Publications

secretory iga as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance.	a serotype-specific elisa was developed to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) specific iga antibody in the saliva of cattle, and the method was evaluated for its feasibility in detecting serotype o fmdv carrier animals, particularly amongst vaccinated cattle that had subsequently become sub-clinically infected. for this purpose, saliva samples were collected from naïve cattle (n = 173), fmdv challenged cattle (n = 10), fmdv vaccinated cattle (n = 40) and fmdv vaccinated-and-challenged ca ...	2006	16203061
microarray-based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen because of its highly infectious nature and the devastating effects the virus has on the livestock industry. rapid diagnostic methods are needed for detection and typing of fmdv serotypes and differentiation from other viruses causing vesicular diseases. we developed a microarray-based test that uses a fmd dna chip containing 155 oligonucleotide probes, 35-45 base pair (bp) long, virus-common and serotype- ...	2006	16139533
enhancing immune responses against a plasmid dna vaccine encoding a fmdv empty capsid from serotype o.	various parameters have been examined for the improvement of immune responses induced by immunisation with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) dna vaccine (pcdna 3.1/p1-2a3c3d, p1) in swine. our findings show that increasing the amount of p1 dna plasmids and pgmcsf adjuvant plasmids induces stronger fmdv specific and neutralising antibody responses, as well as promoting cytokines il-8 and ifngamma secretion, in immunised pigs via multiple inoculation sites.	2006	16154238
retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in southern africa.	in areas where foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in wildlife hosts, such as the kruger national park (knp) in south africa, control measures are in place that ensure that potentially infected antelope and buffalo do not come into close contact with domestic animals. in south africa several sat-1 outbreaks occurred nearly simultaneously in cattle and impala between 1971-1981. phylogenetic analysis based on partial 1d gene nucleotide sequencing indicated that several of these outbreaks were ...	2006	16155727
analysis of the immune response to fmdv structural and non-structural proteins in cattle in argentina by the combined use of liquid phase and 3abc-elisa tests.	the successful sanitary campaign implemented to control the 2000-2002 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in argentina was greatly assisted by the combination of an elisa test (3abc-elisa) that detects antibodies directed against fmdv viral non-structural proteins (nsps) and a liquid phase blocking competitive elisa (lpelisa) for the detection of antibodies against the viral structural proteins (sps). the combined use of these two assays in large-scale analysis of field samples allo ...	2006	16171905
expressions of bovine ifn-gamma and foot-and-mouth disease vp1 antigen in p. pastoris and their effects on mouse immune response to fmd antigens.	as a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. ifn-gamma has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine ifn-gamma (rboifn-gamma) on a recombinant fmdv vaccine, boifn-gamma, fmdv vp1 and boifn-gamma/vp fusion genes were cloned, expressed, co-expressed in pichia pastoris (p. pastoris) respectively, ...	2006	16135391
interferon-gamma production in vitro from whole blood of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccinated and infected cattle after incubation with inactivated fmdv.	studies were performed to determine whether a rapid method to detect cell mediated immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) could be used either as a diagnostic test or provide a correlate of protection in animals post-vaccination. using protocols based on the bovigam assay for tuberculosis, whole blood samples from fmdv vaccinated or control animals, before and after challenge infection, were stimulated overnight with inactivated fmdv antigen. the quantity of interferon gamma (if ...	2006	16242818
simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3d, 3a and 3b by a multiplexed luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle.	for the first time, a multiplex bead immunoassay was used to test simultaneously, with a single sample, the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3abc, 3a, 3b and 3d from experimentally infected and vaccinated cattle. we cloned and expressed these non-structural proteins (nsps) as recombinant antigens. the purified proteins were coupled to microspheres labeled with anti-his monoclonal antibody with different proportions of red and orange fluorescent dyes and reacted a ...	2006	16260073
comparison of immune responses after intra-typic heterologous and homologous vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in pigs.	this study compares the immune responses and protection induced by intra-typic heterologous vaccination with that induced by homologous vaccination against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protection against challenge with fmdv o taiwan were examined in a non-vaccinated group, a group vaccinated with o taiwan fmd vaccine and a group vaccinated with o manisa fmd vaccine. five pigs from each group were challenged with fmdv type o ta ...	2006	16289709
utility of automated real-time rt-pcr for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be excreted in milk and thereby spread infection to susceptible animals in other holdings. the feasibility of using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) as a diagnostic tool for detection of fmdv in milk was assessed by studying the excretion of virus from experimentally-infected cattle. fore- and machine milk samples were collected over a 4-week period from two dairy cows infected with fmdv and from two in-contact cows held ...	2006	16336929
a modified tmv-based vector facilitates the expression of longer foreign epitopes in tobacco.	based upon a mutant isolated from tobacco infected with a recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), a new tmv-based vector was developed in which four to six c-terminal amino acid residues were deleted from the viral coat protein (cp) subunit. the new vector was quite similar to the original tmv-based vector, which all expressed a well characterized epitope peptide f11 (p(142)-a(152)) of vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o in tobacco, in the infectivity, yield of the virus part ...	2006	16337317
picornaviruses and cell death.	members of the picornavirus family, including poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, are widespread pathogens of humans and domestic animals. recent global developments in the resurgence of poliovirus infection and in the control of foot-and-mouth disease infection highlight the problems caused by the ability of picornaviruses to alter the apoptotic machinery of host cells and establish persistent infections. despite the medical, economic and social impact of this family of viruses, little ...	2006	16337385
