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mapping of antigenic determinants on a sat2 foot-and-mouth disease virus using chicken single-chain antibody fragments.recombinant single-chain variable fragments (scfvs) of antibodies make it possible to localize antigenic and immunogenic determinants, identify protective epitopes and can be exploited for the design of improved diagnostic tests and vaccines. a neutralizing epitope, as well as other potential antigenic sites of a sat2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were identified using phage-displayed scfvs. three unique zim/7/83-specific scfvs, designated scfv1, scfv2 and scfv3, were isolated. further cha ...201222698877
investigation of foot and mouth disease hotspots in northern lao pdr.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an endemic transboundary disease in the mekong region, and fmd records of reports to animal health authorities in lao pdr between 2009 and 2011 were reviewed. fmd outbreaks occurred in 2 of 3 years in eight districts in three of the eight northern lao pdr provinces, locations suggested as fmd 'hotspots'. the relatively higher risk of recurrence of fmd in these districts was likely due to the presence of a dense large ruminant population, extensive animal trading i ...201322690839
modelling the within-host dynamics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle.in this paper we investigate the within-host dynamics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cattle using previously published data for 8 experimentally infected cows. an 8-compartment, 14-parameter differential equation model was fitted to data collected from each cow every 24 h over the course of an infection on: (i) the concentration of fmdv genomes in the blood, (ii) the concentration of infectious virus in the blood, (iii) antibody levels, and (iv) interferon levels. model parameters ...201222664068
diagnosis and control measures of the 2010 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease a type in the republic of korea.in january 2010, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred for the first time in 8 years in korea. the outbreaks were because of a serotype, different from the o type, which had occurred previously in 2000 and 2002. the fmd outbreaks were identified in seven farms, consisting of six cattle farms where viruses were detected and one deer farm where only fmdv antibody was detected. the seven farms were within 9.3 km of each other. all susceptible animals within 10 km radius of the outbreak farms were p ...201322630568
capsid coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease viruses are determinants of pathogenicity in pigs.the surface exposed capsid proteins, vp1, vp2 and vp3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) determine its antigenicity and the ability of the virus to interact with host-cell receptors. hence, modification of these structural proteins may alter the properties of the virus.in the present study we compared the pathogenicity of different fmdvs in young pigs. in total 32 pigs, 7-weeks-old, were exposed to virus, either by direct inoculation or through contact with inoculated pigs, using cell cultu ...201222624592
mechanism of nucleic acid unwinding by sars-cov helicase.the non-structural protein 13 (nsp13) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a helicase that separates double-stranded rna (dsrna) or dna (dsdna) with a 5' → 3' polarity, using the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. we determined the minimal mechanism of helicase function by nsp13. we showed a clear unwinding lag with increasing length of the double-stranded region of the nucleic acid, suggesting the presence of intermediates in the unwinding process. to elucidate the natur ...201222615777
evaluation of a genetically modified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine candidate generated by reverse genetics.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. control of the disease has been mainly based on large-scale vaccinations with whole-virus inactivated vaccines. in recent years, a series of outbreaks of type o fmd occurred in china (including chinese taipei, chinese hong kong) posed a tremendous threat to chinese animal husbandry. its causative agent, type o fmdv, has evolved into three topotypes (east-south asia (m ...201222591597
evaluation of the solid phase competition elisa for detecting antibodies against the six foot-and-mouth disease virus non-o serotypes.the solid-phase competition elisa (spce) has been evaluated in both screening and titration assay formats for detecting antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) for the six non-o serotypes a, c, sat 1, sat 2, sat 3 and asia 1. cut-off values were determined as a percentage inhibition of 40 for the sat serotypes and 50 for serotypes a, c and asia 1, which gave rise to specificity values ranging from 99.41% to 99.9% for the different serotypes. the relative sensitivity between the sp ...201222561986
[erratum: the following article was subsequently withdrawn by the authors. yarim gf, ciftci g (2011): investigation of serum protein profiles in sheep naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus berl munch tierarztl wochenschr (5/6):194-197]. 201222550766
coordinate lentiviral expression of cre recombinase and rfp/egfp mediated by fmdv 2a and analysis of cre activity.the site-specific recombination mediated by cre recombinase has been utilized extensively in genetic engineering and gene function studies. efficient delivery of a cre enzyme with enzymatic activity and the ability to monitor the enzyme expression are required in applications, and lentiviral constructs with a fluorescent protein (fp) to report the cre expression are suitable for most studies. however, the current lentiviral vector systems have some deficiencies in precise reporting the cre expre ...201222532014
experimental foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in white tailed deer.white tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o ukg 11/2001 and monitored for the development of clinical signs, histopathological changes and levels of virus replication. all fmdv-infected deer developed clinical signs starting at 2 days post inoculation and characterized by an increase in body temperature, increased salivation and lesions in the mouth and on the feet. virus spread to various tissues was determined by quantifying the amount ...201222520809
insertion of type o-conserved neutralizing epitope into the foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia1 vp1 g-h loop: effect on viral replication and neutralization phenotype.previously, we finely mapped the neutralizing epitopes recognized by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia1-specific mab 3e11 and fmdv type o-specific mab 8e8. in this study, we engineered recombinant fmdvs of the serotype asia1 (rfmdvs) displaying the type o-neutralizing epitope recognized by the mab 8e8. these epitope-inserted viruses were genetically stable and exhibited growth properties that were similar to those of their parental virus. importantly, the recombinant virus rfmdv-c sh ...201222513388
experimental infection of wild boar and domestic pigs with a foot and mouth disease virus strain detected in the southeast of bulgaria in december of 2010.foot and mouth disease (fmd) was detected in a wild boar in southeastern bulgaria in december 2010. the occurrence and spread of the disease in wild cloven-hoofed animals may pose an unexpected and significant threat to fmd virus (fmdv)-free areas within and outside the european union. so far, only one well documented experimental infection with fmd in wild boar has been published. in order to obtain more epidemiologically relevant data regarding the disease in wild boar we conducted an experime ...201222503391
