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developing country applications of molecular farming: case studies in south africa and argentina.molecular farming is a technology that is very well suited to being applied in developing countries, given the reasonably high level of expertise in recombinant plant development in many centers. in addition, there is an urgent need for products such as inexpensive vaccines and therapeutics for livestock and for some human diseases - and especially those that do not occur or are rare in developed regions. south africa and argentina have been at the fore in this area among developing nations, as ...201323394557
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (bos grunniens).an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in colorado between august 21 and october 3, 2012. affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necro ...201323572453
future directions for the development of chlamydomonas-based vaccines.besides serving as a valuable model in biological sciences, chamydomonas reinhardtii has been used during the last decade in the biotechnology arena to establish models for the low cost production of vaccines. antigens from various pathogens including plasmodium falciparum, foot and mouth disease virus, staphylococcus aureus, classical swine fever virus (csfv) as well as some auto-antigens, have been produced in c. reinhardtii. although some of them have been functionally characterized with prom ...201324053395
a portable reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a trans-boundary viral disease of livestock, which causes huge economic losses and constitutes a serious infectious threat for livestock farming worldwide. early diagnosis of fmd helps to diminish its impact by adequate outbreak management. in this study, we describe the development of a real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (rt-rpa) assay for the detection of fmd virus (fmdv). the fmdv rt-rpa design targeted the 3d gene of fmdv and ...201323977101
rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus, influenza a virus and classical swine fever virus by high-speed real-time rt-pcr.high sensitivity, minor risk of cross-contamination and in particular the rapid reaction time make quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays well suited for outbreak investigations as well as for monitoring epidemics of pathogens. in this study qpcr assays for three highly contagious animal diseases, namely foot-and-mouth-disease (fmd), influenza a (ia) and classical swine fever (csf) have been developed. furthermore, an amplification control targeting 18s ribosomal rna was ...201323702025
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, and a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. furthermore, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable ...201323600506
identification of a new dengue virus inhibitor that targets the viral ns4b protein and restricts genomic rna replication.dengue virus (denv) is an important human arthropod-borne virus with a major impact on public health. nevertheless, a licensed vaccine or specific treatment is still lacking. we therefore screened the nih clinical collection (ncc), a library of drug-like small molecules, for inhibitors of denv replication using a cell line that contains a stably replicating denv serotype 2 (denv2) subgenomic replicon. the most potent denv inhibitor in the ncc was δ opioid receptor antagonist sdm25n. this compoun ...201323735301
crystal structure of 2a proteinase from hand, foot and mouth disease virus.ev71 is responsible for several epidemics worldwide; however, the effective antiviral drug is unavailable to date. the 2a proteinase (2a(pro)) of ev71 presents a promising drug target due to its multiple roles in virus replication, inhibition of host protein synthesis and evasion of innate immunity. we determined the crystal structure of ev71 2a(pro) at 1.85å resolution, revealing that the proteinase maintains a chymotrypsin-like fold. the active site is composed of the catalytic triads c110a, h ...201323973886
equine picornaviruses: well known but poorly understood.of the many members that comprise the family picornaviridae, only two species are known to infect horses: equine rhinitis a virus (erav) and equine rhinitis b virus (erbv). each species now occupies a distinct phylogenetic branch within the family, with the single serotype of erav grouping with the aphthoviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and the three serotypes of erbv as the sole members of the genus erbovirus. the high seroprevalence of equine picornaviruses in horse popula ...201323820049
persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis a virus.equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is a member of the aphthovirus genus, and has many physical and structural similarities to the prototype aphthovirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the pathogenesis of fmdv has been extensively studied, however, the similarities in the pathogenesis of erav and fmdv disease has not been well documented. this study describes and compares the pathogenesis of erav both in the natural host and a small animal model alternative (cba mice). distinct parallels in the ...201323183058
