Publications

genetic comparison of large fragment of the 5'untranslated region among foot-and-mouth disease viruses with special reference to serotype asia1.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the most economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is endemic in india. sequence analysis revealed that phylogenetic grouping of type asia1 field isolates on the basis of the large fragment of the 5'untranslated region (5'lf-utr) was quite similar to that based on the sequences of the capsid-coding (vp1) region of the same viruses. the existence of two distinct lineages of type asia1 suggested by the study on the vp1 region was further supported by th ...	2005	15968474
studies of the outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in west bengal, india, between 1985 and 2002.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is the major disease constraint on international trade in livestock and their products. in the state of west bengal, india, 1,082 fmd outbreaks were reported in the 18 years from 1985 to 2002. of the prevalent four serotypes, o type fmd virus accounted for the most outbreaks (67%), followed by asia-1 virus type (15%) and a virus type (14%). outbreaks of the type c fmd virus were least prevalent (4%), and no cases have been recorded since 1996. the study shows clearly ...	2005	16642764
selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains--a review.	the choice of the most appropriate strains of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus vaccines to use in fmd control programmes and to store in vaccine antigen reserves is based on the matching of representative field isolates from outbreaks around the world to available vaccine strains. however, those involved in fmd control at a national level do not always give this work a high priority, while in countries without effective control of fmd there is little incentive to collect samples or to overcome ...	2005	16642769
quality assurance/quality control of foot and mouth disease solid phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--part i. quality assurance: development of secondary and working standards.	international movement in animals and animal products has urged organisations like the world organisation for animal health (oie) to draw up guidelines to regulate and facilitate trade between member countries. however, as the global market continues to grow, further standardisation and harmonisation of antibody detection assays for infectious diseases are needed, especially regarding the development and use of reference materials. for oie notifiable diseases for which primary or international r ...	2005	16642770
quality assurance/quality control of foot and mouth disease solid phase competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--part ii. quality control: comparison of two charting methods to monitor assay performance.	diagnostic laboratories are increasingly required to meet stringent quality standards, and validated assays are needed to achieve formal accreditation. validation of test methods is often considered to be finalised when the assay parameters and characteristics have been established. however, like any process, diagnostic assays are subject to random variation resulting in shifts in the mean test values. continuous monitoring of assays using control charts will alert the interpreter of changes in ...	2005	16642771
pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o.	a particular genetic lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o, which we have named the panasia strain, was responsible for an explosive pandemic in asia and extended to parts of africa and europe from 1998 to 2001. in 2000 and 2001, this virus strain caused outbreaks in the republic of korea, japan, russia, mongolia, south africa, the united kingdom, republic of ireland, france, and the netherlands, countries which last experienced fmd outbreaks decades before (ranging from 1934 ...	2005	16485475
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated cattle.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the value of commercially available kits for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus infection in vaccinated cattle. the cattle were vaccinated with a commercial aqueous fmd vaccine type a24 and subsequently challenged 28 days post vaccination with homologous fmd virus. seven of eight animals were protected from clinical disease and all became carriers. they were bled sequentially for up to 130 days post infection and samples of sera were tested ...	2005	16385852
specific interference between two unrelated internal ribosome entry site elements impairs translation efficiency.	internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements allow simultaneous synthesis of multiple proteins in eukaryotic cells. here, two unrelated iress that perform efficiently in bicistronic constructs, the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and the cellular immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (bip) ires, were used to generate a tricistronic vector. functional analysis of the tricistronic rna evidenced that the efficiency of protein synthesis under the control of bip ires was lower t ...	2005	16330032
population dynamics of rna viruses: the essential contribution of mutant spectra.	cells and their viral and cellular parasites are genetically highly diverse, and their genomes contain signs of past and present variation and mobility. the great adaptive potential of viruses, conferred on them by high mutation rates and quasispecies dynamics, demands new strategies for viral disease prevention and control. this necessitates a more detailed knowledge of viral population structure and dynamics. here we review studies with the important animal pathogen foot-and-mouth disease viru ...	2005	16355868
kinetics of humoral immune response in pigs vaccinated against foot and mouth disease.	the present investigation was conducted to study the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv)-specific humoral immune response (hir) in pigs, following vaccination with oil adjuvanted foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccine, upto 90 days post vaccination (dpv). for this, 40 large white yorkshire (lwy) pigs (20; one-year old female (gilts) and 20; three-month old piglets) were vaccinated @ 2 ml/animal, subcutaneously. sera samples were collected at fortnight interval from all the animals. the log10 sn50 ...	2005	16359125
immunogenicity of the epitope of the foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with a hepatitis b core protein as expressed in transgenic tobacco.	a novel plant-based vaccine protecting against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) was developed by inserting the vp21 epitope into the internal region of the hepatitis b virus core antigen gene (hbcag). the specific sequence of the vp21 epitope is located within the vp1 capsid protein of the fmd virus (fmdv). it spans 21 amino acids located between positions 140 and 160 of the g-h loop. the fusion gene, hbcvp, was inserted into the plant binary vector pbi121 and then transformed into tobacco (nicotian ...	2005	16359233
evolving perception on the benefits of vaccination as a foot and mouth disease control policy: contributions of south america.	within the past decade, changes in perceptions on the benefits of vaccination as an appropriate tool to achieve complete foot and mouth disease eradication have become evident. the former negative view was derived from misconceptions, resulting mainly from the belief that vaccines are not entirely effective and that vaccination masks asymptomatic viral circulation. the advent in the 1990s of vaccination policies implemented within a strategic eradication plan in south america, and during recurre ...	2005	16372885
