Publications

evaluation of cross-protection against three topotypes of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs vaccinated with multi-epitope protein vaccine incorporated with poly(i:c).	epitope-based vaccines are always questioned for their cross-protection against the antigenically variable foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in this study, we proved the cross-protection effect of a multi-epitope vaccine incorporated with poly(i:c) against three topotypes of o type fmdv. a total of 45 naïve pigs were vaccinated with different doses of multi-epitope protein vaccine incorporated with poly(i:c). at 28 days post-vaccination, 45 vaccinated and 6 unvaccinated control pigs (two pigs ...	2014	24345411
accuracy of traditional and novel serology tests for predicting cross-protection in foot-and-mouth disease vaccinated cattle.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigenic-match between vaccine and field viruses has traditionally been estimated in vitro by computing the r1 value using virus neutralization test (vnt) or elisa titers. in this study we compared the accuracy in predicting cross-protection between the r1 value estimated by vnt and two recently developed tests that measure igg subtypes and avidity. data analyzed consisted of 64 serum samples from fmdv a24/cruzeiro vaccinated bovines challenged with the heter ...	2014	24342253
cpg odn nanorings induce ifnα from plasmacytoid dendritic cells and demonstrate potent vaccine adjuvant activity.	cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) are short single-stranded synthetic dna molecules that activate the immune system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. structurally distinct classes of synthetic odn expressing cpg motifs differentially activate human immune cells. k-type odn (k-odn), which have progressed into human clinical trials as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, are strong activators of b cells and trigger ...	2014	24807558
orientation of llama antibodies strongly increases sensitivity of biosensors.	sensitivity of biosensors depends on the orientation of bio-receptors on the sensor surface. the objective of this study was to organize bio-receptors on surfaces in a way that their analyte binding site is exposed to the analyte solution. vhh proteins recognizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were used for making biosensors, and azides were introduced in the vhh to function as bioorthogonal reactive groups. the importance of the orientation of bio-receptors was addressed by comparing sens ...	2014	24793095
protection against rift valley fever virus infection in mice upon administration of interferon-inducing rna transcripts from the fmdv genome.	in this work we have addressed the effect of synthetic, non-infectious, rna transcripts, mimicking structural domains of the non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome on the infection of mice with rift valley fever virus (rvfv). groups of 5 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 200 μg of synthetic rna resembling the 5'-terminal s region, the internal ribosome entry site (ires) or the 3'-ncr of the fmdv genome. rna inoculation was performed 24h befor ...	2014	24973761
influence of antibodies transferred by colostrum in the immune responses of calves to current foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.	immunity to currently used oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been studied in detail in adult animals; however, the influence of maternally derived antibodies transferred through colostrum (mat-abs) in the immune responses of vaccinated calves is less clear. here, we report the anti-fmdv humoral responses elicited in calves with or without mat-abs that received one or two doses of the current tetravalent oil-adjuvanted commercial vaccine used in a ...	2014	24968156
magnesium-dependent folding of a picornavirus ires element modulates rna conformation and eif4g interaction.	internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements are high-order rna structures that promote internal initiation of translation to allow protein synthesis under situations that compromise the general cap-dependent translation mechanism. picornavirus ires elements are highly efficient elements with a modular rna structure organization. here we investigated the effect of mg(2+) concentration on the local flexibility and solvent accessibility of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires element measu ...	2014	24961997
comparative evaluation of non-structural protein-antibody detecting elisas for foot-and-mouth disease sero-surveillance under intensive vaccination.	foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious and contagious disease of livestock animals with transboundary and economical importance. animals in the endemic settings are regularly vaccinated in addition to intensive surveillance for control of the disease. under intensive vaccination, detection of infected animals among the vaccinated population is essential to monitor the infection and to track down the virus movement. sero-surveillance and retrospective disease diagnosis is performed primari ...	2014	24996132
swine interferon-induced transmembrane protein, sifitm3, inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo.	the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (ifitm3) is a widely expressed potent antiviral effector of the host innate immune system. it restricts a diverse group of pathogenic, enveloped viruses, by interfering with endosomal fusion. in this report, the swine ifitm3 (sifitm3) gene was cloned. it shares the functionally conserved cd225 domain and multiple critical amino acid residues (y19, f74, f77, r86 and y98) with its human ortholog, which are essential for antiviral activity. ectopic exp ...	2014	24973762
[progress in insertion sites for foreign sequence of foot and mouth disease virus].	with the progess in studying gene structure and function of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), fmdv can express exogenous genes in different sites. through transforming and modifying fmdv can achieve different application purposes such as improving virus titer, introducing tag, improving immune responses, and reducing pathogenicity. from the perspective of fmdv receiving inserted exogenous gene, this paper mainly describes the latest relevant developments of fmdv's expression to exogenous gene ...	2014	24945052
a pig tonsil cell culture model for evaluating oral, low-dose ifn-α treatments.	oral, low-dose ifn-α treatments proved effective in several models of viral infections and immunopathological conditions. also, they do not give rise to the serious side effects observed after parenteral inoculation of high doses (10(5)u/kg b.w. and higher). there is convincing evidence that such treatments work through an early, effective interaction with oral lymphoid tissues before the ifn-α molecules are rapidly destroyed by gut enzymes. yet, the paucity of detailed information about these c ...	2014	24951265
infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs using two novel simulated-natural inoculation methods.	in order to characterize foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection dynamics in pigs, two simulated-natural inoculation systems were developed and evaluated. intra-oropharyngeal (iop) and intra-nasopharyngeal (inp) inoculation both enabled precise control of dose and timing of inoculation while simulating field exposure conditions. there were substantial differences between outcomes of infections by the two routes. iop inoculation resulted in consistent and synchronous infection, whereas inp ...	2014	24548596