a novel genetic lineage differentiating rt-pcr as a useful tool in molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in india.	comparison of nucleotide sequences at the vp1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia1 viruses from india has revealed two genetic lineages with emergence of a genetically divergent group in recent years. in this study a simple, fast, relatively costeffective multi-primer rt-pcr assay to differentiate genetic lineages of type asia1 viruses was developed. efforts were made in the design of novel lineage-specific primers and in optimization of the multi-primer assay protocol in conju ...	2006	16329004
high expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein vp1 in tobacco chloroplasts.	a tobacco chloroplast expression vector, ptrvp1, containing the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene and the selective marker aada gene, was constructed and transferred to tobacco by biolistic method. three resistant lines were obtained through spectinomycin selection, and each transgenic line was subjected to a second round of spectinomycin selection. pcr and pcr southern blot analysis revealed that the vp1 gene had integrated into the chloroplast genome. western blot and quantification ...	2006	16320056
genomic and antigenic characterization of viruses from the 1993 italian foot-and-mouth disease outbreak.	the origin and evolution of the type o foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) that caused the outbreak occurrence in italy in 1993, the first episode of the disease in the eu after adoption of a non-vaccination policy in 1991, have been studied by the analysis of sequences encoding three main antigenic sites on the viral capsid proteins. the phylogenetic tree derived from sequences spanning the carboxyterminal end of vp1 showed that these italian viruses were grouped in the me-sa topotype, closel ...	2006	16096711
buffalo (bubalus bubalis) interleukin-12: analysis of expression profiles and functional cross-reactivity with bovine system.	interleukin-12, a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine, from water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) was analyzed for its for its tissue specific expression and functionality. concanavalin a stimulated splenocytes displayed an up-regulation of the il-12 p40 subunit 8-24h post-stimulation, whereas the p35 subunit did not show any quantitative variation at different time intervals. basal level expressions of both the subunits were observed by rt-pcr in spleen. in addition p40 transcripts could be det ...	2006	16112195
[vaccination... health by injection?].		2006	17137226
modeled detection time for surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulk tank milk.	to estimate when foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) would first be detected in bulk tank milk of dairies after exposure to fmdv.	2006	17144803
the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o from 1998 to 2004 in turkey.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) causes significant economic losses in turkish livestock. we have analysed the genetic diversity of the 1d sequences, encoding the hypervariable surface protein vp1, of turkish isolates of serotype a and o collected from 1998 to 2004 in order to obtain epidemiological and immunological information.	2006	17144917
[fusion expression of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus vp1 gene and hsp70 gene and induction of immune responses in mice].	vp1 gene of o type foot-and-mouth diseases virus and m. tuberculosis hsp70 were expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris expression system. the results of cellular immune responses and humoral immune response were examined after balb/c mice were immunized with fusion protein expressed in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the genes was cloned into the vector ppiczalpha-a by routine molecular technique. the plasmid fusion (ppiczalphaa-vp1-hsp70) was created that hsp70 located downstre ...	2006	17037194
serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany.	a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ...	2006	17255452
[retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in west africa from 1970 to 2003].	a retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven west african countries was conducted for the period 1970 to 2003. the study included three cattle-exporting sahel countries (burkina-faso, mali and niger) and four cattle-importing coastal countries (benin, côte d'lvoire, ghana and togo). foot and mouth disease has been enzootic in these countries since 1990/1991. four of the seven serotypes are regularly notified (o, a, sat 1 and sat 2). in the seven countries as a whole, 198 biological s ...	2006	17361767
a quantitative assessment of the risks from illegally imported meat contaminated with foot and mouth disease virus to great britain.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is considered by many as the most important animal disease in the world. fmd is highly contagious and outbreaks incur significant costs as affected countries are severely limited in their ability to trade. a number of trade commodities may be contaminated with fmd virus (fmdv) including animal products, for example, meat. as a member of the european union, great britain (gb) has put in place a number of regulations to prevent the importation of pathogens in imported ...	2007	17362409
molecular relationships between type asia 1 new strain from china and type o panasia strains of foot-and-mouth-disease virus.	the complete genome of asia 1/hnk/cha/05 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was sequenced, which was isolated from chinese hongkong in 2005. it is 8187 nt long in size and contains 5'-utr, polyprotein region, and 3'-utr. polyprotein region can be divided into four parts of l, p1, p2 and p3. in this report, these six parts of the whole genome of the strain were compared with 12 reference strains using dnastar and simplot softwares. the comparison of p1 confirmed that asia 1/hnk/cha/05 ...	2007	17380372
enhanced immunogenicity of modified hepatitis b virus core particle fused with multiepitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	hepatitis b virus core (hbc) particles, self-assemble into capsid particles and are extremely immunogenic, hold promise as an immune-enhancing vaccine carrier for heterologous antigens. however, formation of virus-like particles (vlp) can be restricted by size and structure of heterlogous antigens. in the study, we investigated formation of vlp by modified hbc fused with specified foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) multiepitopes and evaluated their immune effects. firstly, three hbc display vec ...	2007	17386022
characterization of recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus pentamer-like structures expressed by baculovirus and their use as diagnostic antigens in a blocking elisa.	non-infectious recombinant pentamer-like structures of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were expressed by baculovirus, and the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the proteins were analyzed in a blocking elisa for the detection of fmdv antibodies. the recombinant pentamer-like structures were produced in insect (sf9) cells that were inoculated with recombinant baculoviruses that expressed, simultaneously, the genes for the p1 and 3c proteins of fmdv from individual promoters. the fmdv pent ...	2007	17386963