[construction of a full-length infectious cdna clone of inter-genotypic chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus].a series of type o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks occurred in china seriously affect development of chinese husbandry. its causative agent-type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been evolved three topotypes: cathay, middle east-south asia and southeast asia, specifically, the viruses of cathay topotype are highly adapted to pig, representing the biggest threat on chinese pig industry. the available fmd vaccine in china provides insufficient protection against some arising viruses ...201222489468
upconversion nanoparticles modified with aminosilanes as carriers of dna vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease.the potential of the upconversion nanoparticles nayf(4):yb/er@silica(ucps)/plasmid dna (pcdna3.1/vp1-gfp) complex in inducing immune responses was evaluated using the ucps as carriers of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv asiai/jiangsu2005) dna vaccine. the ucps protection against dnasei degradation was measured using an in vitro inhibition assay. the expression of the plasmid in vivo was determined via confocal microscopy. its biocompatibility was evaluated through cytotoxicity assay. based ...201222476264
evolutionary trend of foot-and-mouth disease virus in hong kong.foot-and-mouth disease is an endemic animal disease in hong kong. in this study, a total of 70 clinical specimens were collected from locally infected pigs from 2001 to 2010. phylogenetic analysis of vp1 sequences reveal that all hong kong fmdv serotype o isolates are classified into three lineages: hk-a and hk-b in cathay topotype, and hk-c in sea topotype. regression analysis projects that the time of divergence from the most recent common ancestor of hk-a and hk-b are 1964 ± 12 and 1987 ± 9 y ...201222472703
[construction and functional characterization of a monocistronic replicon based on the hcv genotype 2a promotor].to construct a hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 2a monocistronic replicon and investigate its replication capabilities in the human hepatocarcinoma cell lines, huh7.5 and huh7.1, in order to determine its potential as a molecular tool for future in vitro studies of hcv replication and selection studies for putative anti-hcv drugs. site-directed mutagenesis was used to delete the core-e1-e2-p7-ns2 fragment (about 3090 bp) from plasmid pj6jfh1blarl. the resultant trianglepj6jfh1blarl plasmid was d ...201222464780
emergence of antigenic variants with in serotype a foot and mouth disease virus in india and evaluation of a new vaccine candidate panel.emergence of genetically and antigenically divergent lineages/genotypes and poor intergenotypic antigenic coverage is a major concern in serotype a foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) in india. in 2009, to cover antigenic diversity emerged in serotype a virus field isolates, ind40/2000 was selected as the new vaccine strain for incorporation in the trivalent fmd vaccine formulation used in india. although current vaccine strain (ind40/2000) covers most isolates antigenically, a few vp3(59)-delet ...201222445197
mutagenesis-mediated virus extinction: virus-dependent effect of viral load on sensitivity to lethal defection.lethal mutagenesis is a transition towards virus extinction mediated by enhanced mutation rates during viral genome replication, and it is currently under investigation as a potential new antiviral strategy. viral load and virus fitness are known to influence virus extinction. here we examine the effect or the multiplicity of infection (moi) on progeny production of several rna viruses under enhanced mutagenesis.201222442668
quantitative trait loci associated with the immune response to a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.infectious disease is an important problem for animal breeders, farmers and governments worldwide. one approach to reducing disease is to breed for resistance. this linkage study used a charolais-holstein f2 cattle cross population (n = 501) which was genotyped for 165 microsatellite markers (covering all autosomes) to search for associations with phenotypes for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) specific total-igg, igg1 and igg2 concentrations at several time-points pre- and post-brsv va ...201222438944
structure, assembly, and dna packaging of the bacteriophage t4 head.the bacteriophage t4 head is an elongated icosahedron packed with 172 kb of linear double-stranded dna and numerous proteins. the capsid is built from three essential proteins: gp23*, which forms the hexagonal capsid lattice; gp24*, which forms pentamers at 11 of the 12 vertices; and gp20, which forms the unique dodecameric portal vertex through which dna enters during packaging and exits during infection. intensive work over more than half a century has led to a deep understanding of the phage ...201222420853
inclusion of a specific t cell epitope increases the protection conferred against foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs by a linear peptide containing an immunodominant b cell site.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. fmd control in endemic regions is implemented using chemically inactivated whole-virus vaccines. currently, efforts are directed to the development of safe and marked vaccines. we have previously reported solid protection against fmdv conferred by branched structures (dendrimeric peptides) harbouring virus-specific b and t-cell epitopes. in order to gain insights into the ...201222416886
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a in south america.a databank of 78 vp(1) complete sequences of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from south american isolates was constructed. forty-nine samples corresponded to fmdv that circulated between the years 1999-2008, mainly in venezuela, where most type a outbreaks have occurred lately and twenty-nine to strains historically relevant for the continent. the phylogenetic analysis showed that all south american fmdv belonged to the euro-sa topotype. sixteen subgenotypes could be identified, based ...201222397938
recombinant viral capsid protein vp1 suppresses migration and invasion of human cervical cancer by modulating phosphorylated prohibitin in lipid rafts.recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits invasion/metastasis of cancer cells. here we studied its mechanism of action on human cervical cancer cells. the inhibition of cell invasion by rvp1 was accompanied with reduction in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (pip3), phospho-akt s473, phosphorylated prohibitin (phospho-phb) t258 in lipid rafts, dissociation of phospho-phb t258 with raf-1 and the inactivation of raf-1/erk. addition of pip3 or overexpres ...201222388104
foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a decrease in spleen dendritic cells and the early release of ifn-α in the plasma of mice. differences between infectious and inactivated virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. from an economical point of view, it is the most important disease of livestock worldwide. it is known that the virus interacts with dendritic cells, both in the natural host and in mice, but the impact of this interaction on the adaptive immune response is controversial. currently available vaccines are based on inactivated forms of the fmd virus. little is known about the differences between i ...201222387627
an alternate delivery system improves vaccine performance against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals with severe agricultural and economic implications. one of the most highly infectious and contagious livestock pathogens known, the disease spreads rapidly in naïve populations making it critical to have rapidly acting vaccines. needle inoculation of killed virus vaccine is an efficient method of swiftly vaccinating large numbers of animals, either in eradication efforts or in outbreak situations in disease fre ...201222387223