evidence for an rna chaperone function of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein in picornavirus translation.	the cellular polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) is recruited by the genomic rnas of picornaviruses to stimulate translation initiation at their internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. we investigated the contribution of the individual rna recognition motif (rrm) domains of ptb to its interaction with the ires of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). using a native gel system, we found that ptb is a monomer, confirming recent reports that challenged the previous view that ptb is a di ...	2005	16314455
immune response characteristics following emergency vaccination of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease.	pigs were vaccinated with the emergency inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine--water-in-oil-in-water emulsion with montanide isa206--known to protect after 3-5 days. peripheral blood leukocyte (pbl) sub-populations did not differ between vaccinates and controls post-vaccination. there was neither lymphopenia nor inflammatory reaction. fmdv-specific antibody and t lymphocyte activity developed in the vaccinates. virus-induced th1-like cytokine protein and mrna (ifngamma and il-2 ...	2005	15620477
viruses in boar semen: detection and clinical as well as epidemiological consequences regarding disease transmission by artificial insemination.	many viruses have been reported to be present in boar semen, particularly during the viremic phase of the diseases. some of them, such foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine parvovirus, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, japanese encephalitis virus, pseudorabies virus, african swine fever virus and reoviruses are of particular importance and accurate monitoring prior to and during the presence of boars i ...	2005	15626416
differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected animals from vaccinated animals using a blocking elisa based on baculovirus expressed fmdv 3abc antigen and a 3abc monoclonal antibody.	a blocking elisa that differentiated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infected animals from vaccinated animals was developed which uses baculovirus expressed fmdv 3abc non-structural protein as antigen and monoclonal antibody against fmdv 3abc non-structural protein as capture and detector antibody. sera from naive, vaccinated and infected cattle, sheep and pigs were examined. the specificity of the test was high. non-specific reactions observed in particular in sera of cattle and sheep could ...	2005	15645377
introduction and history of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been recognized as a significant epidemic disease threatening the cattle industry since the sixteenth century, and in the late nineteenth century it was shown by loeffler and frosch to be caused by a submicroscopic, filterable transmissible agent, smaller than any known bacteria. the agent causing fmd was thus the first virus of vertebrates to be discovered, soon after the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus of plants. it was not until 1920 that a convenient animal ...	2005	15648172
translation and replication of fmdv rna.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna is infectious. after delivery of the rna (about 8.3 kb) into the cytoplasm of a cell, the rna must initially be translated to produce the viral proteins required for rna replication and for the packaging of the rna into new virions. subsequently there has to be a switch in the function of the rna; translation has to be stopped to permit rna replication. the signals required for the control of the different roles of viral rna must be included within the vir ...	2005	15648174
the structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	structural studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have largely focused on the mature viral particle, providing atomic resolution images of the spherical protein capsid for a number of sero- and sub-types, structures of the highly immunogenic surface loop, fab and gag receptor complexes. additionally, structures are available for a few non-structural proteins. the chapter reviews our current structural knowledge and its impact on our understanding of the virus life cycle proceeding from t ...	2005	15648175
natural and vaccine induced immunity to fmd.	a brief overview of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) literature over the last 100 years will give the impression that a great deal is known about the immune response of livestock to infection and vaccination. at the practical level, this is indeed the case and our knowledge is more than adequate in relation to the production and supply of potent vaccines for the control of the disease. the deficiencies in our understanding of the immune response are at the fundamental level and, arguably, stand ...	2005	15648176
global epidemiology and prospects for control of foot-and-mouth disease.		2005	15648177
foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution: exploring pathways towards virus extinction.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is genetically and phenotypically variable. as a typical rna virus, fmdv follows a quasispecies dynamics, with the many biological implications of such a dynamics. mutant spectra provide a reservoir of fmdv variants, and minority subpopulations may become dominant in response to environmental demands or as a result of statistical fluctuations in population size. accumulation of mutations in the fmdv genome occurs upon subjecting viral populations to repeated b ...	2005	15648178
quasispecies dynamics and rna virus extinction.	the extinction of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is strongly influenced by mutation rates, types of mutations, relative viral fitness and virus population regimens during infection. here we review experimental results and theoretical models that describe a contrast between the effective extinction of fmdv subjected to increased mutagenesis, and the remarkable resistance to extinction of the same and related fmdv clones subjected to serial bottleneck events. the results suggest procedures to ...	2005	15649559
action of mutagenic agents and antiviral inhibitors on foot-and-mouth disease virus.	our current knowledge on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) entry into error catastrophe is reviewed. fmdv can establish cytolytic and persistent infections in the field and in cell culture. both types of fmdv infection in cell culture can be treated with mutagens, with or without classical (non-mutagenic) antiviral inhibitors, to drive the virus to extinction. 5-fluorouracil (fu) and 5-azacytidine (azc) have been employed as mutagenic agents to treat cytolytic fmdv infections, and ribavirin (r ...	2005	15649564
crystal structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease. new insights into catalytic mechanism and cleavage specificity.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a widespread and economically devastating disease of domestic livestock. although fmdv vaccines are available, political and technical problems associated with their use are driving a renewed search for alternative methods of disease control. the viral rna genome is translated as a single polypeptide precursor that must be cleaved into functional proteins by virally encoded proteases. 10 of the 13 cleavages are performed by the highly conserved 3c prote ...	2005	15654079
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an acute disease that can be lethal for adult laboratory mice.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. this virus continues to be threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. however, very little is known about fmdv pathogenesis, partially due to the inconveniences of working with cattle and swine, the main natural hosts of the virus. here we demonstrate that c57bl/6 and balb/c adult mice are highly susceptible to fmdv infection when the virus is a ...	2005	15661169