seroprevalence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens in free-ranging european bison from the białowieza primeval forest (poland).	blood was collected from bison that were selected between 1991 and 2001 for poor body condition, cachexia, lameness and balanoposthitis. sera were tested for antibodies to bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (pi-3), brucella abortus, chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetti, and leptospira interrogans. the results of serological tests showed a prevalence of low titers of a serological reaction to ...	2007	17388020
efficient multicistronic expression of a transgene in human embryonic stem cells.	the applicability of human embryonic stem cells (hescs) will be greatly enhanced by techniques that permit efficient genetic modification with multiple transgenes. we report here on single-promoter-driven foot-and-mouth disease virus segment 2a-mediated multicistronic expression of a transgene in hescs. efficient multicistronic expression of the transgene was permitted by 2a-mediated separation with almost the same amounts of encoded proteins in hesc. in addition, the multicistronic protein expr ...	2007	17395772
implementation of a one-step real-time rt-pcr protocol for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.	an automated one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) protocol was optimised and evaluated for the routine diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). parallel testing of rna samples (n=257) indicated that this assay has a diagnostic sensitivity at least equivalent to the automated two-step rrt-pcr protocol previously used for the laboratory detection of fmd virus (fmdv). this more rapid and economical one-step protocol will play a key role in contingency plann ...	2007	17397937
genotype differentiating rt-pcr and sandwich elisa: handy tools in epidemiological investigation of foot and mouth disease.	years of molecular epidemiological surveillance has revealed co-circulation of two antigenically divergent genotypes of foot and mouth disease virus serotype a in india. genotype differentiating rt-pcr and sandwich elisa were developed as fast, cost-effective and user-friendly alternatives to 1d region based phylogeny for detection and differentiation of genotype vi and vii. the rt-pcr assay targeting 1d region was found to be more sensitive and authentic in distinguishing genotypes than sandwic ...	2007	17400298
toward a multiplexed serotyping immunoassay for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	initial results demonstrating the feasibility of a multiplexed liquid array immunoassay for foot-and-mouth disease viral antigen detection and simultaneous serotype differentiation are presented. serotype-specific antibodies from rabbit and guinea pig hyperimmunesera were isolated and prepared for use in a multiplexed, bead-based assay. the performance of all of the available antibodies as both capture and detector reagents was evaluated in the multiplexed system to establish a combination exhib ...	2007	17402613
combined dna vaccination against three animal viruses elicits decreased immunogenicity of a single plasmid in mice.	in order to investigate whether combined dna vaccines are an ideal way to combine antigens in a single vaccine formulation, we immunized mice with three plasmids (pvsg, pvgd and pve2), respectively, encoding the antigen of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), pseudorabies virus (prv) and classic swine fever virus (csfv), either alone or in a combined vaccine regimen. we also investigated the immune responses induced by a series of mixtures in which three plasmids were mixed in pairs. then we fur ...	2007	17420075
non-toxic pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a expressing the fmdv vp1 g-h loop for mucosal vaccination of swine against foot and mouth disease virus.	synthetic peptides derived from the g-h loop of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein vp1 are relatively poor at recapitulating the native conformation present in the virus, and thus are often poor immunogens. we hypothesized that a candidate mucosal vaccine against fmdv could be developed using the non-toxic pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a (ntpe) to deliver the g-h loop in its native conformation. an added benefit of this approach is the potential for ntpe to serve as an effe ...	2007	17276557
temporal and spatial distributions of foot-and-mouth disease under three different strategies of control and eradication in colombia (1982-2003).	outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) from january 1982 through december 2003 were used to examine variations in serotype- and species-specific risk for three control programmes in colombia: (1982-1983) vaccination, using an aluminium hydroxide, saponin adjuvant, required but not enforced; (1984-1996) vaccination, using an oil double-emulsion adjuvant, required but not enforced; and (1997-2003) enforced vaccination, using an oil double-emulsion adjuvant, restricted animal movement enforced, ...	2007	17285248
characterisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains circulating in turkey during 1996-2004.	two genotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a were identified as the cause of disease outbreaks in turkey during 1996-2004, while serotype o strains, identified during the same period, seem to represent an evolutionary continuum, and asia1 strains were only rarely identified. the data presented are concordant with the conclusion that serotype a strains are repeatedly introduced to turkey from the east and circulate only transiently in farming communities, while type o strains persist ...	2007	17294092
the potential role of wild and feral animals as reservoirs of foot-and-mouth disease.	we investigated the potential role of feral pigs and wild deer as fmd reservoirs with a susceptible-latent-infected-recovered geographic-automata model, using spatially referenced data from southern texas, usa. an uncontrolled fmd outbreak initiated in feral pigs and in wild deer might infect up to 698 (90% prediction interval 181, 1387) and 1557 (823, 2118) cattle and affect an area of 166 km(2) (53, 306) and 455 km(2) (301, 588), respectively. the predicted spread of fmd virus infection was in ...	2007	17316848
identification of a major antibody binding epitope in the non-structural protein 3d of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle and the development of a monoclonal antibody with diagnostic applications.	detection of fmdv non-structural protein 3d antibodies has been used as a complementary method for sero-epidemiological studies as an indirect indicator of fmdv infection. in order to develop a sensitive celisa to detect fmdv antibodies, immune dominant epitopes in fmdv-3d protein were identified by peptide array analysis. monoclonal antibodies were then raised to a selected epitope and used in celisa. ninety two peptides corresponding to the complete amino acid sequence of fmdv-3d were synthesi ...	2007	17320098