acute bovine viral diarrhea associated with extensive mucosal lesions, high morbidity, and mortality in a commercial feedlot.in 2008, a northwest texas feedlot underwent an outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) causing high morbidity and mortality involving 2 lots of calves (lots a and b). severe mucosal surface lesions were observed grossly in the oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus. mucosal lesions varied from small (1-3 mm) infrequent mucosal ulcerations to large (5 mm to 1 cm) and coalescing ulcerations. necrotic debris was present in ulcerations of some mortalities with some having plaque-like debris, but ...201222379057
application of the ceditest® fmdv type o and fmdv-ns enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock and wildlife species in uganda.diagnosis and control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) requires rapid and sensitive diagnostic tests. two antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits, ceditest® fmdv-ns for the detection of antibodies against the nonstructural proteins of all fmdv serotypes and ceditest® fmdv type o for the detection of antibodies against serotype o, were evaluated under african endemic conditions where the presence of multiple serotypes and the use of nonpurified vaccines complicate serologica ...201222379044
southeast asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in eastern asia.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks recently affected 2 countries (japan and south korea) in eastern asia that were free of fmd without vaccination. analysis of viral protein 1 nucleotide sequences indicated that fmd serotype a and o viruses that caused these outbreaks originated in mainland southeast asia to which these viruses are endemic.201222377196
modelling the influence of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine antigen stability and dose on the bovine immune response.foot and mouth disease virus causes a livestock disease of significant global socio-economic importance. advances in its control and eradication depend critically on improvements in vaccine efficacy, which can be best achieved by better understanding the complex within-host immunodynamic response to inoculation. we present a detailed and empirically parametrised dynamical mathematical model of the hypothesised immune response in cattle, and explore its behaviour with reference to a variety of ex ...201222363437
gemin5 proteolysis reveals a novel motif to identify l protease targets.translation of picornavirus rna is governed by the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element, directing the synthesis of a single polyprotein. processing of the polyprotein is performed by viral proteases that also recognize as substrates host factors. among these substrates are translation initiation factors and rna-binding proteins whose cleavage is responsible for inactivation of cellular gene expression. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes two proteases, l(pro) and 3c(pro). widespr ...201222362733
strong buffering capacity of insect cells. implications for the baculovirus expression system.insect cells are widely used for expression of a variety of different proteins by using the baculovirus expression system. the applicability of this system depends on production of proteins which have biological properties similar to their native counterparts. one application has been the expression of viral capsid proteins and their assembly into empty capsid structures to provide new viral immunogens which retain complex antigenic sites. an important parameter for efficient folding and assembl ...199522359206
genotypic and phenotypic changes of bhk-21 cells grown in suspension cultures.the propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus on bhk-21 suspension cells, although economically convenient, may yield a scarcely immunizing antigen. helpful insights were obtained by investigating a few genotypic and phenotypic features of the cell cultures. the appearance of polyploid populations, higher cell concentrations at the end of culturing, the progressive reduction of spreading on surfaces and an abnormal expression of the α5β1 integrin were found to be correlated with the number of ...199322358669
direct contact transmission of three different foot-and-mouth disease virus strains in swine demonstrates important strain-specific differences.a novel direct contact transmission model for the study of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of swine was utilized to investigate transmission characteristics of three fmdv strains belonging to serotypes a, o and asia1. each strain demonstrated distinct transmission characteristics and required different exposure times to achieve successful contact transmission. while a 4h exposure was sufficient for strain a24 cruzeiro (a24cru), both o1 manisa and asia1 shamir transmission required ...201222342891
a dna vaccination regime including protein boost and electroporation protects cattle against foot-and-mouth disease.protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) using dna technology has been documented for sheep and pigs but not for the highly susceptible species of cattle. twenty-five holstein friesian cross-bred cattle were vaccinated twice, 21 days apart, with a dna vaccine containing the capsid coding region (p1) along with the non-structural proteins 2a, 3c and 3d (pcdna3.1/p1-2a3c3d) of o(1) kaufbeuren alone or coated onto plg (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. in some pcdna3.1/p1-2a3c3d was ...201222330893
adenovirus-vectored shrnas targeted to the highly conserved regions of vp1 and 2b in tandem inhibits replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus both in vitro and in vivo.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. rna interference (rnai) can be used as a rapid and specific antiviral approach. it was shown that treatment with recombinant adenovirus (ad(vp1-2b)) carrying shrnas targeted to the vp1 and 2b genes of fmdv expressed in tandem had marked antiviral effects against fmdv both in ibrs-2 cells and guinea pigs. treatment with ad(vp1-2b) both before and after fmdv infection was most effective in ib ...201222327142
xenoepitope substitution avoids deceptive imprinting and broadens the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.many rna viruses encode error-prone polymerases which introduce mutations into b and t cell epitopes, providing a mechanism for immunological escape. when regions of hypervariability are found within immunodominant epitopes with no known function, they are referred to as "decoy epitopes," which often deceptively imprint the host's immune response. in this work, a decoy epitope was identified in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o vp1 g-h loop after multiple sequence alignment of 1 ...201222323558
bacterial toxin fusion proteins elicit mucosal immunity against a foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen when administered intranasally to guinea pigs.peptides corresponding to the foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 g-h loop are capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in some species but are considered relatively poor immunogens, especially at mucosal surfaces. however, intranasal administration of antigens along with the appropriate delivery vehicle/adjuvant has been shown to induce mucosal immune responses, and bacterial enterotoxins have long been known to be effective in this regard. in the current study, two different carrier/adjuvant a ...201122312350