phylogeny, genome evolution, and antigenic variability among endemic foot-and-mouth disease virus type a isolates from india.	the capsid-coding (p1) and 3a regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a field isolates including two vaccine strains collected during 1977-2000 were analyzed. in the phylogenies, the isolates were distributed into two previously identified genotypes vi and vii, with multiple sub-genotypes that are temporally clustered. comparison of the antigenic relationships of field isolates with the two vaccine strains (ind 17/77 and ind 490/97) and the reference strains of the genotypes vi (ind ...	2005	15662482
protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge in guinea pigs vaccinated with recombinant p1 polyprotein expressed in pichia pastoris.	vaccination of the susceptible livestock with potent, safe and cost effective vaccine is the primary requirement to control foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in an endemic country. in this study, an alternative approach was used in which structural protein genes of all the four serotypes of fmdv (o, asia 1, a22 and c) were expressed separately in methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the recombinant polyproteins (p1) were characterized by sds-page and in western blot analysis. partially purified prot ...	2005	15662485
monitoring sequence space as a test for the target of selection in viruses.	an essential feature of viral quasispecies, predicted from quasispecies theory, is that the target of selection is the mutant distribution as a whole. to test molecularly the mutant composition selected from a viral quasispecies we reconstructed a mutant distribution using 19 antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). each variant was marked by a specific amino acid replacement at a major antigenic site of the virus that conferred resistance to a monoclonal antibody (mab). the va ...	2005	15581890
dna fragment encoding human il-1beta 163-171 peptide enhances the immune responses elicited in mice by dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.	dna vaccine has been tested for protection against foot-and-mouth disease. however, the relatively low efficacy of dna vaccine in inducing immune responses in large animals has restricted its practical use. interleukin-1 plays an essential role in amplifying both the cellular and humoral immune responses to foreign antigens, and may therefore represent a good candidate as an adjuvant of dna vaccines. since the inflammatory activity of il-i may restrict its application in dna vaccine treatment, w ...	2005	15727290
development of transgenic alfalfa plants containing the foot and mouth disease virus structural polyprotein gene p1 and its utilization as an experimental immunogen.	the use of transgenic plants as vectors for the expression of viral and bacterial antigens has been increasingly tested as an alternative methodology for the production of experimental vaccines. here, we report the production of transgenic alfalfa plants containing the genes encoding the polyprotein p1 and the protease 3c of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). the immunogenicity of the expressed products was tested using a mouse experimental model. parenterally immunized mice developed a strong ...	2005	15734052
a peptide vaccine administered transcutaneously together with cholera toxin elicits potent neutralising anti-fmdv antibody responses.	in this study a synthetic peptide representing residues 141-159 from the gh loop of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus was tested for its capacity to elicit virus neutralising antibodies in mice after transcutaneous immunisation. topical application of the peptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin together with cholera toxin as an adjuvant elicited anti-peptide antibody responses with strong virus neutralising activity. the combination of cholera toxin with an immunostimulatory cpg mot ...	2005	15734548
evaluation of in vitro inhibitory potential of small interfering rnas directed against various regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus genome.	india is endemic for foot-and-mouth disease and it continues to be a major threat to the livestock industry despite vaccination programmes. in the present study, the ability of specific small interfering (si)rnas directed against different genomic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to inhibit virus replication in bhk-21 cells was examined. for preliminary evaluation of possible sirna-mediated fmdv inhibition, a cocktail of several unique populations of 12-30bp sirnas were successfull ...	2005	15752771
site-specific peptide vaccines for immunotherapy and immunization against chronic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and for veterinary applications.	united biomedical, inc. (ubi) has developed a set of core technologies for the discovery and production of synthetic peptide-based immunotherapeutics and vaccines. these core technologies have led to products that stimulate functional site-directed antibody responses for therapeutic effects. ubi active immunotherapies can be used to modulate physiological processes effective for the control of cell entry by hiv virions, for control of prostate cancer and allergy, and for immunocastration in live ...	2005	15755569
effects of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural proteins on the structure and function of the early secretory pathway: 2bc but not 3a blocks endoplasmic reticulum-to-golgi transport.	infection of cells by picornaviruses leads to the generation of intracellular membrane vesicles. the expression of poliovirus (pv) 3a protein causes swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and inhibition of protein trafficking between the er and the golgi apparatus. here, we report that the nonstructural proteins of a second picornavirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), also perturb the secretory pathway. fmdv proteins 3a, 2b, 2c, and 2bc expressed alone in cells were recovered from crud ...	2005	15767438
analysis of the immune response against mixotope peptide libraries from a main antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the design of vaccines for rna viral diseases is complicated by the high genetic variability of the viruses, which favors the selection of escape mutants. a case in point is foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), for which only limited protection has been observed in vaccination with single peptides. we have explored the potential of immunogens of higher sequence diversity, covering a broad range of field or culture-induced mutations at the immunodominant site a of fmdv, serotype c. four mixotope- ...	2005	15780448
amyloid-like properties of bacterial inclusion bodies.	bacterial inclusion bodies are major bottlenecks in protein production, narrowing the spectrum of relevant polypeptides obtained by recombinant dna. while regarded as amorphous deposits formed by passive and rather unspecific precipitation of unfolded chains, we prove here that they are instead organized aggregates sharing important structural and biological features with amyloids. by using an escherichia coli beta-galactosidase variant, we show that aggregation does not necessarily require unfo ...	2005	15784261
quantitative risk assessment of fmd virus transmission via water.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a viral disease of domesticated and wild cloven-hoofed animals. fmd virus is known to spread by direct contact between infected and susceptible animals, by animal products such as meat and milk, by the airborne route, and mechanical transfer on people, wild animals, birds, and by vehicles. during the outbreak of 2001 in the netherlands, milk from dairy cattle was illegally discharged into the sewerage as a consequence of transport prohibition. this may lead to con ...	2005	15787753