thermostable variants are not generally represented in foot-and-mouth disease virus quasispecies.	a severe limitation to fully realize the dramatic potential for adaptation of rna virus quasispecies may occur if mutations in vast regions of the sequence space of virus genomes lead to significant decreases in biological fitness. in this study the detection and selection by heat of thermostable variants from different foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) populations were attempted, in order to explore whether fmdv may generally accept a substantial increase in thermostability without compromisi ...	2007	17325358
production and application of recombinant antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3abc.	the stamping out of animals to control a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreak results in enormous livestock losses. the implementation of vaccination strategies can reduce these losses; however it complicates the process of establishing freedom from disease following an outbreak. the availability of quality diagnostic tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is crucial to prove freedom from disease and allow for the resumption of trade in livestock products. all current fo ...	2007	17328909
development of an epitope-blocking-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate between animals infected with and vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	an epitope-blocking elisa (eb-elisa) was developed to distinguish animals infected with foot-and-mouth-disease (fmdv) from those immunized with commercial vaccines. the assay used monoclonal antibodies to target the 3b core repeat motif (qkplk) and purified recombinant 3ab proteins from the major b cell line epitopes of fmdv. sera from uninfected and regularly vaccinated cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep (raised in fmdv free areas) were screened to evaluate the specificity of the eb-elisa. the spec ...	2007	17336400
2'-c-methylcytidine as a potent and selective inhibitor of the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we report on the potent and selective in vitro antiviral activity of 2'-c-methylcytidine (2'-c-metcyt) against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). fmdv belongs to the picornaviridae and has the potential to cause devastating epidemics in livestock. the 50% and 90% effective concentrations (ec50 and ec90) for inhibition of the fmdv-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) formation were 6.4+/-3.8 and 10.8+/-5.4 microm. comparable ec50 values for inhibition of viral rna synthesis were observed. treatment ...	2007	17055073
phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type o re-emerging in free areas of south america.	the nucleotide sequences of the complete vp(1)-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv), type o, isolated during the recent emergencies of the disease in free areas of south america (mato grosso do sul, brazil, october 2005, and corrientes, argentina, february 2006), were determined. also established were the complete vp(1)-coding sequences of viruses occurring in neighbouring locations between the years 2000 and 2003. a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on comparison with ...	2007	17056146
a continuous assay for foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease activity.	foot-and-mouth disease virus is a highly contagious pathogen that spreads rapidly among livestock and is capable of causing widespread agricultural and economic devastation. the virus genome is translated to produce a single polypeptide chain that subsequently is cleaved by viral proteases into mature protein products, with one protease, 3c(pro), carrying out the majority of the cleavages. the highly conserved nature of this protease across different viral strains and its crucial role in viral m ...	2007	17631855
antigen and vaccine banks: technical requirements and the role of the european antigen bank in emergency foot and mouth disease vaccination.	antigen and vaccine banks are stocks of immunogenic materials ready to be formulated into vaccines (bulk antigens) or ready to use (vaccines) in case of need by one or more of the parties of the bank. these stocks were primarily developed by foot and mouth disease [fmd] free european countries to control unexpected severe fmd episodes after the cessation of routine vaccination in the 1990s. for various reasons, including the lack of suitable antigens or of discriminatory tests to be used followi ...	2007	17633297
vaccination of mice with plasmids expressing processed capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus--importance of dominant and subdominant epitopes for antigenicity and protection.	the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) displays several independent b cell epitopes, which stimulate the production of neutralising antibodies. some of these epitopes are highly variable between virus strains, but dominate the immune response. the site a on vp1 is the most prominent example of a dominant and variable site. this variability is a problem when designing vaccines against this disease, because it necessitates a close match between vaccine strain and virus in an outbreak. w ...	2007	17640782
foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant with decreased sensitivity to ribavirin: implications for error catastrophe.	the nucleoside analogue ribavirin (r) is mutagenic for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). passage of fmdv in the presence of increasing concentrations of r resulted in the selection of fmdv with the amino acid substitution m296i in the viral polymerase (3d). measurements of progeny production and viral fitness with chimeric viruses in the presence and absence of r documented that the 3d substitution m296i conferred on fmdv a selective replicative advantage in the presence of r but not in the a ...	2007	17151116
deterministic, compensatory mutational events in the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus in response to the introduction of mutations found in viruses from persistent infections.	the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (biological clone c-s8c1) in persistently infected cells led to the emergence of a variant (r100) that displayed increased virulence, reduced stability, and other modified phenotypic traits. some mutations fixed in the r100 genome involved a cluster of highly conserved residues around the capsid pores that participate in interactions with each other and/or between capsid protomers. we have investigated phenotypic and genotypic changes that occ ...	2007	17151123