display of the vp1 epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus on bacteriophage t7 and its application in diagnosis.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious epidemic disease threatening the cattle industry since the sixteenth century. in recent years, the development of diagnostic assays for fmd has benefited considerably from the advances of recombinant dna technology. in this study, the immunodominant region of the capsid protein vp1 of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was fused to the t7 bacteriophage and expressed on the surface of the bacteriophage capsid protein. the recombinant protei ...201323933075
rescue of infective virus from a genome-length cdna clone of the fmdv serotype o (ind-r2/75) vaccine strain and its characterization.we report here the construction and characterization of an infectious cdna clone of the indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o, ind-r2/75. viral genome was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in five fragments and subsequently assembled sequentially in a plasmid vector to generate a complete cdna clone, flanked by the t7 rna polymerase promoter and poly (a) tail at 5' and 3' ends, respectively. transfection of bhk-21 cells with t ...201323465777
co-expression of the bcl-xl antiapoptotic protein enhances the induction of th1-like immune responses in mice immunized with dna vaccines encoding fmdv b and t cell epitopes.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is one of the most devastating animal diseases, affecting all cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animal species. previous studies from our group using dna vaccines encoding fmd virus (fmdv) b and t cell epitopes targeted to antigen presenting cells, allowed demonstrating total protection from fmdv homologous challenge in those animals efficiently primed for both humoral and cellular specific responses (borrego et al. antivir res 92:359-363, 2011). in this study, a new d ...201323483312
theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus contrasts with encephalomyocarditis and foot-and-mouth disease viruses in its functional utilization of the stopgo non-standard translation mechanism.the picornaviruses' genome consists of a positive-sense ssrna. like many picornaviruses, cardioviruses synthesize two distinct polyprotein precursors from adjacent but non-overlapping genome segments. both the [l-1abcd-2a] and the [2bc-3abcd] polyproteins are proteolytically processed to yield mature capsid and non-structural proteins, respectively. an unusual translational event, known as 'stopgo' or 'stop-carry on', is responsible for the release of the [l-1abcd-2a] polyprotein from the riboso ...201323100365
foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles produced by a sumo fusion protein system in escherichia coli induce potent protective immune responses in guinea pigs, swine and cattle.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious infection in cloven-hoofed animals. the format of fmd virus-like particles (vlp) as a non-replicating particulate vaccine candidate is a promising alternative to conventional inactivated fmdv vaccines. in this study, we explored a prokaryotic system to express and assemble the fmd vlp and validated the potential of vlp as an fmdv vaccine candidate. vlp composed entirely of fmdv (asia1/jiangsu/china/2005) capsid proteins (vp0, vp1 and ...201323826638
sequence analysis of the foot and mouth disease virus type o/irn/2007 vp1 gene from iranian isolate.the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a vesicular and contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in this study, the virus was isolated from vesicles of the infected cattle using cell culture and serotyped by elisa test. the extracted rna from the infected cells was reverse transcribed and amplified using vp1 gene-specific primer pairs by means of one-step rt-pcr. the purified vp1 gene was sub-cloned into the uniqe kpni and bamhi cloning sites of the pcdna3.1+ vector. the dh5α strain o ...201323746175
characterization of asia 1 sdab from camels bactrianus (c. bactrianus) and conjugation with quantum dots for imaging fmdv in bhk-21 cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), caused by fmd virus (fmdv), is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. camelids have a unique immunoglobulin profile, with the smallest functional heavy-chain antibodies (sdab or vhh) naturally devoid of light chains with antigen-binding capacity. we screened and characterized five sdabs against fmdv by immunized library from c. bactrianus with asia 1 virus-like particles (vlps). three of five recombinant sdabs were stably expressed in e.c ...201323737944