chimeric calicivirus-like particles elicit specific immune responses in pigs.virus-like particles (vlps) have received considerable attention due to their potential application in veterinary vaccines and, in particular, vlps from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) have successfully shown to be good platforms for inducing immune responses against an inserted foreign epitope in mice. the aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity of chimeric rhdv-vlps as vaccine vectors in pigs. for this purpose, we have generated chimeric vlps containing a well-known t epito ...201222306796
promotion of viral internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation under amino acid starvation.cap-dependent and internal ribosomal entry site (ires)-mediated translation are regulated differently within cells. viral ires-mediated translation often remains active when cellular cap-dependent translation is severely impaired under cellular stresses induced by virus infection. to investigate how cellular stresses influence the efficiency of viral ires-mediated translation, we used a bicistronic luciferase reporter construct harbouring ires elements from the following viruses: encephalomyocar ...201222302880
bovine type iii interferon significantly delays and reduces the severity of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle.interferons (ifns) are the first line of defense against viral infections. although type i and ii ifns have proven effective to inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication in swine, a similar approach had only limited efficacy in cattle. recently, a new family of ifns, type iii ifn or ifn-λ, has been identified in human, mouse, chicken, and swine. we have identified bovine ifn-λ3 (boifn-λ3), also known as interleukin 28b (il-28b), and demonstrated that expression of this molecule usi ...201222301155
correlation between efficacy and structure of recombinant epitope vaccines against bovine type o foot and mouth disease virus.to develop recombinant epitope vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), genes coding for six recombinant proteins (rp1–rp6) consisting of different combinations of b cell and t cell epitope from vp1 capsid protein (vp1) of type o fmdv were constructed and the 3d structure of these proteins analyzed. this revealed a surface-exposed rgd sequence of b cell epitopes in all six recombinant proteins as that in vp1 of fmdv and rp1, rp2 and rp4 globally mimicked the backbone conformation of ...201222286179
immune response in goats to different payloads of fmdv monovalent vaccine: protection against virulent challenge and development of carrier status.the relationship of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen payload and number of dose of vaccine conferring protection against virus challenge in goats was studied. goats vaccinated with oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccines containing different antigen payloads with or without booster resisted virulent challenge at 21 days post-vaccination or 7 days after booster respectively. however, localized sub-clinical infection was observed in two vaccinated goats on 35 days post-challenge. rna coul ...201122282634
immunogenicity of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural polyprotein p1 expressed in transgenic rice.transgenic plants have become developed as bioreactors for producing heterologous proteins and may even form edible vaccines. in the present study, a transgenic rice expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), under the control of a dual cauliflower mosaic virus (camv 35s) promoter, was generated by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. southern blot, northern blot, western blot, and elisa analyses confirmed that the p1 gene was integrated into ...201222274594
serosurveillance for foot-and-mouth disease in mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) and livestock on the eastern steppe of mongolia.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious, viral disease that affects most ruminant and porcine species, and periodic outbreaks on mongolia's eastern steppe affect mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) and livestock. during 2005-08, we collected sera from 36 and 57 calf and adult gazelles, respectively, and from adult domestic animals sympatric with the gazelles, including 138 sheep (ovis aries), 140 goats (capra aegagrus hircus), 139 bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus), and 138 cat ...201222247371
development and laboratory evaluation of two lateral flow devices for the detection of vesicular stomatitis virus in clinical samples.two lateral flow devices (lfd) for the detection of vesicular stomatitis (vs) virus (vsv), types indiana (vsv-ind) and new jersey (vsv-nj) were developed using monoclonal antibodies c1 and f25vsvnj-45 to the respective vsv serotypes. the performance of the lfds was evaluated in the laboratory on suspensions of vesicular epithelia and cell culture passage derived supernatants of vsv. the collection of test samples included 105 positive for vsv-ind (92 vesicular epithelial suspensions and 13 cell ...201122230813
early detection and visualization of human adenovirus serotype 5-viral vectors carrying foot-and-mouth disease virus or luciferase transgenes in cell lines and bovine tissues.recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vaccines containing capsid-coding regions from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been demonstrated to induce effective immune responses and provide homologous protective immunity against fmdv in cattle. however, basic mechanisms of ad5-fmdv vaccine function including virus tropism, transgene expression, and antigen presentation, remain incompletely understood. the current study characterized the dynamics of ad5 viral vector ( ...201222227230
virus survival in slurry: analysis of the stability of foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, bovine viral diarrhoea and swine influenza viruses.farm slurry can be highly contaminated with viral pathogens. the survival of these pathogens within slurry is important since this material is often distributed onto farm land either directly or after heat treatment. there is clearly some risk of spreading pathogens in the early stages of an outbreak of disease before it has been recognized. the survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and swine influenza virus, which belong to three dif ...201122226541
a survey on the frequency of foot-and-mouth disease virus carriers in cattle in north-east of iran by rt-pcr: implications for revising disease control strategy.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in iran. it is essential to timely evaluate the current disease control programme in iran. here, we report the frequency of fmd virus (fmdv) carrier state in cattle slaughtered in mashhad abattoir, mashhad, khorasan razavi, north-east of iran, which contains long common borders with afghanistan and turkmenistan. soft palate samples were collected immediately after slaughter for the detection of fmdv by rt-pcr. the results show that 37.7% of cattle (96 of 2 ...201222222047
comparison of ires and f2a-based locus-specific multicistronic expression in stable mouse lines.efficient and stoichiometric expression of genes concatenated by bi- or multi-cistronic vectors has become an invaluable tool not only in basic biology to track and visualize proteins in vivo, but also for vaccine development and in the clinics for gene therapy. to adequately compare, in vivo, the effectiveness of two of the currently popular co-expression strategies - the internal ribosome entry site (ires) derived from the picornavirus and the 2a peptide from the foot-and-mouth disease virus ( ...201122216134
detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in samples from clinically healthy animals in endemic settings.a total of 1501 oral swab samples from pakistan, afghanistan and tajikistan were collected from clinically healthy animals between july 2008 and august 2009 and assayed for the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. the oral swab samples from two (of four) live animal markets in pakistan (n = 245), one (of three) live animal market in afghanistan (n=61) and both the live animal markets in tajikistan (n=120) all tested negative. however, 2 of 129 (∼2%) samples from gondal and 11 of ...201122212855
an elisa based on the repeated foot-and-mouth disease virus 3b epitope peptide can distinguish infected and vaccinated cattle.to develop a strategy of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (diva) with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a short (27aa) peptide containing three conserved linear b cell epitopes of the fmdv 3b nonstructural protein was designed. this novel bf peptide was synthesized using a gene splicing by overlap extension protocol with preferred codons for escherichia coli. the resultant eight tandem repeat multimer (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 24, and 32bf) were expressed as soluble fusion proteins ...201122207215
a rapid molecular strategy for early detection and characterization of vietnamese foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o, a, and asia 1.a one-step rt-pcr method using newly designed primers vn-vp1f/vn-vp1r targeting the full vp1 capsid protein-coding gene, combined with direct sequencing of its pcr product, has been developed successfully for universal detection and characterization of vietnamese fmdv serotypes o, a, and asia 1 directly from clinical samples. the one-step rt-pcr amplified 821-bp dsdna products covering the entire vp1 gene of fmdv serotypes o, a, and asia 1. the obtained dsdna products were suitable for direct se ...201122172973
the infectivity and pathogenicity of a foot-and-mouth disease virus persistent infection strain from oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid of a chinese cattle in 2010.abstract: background: foot-and mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, febrile, and contagious vesicular disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. some animals may become persistent infected carriers when they contact fmd virus (fmdv), and persistent infected animals are a dangerous factor to cause fmd outbreak. findings: 300 op (oesophageal-pharyngeal) fluid samples were collected from cattle without clinic symptom after one month fmd circulated in 2010 in china. a fmdv strain was isolated when a posi ...201122166050
fmd virus epitope dominance in the antibody response of vaccinated animals.five neutralising antigenic sites have been identified on the surface of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus. a set of mab neutralisation escape mutant viruses were used for the first time to evaluate the relative use of known binding sites by polyclonal antibodies from three target species, cattle, sheep and pigs. antibodies to all the five neutralising antigenic sites were detected in all the three species, with most antibodies directed against antigenic site 2, followed by antigenic site ...201122158876
Formation of higher-order FMDV 3Dpol complexes is dependent on elongation activity.The replication of many viruses involves the formation of higher-order structures or replication 'factories'. We show that the key replication enzyme of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase, forms fibrils in vitro. Although there are similarities with previously characterised poliovirus polymerase fibrils, FMDV fibrils are narrower, composed of both protein and RNA and, importantly, are only seen when all components of an elongation assay are present. Furthermore ...201122156531
genetic characterization of vaccine and field strains of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus from india.extreme antigenic and genetic heterogeneity of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) population has resulted in change of vaccine strains in india twice in the last decade. in such a situation, complete characterization of the vaccine strains is imperative. with regard to the frequent outbreaks of this disease, fmdv field strains are also of interest. therefore three vaccine strains and two field strains of type a fmdv from india were completely sequenced and the obtained sequences were ...201122149500
inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in various bovine tissues used for the production of natural sausage casings.bovine intestines, bladders and oesophagus are used for the production of natural casings ("beef casings") as edible sausage containers. derived from cattle experimentally infected with fmdv (initial dosage 10(4) tcid(50)/ml, strain a iran 97), these beef casings were treated with sodium chloride (nacl) or phosphate supplemented salt (p-salt). in addition, different in-vitro experiments using beef casings were done on a small scale with other fmdv strains (a turkey 06, c-oberbayern and o(1) mani ...201122137684
Generation and genetic stability of tick-borne encephalitis virus mutants dependent on processing by FMDV 3C protease.Mature capsid protein C of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is cleaved from the polyprotein precursor by the viral NS2B/3 protease (NS2B/3pro). We showed previously that replacement of the NS2B/3pro cleavage site at the C-terminus of protein C by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A Stop/Go sequence leads to the production of infectious virions (Schrauf, S., Mandl, C.W., Bell-Sakyi, L. and Skern, T. 2009. J. Virol. 83: 11201-11210). Here, we show that infectious virions can also be pro ...201122131310
molecular characterization of amino acid deletion in vp1 (1d) protein and novel amino acid substitutions in 3d polymerase protein of foot and mouth disease virus subtype a/iran87.the nucleotide sequence of the vp1 (1d) and partial 3d polymerase (3d(pol)) coding regions of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine strain a/iran87, a highly passaged isolate (~150 passages), was determined and aligned with previously published fmdv serotype a sequences. overall analysis of the amino acid substitutions revealed that the partial 3d(pol) coding region contained four amino acid alterations. amino acid sequence comparison of the vp1 coding region of the field isolates reve ...201122122902
serotype identification and vp1 coding sequence analysis of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from outbreaks in eastern and northern uganda in 2008/9.in april 2008, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks were reported in kamuli district of the eastern region of uganda. soon after lifting the quarantines in this area, further fmd outbreaks were reported in northern uganda, which spread to more than 10 districts. the aim of this study was to identify the serotype and compare the variable protein (vp)1 coding sequences of the viruses responsible for fmd outbreaks during 2008 and 2009, to trace the transmission pathways of the disease in uganda. ...201122117844
[Enhanced immune response of a novel T-cell immunogen in vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease].We investigated the enhanced immune response of a recombinant T cell immunogen as an effective cellular immune adjuvant. The T cell immunogen named TI contained several T cell epitopes from the VP1, VP4, 3A and 3D proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and two pan-T helper (T(H)) cell sites to broaden the immunogenicity of the protein. Meanwhile, another fusion protein named OA-VP1 was expressed in bacteria, which contained two VP1 proteins of O and Asia1 type FMDV. Mice were vaccinated ...201122117511