neutralizing antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent (type o, a, c and asia 1) vaccines in growing calves with pre-existing maternal antibodies.	the presence of maternal antibodies is a major obstacle for eliciting protective immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines in young, growing animals. in this report, we analyzed the ability of inactivated quadrivalent oil emulsified and aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted fmd vaccines to elicit neutralizing antibody responses in growing calves that had maternal antibodies. our results demonstrate that oil emulsified vaccines but not aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted fmd vaccines could su ...	2014	24508311
complete genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o isolated from bangladesh.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly infectious enzootic disease caused by fmd virus. the complete genome sequence of a circulatory fmd virus (fmdv) serotype o isolated from natore, bangladesh, is reported here. genomic analysis revealed antigenic heterogeneity within the vp1 region, a fragment deletion, and insertions at the 5' untranslated region (utr) and 3a region compared to the genome of the available vaccine strain.	2014	24503997
induction of protective immune response against both pprv and fmdv by a novel recombinant pprv expressing fmdv vp1.	peste des petits ruminants (ppr) and foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) are both highly contagious diseases of small domestic and wild ruminants caused by the ppr virus (pprv) and the fmd virus (fmdv). in this study, a recombinant pprv expressing the fmdv vp1 gene (rpprv/vp1) was generated and fmdv vp1 expression did not impair replication of the recombinant virus in vitro and immunogenicity in inducing neutralizing antibody against ppr in goats. vaccination with one dose of rpprv/vp1 induced fmdv neu ...	2014	24898430
foot-and-mouth disease virus low-fidelity polymerase mutants are attenuated.	previous studies have shown that rna viruses can be attenuated by either increased or decreased viral polymerase replication fidelity. although foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) high-fidelity rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) variants with an attenuated phenotype have been isolated using mutagens, no fmdv mutant with a low-fidelity polymerase has been documented to date. here, we describe the generation of several fmdv rdrp mutants using site-directed mutagenesis via a reverse genetic system ...	2014	24888311
estimation of the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from infected sheep to cattle.	the quantitative role of sheep in the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is not well known. to estimate the role of sheep in the transmission of fmdv, a direct contact transmission experiment with 10 groups of animals each consisting of 2 infected lambs and 1 contact calf was performed. secretions and excretions (oral swabs, blood, urine, faeces and probang samples) from all animals were tested for the presence of fmdv by virus isolation (vi) and/or rt-pcr. serum was tested for ...	2014	24886222
exploration of sequence space as the basis of viral rna genome segmentation.	the mechanisms of viral rna genome segmentation are unknown. on extensive passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in baby hamster kidney-21 cells, the virus accumulated multiple point mutations and underwent a transition akin to genome segmentation. the standard single rna genome molecule was replaced by genomes harboring internal in-frame deletions affecting the l- or capsid-coding region. these genomes were infectious and killed cells by complementation. here we show that the point mutations i ...	2014	24757055
serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock-wildlife interface areas of tanzania.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is caused by a virus of the genus aphthorvirus of the family picornaviridae. there is great scientific need for determining the transmission dynamics of fmd virus (fmdv) by drawing more attention to the livestock-wildlife interface areas. a variety of literature suggests that buffalo could serve as reservoir of fmdv in wildlife and cattle. however, many fmdv research studies conducted on experimentally infected cattle as carriers and groups of animal highly susceptib ...	2014	25005680
rapid, sensitive and effective diagnostic tools for foot-and-mouth disease virus in africa.	speed is paramount in the diagnosis of highly infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), as well as for emerging diseases; however, simplicity is required if a test is to be deployed in the field. recent developments in molecular biology have enabled the specific detection of fmd virus (fmdv) by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp), real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) and sequencing. rt-lamp enables amplification o ...	2014	25005362
a serological survey for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in domestic pigs during outbreaks in kenya.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in kenya and has been well studied in cattle, but not in pigs, yet the role of pigs is recognised in fmd-free areas. this study investigated the presence of antibodies against fmd virus (fmdv) in pigs sampled during a countrywide random survey for fmd in cattle coinciding with sat 1 fmdv outbreaks in cattle. a total of 191 serum samples were collected from clinically healthy pigs in 17 districts. forty-two of the 191 sera were from pigs vaccinated against ...	2014	24442573
characteristics of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with a partial vp1 g-h loop deletion in experimentally infected cattle.	previous work in cattle illustrated the protective efficacy and negative marker potential of a a serotype foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine prepared from a virus lacking a significant portion of the vp1 g-h loop (termed a(-)). since this deletion also includes the arginine-glycine-aspartate (rgd) motif required for virus attachment to the host cell in vivo, it was hypothesised that this virus would be attentuated in naturally susceptible animals. the a(-) virus was passaged three times ...	2014	24438986
development of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus replicon vector for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important global animal disease. to control fmd virus (fmdv) outbreaks, a lot of different novel approaches have been attempted. in this study, we proposed a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) as a replicon vector to express fmdv structural protein.	2014	24427767
diagnostic potential of recombinant nonstructural protein 3b to detect antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in bovines.	detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins (nsp) of foot-and-mouth disease virus is the preferred diagnostic method to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. in india, an endemic region practising preventive biannual vaccination, 3ab3 indirect elisa (r3ab3 i-elisa) has been employed as the primary screening test for serosurveillance. however, because of the variability observed in the immune response to the nsps, the likelihood of detecting or confirming an infected animal is inc ...	2014	24777827
the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus: structure-function relationships in a proteolytic virulence factor.	the leader proteinase (lpro) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the host innate immune response by at least three different mechanisms. the most well-characterised of these is the prevention of the synthesis of cytokines such as interferons immediately after infection, brought about by specific proteolytic cleavage of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4g. this prevents the recruitment of capped cellular mrna; however, the viral rna can be translated under these conditions. the two other ...	2014	24670358