high-yield production of the vp1 structural protein epitope from serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in escherichia coli.for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), the development of rapid diagnostic systems and vaccines are required against its etiological agent, fmd virus (fmdv). to accomplish this, efficient large-scale expression of the fmdv vp1 protein, with high solubility, needs to be optimized. we attempted to produce high levels of a serotype o fmdv vp1 epitope in escherichia coli. we identified the subtype-independent serotype o fmdv vp1 epitope sequence and used it to construct a glutathione ...201323619971
an adenovirus vectored mucosal adjuvant augments protection of mice immunized intranasally with an adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes severe morbidity and economic losses to the livestock industry in many countries. the oral and respiratory mucosae are the main ports of entry of fmdv, so the stimulation of local immunity in these tissues may help prevent initial infection and viral spread. e. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) has been described as one of the few molecules that have adjuvant activity at mucosal surfaces. the objective of this study ...201323499593
vp1 b-c and d-e loops of bovine enterovirus cluster b can effectively display foot-and-mouth disease virus type o-conserved neutralizing epitope.on the basis of generation of an infectious cdna clone for the bhm26 strain of bovine enterovirus cluster b (bev-b), 22 sites on different loops of the bhm26 capsid were selected according to an alignment of its sequence with the structural motifs of bev-a strain vg-5-27 for insertion of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type o-conserved neutralizing epitope 8e8. two recombinant viruses, rbev-a1 and rbev-de, in which the fmdv epitope was inserted into the vp1 b-c or d-e loops, were rescued ...201324077365
construction of a bovine enterovirus-based vector expressing a foot-and-mouth disease virus epitope.a recombinant infectious bovine enterovirus (bev) vector was constructed to express a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein (vp1) epitope. sequences encoding the vp1 epitope (amino acid residues 141-160) of fmdv (vaccine strain o1/manisa/turkey/69) were inserted into pblubev at the vp1/2a junction. the growth characteristics of the parental virus and viruses derived from recombinant plasmids (pblubev, pblubev-manisa-epi) were determined by plaque assay and one-step growth curve anal ...201323391822
mutagenesis-mediated virus extinction: virus-dependent effect of viral load on sensitivity to lethal defection.lethal mutagenesis is a transition towards virus extinction mediated by enhanced mutation rates during viral genome replication, and it is currently under investigation as a potential new antiviral strategy. viral load and virus fitness are known to influence virus extinction. here we examine the effect or the multiplicity of infection (moi) on progeny production of several rna viruses under enhanced mutagenesis.201222442668
promotion of viral internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation under amino acid starvation.cap-dependent and internal ribosomal entry site (ires)-mediated translation are regulated differently within cells. viral ires-mediated translation often remains active when cellular cap-dependent translation is severely impaired under cellular stresses induced by virus infection. to investigate how cellular stresses influence the efficiency of viral ires-mediated translation, we used a bicistronic luciferase reporter construct harbouring ires elements from the following viruses: encephalomyocar ...201222302880
characterization of a full-length infectious cdna clone and a gfp reporter derivative of the oncolytic picornavirus svv-001.seneca valley virus (svv-001) is an oncolytic picornavirus with selective tropism for a subset of human cancers with neuroendocrine differentiation. to characterize further the specificity of svv-001 and its patterns and kinetics of intratumoral spread, bacterial plasmids encoding a cdna clone of the full-length wild-type virus and a derivative virus expressing gfp were generated. the full-length cdna of the svv-001 rna genome was cloned into a bacterial plasmid under the control of the t7 core ...201222971818
[construction of a full-length infectious cdna clone of inter-genotypic chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus].a series of type o foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks occurred in china seriously affect development of chinese husbandry. its causative agent-type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been evolved three topotypes: cathay, middle east-south asia and southeast asia, specifically, the viruses of cathay topotype are highly adapted to pig, representing the biggest threat on chinese pig industry. the available fmd vaccine in china provides insufficient protection against some arising viruses ...201222489468
interaction of paramecium caudatum and picornaviruses.in our paper we have researched the relationship between picornaviruses (poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus and encephalomyocarditis virus) and ciliata (paramecium caudatum). we show that the number of paramecium in medium sharply increased during coincubation with picornaviruses within 2-5 days. this cannot be explained only by the fact that viruses were nutrient source for paramecium because in case of inactivated viruses the number of infusorians in medium increased a little. at the sam ...201224293830