disinfection of foot-and-mouth disease and african swine fever viruses with citric acid and sodium hypochlorite on birch wood carriers.transboundary animal disease viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and african swine fever virus (asfv) are highly contagious and cause severe morbidity and mortality in livestock. proper disinfection during an outbreak can help prevent virus spread and will shorten the time for contaminated agriculture facilities to return to food production. wood surfaces are prevalent at these locations, but there is no standardized method for porous surface disinfection; commercial disinfectant ...201122115968
Rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus using a field-portable nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR amplification platform.Rapid and accurate field diagnostic tools can be used to support clinical diagnosis during outbreaks of exotic livestock diseases. This study evaluated a mobile PCR amplification platform that performs RNA extraction, real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) and interpretation of results without operator intervention. Initial studies showed that there was equivalence between the detection limit generated by RNA extracted using the mobile platform and an automated laboratory-based system. In ...201122115952
Inoculation of swine with foot-and-mouth disease SAP-mutant virus induces early protection against disease.Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (L(pro)) cleaves itself from the viral polyprotein and cleaves the translation initiation factor eIF4G. As a result, host cell translation is inhibited, affecting the host innate immune response. We have demonstrated that L(pro) is also associated with degradation of nuclear factor ?B (NF-?B), a process that requires L(pro) nuclear localization. Additionally, we reported that disruption of a conserved protein domain within the L(pro) coding s ...201122114339
intranasal delivery of cationic plga nano/microparticles-loaded fmdv dna vaccine encoding il-6 elicited protective immunity against fmdv challenge.mucosal vaccination has been demonstrated to be an effective means of eliciting protective immunity against aerosol infections of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and various approaches have been used to improve mucosal response to this pathogen. in this study, cationic plga (poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) nano/microparticles were used as an intranasal delivery vehicle as a means administering fmdv dna vaccine encoding the fmdv capsid protein and the bovine il-6 gene as a means of enhancing muco ...201122110686
Normal variation in thermal radiated temperature in cattle: implications for foot-and-mouth disease detection.ABSTRACT:201122104039
Foot and mouth disease leader protease (Lb(pro)): Investigation of prime side specificity allows the synthesis of a potent inhibitor.Foot and mouth disease virus expresses its genetic information as a single polyprotein that is translated from the single-stranded RNA genome. Proteinases contained within the polyprotein then generate the mature viral proteins. The leader protease (Lb(pro)) performs the initial cleavage by freeing itself from the growing polypeptide chain; subsequently, Lb(pro) cleaves the two homologues of the host cell protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). We showed that Lb(pro) possesses specific ...201122085639
detection of foot-and-mouth disease by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation in contact sheep without clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease.summary two non-vaccinated sheep were experimentally, infected with fmdv and one day later 4 other sheep were brought in contact. although the contact sheep showed no clinical signs, serology indicated that all sheep became infected. various secretion samples, taken over a period of at least one month, and various tissue samples were examined for the presence of fmdv by rt-pcr and by virus isolation. fmdv was most often found in saliva (mouth swabs), followed by nasal secretion and sera. faecal ...199822077296
rt-pcr in foot-and-mouth.summary a rt-pcr assay for the specific detection of rna sequences from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been developed. the procedure permits also the detection of sequences that correlate with established fmdv serotypes. a computer program that allows selection of genotype-specific primers for rt-pcr amplification was used for the identification of fmdv specific sequences for pcr amplification on rna replicase (3d) gene regions. specific, rapid and highly sensitive detection was achieve ...199822077295
diagnostic potential of mab-based elisas for antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus to differentiate infection from vaccination.abstract this paper summarises the development of monoclonal antibody (mab)-based immunoassays measuring antibodies to non-structural proteins of fmdv to differentiate infection from vaccination. of the three non-structural proteins 2c, 3c and 3abc evaluated in this study, the polypeptide 3abc was the most immunogenic. three elisas for the detection of antibodies to 3abc were developed. two assays rely on the competition of test sera against either a anti-3a mab or against antisera to 3abc raise ...199822077292
cattle response to foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural proteins as antigens within vaccines produced using different concentrations.abstract four groups of ten nine-month-old nelore heifers were used for this study. each group received one of four foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) trivalent vaccines for the duration of the experiment. the four vaccine formulations (normal, 2x, 4x and 8x) differed in 140s content to determine the serological reactivities to fmd virus (fmdv) nonstructural proteins 2c, 3abc and 3d. vaccination was by the intramuscular administration of vaccine on day 0, 180 and 360. bleedings were done at 30 days po ...199822077290
differentiating foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected from vaccinated animals with baculovirus-expressed specific proteins.abstract we had shown in preliminary studies with a small number of animals that antibodies against 2c could be detected in cattle and pigs which had been infected with fmdv but not in animals which had been vaccinated against the disease. to determine whether this test was generally applicable, seta from several hundred animals which had been vaccinated with different products in many countries have been tested in an elisa using baculovirus expressed 2c. our results show that only 1-2% of the s ...199822077289
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. the amplification was able to finish in 45 min under isothermal condition at 64°c by employing a set of four primers targeting fmdv 2b. the assay showed higher sensitivity than rt-pcr. no cross reactivity was observed from other rna viruses including classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, japa ...201122070774
Establishment of a Stable Cell Line Coexpressing Dengue Virus-2 and Green Fluorescent Protein for Screening of Antiviral Compounds.This study aimed to generate a stable cell line harboring subgenomic dengue virus replicon and a green fluorescent gene (DENV/GFP) for a cell-based model to screen anti-DENV compounds. The gene-encoding envelope protein of DENV-2 was deleted and then replaced with fragments of the GFP gene and a foot-and-mouth-disease virus 2A-derived cleavage site. The human cytomegalovirus immediate early and antisense hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences were added at the 5'- and 3'-ends. An internal ribo ...201122068705