immunological evaluation of mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles based foot and mouth disease virus dna vaccine, pvac fmdv vp1-ompa in guinea pigs.	a dna vaccine for foot and mouth disease (fmd) based on mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated in guinea pigs. the dna construct was comprised of fmd virus full length-vp1 gene and outer membrane protein a (omp a) gene of salmonella typhimurium as a toll-like receptor (tlr)-ligand in pvac vector. groups of guinea pigs immunized either intramuscularly or intra-nasally were evaluated for induction of virus neutralizing antibodies, th1(igg2) and th2 (igg1) responses, lymphocyte prolifera ...	2014	24656961
novel antibody binding determinants on the capsid surface of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus.	five neutralizing antigenic sites have been described for serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) based on monoclonal antibody (mab) escape mutant studies. however, a mutant virus selected to escape neutralization of mab binding at all five sites was previously shown to confer complete cross-protection with the parental virus in guinea pig challenge studies, suggesting that amino acid residues outside the mab binding sites contribute to antibody-mediated in vivo neutralization of fmdv. ...	2014	24584474
the expression of il6 and 21 in crossbred calves upregulated by inactivated trivalent fmd vaccine.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease and a whole-virus inactivated trivalent virus vaccine is the mainstay for controlling the disease in india. the protective humoral immune response to fmd vaccination is a complex, but, tightly regulated process mediated by the interplay of interleukins (il). based on the specific role of il6 and 21 in adaptive immune response, we hypothesized that inactivated trivalent fmd vaccine would stimulate il6 and 21 expression in the circu ...	2014	24555796
artificial micrornas as antiviral strategy to fmdv: structural implications of target selection.	rna interference (rnai) appears as a promising strategy to control virus replication. while the antiviral power of short-hairpin rnas or small-interfering rnas against fmdv has been demonstrated widely, safer rnai effectors such as artificial micrornas (amirs) have not been evaluated extensively. in this work, transgenic monoclonal cell lines constitutively expressing different amirs targeting fmdv 3d-coding region or 3'utr were established. certain cell lines showed an effective, sequence-speci ...	2014	24406623
molecular modeling and analysis of hepatitis e virus (hev) papain-like cysteine protease.	the biochemical or biophysical characterization of a papain-like cysteine protease in hev orf1-encoded polyprotein still remains elusive. very recently, we have demonstrated the indispensability of orf1 protease-domain cysteines and histidines in hev replication, ex vivo (parvez, 2013). in this report, the polyprotein partial sequences of hev strains and genetically-related rna viruses were analyzed, in silico. employing the consensus-prediction results of rubv-p(150) protease as structural-temp ...	2014	24321124
enhanced ires activity by the 3'utr element determines the virulence of fmdv isolates.	a reverse genetics approach was used to identify viral genetic determinants of the differential virulence displayed by two field foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains (a/arg/00 and a/arg/01) isolated in argentina during the 2000-2001 epidemics. a molecular clone of a/arg/01 strain and viral chimeras containing the s-fragment or the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of a/arg/00 in the a/arg/01 backbone were constructed and characterized. the ires appeared as a determining factor of the lo ...	2014	24314661
genome sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/me-sa/ind-2001 lineage from outbreaks in libya, saudi arabia, and bhutan during 2013.	the complete genomes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses recovered in libya and saudi arabia in 2013 are described here. these viruses belong to an fmd virus lineage (ind-2001, topotype middle east-south asia, serotype o) which is normally endemic in the indian subcontinent. a contemporary virus sequence from bhutan is also reported here.	2014	24723708
first isolation and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in benin.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. it is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting livestock animals. in west africa, where constant circulation of fmd virus (fmdv) is assumed, very few studies on the characterization of circulating strains have been published. this study describes the first isolation and characterization of fmdv in benin. fmdv was isolated from 42 samples. antigen capture elisa (ag-elisa) and vp1 coding ...	2014	24720890
determination of cattle foot-and-mouth disease virus by micro-elisa method.	the development of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) detection methods is crucial for animal food security, tackling regional fmdv epidemic, and global fmdv prognostic control. for these purposes, a fast and sensitive analysis method is required. in this study, we developed a microchip-based elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), micro-elisa, to realize fmdv detection. nickel(ii) chelating chemistry was utilized to immobilize recombinant protein (antigen) on polystyrene micro-beads in orde ...	2014	24614730
foot-and-mouth disease virus virulence in cattle is co-determined by viral replication dynamics and route of infection.	early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in cattle were investigated through aerosol and intraepithelial lingual (iel) inoculations of a cdna-derived fmdv-a24 wild type virus (fmdv-wt) or a mutant derived from the same clone (fmdv-mut). after aerosolization of fmdv-wt, primary infection sites had significantly greater quantities of fmdv, viral rna, and type i/iii interferon (ifn) activity compared to corresponding tissues from cattle infected with fmdv-mu ...	2014	24606678
a recombinant adenovirus bicistronically expressing porcine interferon-α and interferon-γ enhances antiviral effects against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a virulent and economically costly disease in domestic livestock. since the current vaccine available against fmd provides no protection until 7days postvaccination, the only alternative method to halt the spread of the fmd virus (fmdv) during outbreaks is by the application of anti-viral agents. the combination of recombinant adenovirus expressing type i interferon (ifn-α) and adenovirus expressing type ii ifn (ifn-γ) has been reported to be an effective anti-vir ...	2014	24485895
application of a cell-based protease assay for testing inhibitors of picornavirus 3c proteases.	proteolytical cleavage of the picornaviral polyprotein is essential for viral replication. therefore, viral proteases are attractive targets for anti-viral therapy. most assays available for testing proteolytical activity of proteases are performed in vitro, using heterologously expressed proteases and peptide substrates. to deal with the disadvantages associated with in vitro assays, we modified a cell-based protease assay for picornavirus proteases. the assay is based on the induction of expre ...	2014	24393668
detection and seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in sheep and goats in punjab, pakistan.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of ruminants that causes huge economic losses around the globe. however, the prevalence of fmdv in small ruminants has been overlooked in pakistan. a seroepidemiological study was conducted in chakwal, faisalabad and khanewal districts of punjab, pakistan to determine the prevalence of fmd in sheep and goats. a total 1200 serum samples were collected from sheep (n = 180) and goats (n = 920) and were subjected to 3abc non-structural prot ...	2014	24393420