serological and mucosal immune responses after vaccination and infection with fmdv in pigs.	the aim of this study was to determine a possible correlation between humoral immune responses shortly after vaccination and protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection and to study the serological and mucosal antibody responses after vaccination and infection. we used three groups of ten pigs, one non-vaccinated group, one group vaccinated with a single dose vaccine and one group vaccinated with a four-fold dose vaccine. at 7 days post vaccination, five pigs per group were ...	2007	17157418
a second rgd motif in the 1d capsid protein of a sat1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus field isolate is not essential for attachment to target cells.	the amino acid sequence motif arg-gly-asp (rgd), located in the surface-exposed betag-betah loop of the 1d protein of different serotypes and subtypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), is highly conserved and participates in binding of fmdv to susceptible cells. previous sequence analyses of the 1d-encoding region of a fmdv serotype sat1 field isolate from namibia (nam/307/98) indicated the presence of a second rgd motif upstream of the conserved betag-betah loop rgd. the role of these rgd ...	2007	17161881
a peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 generating a neutralizing antibody response, and an immunostimulatory peptide.	the epitopes of the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) play important roles in the construction of highly immunogenic subunit vaccines. however few epitopes have been found for fmdv serotype asia1. in this study we screened for epitopes of the vp1 and vp2 proteins of fmdv serotype asia1 isolate, ynbs/58. fragments consisting of amino acids 133-163 of vp1 and amino acids 1-33 of vp2 contained epitopes, and both induced lymphoproliferation in guinea pigs. only the vp1 fragment induced n ...	2007	17656048
foot and mouth disease virus transmission among vaccinated pigs after exposure to virus shedding pigs.	the aim of this study was to design a transmission experiment that enabled quantification of the effectiveness of vaccination against foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus in groups of pigs. previous experiments showed that intradermal injection of pigs with fmd virus 14 days after vaccination was not suitable to start an infection chain, as inoculated vaccinated pigs resisted challenge. therefore, we carried out two experiments in which we used direct contact to a non-vaccinated pig as route of in ...	2007	17658199
porcine b-cell activating factor promotes anti-fmdv antibodies in vitro but not in vivo after dna vaccination of pigs.	'b-cell activating factor belonging to the tnf family' (baff) represents a cytokine produced by antigen presenting cells promoting b-cell maturation, activation and immunoglobulin class switching. in the present study, we demonstrate expression of baff on cultured monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which is further enhanced by interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma treatment. from these cells, porcine baff was cloned and the recombinant protein was expressed in mammalian cells with and without a fl ...	2007	17658618
thermal inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suspension.	the heat resistance of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains isolated from outbreaks in thailand was investigated in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 degrees c. the first-order kinetic model fitted most of the observed linear inactivation curves. the ranges of decimal-reduction time (d value) of fmdv strains at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 degrees c were 732 to 1,275 s, 16.37 to 42.00 s, 6.06 to 10.87 s, 2.84 to 5.99 s, 1.65 to 3.18 s, and 1.90 to 2.94 s, respe ...	2007	17660312
the complete genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/akesu/58 strain and its some molecular characteristics.	the complete genome of o/akesu/58 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was sequenced. the phylogenetic analysis revealed that it is not closely related to epidemic strains or previous strains compared with reference sequences (the identities of complete vp1 nucleotide sequences range from 77.5 to 84.0%). its cell-receptor-binding site is a sgd (ser-gly-asp) motif instead of rgd (arg-gly-asp), and 43 bases were deleted in pks region of the 5'utr, although deletions were not found in othe ...	2007	17680320
mutation pressure shapes codon usage in the gc-rich genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is economically the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. in this study, we report the results of a survey of codon usage bias of fmd virus (fmdv) representing all seven serotypes (a, o, c, asia 1, sat 1, sat 2, and sat 3). correspondence analysis, a commonly used multivariate statistical approach, was carried out to analyze synonymous codon usage bias. the analysis showed that the overall extent of codon usage bias in fmdv is low. furthermore, th ...	2007	17768673
fmd in surrey: investigations continue into the source of the virus.		2007	17784509
in vitro induction of mucosa-type dendritic cells by all-trans retinoic acid.	efficient induction of mucosal immunity usually employs nasal or oral vaccination while parenteral immunization generally is ineffective at generating mucosal immune responses. this relates to the unique ability of resident mucosal dendritic cells (dc) to induce iga switching and to imprint mucosa-specific homing receptors on lymphocytes. based on the well-established plasticity of the dc system, this study sought to investigate whether peripheral dc could be modulated toward "mucosa-type" dc by ...	2007	17785784
bovine serum panel for evaluating foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody tests.	a panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with or without prior vaccination. virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. the proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of fmdv varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are ...	2007	17823399
myocarditis associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus type o in lambs.	the present study describes the pathogenetic mechanisms of myocarditis in 9 lambs that died in a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in samsun, turkey. in all the heart samples tested, elisa and sequencing for phylogenetic analyses showed that the virus, namely o/tur/samsun/05, was associated with the panasia pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o. the lambs had myocardial lesions but no typical vesicular lesions. in situ reverse transcription showed that many cardiomyocytes a ...	2007	17846231
[efficacy of an emergency vaccine against foot and mouth disease in pigs].		2007	17849910
biosecurity. reports blame animal health lab in foot-and-mouth whodunit.		2007	17872418
back to basics: the untreated rabbit reticulocyte lysate as a competitive system to recapitulate cap/poly(a) synergy and the selective advantage of ires-driven translation.	translation of most eukaryotic mrnas involves the synergistic action between the 5' cap structure and the 3' poly(a) tail at the initiation step. the poly(a) tail has also been shown to stimulate translation of picornavirus internal ribosome entry sites (ires)-directed translation. these effects have been attributed principally to interactions between eif4g and poly(a)-binding protein (pabp) but also to the participation of pabp in other steps during translation initiation. as the rabbit reticul ...	2007	17881372