coordinate lentiviral expression of cre recombinase and rfp/egfp mediated by fmdv 2a and analysis of cre activity.the site-specific recombination mediated by cre recombinase has been utilized extensively in genetic engineering and gene function studies. efficient delivery of a cre enzyme with enzymatic activity and the ability to monitor the enzyme expression are required in applications, and lentiviral constructs with a fluorescent protein (fp) to report the cre expression are suitable for most studies. however, the current lentiviral vector systems have some deficiencies in precise reporting the cre expre ...201222532014
[construction and functional characterization of a monocistronic replicon based on the hcv genotype 2a promotor].to construct a hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 2a monocistronic replicon and investigate its replication capabilities in the human hepatocarcinoma cell lines, huh7.5 and huh7.1, in order to determine its potential as a molecular tool for future in vitro studies of hcv replication and selection studies for putative anti-hcv drugs. site-directed mutagenesis was used to delete the core-e1-e2-p7-ns2 fragment (about 3090 bp) from plasmid pj6jfh1blarl. the resultant trianglepj6jfh1blarl plasmid was d ...201222464780
exploring the dynamics of four rna-dependent rna polymerases by a coarse-grained model.in this article, we present a hybrid enm/martini coarse-grained model and examine the impact of reduced chemical detail on both static and dynamic properties by comparing against explicit atomistic simulations. this methodology complements the advanced molecular characterization and dynamics of proteins for medical and bioengineering applications by developing a fundamental understanding of how the motion and molecular characteristics of proteins, viruses, their precursors, and their interaction ...201223157550
mutations that hamper dimerization of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a protein are detrimental for infectivity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3a plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and host range. in other picornaviruses, homodimerization of 3a has been shown to be relevant for its biological activity. in this work, fmdv 3a homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. a molecular model of the fmdv 3a protein, derived from the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of the poliovirus 3a protein, predicted a hydrophobic in ...201222787230
detection of foot-and-mouth disease serotype o by elisa using a monoclonal antibody.an elisa assay with monoclonal antibody (melisa) was used to type serotype o of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). all fmdv serotype o reference strains were positive by melisa, while other viruses such as fmdv serotypes asia 1, c, a and classical swine fever virus, swine vesicular disease virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus remained negative. further, fmdv serotype o positive samples were able to be detected by melisa. this assay may be particularly suitable for dia ...201223244327
a dna vaccine encoding the fmdv capsid precursor polypeptide p1 and the enhancing effect of bovine herpesvirus 1 vp22 protein as molecular adjuvant.dna vaccines containing the capsid precursor polypeptide p1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) alone or combined with the vp22 gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bvp22) as molecular adjuvant were constructed and used for immunization of balb/c mice. the latter were challenged with fmdv and their humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses and virus clearance capacity were assayed. both dna vaccines elicited specific immune responses, however, the dna vaccine with the bvp22 adjuvant sho ...201222720700
acute bovine viral diarrhea associated with extensive mucosal lesions, high morbidity, and mortality in a commercial feedlot.in 2008, a northwest texas feedlot underwent an outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) causing high morbidity and mortality involving 2 lots of calves (lots a and b). severe mucosal surface lesions were observed grossly in the oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus. mucosal lesions varied from small (1-3 mm) infrequent mucosal ulcerations to large (5 mm to 1 cm) and coalescing ulcerations. necrotic debris was present in ulcerations of some mortalities with some having plaque-like debris, but ...201222379057
quantitative trait loci associated with the immune response to a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.infectious disease is an important problem for animal breeders, farmers and governments worldwide. one approach to reducing disease is to breed for resistance. this linkage study used a charolais-holstein f2 cattle cross population (n = 501) which was genotyped for 165 microsatellite markers (covering all autosomes) to search for associations with phenotypes for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) specific total-igg, igg1 and igg2 concentrations at several time-points pre- and post-brsv va ...201222438944