detection of antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus infection using indirect elisa based on recombinant nonstructural protein 2b.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of transboundary importance. in india, since the launch of the fmd control programme, there has been a substantial increase in the vaccinated bovine population. in this scenario, there is a need for additional locally developed non-structural protein (nsp)-based immnoassays for efficient identification of fmd virus (fmdv)-infected animals in the vaccinated population. the 2b nsp of fmdv, lacking the transmembrane domain (δ2b), was ...	2014	24420160
hsv-1 amplicon vectors as genetic vaccines.	hsv-1 amplicon vectors have been used as platforms for the generation of genetic vaccines against both dna and rna viruses. mice vaccinated with such vectors encoding structural proteins from both foot-and-mouth disease virus and rotavirus were partially protected from challenge with wild-type virus (d'antuono et al. vaccine 28: 7363-7372, 2010; laimbacher et al. mol ther 20: 1810-1820, 2012), indicating that hsv-1 amplicon vectors are attractive tools for the development of complex and safe gen ...	2014	24671679
multiple micrornas targeted to internal ribosome entry site against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a severe vesicular disease in domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. because of the limited early protection induced by current vaccines, emergency antiviral strategies to control the rapid spread of fmd outbreaks are needed.here we constructed multiple micrornas (mirnas) targeting the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element of fmdv and investigated the effect of ires-specific mirnas on fmdv replication in baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells and su ...	2014	24393133
identification of factors associated with increased excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	we investigated which variables possibly influence the amount of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) shed in secretions and excretions by fmdv infected animals, as it is likely that the amount of fmdv shed is related to transmission risk. first, in a separate analysis of laboratory data, we showed that the total amount of fmdv in secretions and excretions from infected animals is highly correlated with maximum titres of fmdv. next, we collected data from 32 published scientific articles in which ...	2014	24182985
efficient foreign gene expression in planta using a plantago asiatica mosaic virus-based vector achieved by the strong rna-silencing suppressor activity of tgbp1.	plant virus expression vectors provide a powerful tool for basic research as well as for practical applications. here, we report the construction of an expression vector based on plantago asiatica mosaic virus (plamv), a member of the genus potexvirus. modification of a vector to enhance the expression of a foreign gene, combined with the use of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a peptide, allowed efficient expression of the foreign gene in two model plant species, arabidopsis thaliana and nicot ...	2014	24154949
efficient rescue of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cultured cells transfected with rna extracted from clinical samples.	in this study, an rna transfection was used to rescue infectious foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus from clinical samples in bhk-21 cell line for diagnosis of fmd. tissue samples (n=190) were subjected to fmd virus isolation by conventional cell culture and also by rna transfection. fmd virus was isolated from 62% of the clinical samples by rna transfection, whereas virus was isolated only from 16% of the clinical samples in conventional cell culture method, suggesting better performance of the ...	2014	24239633
resiquimod and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid formulation with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.	toll-like receptor (tlr) agonists reportedly have potent antiviral and antitumor activities and may be a new kind of adjuvant for enhancing immune efficacy. resiquimod (r848) is an imidazoquinoline compound with potent antiviral activity and functions through the tlr7/tlr8 myd88-dependent signaling pathway. polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(i:c)] is a synthetic analog of double-stranded rna that induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the activation of nf-κb through tlr3. thi ...	2014	24386990
design and synthesis of irreversible inhibitors of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly infectious and economically devastating disease of livestock. the fmdv genome is translated as a single polypeptide precursor that is cleaved into functional proteins predominantly by the highly conserved viral 3c protease, making this enzyme an attractive target for antiviral drugs. a peptide corresponding to an optimal substrate has been modified at the c-terminus, by the addition of a warhead, to produce irreversible inhibitors that react as ...	2014	24374278
adjuvant effect enhancement of porcine interleukin-2 packaged into solid lipid nanoparticles.	in this paper, we investigated the enhancement of adjuvant effects of porcine il-2 (pil-2) by packaging it into a solid lipid nanoparticle (sln) delivery system. sln-pil-2 was prepared using hydrogenated castor oil and polylactide-co-glycolide by double emulsion solvent evaporation methods (w/o/w). in animal trials, balb/c mice were immunized with inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen combined with the sln-pil-2 adjuvant on days 0 and 14. antibody titer, splenocyte proliferatio ...	2014	24374120
a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to rapidly diagnose foot-and-mouth disease virus c.	a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed to rapidly detect foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype c (fmdv c). by testing 10-fold serial dilutions of fmdv c samples, sensitivity of the fmdv c rt-lamp was found to be 10 times higher than that of conventional reverse transcription- pcr (rt-pcr). no cross-reactivity with a, asia 1, or o fmdv or swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) indicated that fmdv c rt-lamp may be an exciting novel method for det ...	2014	24690607
genetic basis of antigenic variation in foot-and-mouth disease serotype a viruses from the middle east.	foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) from serotype a exhibit high antigenic diversity. within the middle east, a strain called a-iran-05 emerged in 2003, and subsequently replaced the a-iran-96 and a-iran-99 strains that were previously circulating in the region. viruses from this strain did not serologically match with the established a/iran/96 vaccine, although most early samples matched with the older a22/iraq vaccine. however, many viruses from this strain collected after 2006 had poor sero ...	2014	24035435
selection and characterization of an acid-resistant mutant of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) loses infectivity and immunogenicity due to its disassembly in culture environments below ph 6.8. to study the molecular basis of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly and improve the acid stability of inactivated fmd vaccines during the manufacturing process, type o fmdv mutants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were selected, and the genes encoding their capsid proteins were sequenced. three amino acid substitutions (vp1 n17d, vp2 d86a, a ...	2014	24122111
genetic engineering and chemical conjugation of potato virus x.	here we report the genetic engineering and chemical modification of potato virus x (pvx) for the presentation of various peptides, proteins, and fluorescent dyes, or other chemical modifiers. three different ways of genetic engineering are described and by these means, peptides are successfully expressed not only when the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a sequence or a flexible glycine-serine linker is included, but also when the peptide is fused directly to the pvx coat protein. when large ...	2014	24243237