detection of antibody to the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) non-structural polyprotein 3abc in sheep by elisa.	the specificity and sensitivity of an elisa for detecting igg to the 3abc non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was evaluated in fmd naive, aerosol-infected, aerosol plus direct contact infected and field-exposed sheep. all 12 sheep that were experimentally infected without prior vaccination seroconverted in the test, although fewer field sera from fmd-exposed sheep were scored seropositive compared to test results for structural protein antibodies. the 3abc test specifici ...	2005	15794985
constitutive expression of alpha interferon by skin dendritic cells confers resistance to infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the role of dendritic cells (dc) in the initiation of immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is poorly understood. we analyzed the innate response of freshly isolated swine skin dc to the virus and show a rapid induction of beta interferon (ifn-beta) mrna but not ifn-alpha mrna. however, these dc secreted both ifn-alpha and ifn-beta proteins in response to live virus but not killed virus. furthermore, the surface expression of swine major histocompatibility complex class ii ...	2005	15795269
interleukin-2 potentiates foot-and-mouth disease vaccinal immune responses in mice.	the present study describes the role of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rh il-2) as immunomodulatory molecule in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccinal immune response in a murine model. the humoral immune response was evaluated by examining the antibody titre against fmd virus type o, a(22) and asia 1 in serum samples obtained from different groups of mice inoculated with pbs, fmd vaccine alone; vaccine along with rh il-2 on 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days post vaccination (dpv) by indirect double an ...	2005	15811646
serologic surveillance for selected viral agents in captive and free-ranging populations of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) from saudi arabia and the united arab emirates.	a total of 294 sera collected between 1999 and 2001 from eight captive and one free-ranging herds of arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx) distributed in saudi arabia (sa) and the united arab emirates (uae) were assayed for antibodies against 13 selected viral agents. arabian oryx have been exposed to bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine adenovirus 3 (bav-3), cervid herpesvirus-1, foot-and-mouth disea ...	2005	15827212
stable antibody expression at therapeutic levels using the 2a peptide.	therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are currently being developed for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. despite clinical success, widespread application of mab therapies may be limited by manufacturing capabilities. in this paper, we describe a mab delivery system that allows continuous production of a full-length antibody at high-concentrations in vivo after gene transfer. the mab is expressed from a single open reading frame by linking the heavy and light chains with a 2a self-p ...	2005	15834403
immune response in guinea pigs vaccinated with dna vaccine of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/china99.	in order to obtain the gene p12x3c of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv o/china99) that includes full length p1, 2a, 3c and part of 2b and 3b, the site mutation strategy was used. the recombinant plasmid pcdna3.1/p12x3c was transfected into bhk-21 cells. the capsid proteins of fmdv expressed in bhk-21 cells were confirmed by sandwich-elisa and indirect immunofluorescence test. then the plasmid pcdna3.1/p12x3c was administered to guinea pigs intramuscularly, and purified fmdv o/china993d protein ...	2005	15837227
a segmented form of foot-and-mouth disease virus interferes with standard virus: a link between interference and competitive fitness.	serial passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in bhk-21 cells at high multiplicity of infection resulted in dominance of particles containing defective rnas that were infectious by complementation in the absence of standard viral rna. in the present study, we show that the defective fmdv particles interfere with replication of the cognate standard virus. coinfections of defective fmdv with standard fmdv mutants that differ up to 151-fold in relative fitness have documented that the degre ...	2005	15840515
short hairpin rna targeted to the highly conserved 2b nonstructural protein coding region inhibits replication of multiple serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious agents of animals. recent disease outbreaks in fmd-free countries have prompted the development of new control strategies that could improve the levels of protection against this virus. we have delivered a plasmid expressing a short hairpin rna (shrna) directed against a highly conserved sequence in the 2b nonstructural protein coding region of fmdv rna to porcine cells. after virus infection, these cells showed a significant redu ...	2005	15840521
development and evaluation of a multiplex pcr for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains native to india.	a multiplex pcr (mpcr) for the differentiation of indian fmdv serotypes, o, a, asia 1 and c was developed and evaluated on 142 clinical and 39 cell culture samples. on the latter samples both the tests worked well with 100% efficiency, whereas on clinical samples mpcr had better efficiency than elisa. the test was found to be specific for fmdv. the detection limit of the assay was varied among the serotypes; it was most sensitive on types a and asia 1 and least sensitive on type c. the mpcr clea ...	2005	15847913
use of confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to localize viral nonstructural proteins and potential sites of replication in pigs experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.	replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in infected pig epithelium has been studied by immunofluorescence labeling of the viral nonstructural protein 3abc and confocal microscopy. the results were correlated with viral rna copy numbers in tissue samples from adjacent sites determined by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). lesion formation was seen in the tongues and coronary band epithelia of infected pigs 2 days after infection. viral replication was observed in cells of the epithelium of t ...	2005	15858024
comparative genomics of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	here we present complete genome sequences, including a comparative analysis, of 103 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) representing all seven serotypes and including the first complete sequences of the sat1 and sat3 genomes. the data reveal novel highly conserved genomic regions, indicating functional constraints for variability as well as novel viral genomic motifs with likely biological relevance. previously undescribed invariant motifs were identified in the 5' and 3' untranslate ...	2005	15858032
crystallization of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease: surface mutagenesis and a novel crystal-optimization strategy.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3c protease (3c(pro)) plays a vital role in virus replication by performing most of the cleavages required to divide the viral polyprotein precursor into its functional component proteins. to date, no structural information has been available for fmdv 3c(pro), which is an attractive target for antiviral drugs. targeted mutagenesis of surface amino acids identified two cys residues that were detrimental to solubility and contributed to the time-dependent format ...	2005	15858279