degradation of nuclear factor kappa b during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.	we have previously shown that the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) interferes with the innate immune response by blocking the translation of interferon (ifn) protein and by reducing the immediate-early induction of beta ifn mrna and ifn-stimulated genes. here, we report that l(pro) regulates the activity of nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab). analysis of nf-kappab-dependent reporter gene expression in bhk-21 cells demonstrated that infection with wild-type (wt) vi ...	2007	17881445
biosecurity. u.k. labs suspected as source of foot-and-mouth outbreak.		2007	17690265
structural insights into the transcriptional and translational roles of ebp1.	the erbb3-binding protein 1 (ebp1) is an important regulator of transcription, affecting eukaryotic cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. ebp1 can also affect translation and cooperates with the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) to stimulate the activity of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we report here the crystal structure of murine ebp1 (p48 isoform), providing the first glimpse of the architecture of this versatile ...	2007	17690690
biosecurity practices and travel history of individuals exhibiting livestock at the 2005 california state fair.	to determine biosecurity practices and travel history of individuals exhibiting livestock at the 2005 california state fair.	2007	17696860
use of a peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus for the noninvasive imaging of human cancer: generation and evaluation of 4-[18f]fluorobenzoyl a20fmdv2 for in vivo imaging of integrin alphavbeta6 expression with positron emission tomography.	expression of the epithelial-specific integrin alphavbeta6 is low or undetectable in most adult tissues but may be increased during wound healing and inflammation and is up-regulated dramatically by many different carcinomas, making alphavbeta6 a promising target for the in vivo detection of cancer using noninvasive imaging. in addition, alphavbeta6 is recognized as promoting invasion and correlates with aggressive behavior of human cancers and thus agents that recognize alphavbeta6 specifically ...	2007	17699789
genetic and phenotypic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during serial passages in a natural host.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), like other rna viruses, exhibits high mutation rates during replication that have been suggested to be of adaptive value. however, even though genetic variation in rna viruses and, more specifically, fmdv has been extensively examined during virus replication in a wide variety of in vitro cell cultures, very little is known regarding the generation and effects of genetic variability of virus replication in the natural host under experimental conditions and no ...	2007	17686868
effects of chronic heat stress on immune responses of the foot-and-mouth disease dna vaccination.	the main purpose of this study was to assess the effects of chronic heat stress (chs) on humoral and cellular responses of dna vaccination. mice with the chs were exposed to a temperature set at 38 +/- 1 degrees c, 2h per day, for 35 days, and mice with thermoneutral (tn) temperature were maintained at 24 +/- 1 degrees c for the same period of time. both groups of mice were immunized with a dna vaccine-expressed viruscapsid protein 1 (vp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and we tested th ...	2007	17688414
foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein serology in cattle: use of a bayesian framework to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of six elisa tests and true prevalence in the field.	the diagnostic performance of six foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) assays for detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (nsp) of the fmd virus (fmdv) was estimated using a bayesian analysis on field sera from cattle of unknown infection status originating from post-fmdv outbreak situations in israel and zimbabwe. estimations of the disease prevalence in both populations were also obtained. the diagnostic sensitivity estimates did not differ between both field studies, although overall b ...	2007	17709157
productive entry of type c foot-and-mouth disease virus into susceptible cultured cells requires clathrin and is dependent on the presence of plasma membrane cholesterol.	we have characterized the entry leading to productive infection of a type c fmdv in two cell lines widely used for virus growth, bhk-21 and ibrs-2. inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by sucrose treatment decreased both cell entry and virus multiplication. evidence of a direct requirement of clathrin for productive viral entry was obtained using bhk21-tta/anti-chc cells, which showed a significant reduction of viral entry and infection when the synthesis and functionality of clathrin hea ...	2007	17714753
development of a novel recombinant encapsidated rna particle: evaluation as an internal control for diagnostic rt-pcr.	this report describes the generation of novel encapsidated rna particles and their evaluation as in-tube internal controls in diagnostic real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) assays for the detection of rna viruses. a cassette containing sequences of 2 diagnostic primer sets for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and a set for swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) was engineered into a full-length cdna clone containing the rna-2 segment of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv). after co-inoculation ...	2007	17727966
animal vaccination and the evolution of viral pathogens.	despite reducing disease, vaccination rarely protects against infection and many pathogens persist within vaccinated animal populations. circulation of viral pathogens within vaccinated populations may favour the development of vaccine resistance with implications for the evolution of virus pathogenicity and the emergence of variant viruses. the high rate of mutations during replication of ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses is conducive to the development of escape mutants. in vaccinated cattle, unu ...	2007	17892155
investigating the substrate specificity and oligomerisation of the leader protease of foot and mouth disease virus using nmr.	the leader protease (lbpro) of foot-and-mouth disease virus frees itself during translation from the viral polyprotein by cleavage between its own c terminus and the n terminus of the subsequent protein, vp4. lbpro also specifically cleaves the host proteins eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4gi and 4gii, thus disabling host cell protein synthesis. we used nmr to study full-length lbpro as well as a shortened species lacking six c-terminal amino acid residues (slbpro) to examine the mechanism o ...	2007	17897674