genetic heterogeneity in the leader and p1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes a and o in africa.	genetic information regarding the leader (l) and complete capsid-coding (p1) region of fmd serotype a and o viruses prevalent on the african continent is lacking. here, we present the complete l-p1 sequences for eight serotype a and nine serotype o viruses recovered from fmdv outbreaks in east and west africa over the last 33 years. phylogenetic analysis of the p1 and capsid-coding regions revealed that the african isolates grouped according to serotype, and certain clusters were indicative of t ...	2014	24221247
serological evidence indicates that foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o, c and sat1 are most dominant in eritrea.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in eritrea and in most parts of africa. to be able to control fmd using vaccination, information on the occurrence of various foot-and-mouth disease serotypes in eritrea is needed. in this cross-sectional study, 212 sera samples were collected from fmd infected and recovered animals in eritrea. these samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against fmd non-structural proteins (nsp) and neutralizing antibodies against six of the seven (all but sat ...	2014	23480728
proof of concept for the inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by the anti-viral drug 2'-c-methylcytidine in severe combined immunodeficient mice.	recent european contingency plans envisage emergency vaccination as an animal-friendly control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). anti-viral drugs may be used as an alternative or complementary measure. we here demonstrate that the nucleoside analogue 2'-c-methylcytidine (2'cmc) protects severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice against lethal fmd virus infection. in brief, scid mice were inoculated with serotype a fmd virus and treated for five consecutive days with 2'cmc. all 15 trea ...	2014	23480064
antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a.	the current measures to control foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) include vaccination, movement control and slaughter of infected or susceptible animals. one of the difficulties in controlling fmd by vaccination arises due to the substantial diversity found among the seven serotypes of fmd virus (fmdv) and the strains within these serotypes. therefore, vaccination using a single vaccine strain may not fully cross-protect against all strains within that serotype, and therefore selection of appropriate ...	2014	24187014
molecular differentiation and phylogenetic analysis of the egyptian foot-and-mouth disease virus sat2.	in february 2012, a massive new foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreak struck egypt. in this work, one-step rt-pcr assays were used for in-house detection and differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in egypt in this year using pan-serotypic and serotype-targeting sequence primers. fmdv sat2 was the dominant virus in the examined isolates from the epidemic. the complete vp1 coding regions of two isolates were sequenced. the two isolates had 99.2 % sequence identity to most contempor ...	2014	24046086
genetic diversity of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease viruses in kenya from 1964 to 2013; implications for control strategies in eastern africa.	serotype a is the most genetically and antigenically diverse of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes. records of its occurrence in kenya date back to 1952 and the antigenic diversity of the outbreak viruses in this region is reflected by the current use of two different vaccine strains (k5/1980 and k35/1980) and previous use of two other strains (k18/66 and k179/71). this study aimed at enhancing the understanding of the patterns of genetic variation of serotype a fmdv in kenya. the ...	2014	24368254
an increase in acid resistance of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid is mediated by a tyrosine replacement of the vp2 histidine previously associated with vp0 cleavage.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid is highly acid labile, but introduction of amino acid replacements, including an n17d change in vp1, can increase its acid resistance. using mutant vp1 n17d as a starting point, we isolated a virus with higher acid resistance carrying an additional replacement, vp2 h145y, in a residue highly conserved among picornaviruses, which has been proposed to be responsible for vp0 cleavage. this mutant provides an example of the multifunctionality of picorna ...	2014	24352460
interaction of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein 3a with host protein dctn3 is important for viral virulence in cattle.	nonstructural protein 3a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a partially conserved protein of 153 amino acids in most fmdvs examined to date. the role of 3a in virus growth and virulence within the natural host is not well understood. using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we identified cellular protein dctn3 as a specific host binding partner for 3a. dctn3 is a subunit of the dynactin complex, a cofactor for dynein, a motor protein. the dynactin-dynein duplex has been implicated in several su ...	2014	24352458
outbreaks and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o in the republic of korea, april-june 2010.	thirteen outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) were reported in pigs and cattle in korea between 8 april and 4 june 2010. the fmd virus (fmdv) isolates were of serotype o, indicating that they were related to the virus strains of the southeast asia topotype that are circulating in east asian countries. animals carrying the viruses were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) during a 29-day period between 8 april and 6 may, 2010. prior to this outbreak, these f ...	2014	23164336
foot and mouth disease virus-loaded fungal chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal administration: impact of formulation on physicochemical and immunological characteristics.	nasal vaccination is a promising, needle-free alternative route for parenteral vaccination. this study introduces a simple, scalable nasal vaccine delivery formulation for foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) using chitosan (cs) nanoparticles and assesses the potential of fungal cs for use as nanocarriers for mucosal vaccines. fungal cs was extracted from fungal biomass and physiochemically characterized. fmdv-loaded cs nanoparticles, prepared using an ionic gelation technique, were characterized ...	2014	23590209
epidemiological analysis, serological prevalence and genotypic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in nigeria 2008-2009.	the epidemiological situation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is uncertain in nigeria, where the disease is endemic, and the majority of outbreaks are unreported. control measures for fmd in nigeria are not being implemented due to the absence of locally produced vaccines and an official ban on vaccine importation. this study summarizes the findings of a 3-year study aimed at quantifying the seroprevalence of fmd, its distribution in susceptible species and the genetic diversity of fmdv i ...	2014	23347819
comparison of stabilisers for development of a lyophilised multiplex reverse-transcription pcr mixture for rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes.	multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assay is a sensitive and rapid method for the detection and serotyping of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). however, the method has not been used to its full potential, because of factors such as cost, a lack of infrastructure and the complexity of the reaction mixture. this study was undertaken to optimise and validate a thermostable, lyophilised, ready-to-use mrt-pcr kit for the rapid detection of fmdv in field laboratories ...	2014	25812209