[high expression of the foot-and-mouth disease's structural protein p1 in escherichia coli and analysis of its biology activity].	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the aetiological angent of a highly contagious viral disease. the complete gene encoding the structural protein of fmdv (p1) was subcloned into expression vector pgex-kg, resulting in the fusion expression plasmid pkg-p1. after transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) and induced by iptg, the results of sds-page showed that the gst-p1 fusion protein was expressed in high level. the molecular weight of the fusion protein wa 110kd and the expressed products were so ...	2005	15859349
an investigation into the source and spread of foot and mouth disease virus from a wildlife conservancy in zimbabwe.	african buffalo were introduced into a wildlife conservancy in the southeast of zimbabwe in an effortto increase the conservancy's economic viability, which is primarily based on eco-tourism. the buffalo were infected with sat serotypes (sat-1, sat-2 and sat-3) of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus, and in order to isolate the conservancy and prevent the transmission of fmd to adjacent populations of domestic livestock, the conservancy was surrounded by a double-fence system, 1.8 m in height. th ...	2004	15861873
enhanced laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	the performance of an automated real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was compared to virus isolation (vi) in cell culture and antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the laboratory diagnosis of foot and mouth disease (fmd). the world reference laboratory for fmd in woking, the united kingdom, examined a collection of 334 epithelia received from eighteen countries between august 2002 and january 2004. the results showed that all vi positive (n ...	2004	15861896
the use of vaccines in south american foot-and-mouth disease eradication programmes.	since the beginning of organized campaigns in the 1960s, vaccination has been a major component of national fmd control and eradication programmes in south america. aqueous vaccines were used in the 1960s and 1970s, and the introduction of oil vaccines in the mid 1980s helped to decrease endemism. bi- and trivalent fmd vaccine production increased from 266 thousand doses in 1967 to 580 million doses in 2002. currently, over 200 million cattle are vaccinated twice yearly throughout the continent. ...	2004	15742616
making a vaccinate-to-live policy a reality in foot-and-mouth disease.	public opinion and the availability of new technologies are making the use of 'stamping- out' an increasingly unattractive option as the method of first choice for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control in fmd-free countries or zones seeking to control incursion of disease. there is therefore increasing pressure to adopt a 'vaccinate-to-live' policy in these circumstances. for a successful vaccinate-to-live policy, veterinary services need access to appropriate, licensed vaccines; to have adequate ...	2004	15742637
foot-and-mouth disease 'vaccination-to-live': possibilities and constraints.	major constraints to the adoption of a 'vaccination to live' policy during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in a previously fmd-free country are the dual problems in the development of persistent infection (>28 days) in some vaccinated ruminants exposed to virulent virus and reliably detecting these persistently infected animals. rapid advances in immunology, virology, molecular biology and information management present significant opportunities for improving the management of fmd ou ...	2004	15742638
very fast (and safe) inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus and enteroviruses by a combination of binary ethyleneimine and formaldehyde.	for fmd vaccine production, inactivation of the fmd virus is the most critical step. formerly, from 1940 onwards, the virus was inactivated with formaldehyde. this inactivation was relatively slow, about 0.2 - 0.3 log 10 per hour. because formaldehyde not only reacts with the virus produced but with many other components in the medium, such as proteins and amino acids, its concentration can become rate-limiting and inactivation plots may show tailing-off, resulting in residual infectivity. many ...	2004	15742659
use of new adjuvants in an emergency vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus: evaluation of conferred immunity.	the ability of an emergency adjuvanted fmdv vaccine to elicit early protective immune response in mice was examined. we studied the efficacy of several adjuvants to induce such protection. the aqueous ims1313 plus inactivated fmdv induce a higher protective immune response than the vaccine with inactivated virus alone at seven days post vaccination (dpv). mice vaccinated with this formula showed higher lymphoproliferative index values and higher il-2, il-4 and ifngamma levels than the controls.	2004	15742663
past and present vaccine development strategies for the control of foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) was the first animal virus to be identified. since then, it has become a model system in animal virology and more information has been obtained about fmdv. the disease causes heavy economic crises in enzootic countries both due to loss of animal health and productivity. the only way of its control in an enzootic area is strict vaccination and restricted animal movement. the first experimental vaccine against fmd was made in 1925 using formaldehyde inacti ...	2004	15745043
characterization of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asial viruses grown in the presence of polyclonal antisera in serology and nucleotide sequence analysis.	foot-and-mouth disease viruses (fmdv) have a high rate of mutation and spontaneous mutants can be readily. isolated in the laboratory. in this study, plaque purified fmdv asial vaccine strains (ind 63/72 and ind 491/97) were passaged in-vitro in baby hamster kidney-21 cell monolayers in the presence of sub-neutralizing levels of antiviral polyclonal sera (aps), raised in guinea pigs against the purified and inactivated whole virus particles of ind 63/72, ind 491/97 and ind 13/01. after serial pa ...	2004	15593421
complete nucleotide sequence analysis of a vaccine strain and a field isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 with an insertion in vp1 genomic region.	complete nucleotide sequences except the poly (c) tract and poly (a) tail of a vaccine strain (ind 491/97) and an atypical field isolate (ind 321/01) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 are described. amino acid (aa) sequence analysis of the vp1 protein of the field isolate revealed that the latter has 212 instead of 210 or 211 aa found in the so far available sequences of other fmdv isolates of asia1 serotype. the insertion was localized in the hypervariable region of aa 130-1 ...	2004	15595209
foot-and-mouth disease in the americas: epidemiology and ecologic changes affecting distribution.	foot-and-mouth disease(fmd) was first recorded in south america (sa) circa 1870, in buenos aires, argentina, in uruguay, and in southern brazil as a result of the introduction of cattle from europe during the early days of colonization. livestock production to trade with neighboring countries was established in the la plata region, and the trade of livestock and products with chile, northeastern and central western states of brazil, to peru, bolivia, and paraguay spread fmd, which reached venezu ...	2004	15604472
inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by small interfering rna.	foot-and-mouth disease, caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), is one of the most dangerous diseases of cloven-hoofed animals and is a constant threat to the dairy and beef industries in the middle east and other regions of the world, despite intensive vaccination programmes. in this work, the ability of specific small interfering (si)rnas to inhibit virus replication in bhk-21 cells was examined. by using bioinformatic computer programs, all fmdv sequences in public-domain databases wer ...	2004	15483234
detection of foot-and-mouth virus antibodies using a purified protein from the high-level expression of codon-optimized, foot-and-mouth disease virus complex epitopes in escherichia coli.	a codon optimized dna sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein complex epitopes of vp1 amino acid residues 21-40, 135-160, and 200-213 was genetically fused to the c-terminal end of a glutathione-s-transferase (gst) gene in pgex-6p-1 vector with the synonymous codons preferred by escherichia coli . the gene was synthesized using pcr and subsequently expressed in e. coli producing an intracellular, soluble fusion protein that retained antigenicity associated with fmd ...	2004	15483387
the effect of bovine ifn-alpha on the immune response in guinea pigs vaccinated with dna vaccine of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in this study, we constructed recombinant plasmid pcdna3.1/p12x3c3d including p1, 2a, 3c, 3d and part of 2b gene of fmdv and pcdna3.1/ifn containing the gene encoding bovine ifn-alpha. we inoculated the dna vaccine pcdna3.1/p12x3c3d with or without pcdna3.1/ifn to evaluate the efficiency of this dna vaccine and the immunogenicity of dna vaccine enhanced by the co-delivery with pcdna3.1/ifn. after two times of vaccination with dna vaccine, all of guinea pigs were challenged with 103 id50 fmdv typ ...	2004	15483751
procedures for preventing transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (o/taw/97) by people.	the aim of this study was to determine personal hygiene protocols and animal avoidance periods needed to prevent transmission of fmdv (o/taw/97). forty-six, 9-week-old barrows free of fmdv were randomly allocated to five treatment groups and a control group. investigators contacted and sampled fmdv-inoculated pigs for approximately 40 min and then contacted and sampled sentinel pigs after using no biosecurity procedures, washing hands and donning clean outerwear, or showering and donning clean o ...	2004	15504585
detection of carriers of foot-and-mouth disease virus among vaccinated cattle.	to investigate and optimise detection of carriers, we vaccinated 15 calves with an inactivated vaccine based on foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) a turkey strain and challenged them and two further non-vaccinated calves with the homologous virus four weeks later. to determine transmission to a sensitive animal, we put a sentinel calf among the infected cattle from 60 days post-infection until the end of the experiment at 609 days post-infection. samples were tested for the presence of fmdv, vi ...	2004	15504586
determinants of early foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in pigs.	this paper provides a quantitative description of the early infectious process in pigs experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), obtained by dose-dependent, time course studies of viral load in serum. pigs were inoculated by the intravenous or intradermal/subcutaneous route with fmdv and housed together in groups or individually. the effects of dose, inoculation route and exposure intensity on the replication of fmdv in vivo and the development of disease were studied. it ...	2004	15511538
validation of binary ethyleneimine (bei) used as an inactivant for foot and mouth disease tissue culture vaccine.	the complete inactivation of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus is a critical requirement in the production of fmd vaccine to ensure the safety of the product. binary ethyleneimine (bei) is an aziridine compound, produced from bromoethylamine hydrobromide (bea) commonly used for the inactivation of fmd virus during vaccine manufacturing. the validation of bei, when used as an inactivant, is essential to ensure the quality of the inactivating agent and the validity of the process. in the present ...	2004	15536046
high-level expression of recombinant 3ab1 non-structural protein from fmdv in insect larvae.	for its potential usefulness in diagnosis, the non-structural protein 3ab1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus was expressed as a soluble protein by using autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a vector. the 3ab1 coding sequence was introduced into acnpv genome via pbacpak3ab1 transfer vector to originate ac3ab1 recombinant baculovirus of phenotype occ-. rachiplusia nu larvae were injected with supernatants of sf9 cells infected with ac3ab1 and 5 days post-infection total protein ext ...	2004	15664073
a simulation model of intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease with reference to disease spread before and after clinical diagnosis.	intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) was examined using a simulation model for a hypothetical 1,000-cow dairy, assuming clinical diagnosis was made when at least 1% (10 cows) or 5% (50 cows) had clinical signs of fmd, i index case cow, and transition state distributions for the latent, subclinically infectious, and clinically infectious periods of fmd calculated from published data. estimates assumed for the number of animal-to-animal contacts (k) adequate for transmissi ...	2004	14974841
quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres.	the risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the uk. the probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the met office, bracknell. in general, the probabil ...	2004	14979669
stable, stoichiometric delivery of diverse protein functions.	as contemporary "genomics" steadily reveals an increasing number of novel gene sequences, the need for efficient methodologies to functionally characterize these genes in vivo increases significantly. reliable coupling of target gene expression to a variety of surrogate reporter functions is critical to properly assay novel gene function in complex cell populations. ideally, independent target and reporter proteins would be derived from a single open reading frame creating a stoichiometric relat ...	2004	14980783
molecular phylogeny of leader proteinase gene of type a of foot-and-mouth disease virus from india.	we previously demonstrated the presence of three genotypes (iv, vi and vii) of type a (subtype a22) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in india based on 1d gene sequence analysis. in the present study, the leader proteinase (l(pro)) gene sequences of 35 type a fmdv field isolates sampled over a period of 24 years (1977-2000) have been analyzed. maximum-likelihood (ml) phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct genetic lineages (a-d), indicating high divergence in l gene of type a fmdv. lin ...	2004	14991441
detection of foot and mouth disease virus by rt-pcr and microplate hydridization assay using inactivated viral antigens.	a single step rt-pcr was tested for detection of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) and immunoenzymatic determination of amplified products in a microplate hybridization assay. inactivated reference strains (elisa antigen) of all seven serotypes were used to optimize the test. oligonucleotide primers were selected from two different genomic regions coding for rna polymerase and vp1 protein, respectively. the rt-pcr used to amplify the polymerase gene specific rna detected fmdv strains a, c, o, ...	2004	14992244