homology modeling and analysis of structure predictions of the bovine rhinitis b virus rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp).bovine rhinitis b virus (brbv) is a picornavirus responsible for mild respiratory infection of cattle. it is probably the least characterized among the aphthoviruses. brbv is the closest relative known to foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) with a ~43% identical polyprotein sequence and as much as 67% identical sequence for the rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), which is also known as 3d polymerase (3d(pol)). in the present study we carried out phylogenetic analysis, structure based sequence a ...201222942748
foot-and-mouth disease virus induces autophagosomes during cell entry via a class iii phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent pathway.autophagy is an intracellular pathway that can contribute to innate antiviral immunity by delivering viruses to lysosomes for degradation or can be beneficial for viruses by providing specialized membranes for virus replication. here, we show that the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) induces the formation of autophagosomes. induction was dependent on atg5, involved processing of lc3 to lc3ii, and led to a redistribution of lc3 from the cytosol to punctate vesicles indicative of a ...201222993157
ns2b/3 proteolysis at the c-prm junction of the tick-borne encephalitis virus polyprotein is highly membrane dependent.the replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), like that of all flaviviruses, is absolutely dependent on proteolytic processing. production of the mature proteins c and prm from their common precursor requires the activity of the viral ns2b/3 protease (ns2b/3(pro)) at the c-terminus of protein c and the host signal peptidase i (spasei) at the n-terminus of protein prm. recently, we have shown in cell culture that the cleavage of protein c and the subsequent production of tbev particles ...201222727684
exploring ires region accessibility by interference of foot-and-mouth disease virus infectivity.translation initiation of picornavirus rna is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) element located upstream of the initiator codon. rna structure organization as well as rna-protein interaction plays a fundamental role in internal initiation. ires activity has been mainly analyzed in the context of reporter genes, lacking regions of the viral genome potentially affecting translation efficiency. with the aim to understand the vulnerability of the ires and translation start region to s ...201222815996
protection against west nile virus infection in mice after inoculation with type i interferon-inducing rna transcripts.west nile virus (wnv) is a neurovirulent single stranded rna mosquito-borne flavivirus, whose main natural hosts are birds, but it also infects humans and horses. nowadays, no human vaccine is commercially available and clinical treatment is only supportive. recently, it has been shown that rna transcripts, mimicking structural domains in the non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and mouth disease virus (fmdv) induce a potent ifn response and antiviral activity in transfected cultured cells, and ...201223166685
xenoepitope substitution avoids deceptive imprinting and broadens the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.many rna viruses encode error-prone polymerases which introduce mutations into b and t cell epitopes, providing a mechanism for immunological escape. when regions of hypervariability are found within immunodominant epitopes with no known function, they are referred to as "decoy epitopes," which often deceptively imprint the host's immune response. in this work, a decoy epitope was identified in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o vp1 g-h loop after multiple sequence alignment of 1 ...201222323558
reconstruction of the transmission history of rna virus outbreaks using full genome sequences: foot-and-mouth disease virus in bulgaria in 2011.improvements to sequencing protocols and the development of computational phylogenetics have opened up opportunities to study the rapid evolution of rna viruses in real time. in practical terms, these results can be combined with field data in order to reconstruct spatiotemporal scenarios that describe the origin and transmission pathways of viruses during an epidemic. in the case of notifiable diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), these analyses provide important insights into the epi ...201223226216
gemin5 proteolysis reveals a novel motif to identify l protease targets.translation of picornavirus rna is governed by the internal ribosome entry site (ires) element, directing the synthesis of a single polyprotein. processing of the polyprotein is performed by viral proteases that also recognize as substrates host factors. among these substrates are translation initiation factors and rna-binding proteins whose cleavage is responsible for inactivation of cellular gene expression. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) encodes two proteases, l(pro) and 3c(pro). widespr ...201222362733