swine leukocyte antigen (sla) class i allele typing of danish swine herds and identification of commonly occurring haplotypes using sequence specific low and high resolution primers.	the swine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genomic region (sla) is extremely polymorphic comprising high numbers of different alleles, many encoding a distinct mhc class i molecule, which binds and presents endogenous peptides to circulating t cells of the immune system. upon recognition of such peptide-mhc complexes (pmhc) naïve t cells can become activated and respond to a given pathogen leading to its elimination and the generation of memory cells. hence sla plays a crucial role in main ...	2014	25457547
evolutionary analysis and prediction of peptide vaccine candidates for foot-and-mouth-disease virus types a and o in bangladesh.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes an annual economic loss of us$60-150 million in bangladesh. there is no cross-protection among the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes and vaccination escape mutation may happen. peptide vaccine is a safer alternative. the aim of this study is to predict and map the b and t cell epitopes of vp1 proteins of fmdv serotypes o and a that were circulating in bangladesh from 2011 to 2013. using evolutionary and ...	2014	25452681
recovery of viral rna and infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from positive lateral-flow devices.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an economically important, highly contagious picornavirus that affects both wild and domesticated cloven hooved animals. in developing countries, the effective laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is often hindered by inadequate sample preservation due to difficulties in the transportation and storage of clinical material. these factors can compromise the ability to detect and characterise fmd virus in countries where the disease is endemic. ...	2014	25313787
identification of the structural basis of thermal lability of a virus provides a rationale for improved vaccines.	virus stability and dynamics play critical roles during infection. some viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), are surprisingly prone to thermal dissociation outside the cell. the structural bases and functional implications of this distinctive trait were essentially unknown. this study (1) uncovers the structural determinants of fmdv thermolability, (2) investigates the relationship between virus thermolability and infectivity, and (3) provides a structure-based rationale for e ...	2014	25308865
molecular investigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in domestic bovids from gharbia, egypt.	an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) affecting cattle and water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) occurred in egypt during 2012/2013. the present study was undertaken to determine the current strains of the fmd virus (fmdv) and the prevalence of fmd among cattle and buffalo in gharbia, egypt. the diagnostic sensitivity of two rt-pcr assays for the detection of fmdv was evaluated. the results revealed that sat2 was the causative agent. the percentage of infected of animals varied with the detectio ...	2014	25187028
early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs; identification of oropharyngeal tonsils as sites of primary and sustained viral replication.	a time-course study was performed to elucidate the early events of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in pigs subsequent to simulated natural, intra-oropharyngeal, inoculation. the earliest detectable event was primary infection in the lingual and paraepiglottic tonsils at 6 hours post inoculation (hpi) characterized by regional localization of viral rna, viral antigen, and infectious virus. at this time fmdv antigen was localized in cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells and cd172a-ex ...	2014	25184288
genetic and antigenic characterisation of serotype a fmd viruses from east africa to select new vaccine strains.	vaccine strain selection for emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks in enzootic countries can be addressed through antigenic and genetic characterisation of recently circulating viruses. a total of 56 serotype a fmdvs isolated between 1998 and 2012, from central, east and north african countries were characterised antigenically by virus neutralisation test using antisera to three existing and four candidate vaccine strains and, genetically by characterising the full capsid sequen ...	2014	25171846
preliminary validation of direct detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus within clinical samples using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a simple lateral flow device for detection.	rapid, field-based diagnostic assays are desirable tools for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). current approaches involve either; 1) detection of fmd virus (fmdv) with immuochromatographic antigen lateral flow devices (lfd), which have relatively low analytical sensitivity, or 2) portable rt-qpcr that has high analytical sensitivity but is expensive. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) may provide a platform upon which to develop field based assays without these drawbacks. t ...	2014	25165973
induction of mucosal immune responses and protection of cattle against direct-contact challenge by intranasal delivery with foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen mediated by nanoparticles.	the aim of this study was to enhance specific mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immunity and to induce earlier onset of protection against direct-contact challenge in cattle by intranasal delivery of a nanoparticle-based nasal vaccine against type a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in this study, two kinds of nanoparticle-based nasal vaccines against type a fmd were designed: (1) chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) loaded with plasmid dna (chi-plga-dna) and (2) chitosan-trehalos ...	2014	25506214
investigation of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in the mbala and kazungula districts of zambia.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. it is known to be endemic in zambia, with periodic outbreaks occurring in different geographical areas of the country. this study was conducted to investigate the presence of fmd virus (fmdv) in reported fmd-suspected cases in cattle from the kazungula and mbala districts of zambia. sixty epithelial tissues or oesophageal-pharyngeal (op) scrapings (probang samples) were collect ...	2014	25134173
membrane topology and cellular dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a protein.	foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3a plays important roles in virus replication, virulence and host-range; nevertheless little is known on the interactions that this protein can establish with different cell components. in this work, we have performed in vivo dynamic studies from cells transiently expressing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) fused to the complete 3a (gfp3a) and versions including different 3a mutations. the results revealed the presence of a mobile fraction o ...	2014	25275544
within herd transmission and evaluation of the performance of clinical and serological diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in partially immune cattle herds.	the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in vaccinated populations relies upon surveillance activities such as clinical inspections (ci) and serological monitoring. new evidence to refine current surveillance guidelines has been provided by evaluating (1) the diagnostic performance of ci and serological tests for detection of fmd virus (fmdv) non-structural proteins (nsp), and (2) the within-herd transmission of the virus in partially immune cattle. data came from 23 affected herds during an ...	2014	25261377