evidence that high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine inhibits local virus replication and prevents the "carrier" state in sheep.	the ability of a single administration of a high, medium and low potency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine to decrease or inhibit local virus replication and excretion in the oropharynx of sheep following aerosol challenge with homologous live virus 14 days later was examined. unvaccinated sheep showed signs of clinical fmd, whereas all of the vaccinated sheep, regardless of antigen payload, were protected against clinical disease and development of viraemia. virological and serological resul ...	2004	15003651
high-level expression of codon optimized foot-and-mouth disease virus complex epitopes and cholera toxin b subunit chimera in hansenula polymorpha.	a codon optimized dna sequence coding for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein complex epitopes of vp1 amino acid residues 21-40, 135-160, and 200-213 was genetically fused to the n-terminal end of a 6x his-tagged cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) gene with the similar synonymous codons preferred by the methylotropic yeast hansenula polymorpha. the fusion gene was synthesized based on a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subsequently overexpressed in h. polymorpha. the chimeric protei ...	2004	15013451
cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gii within foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells: identification of the l-protease cleavage site in vitro.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces a very rapid inhibition of host cell protein synthesis within infected cells. this is accompanied by the cleavage of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gi (eif4gi). the cleavage of the related protein eif4gii has now been analyzed. within fmdv-infected cells, cleavage of eif4gi and eif4gii occurs with similar kinetics. cleavage of eif4gii is induced in cells and in cell extracts by the fmdv leader protease (l(pro)) alone, generating cleavage ...	2004	15016848
preextinction viral rna can interfere with infectivity.	when the error rate during the copying of genetic material exceeds a threshold value, the genetic information cannot be maintained. this concept is the basis of a new antiviral strategy termed lethal mutagenesis or virus entry into error catastrophe. critical for its success is preventing survival of residual infectious virus or virus mutants that escape the transition into error catastrophe. here we document that mutated, preextinction foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna can interfere with ...	2004	15016853
comparable sensitivity and specificity in three commercially available elisas to differentiate between cattle infected with or vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	three commercially available elisas for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were evaluated, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, infected, inoculated, first vaccinated and subsequently infected, and first vaccinated and subsequently inoculated cattle. we compared antibody kinetics to non-structural proteins, sensitivity, and specificity. one of the elisas had a higher sensitivity and much lower specificity than the other two, there ...	2004	15019100
the ultrastructure of the developing replication site in foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bhk-38 cells.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the type species of the aphthovirus genus of the picornaviridae: infection by picornaviruses results in a major rearrangement of the host cell membranes to create vesicular structures where virus genome replication takes place. in this report, using fluorescence and electron microscopy, membrane rearrangements in the cytoplasm of fmdv-infected bhk-38 cells are documented. at 1.5-2.0 h post-infection, free ribosomes, fragmented rough endoplasmic reticulum, g ...	2004	15039536
vaccination of pigs two weeks before infection significantly reduces transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the objective of this study was to investigate whether and at what time interval could vaccination reduce transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) among pigs. reduction of virus transmission by vaccination was determined experimentally. transmission of fmdv was studied in three groups of ten pigs: one non-vaccinated group and two groups that were vaccinated 7 days (-7 dpi) and 14 days before inoculation (-14 dpi), respectively. five randomly selected pigs from each group were inoculat ...	2004	15063559
integrin alphavbeta8 functions as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus: role of the beta-chain cytodomain in integrin-mediated infection.	field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been shown to use three alphav integrins, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta6, as cellular receptors. binding to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved rgd motif located on a surface-exposed loop of vp1. the rgd tripeptide is recognized by several other members of the integrin family, which therefore have the potential to act as receptors for fmdv. here we show that sw480 cells are made susceptible to fmdv following transfe ...	2004	15078934
foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. recent fmd outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. this review describes the reemergence of fmd in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control stra ...	2004	15084510
isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus specific bovine antibody fragments from phage display libraries.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important veterinary pathogen which can cause widespread epidemics. due to the high antigenic variability of fmdv, it is important to undertake mutation analysis under immunological pressure. to study the bovine antibody response at a molecular level, phage display technology was used to produce bovine anti-fmdv fabs. ch1-vh chains with fmdv specific binding could be isolated after selection from a library made from vaccinated cattle. though their involv ...	2004	15087230
low linkage disequilibrium indicative of recombination in foot-and-mouth disease virus gene sequence alignments.	we have applied tests for detecting recombination to genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). our approach estimated summary statistics of linkage disequilibrium (ld), which are sensitive to recombination. using the genealogical relationships, rate heterogeneity and mutation parameters estimated from individual sets of aligned gene sequences, we simulated matching rna sequence datasets without recombination. these simulated datasets allowed for recurrent mutations at any site to mimic homop ...	2004	15105526
immunogenicity and t cell recognition in swine of foot-and-mouth disease virus polymerase 3d.	immunization of domestic pigs with a vaccinia virus (vv) recombinant expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3d protein conferred partial protection against challenge with infectious virus. the severity reduction of the clinical symptoms developed by the challenged animals occurred in the absence of significant levels of anti-3d circulating antibodies. this observation suggested that the partial protection observed was mediated by the induction of a 3d-specific cellular immune response. t ...	2004	15110524
a practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is caused by an rna virus of the genus aphthovirus; 7 immunologically distinct serotypes of the virus have been identified. susceptible species are mainly domestic and wild even-toed ungulates, such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and deer. all body fluids of infected animals can contain the virus and are considered infective. the primary mode of transmission is animal-to-animal transmission through inhalation or ingestion of aerosols containing the virus. the ...	2004	15112774