induction of protective immunity in swine by recombinant bamboo mosaic virus expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes.	plant viruses can be employed as versatile vectors for the production of vaccines by expressing immunogenic epitopes on the surface of chimeric viral particles. although several viruses, including tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus x and cowpea mosaic virus, have been developed as vectors, we aimed to develop a new viral vaccine delivery system, a bamboo mosaic virus (bamv), that would carry larger transgene loads, and generate better immunity in the target animals with fewer adverse environment ...	2007	17900346
[foot and mouth disease is coming back].		2007	17913049
further evaluation of higher potency vaccines for early protection of cattle against fmdv direct contact challenge.	the effect of administering higher payload fmd vaccines 10 days prior to severe direct contact challenge on protection from clinical disease and sub-clinical infection was investigated in cattle using two antigen payloads (single strength and 10-fold). regardless of antigen payload, vaccination was shown to significantly reduce the number of clinically infected animals, and significantly reduce virus excretion shortly after challenge, when compared with the unvaccinated group (p<0.05). although ...	2007	17913309
use of a standardized bovine serum panel to evaluate a multiplexed nonstructural protein antibody assay for serological surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease.	liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. the current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3a, 3b, and 3d and the recombinant protein signature 3abc in combination with four controls. to determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a n ...	2007	17913861
reduction of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus load in nasal excretions, saliva and exhaled air of vaccinated pigs following direct contact challenge.	in future, a policy of "vaccinate-to-live" may be included in the repertoire of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control measures and in support of this approach, we have investigated the hypothesis that vaccine-induced reduction in virus replication and excretion from pigs can be correlated to the severity of clinical signs of fmd by measuring excretion of virus in natural secretions and aerosols. the other aims of this study were to verify the existence of sub-clinical infection in vaccinated pigs ...	2007	17920730
protective immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus by vaccination with a dna vaccine expressing virus-like particles.	to display antigenic protein on the surface of virus-like particles (vlps) presents a potentially powerful strategy for vaccine development. we genetically engineered the major capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) into the predominant epitope c of hbv core gene to yield a chimeric core-vp1 vlp. the vlp was successfully expressed in hela cells transfected with core-vp1 dna construct. compared with a regular vp1 dna construct, immunization with core-vp1 dna induced significant ...	2007	17931113
essential role of antigen-presenting cell-derived baff for antibody responses.	antigen-presenting cells (apc) are directly involved in survival, growth and differentiation of naive b cells and in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. less is known about the contribution of apc to memory b cell responses. we employed an in vitro model to investigate the secondary humoral response against foot-and-mouth disease virus, with cells from a natural host of the virus - the pig. this response is t cell-dependent. under conditions of limited t cell help, defined as a low t-to-b ...	2007	17935087
enhancement of serological immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by a supplement made of extract of cochinchina momordica seeds.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. vaccination against fmd is a routine practice in many countries where the disease is endemic. this study was designed first to investigate the extract of the seeds of momordica cochinchinensis (lour.) spreng. (ecms) for its adjuvant effect on vaccination of inactivated fmdv antigens in a guinea pig model and then to evaluate the supplement of ecms in oil-emulsified fmd vaccines for its immunopotentiation ...	2007	17942610
in vivo footprint of a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site reveals differences in accessibility to specific rna structural elements.	internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements were described in picornaviruses as an essential region of the viral rna. understanding of ires function requires a detailed knowledge of each step involved in the internal initiation process, from rna folding and ires-protein interaction to ribosome recruitment. thus, deciphering ires accessibility to external agents due to rna structural features, as well as rna-protein protection within living cells, is of primary importance. in this study, two che ...	2007	17947530
co-ordinate expression of glycine betaine synthesis genes linked by the fmdv 2a region in a single open reading frame in pichia pastoris.	the genes encoding the two enzymes choline monooxygenase (cmo) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) of glycine betaine synthesis in suaeda salsa were cloned and fused with the 2a region of foot-and-mouth disease virus in a single open reading frame. the fused genes were placed under the control of the alcohol oxidase (aox1) promoter in ppic3b and transformed into p. pastoris gs115. the expression of the fused genes in p. pastoris and the ability of recombinant yeasts to tolerate environment ...	2007	17955192
inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infections in cell cultures with antisense morpholino oligomers.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed ungulates that can lead to severe losses in the livestock production and export industries. although vaccines have been extensively used to control fmd, there is no antiviral therapy available to treat ongoing infections with fmd virus (fmdv). six peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers (ppmos) with sequences complementary to various 21-nucleotide segments of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (utrs) of the fmdv g ...	2007	17728223
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a in egypt.	we describe the characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype a virus responsible for recent outbreaks of disease in egypt. phylogenetic analysis of vp1 nucleotide sequences demonstrated a close relationship to recent fmd virus isolates from east africa, rather than to viruses currently circulating in the middle east.	2007	18258017