a critical role of interferon-induced protein ifp35 in the type i interferon response in cells induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) protein 2c.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) protein 2c is one of the most highly conserved viral proteins among the serotypes of fmdv. however, its effect on host cell response is not very clear. in our previous report, we showed that fmdv protein 2c interacts with cellular protein n-myc and stat interactor (nmi), inducing moderate apoptosis in cells. here, we show that transfection of hek293t cells with pegfp-n1-2c or pegfp-n1-nmi induces activation of type i interferon promoters, leading to delayed ve ...	2014	25085622
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o and application in identification of antigenic variation in relation to vaccine strain selection.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has severe implications for animal farming which leads to considerable financial losses because of its rapid spread, high morbidity and loss of productivity. for these reasons, the use of vaccine is often favoured to prevent and control fmd. selection of the proper vaccine is extremely difficult because of the antigenic variation within fmdv serotypes. the aim of the current study was to produce a panel of mabs and use it for the characterization of new isolates of f ...	2014	25085313
foot-and-mouth disease in asiatic black bears (ursus thibetanus).	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious, debilitating, and globally significant viral disease typically affecting cloven-hoofed hosts. the diagnosis of fmd in bears in vietnam is described. the current study describes a confirmed case of fmd in a bear species, and the clinical signs compatible with fmd in a malayan sun bear. thirteen asiatic black bears (ursus thibetanus) and 1 malayan sun bear (helarctos malayanus) were apparently affected. in august 2011, an adult bear became letha ...	2014	25135011
inhibition of the foot-and-mouth disease virus subgenomic replicon by rna aptamers.	we have previously documented the inhibitory activity of rna aptamers to the rna-dependent rna polymerase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (3d(pol)). here we report their modification and use with a subgenomic replicon incorporating gfp (pgfp-pac replicon), allowing replication to be monitored and quantified in real-time. gfp expression in transfected bhk-21 cells reached a maximum at approximately 8 h post-transfection, at which time change in morphology of the cells was consistent with a virus- ...	2014	25096816
a recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 expressing the vp1 epitope of the type o foot-and-mouth disease virus is infectious and induce both pcv2 and vp1 epitope antibodies.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, a disease that causes huge economic damage in swine industry. a recombinant pcv2 expressing the neutralizing vp1 epitope (aa 141-160) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was rescued using an infectious cloning technique. the pcv2 antigen and fmdv-vp1 antigenic epitope of the cloned strain recpcv2-cl-vp1 were confirmed by an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) and a capture enzyme-l ...	2014	25117547
sequences outside that of residues 93-102 of 3a protein can contribute to the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to replicate in bovine-derived cells.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals. during 2010 and 2011, there was an epidemic of the mya-98 lineage of the southeast asia (sea) topotype in east asia, including china. changes in the fmdv 3a protein have been previously reported to be associated with the inability of fmdv to grow in bovine cells and cause disease in cattle. in this paper, we report the generation of a full-length infectious cdna clone of fmdv o/sea/ ...	2014	25116389
development of tailored real-time rt-pcr assays for the detection and differentiation of serotype o, a and asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus lineages circulating in the middle east.	rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in countries where fmd is endemic, identification of the serotypes of the causative virus strains is important for vaccine selection and tracing the source of outbreaks. in this study, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assays using primer/probe sets designed from the vp1 coding region of the virus genomes were developed for the specific detection of serotype o, a and ...	2014	25016065
morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of myocarditis in two pigs infected by foot-and mouth disease virus strains of serotypes o or a.	myocarditis is often cited as the cause of fatalities associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection. however, the pathogenesis of fmdv-associated myocarditis has not been described in detail. the current report describes substantial quantities of fmdv in association with a marked mononuclear inflammatory reaction, interstitial edema and cardiomyocyte degeneration in the myocardium of two pigs that died during acute infection with either of two different strains of fmdv. despite s ...	2014	25015718
a virus that can take the heat.	foot-and-mouth disease virus shows remarkable thermal lability, a property that is a particular problem for vaccine preparations. in this issue of structure, rincón and colleagues show that electrostatic repulsion within the capsid is responsible for this lability, and they present rationally designed mutants with increased thermostability.	2014	25438667
a thiazepino[4,5-a]benzimidazole derivative hampers the rna replication of eurasian serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the stamping-out policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in countries that are free from fmd without vaccination has a dramatic socio-economic impact, huge animal welfare issues and may result in the loss of farm animal genetic resources. as an alternative to pre-emptive culling or emergency vaccination we further explore the possibility to use antiviral drugs in the event of an fmd outbreak. in the present study, we tested the in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-fmdv activity o ...	2014	25446115
[validation of a real time rt-pcr assay to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus and assessment of its performance in acute infection].	a specific real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcrrt) for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus was validated using the lightcycler thermocycler 2.0 and its reagents as recommended by the world organization for animal health and was assessed for the detection of the virus in acute infection of cattle experimentally vaccinated and challenged with virus a argentina/2001 or a24 cruzeiro. the technique proved to be robust, showing coefficients of variation lower tha ...	2014	25444126
genomic changes in an attenuated zb strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 and comparison with its virulent parental strain.	the molecular basis of attenuation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 zb strain remains unknown. to understand the genetic changes of attenuation, we compared the entire genomes of three different rabbit-passaged attenuated zb strains (zb/cha/58(att), zbrf168, and zbrf188) and their virulent parental strains (zbcf22 and ynbs/58). the results showed that attenuation may be brought about by 28 common amino acid substitutions in the coding region, with one nucleotide point mutati ...	2014	25386556