Investigation of serum protein profiles in sheep naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.This study was carried out to determine serum protein profiles in naturally infected sheep with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The study material consisted of twelve healthy and 36 sheep with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). FMD had been diagnosed on the basis of clinical findings and results of serological examination. Serotypes serologically detected in the FMDV-infected sheep were as follows: O (n = 11), A (n = 8) and mixed infection with serotypes O, A and Asia-1 (n = 17).The total protei ...201122059288
colour determination of beef juices as an indicator of beef cooking temperatures.dominant wavelengths and other colour parameters of beef juices were investigated as predictors of maximum internal temperatures attained during beef cooking since beef imported by the usa from south american countries has to be cooked to a temperature compatible with the inactivation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. although the correlation between these parameters was highly significant, the prediction error was high and similar in magnitude to that obtained with other methods. however, ac ...197922055351
rapid typing of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia 1 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was rapidly used to detect serotype asia 1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) within 45 min at 61°c. all fmdv serotype asia 1 reference strains were positive by rt-lamp, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes o, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and japanese encephalitis virus remained negative. furthermore, fmdv sreotype as ...201122040459
role of arginine-56 within the structural protein vp3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o1 campos in virus virulence.fmdv o1 subtype undergoes antigenic variation under diverse growth conditions. of particular interest is the amino acid variation observed at position 56 within the structural protein vp3. selective pressures influence whether histidine (h) or arginine (r) is present at this position, ultimately influencing in vitro plaque morphology and in vivo pathogenesis in cattle. using reverse genetics techniques, we have constructed fmdv type o1 campos variants differing only at vp3 position 56, possessin ...201222036313
foot-and-mouth disease virus particles inactivated with binary ethylenimine are efficiently internalized into cultured cells.conventional foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines are produced from virus grown in cell culture that is chemically inactivated by using binary ethylenimide (bei). here, we show that bei treatment preserves both the architecture of fmdv particles, as inactivated viral particles showed by electron microscopy characteristics similar to those of infectious virions, as well as the general features of infectious virus internalization. binding of inactivated particles to bhk-21 cells was blocked by pr ...201122027488
increased efficacy of an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease capsid subunit vaccine expressing nonstructural protein 2b is associated with a specific t cell response.we previously demonstrated that an adenovirus-based foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype a24 capsid subunit vaccine, ad5-a24, expressed under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter (cmv) can protect swine and bovines against homologous challenge, but in a similar approach using swine vaccinated with an ad5-vectored fmdv o1 campos vaccine, ad5-o1c, the animals were only partially protected when challenged at 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). recently, we demonstrated that inclusion of th ...201122027486
inoculation of newborn mice with non-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna can induce a rapid, solid and wide-range protection against viral infection.we have recently described the ability of in vitro-transcribed rnas, mimicking structural domains in the 5' and 3' non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome, to trigger the innate immune response in porcine cultured cells and mice. in this work, the antiviral effect exerted in vivo by these small synthetic non-infectious rna molecules was analyzed extensively. the susceptibility of transfected newborn swiss mice to fmdv challenge was tested using a wide range of ...201122020303
Cattle remain immunocompetent during the acute phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.ABSTRACT: Infection of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) results in the development of long-term protective antibody responses. In contrast, inactivated antigen vaccines fail to induce long-term protective immunity. Differences between susceptible species have also been observed during infection with FMDV, with cattle often developing persistent infections whilst pigs develop more severe symptoms and excrete higher levels of virus. This study examined the early immune response to F ...201122014145
field application of a recombinant protein-based elisa during the 2010 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease type a in south korea.a recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rp elisa) exists for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a. in this study, the efficacy of the rp elisa was compared to that of other current tests by examining sera collected in the field during an fmd type a outbreak in south korea in 2010. the rp elisa detected early antibodies to fmdv with the same sensitivity as the liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpb elisa), identifying fmd farm outbreaks correc ...201222001272
molecular characterization of serotype asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in pakistan and afghanistan; emergence of a new genetic group and evidence for a novel recombinant virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in pakistan and afghanistan. the fmd virus serotypes o, a and asia-1 are responsible for the outbreaks in these countries. diverse strains of fmdv, even within the same serotype, co-circulate. characterization of the viruses in circulation can facilitate appropriate vaccine selection and tracing of outbreaks. the present study characterized foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia-1 viruses circulating in pakistan and afghanistan during the period 1998-2009. p ...201121983559
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader proteinase negatively regulates the porcine interferon-λ1 pathway.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals, and causes an economically important disease in the swine industry. in this study, we found that the replication of fmdv in ibrs-2 cells could be significantly inhibited after treatment with the purified recombinant porcine interferon lambda 1 (ifn-λ1), a newly identified type iii interferon. however, fmdv could not activate the ifn-λ1 promoter and ...201121975014
Validation of an r3AB1-FMDV-NSP ELISA to distinguish between cattle infected and vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus.Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock which has a drastic economic impact for affected countries. Although FMDV is distributed worldwide, many regional programs have been effective eradicating this agent. In Argentina, as in many other regions of South America, the combination of a systematic vaccination plan, together with an effective detection system capable of differentiating infection from vaccination, has been successful for eradicating this ...201121946290
Nanobodies®: new ammunition to battle viruses.In 1989, a new type of antibody was identified, first in the sera of dromedaries and later also in all other species of the Camelidae family. These antibodies do not contain a light chain and also lack the first constant heavy domain. Today it is still unclear what the evolutionary advantage of such heavy chain-only antibodies could be. In sharp contrast, the broad applicability of the isolated variable antigen-binding domains (VHH) was rapidly recognized, especially for the development of thera ...201121939690