sequential modification of translation initiation factor eif4gi by two different foot-and-mouth disease virus proteases within infected baby hamster kidney cells: identification of the 3cpro cleavage site.	infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes the rapid inhibition of cellular cap-dependent protein synthesis that results from cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g, a component of the cap-binding complex eif4f. two fmdv proteins, the leader (l) and 3c proteases, have been shown individually to induce cleavage of eif4gi at distinct sites within baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells. here, sequential cleavage of eif4gi by the l and 3c proteases was demonstrated in fmd ...	2004	15448358
participatory diagnosis of a heat-intolerance syndrome in cattle in tanzania and association with foot-and-mouth disease.	a heat-intolerance (hi) syndrome in cattle in tanzania was suspected to be associated with previous, clinical foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). a participatory appraisal (pa) method called "matrix scoring" was used to explore livestock-keeper perceptions of association between hi and cattle diseases. a pa method called 'proportional piling' was used to estimate herd incidence of fmd and other diseases, herd incidence of hi, and association between hi and other cattle diseases. use of matrix scoring ...	2004	15454324
comparison of immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by fusion proteins using the swine igg heavy chain constant region or beta-galactosidase as a carrier of immunogenic epitopes.	previously, we demonstrated that a fusion protein (gal-fmdv) consisting of beta-galactosidase and an immunogenic peptide, amino acids (141-160)-(21-40)-(141-160), of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein induced protective immune responses in guinea pigs and swine. we now designed a new potential recombinant protein vaccine against fmdv in swine. the immunogenic peptide, amino acids (141-160)-(21-40)-(141-160) from the vp1 protein of serotype o fmdv, was fused to the carboxy terminus o ...	2004	15464847
vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus induces apoptosis via the akt signaling pathway.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) binds to cellular integrins through an rgd motif in its capsid protein, vp1. it is unclear, however, what kind of cellular event(s) are triggered after the binding of vp1 to the cells. in this study, we show that aqueous soluble recombinant dna-derived vp1 (rvp1) of fmdv induced apoptosis of bhk-21 cells after binding to integrins. in addition, treatment of bhk-21 cells with rvp1 resulted in deactivation of akt and enhancement of several proapoptotic responses ...	2004	15466859
reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease.	this paper describes the antigenic and molecular characterisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strains isolated during the 2000-2002 epidemic in argentina, and the strategy implemented for disease control. two different fmdv serotypes, o and a, were involved. of the various field isolates studied, two distinct o1 lineages (strains corrientes/00 and misiones/00) and two serotype a lineages (a/argentina/00 and a/argentina/01 prototypes) were identified. the genome sequences of these stra ...	2004	15474705
evolutionary transition toward defective rnas that are infectious by complementation.	passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture resulted in the generation of defective rnas that were infectious by complementation. deletions (of nucleotides 417, 999, and 1017) mapped in the l proteinase and capsid protein-coding regions. cell killing followed two-hit kinetics, defective genomes were encapsidated into separate viral particles, and individual viral plaques contained defective genomes with no detectable standard fmdv rna. infection in the absence of standard fmdv ...	2004	15479809
studies of genetically defined chimeras of a european type a virus and a south african territories type 2 virus reveal growth determinants for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the three south african territories (sat) types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) display great genetic and antigenic diversity, resulting from the independent evolution of these viruses in different geographical localities. for effective control of the disease in such areas, the use of custom-made vaccines is required. to circumvent the tedious process of vaccine strain selection, an alternative in the control process is being investigated. specifically, it is proposed to replace the antig ...	2004	14718620
no foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission between individually housed calves.	the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the netherlands in 2001 most likely started on a mixed veal-calf/dairy-goat farm. the outbreak among the 74 calves on this farm appeared to be limited to four animals, and no clinical signs of fmd were reported. also on a second veal-calf farm minor clinical signs and limited virus transmission were observed. since fmd is known to be a very contagious disease, and can cause severe lesions, these observations were disputed. therefore, we carried out two expe ...	2004	14738779
comparison of elisa for the detection of porcine serum antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	three foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein antibody detection kits, chekit fmd-3abc, ubi fmd ns eia and dvivr nsp elisa, were compared in the study. the results showed that the specificity of the kits ranged from 96.7 to 100% in nai;ve pigs and from 93.6 to 98.1% in vaccinated pigs, and that the dvivr kit had the highest analytical sensitivity. the kappa statistics for the detection of 612 sera were 0.582, 0.447 and 0.658 for chekit/ubi, chekit/dvivr and ubi/dvivr, respectively. t ...	2004	14738982
evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus.	differential detection of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) from the other vesicular disease viruses of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), vesicular stomatitis (vs) and vesivirus is important as the vesicular lesions produced by these viruses are indistinguishable in pigs. two independent sets of primers and probe, designed from nucleotide sequences within the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the svdv genome, were evaluated in a real-time (5' nuclease probe-based or fluorogenic) pcr format. althoug ...	2004	14738984
expression of a foot-and-mouth disease virus immunodominant epitope by a filamentous bacteriophage vector.	we described the construction of a recombinant filamentous phage displaying on its surface the immunodominant site of vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the coding sequence was inserted at the amino-terminus of the major coat protein pviii via a spacer. the hybrid phage proved to be antigenic as it was recognized by polyclonal and monoclonal anti fmdv sera. in two experiments involving immunisation of guinea-pigs with the recombinant phage, a low antibody response was generated. ...	2004	14745601
extent of reduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna load in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid after peak levels may be a critical determinant of virus persistence in infected cattle.	to investigate whether foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna loads in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid (op-fluid) in the early course of infection is related to the outcome of virus persistence, viral rna in op-fluid samples from cattle experimentally infected with fmdv type o was quantitatively analysed by using a quantitative real-time rt-pcr. viral rna was detected within 24 h post-infection (p.i.) in all infected animals. rapid virus replication led to peak levels of viral rna load by 30-53 h ...	2004	14769899