[genome sequencing and analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus asia1/ynbs/58 strain].	the full-length genomic sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) asia1/ynbs/58 strain was determined by rt-pcr and compared with other 17 reference strains. the results showed that the complete genome of asia1/ynbs/58 was 8164nt long including a 1061-nt 5' untranslated region (utr), a 6990-nt open reading frame (orf), and a 113-nt 3'utr. the homology analysis indicated that the utr regions and non-structural proteins were more conserved than the structural proteins in fmdv. vp1 exhibited ...	2007	17969860
foot-and-mouth disease resurfaces in britain.		2007	17972385
immune responses of two recombinant adenoviruses expressing vp1 antigens of fmdv fused with porcine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in the present report, we constructed and characterized the immune responses conferred by two recombinant adenoviruses expressing vp1 epitopes (three amino acid residues 21-60, 141-160 and 200-213 in vp1, designated vpe) or vp1 protein of fmdv fused with porcine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (named rad-gmcsf-vpe and rad-gmcsf-vp1). seven groups of female ...	2007	17980939
the nsp immune response of vaccinated animals after in-field exposure to fmdv.	the aim was to examine the immune response (ir) to non-structural proteins (nsps), in order to assess the validity of the detection of antibodies to nsps as a means of diagnosing foot and mouth disease (fmd infection) infection when vaccinated populations are in close contact with clinically sick animals. the study was performed during fmd outbreaks in israel in january 2004; the ir was examined in vaccinated dairy and feedlot cattle herds under natural field exposure to fmdv, and in vaccinated ...	2007	17981376
[establishment of a colloid gold-immunochromatography assay for detection of type asia i foot-and-mouth disease virus].	to establish a colloid gold-immunochromatography assay (gica) for detecting type asia i foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).	2007	17988582
[development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vp1 protein of asiai type foot-and-mouth virus].	to prepare the monoclonal antibodies against vp1 protein of type asiai foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and identify the characterization.	2007	17988586
genetic characterisation of the recent foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype a/irn/2005.	according to the world reference laboratory for fmd, a new subtype of fmdv serotype a was detected in iran in 2005. this subtype was designated a/irn/2005, and rapidly spread throughout iran and moved westwards into saudi arabia and turkey where it was initially detected from august 2005 and subsequently caused major disease problems in the spring of 2006. the same subtype reached jordan in 2007. as part of an ongoing project we have also detected this subtype in pakistan with the first positive ...	2007	18001482
non-structural protein 3a for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease infected and vaccinated animals in haryana (india).	there are severe international trade restrictions on foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) affected areas. because of endemic nature of fmd, india started fmd control programme (fmd-cp) using mass vaccination in selected states including haryana (year 2003). although no significant incidence of the disease was reported after launching fmd-cp in the state but in order to participate in international trade of animal and animal products, veterinary authorities have to prove that there is no fmd virus (fmdv) ...	2007	18035976
[an efficient tool for the construction of multiple-cistronic vectors: fmdv 2a].	recently, cancer therapy with mutiple genes has been attached with great attention. however, at present there is no efficient tool to construct multiple-cistrons. the large sizes and the imbalance in expression of most traditional tools, such as ribosome entry sites (ireses),greatly block their wide employment in the construction of multiple cistronic gene therapy vectors. the self-cleaving peptide 2a from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a very small size, and more importantly, high clea ...	2007	18051849
[eukaryonization of t7 rna polymerase prokaryotic expression system and development of its couple expression system].	to make transcription of the target gene be driven by t7 rna polymerase (t7 rnap) in the eukaryotic cells, and the transcripts be cap-independent translated. firstly, the t7 rnap was introduced into eukaryotic cells by two methods: (1) the bhk-21 cells were contransfected by the plasmid expressing t7 rnap and piers-egfp-et vector; (2) by transfection of the cell line stably expressing t7 rnap. the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element from fmdv was cloned into the downstream of the t7 prom ...	2007	18051880
[establishment of indirect elisa diagnose based on the vp1 structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in pigs].	the complete gene encoding the structural protein of fmdv(vp1) was subcloned into expression vector pproex-ht, resulting in the fusion expression plasmid pproexht-vp1. after transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) and induced by iptg, the fusion protein was expressed in high level. western blot was performed to confirm that the expressed fusion protein could specifically react with antiserum against fmdv. based on the fusion protein further purified, a novel indirect elisa (vp1-elisa) was developed t ...	2007	18051883
application of modelling to determine the absence of foot-and-mouth disease in the face of a suspected incursion.	to use disease modelling to inform a response team about the number of animals per herd/flock to be examined, and the start date and duration of clinical surveillance required to be confident that foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was not present on an island in new zealand with a population of approximately 1,600 cattle, 10,000 sheep and a small number of pigs, goats and alpacas.	2007	18059646
[molecular cloning and characteristics of cdna encoding pig beta6 subunit for fmdv receptor].	in order to study the roles of integrin beta6 in foot-and-mouth disease virus infection, pig integrin beta6 was firstly molecularly cloned from rna of the tongue and lung of recovered pig infected experimentally with foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv), and was compared with the beta6 gene of other animals available in genbank at nucleotide and amino acid leves. genebank association number of the beta6 gene is ef432729. pig integrin beta6 gene (2367bp) encodes a polypeptide of 788 amino acids co ...	2007	18064756
john burns brooksby cbe: 25 december 1914 - 17 december 1998.	john brooksby was an outstanding veterinary virologist, who worked at the animal virus disease research institute, pirbright, for 40 years, for 16 of which he was director of the institute. he will be remembered for his contributions to the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, for his discovery of four new types, for the classification of subtypes and for fundamental studies of the virus. as deputy director and director he was responsible for programmes on fundamental investigations of foot-and- ...	2007	18543463