Genetic characterization of a new pandemic Southeast Asia topotype strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in China during 2010.The full-length nucleotide sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus O/BY/CHA/2010 strain, Mya-98 lineage of Southeast Asia (SEA) topotype, was determined and compared with O/HKN/20/2010 and other known FMDV strains. Homology analysis indicated >98.0% nucleotide identity between O/BY/CHA/2010 and the epidemic strains, O/HKN/20/2010, and O/VN/2009. However, with the exception of the VP4, 2A, and 3BCD regions, O/BY/CHA/2010 showed a lower similarity with SEA topotype strains, O/VN/2006, and HLJ ...201121932049
Suicidal gene therapy in the effective control of primary human hepatocellular carcinoma as monitored by noninvasive bioimaging.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually refractory to the available treatments. For cancer gene therapy purposes, real-time imaging of therapeutic gene expression is of great importance because there are multiple factors that modulate the therapeutic gene expression in a complex tumor microenvironment. As a consequence, multiple doses of therapeutic viral vectors may be required for improved efficacy. In the present study, the luciferase reporter gene and the yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD) gen ...201121918545
Use of inactivated Escherichia coli enterotoxins to enhance respiratory mucosal adjuvanticity during vaccination in swine.In order to augment responses to respiratory vaccines in swine, various adjuvants were intranasally coadministered with a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen to pigs. Detoxified Escherichia coli enterotoxins LTK63 and LTR72 enhanced antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immunity, demonstrating their efficacy as adjuvants for nonreplicating antigens upon intranasal immunization in swine.201121918121
lethal mutagenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus involves shifts in sequence space.lethal mutagenesis or virus transition into error catastrophe is an antiviral strategy that aims at extinguishing a virus by increasing the viral mutation rates during replication. the molecular basis of lethal mutagenesis is largely unknown. previous studies showed that a critical substitution in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) polymerase was sufficient to allow the virus to escape extinction through modulation of the transition types induced by the purine nucleoside analogue ribavirin. ...201121917974
Tempo and mode of inhibitor-mutagen antiviral therapies: a multidisciplinary approach.The continuous emergence of drug-resistant viruses is a major obstacle for the successful treatment of viral infections, thus representing a persistent spur to the search for new therapeutic strategies. Among them, multidrug treatments are currently at the forefront of pharmaceutical, clinical, and computational investigation. Still, there are many unknowns in the way that different drugs interact among themselves and with the pathogen that they aim to control. Inspired by experimental studies w ...201121911373
characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from outbreaks in ecuador during 2009-2010 and cross-protection studies with the vaccine strain in use in the region.during the years 2009 and 2010 relevant epidemic waves of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype o occurred in ecuador, representing a great drawback for the last stages of the ongoing eradication program in south america. this study describes the molecular and antigenic characterizations of 29 isolates collected from various regions in the country and their relationship to the vaccine strain. the phylogenetic tree derived from sequences spanning the complete vp(1) protein showed that, despite th ...201121911020
Lentviral-mediated RNAi to inhibit target gene expression of the porcine integrin av subunit, the FMDV receptor, and against FMDV infection in PK-15 cells.shRNA targeting the integrin av subunit, which is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) receptor, plays a key role in virus attachment to susceptible cells. We constructed a RNAi lentiviral vector, iav pLenti6/BLOCK -iT™, which expressed siRNA targeting the FMDV receptor, the porcine integrin av subunit, on PK-15 cells. We also produced a lentiviral stock, established an iav-PK-15 cell line, evaluated the gene silencing efficiency of mRNA using real-time qRT-PCR, integrand av expression by ind ...201121899738
Identification of H-2d restricted T cell epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural protein VP1.Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and devastating disease affecting livestock that causes significant financial losses. Therefore, safer and more effective vaccines are required against Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV). The purpose of this study is to screen and identify an H-2d restricted T cell epitope from the virus structural protein VP1, which is present with FMD. We therefore provide a method and basis for studying a specific FMDV T cell epitope.201121896206
Factors associated with within-herd transmission of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle, during the 2001 outbreak in Argentina: a protective effect of vaccination.Argentina suffered an extensive foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic between July 2000 and January 2002, 3 months after obtaining the official FMD-free without vaccination status conferred by the World Organization for Animal Health. This is one of the largest FMD epidemics controlled by implementation of a systematic mass vaccination campaign in an FMD-free country. In 2000, 124 herds were reported as FMD positive, 2394 herds in 2001 and one in January 2002; the total number of cattle herds in ...201121896154
developing vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease and some other exotic viral diseases of livestock.vaccines remain the main tool for the control of livestock viral diseases that pose a serious threat to animal and occasionally human health, reduce food security, distort trade in animals and their products, and undermine agricultural development in poor countries. globalization and climate change increase the likelihood for new patterns of emergence and spread of livestock viruses. conventionally attenuated and killed virus products have had spectacular success, and recent examples include the ...201121893540
vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein g carrying a tandem dimer of foot and mouth disease virus antigenic site a can be used as dna and peptide vaccine for cattle.effective foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) peptide vaccines for cattle have two major constraints: resemblance of one or more of the multiple conformations of the major vp1 antigenic sites to induce neutralizing antibodies, and stimulation of t cells despite the variable bovine-mhc polymorphism. to overcome these limitations, a chimeric antigen was developed, using vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g) as carrier protein of an in tandem-dimer of fmdv antigenic site a (asa), the majo ...201121889542
An overview on ELISA techniques for FMD.FMD is one of the major causes of economic loss of cloven-hoofed animals in the world today. The assessment of dominant genotype/lineage and prevalent trends and confirmation the presence of infection or vaccination not only provides scientific basis and first-hand information for appropriate control measure but also for disease eradication and regaining FMD free status following an outbreak. Although different biological and serological approaches are still applied to study this disease, ELISA ...201121888667
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