no significant differences in the breadth of the foot-and-mouth disease serotype a vaccine induced antibody responses in cattle, using different adjuvants, mixed antigens and different routes of administration.	inactivated whole virus foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines are used worldwide for protection against fmd, but not all vaccines induce protection against all genetic variants of the same fmd virus serotype. the aim of this study is to investigate whether the "breadth" of the antibody response against different strains of the same fmd virus serotype in cattle could be improved by using a different adjuvant, a mix of antigens and/or different routes of administration. to this end, six groups of ...	2014	25092634
the silent point mutations at the cleavage site of 2a/2b have no effect on the self-cleavage activity of 2a of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the 2a region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) polyprotein is 18 amino acids in length, and 2a self-cleavage site (2a/2b) contains a conserved amino acid motif g2a/p2b. to investigate the synonymous codon usage for glycine at the 2a/2b cleavage site of fmdv, 66 2a/2b1 nucleotide sequences were aligned and found that the synonymous codon usage of g2a is conserved and ggg was the most frequently used. to examine the role of synonymous codons for g2a in self-cleavage efficiency of 2a/2b, ...	2014	25152485
infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces a natural killer (nk) cell response in cattle that is lacking following vaccination.	natural killer (nk) cells play a role in innate antiviral immunity by directly lysing virus-infected cells and producing antiviral cytokines such as interferon gamma (ifn-γ). we developed a system for characterizing the bovine nk response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which causes a disease of cloven-hoofed animals and remains a threat to livestock industries throughout the world. il-2 stimulation of pbmc resulted in poor killing of human k562 cells, which are often used as nk target c ...	2014	25150134
forensic interpretation of molecular variation on networks of disease transmission and genetic inheritance.	this paper describes the inference-on-networks (ion) framework for forensic interpretat ion of molecular typing data in cases involving allegations of infectious microbial transmission, association of disease outbreaks with alleged sources, and identifying familial relationships using mitochondrial or y chromosomal dna. the framework is applicable to molecular typing data obtained using any technique, including those based on electrophoretic separations. a key insight is that the networks associ ...	2014	25137141
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: structural insights into the mechanism of intermolecular cleavage.	translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna initiates at one of two start codons leading to the synthesis of two forms of leader proteinase l(pro) (lab(pro) and lb(pro)). these forms free themselves from the viral polyprotein by intra- and intermolecular self-processing and subsequently cleave the cellular eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4 g. during infection, lb(pro) removes six residues from its own c-terminus, generating slb(pro). we present the structure of slb(pro) bound to the inhib ...	2014	25240326
adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines: recent progress.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in most countries, animals are immunized with inactivated whole virus vaccines to control the spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv); however, there are safety and efficacy (especially, cell-mediated immunity) concerns. many efforts are currently devoted to the development of effective vaccines by combining the application of protective antigens together with the search for specific ...	2014	25234962
experimental infection of cattle and goats with a foot-and-mouth disease virus isolate from the 2010 epidemic in japan.	in this study, we carried out experimental infections in cattle and goats using a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolate from the 2010 epidemic in japan to analyze clinical manifestations, virus-shedding patterns and antibody responses in the animals. we found that the fmdv o/jpn/2010 isolate is virulent in cattle and goats, produces clinical signs, is spread efficiently by direct contact within the same species, and is persistently infectious in cattle. quantitative analysis of levels of v ...	2014	24938483
proof of principle: non-invasive sampling for early detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in wild boar using a rope-in-a-bait sampling technique.	in this study we describe the use of a rope-in-a-bait sampling method ("pswab": pathogen sampling wild animals with baits) for non-invasive saliva sampling aimed at the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viral genome in wild boar. the pswabs are produced in the form of a standardized product by embedding a 10 cm long cotton rope in a cereal-based bait matrix. to assess the general suitability of this novel sampling technique an animal experiment was conducted to detect fmd viral genome in ...	2014	24930983
complete genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a circulating in bangladesh.	the complete genome sequence of a foot-and-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a strain (ban/ga/sa-197/2013), isolated from gazipur in bangladesh, revealed an 84-nucleotide insertion within the 5'-untranslated region (utr), a lengthened poly(c) tract, and amino acid substitutions at the vp1 region compared to the available genome sequence of the vaccine strain (genbank accession no. hm854025).	2014	24926048
[advances in reverse genetics-based vaccines of foot and mouth disease].	reverse-genetic engineering of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) can improve the productivity, antigen matching, antigen stability, immune response ability, and biological safety of vaccines, so vaccine candidates with anticipated biological characteristics can be promptly achieved. negative influence in taming of virulent strains can also be decreased or avoided. reverse genetics not only make up for deficiencies like limitation of viral nature, low success rate, and time and energy consuming ...	2014	24923178
rapeseed oil and ginseng saponins work synergistically to enhance th1 and th2 immune responses induced by the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.	previous investigations demonstrated that saponins isolated from the root of panax ginseng c. a. meyer (i.e., ginseng root saponin [gs-r]) had adjuvant activity. in the present study, the combined effects of rapeseed oil (ro) and gs-r on the immune responses elicited by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine were investigated by measuring fmd virus (fmdv)-specific antibody levels, cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and long-lived igg-secreting plasma cells from bone marrow in a mouse model ...	2014	24920601
intratypic heterologous vaccination of calves can induce an antibody response in presence of maternal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	maternal antibodies can interfere with foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. in this study we determined whether intratypic heterologous vaccination could help to improve herd immunity.	2014	24906852
effect of amino acid mutation at position 127 in 3a of a rabbit-attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 on viral replication and infection.	an amino acid mutation (r127→i) in the 3a non-structural protein of an fmdv serotype asia1 rabbit-attenuated zb strain was previously found after attenuation of the virus. to explore the effects of this mutation on viral replication and infection, the amino acid residue isoleucine (i) was changed to arginine (r) in the infectious cdna clone of the rabbit-attenuated zb strain by sitedirected mutagenesis, and the r127-mutated virus was rescued. bhk monolayer cells and suckling mice were inoculated ...	2014	25326348