformity of viruses on a sensor surface by using u-type, t-type, and w-type microfluidic devices. | microorganisms, molecules, or viruses in the fluidic environment are usually at considerably low reynolds numbers because of small diameters. the viscous forces of molecules and viruses dominate at considerably low reynolds numbers. this study developed three microfluidic devices, that is, t type, u type, and w type devices, to control the flow movement, which can increase the adhesion density of viruses on the surface of the sensor. the linker 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-mua) and turnip yell ... | 2012 | 22712035 |
| polyvalent display of rgd motifs on turnip yellow mosaic virus for enhanced stem cell adhesion and spreading. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv) is a stable 28 nm icosahedral plant virus that can be isolated in gram quantities. in order to study the polyvalent effect of arg-gly-asp (rgd) clustering on the response of bone marrow stem cells (bmscs), an rgd motif was genetically displayed on the coat protein of the tymv capsid. composite films composed of either wild-type tymv or tymv-rgd44, in combination with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (pah), were fabricated by a layer-by-layer adsorption of virus an ... | 2012 | 22522012 |
| a compact viral processing proteinase/ubiquitin hydrolase from the otu family. | turnip yellow mosaic virus (tymv)--a member of the alphavirus-like supergroup of viruses--serves as a model system for positive-stranded rna virus membrane-bound replication. tymv encodes a precursor replication polyprotein that is processed by the endoproteolytic activity of its internal cysteine proteinase domain (pro). we recently reported that pro is actually a multifunctional enzyme with a specific ubiquitin hydrolase (dub) activity that contributes to viral infectivity. here, we report the ... | 2013 | 23966860 |
| analysis of the solvent accessibility of cysteine residues on maize rayado fino virus virus-like particles produced in nicotiana benthamiana plants and cross-linking of peptides to vlps. | mimicking and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges. the sheer range and types of viruses coupled with their intriguing properties potentially give endless opportunities for applications in virus-based technologies. viruses have the ability to self- assemble into particles with discrete shape and size, specificity of symmetry, polyvalence, and stable properties under a wide r ... | 2013 | 23439009 |
| fate of artificial microrna-mediated resistance to plant viruses in mixed infections. | artificial micrornas (amirnas) are the expression products of engineered microrna (mirna) genes that efficiently and specifically downregulate rnas that contain complementary sequences. transgenic plants expressing high levels of one or more amirnas targeting particular sequences in the genomes of some rna viruses have shown specific resistance to the corresponding virus. this is the case of the arabidopsis thaliana transgenic line 12-4 expressing a high level of the amir159-hc-pro targeting 21 ... | 2013 | 23617337 |