acquiring transgenic tobacco plants with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation.the advantages of gene 'stacking' or 'pyramiding' are obvious in genetically modified (gm) crops, and several different multi-transgene-stacking methods are available. using linker peptides for multiple gene transformation is considered to be a good method to meet a variety of needs. in our experiment, the bt cry1ah gene, which encodes the insect-resistance protein, and the mg ( 2 ) -epsps gene, which encodes the glyphosate-tolerance protein, were connected by a 2a or lp4/2a linker. linker 2a is ...201222777591
expression of vp1 protein of serotype a and o of foot-and-mouth disease virus in transgenic sunnhemp plants and its immunogenicity for guinea pigs.recently, transgenic plants expressing immunogenic proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been used as oral or parenteral vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). they exhibit advantages like cost effectiveness, absence of processing, thermostability, and easy oral application. fmdv vp1 protein of single serotype has been mostly used as immunogen. here we report the development of a bivalent vaccine with tandem-linked vp1 proteins of two serotypes, a and o, present in transge ...201222720698
structure, assembly, and dna packaging of the bacteriophage t4 head.the bacteriophage t4 head is an elongated icosahedron packed with 172 kb of linear double-stranded dna and numerous proteins. the capsid is built from three essential proteins: gp23*, which forms the hexagonal capsid lattice; gp24*, which forms pentamers at 11 of the 12 vertices; and gp20, which forms the unique dodecameric portal vertex through which dna enters during packaging and exits during infection. intensive work over more than half a century has led to a deep understanding of the phage ...201222420853
gegenees: fragmented alignment of multiple genomes for determining phylogenomic distances and genetic signatures unique for specified target groups.the rapid development of next generation sequencing technologies leads to the accumulation of huge amounts of sequencing data. the scientific community faces an enormous challenge in how to deal with this explosion. here we present a software tool, 'gegenees', that uses a fragmented alignment approach to facilitate the comparative analysis of hundreds of microbial genomes. the genomes are fragmented and compared, all against all, by a multithreaded blast control engine. ready-made alignments can ...201222723939
immunogenicity of foot-and-mouth disease virus structural polyprotein p1 expressed in transgenic rice.transgenic plants have become developed as bioreactors for producing heterologous proteins and may even form edible vaccines. in the present study, a transgenic rice expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), under the control of a dual cauliflower mosaic virus (camv 35s) promoter, was generated by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. southern blot, northern blot, western blot, and elisa analyses confirmed that the p1 gene was integrated into ...201222274594
[construction and identification of a recombinant prrsv expressing protective antigens of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus].using mutation pcr, we cloned the target gene containing 421-480nt (141-160aa) and 598-639nt (200-213aa) of vp1 gene of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) into the deleted region (508-532aa) of nsp2 gene of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus derived vaccine strain (hun4-f112) that was used as vector. the recombinant cdna was in vitro transcribed followed by transfection of bhk-21 cells for 36 h. then, the supernatant of the cell culture was continuously seed ...201223593867
probability of introducing foot and mouth disease into the united states via live animal importation.foot and mouth disease (fmd) continues to be a disease of major concern for the united states department of agriculture (usda) and livestock industries. foot and mouth disease virus is a high-consequence pathogen for the united states (usa). live animal trade is a major risk factor for introduction of fmd into a country. this research estimates the probability of fmd being introduced into the usa via the legal importation of livestock. this probability is calculated by considering the potential ...201223520732
a quantitative assessment of the risk of introducing foot and mouth disease virus into the united states via cloned bovine embryos.the trade of livestock or their products between nations requires information on the risk of introducing infectious agents such as foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). although transmission pathways for fmdv vary, a recent concern in the united states (usa) is that it might enter via cloned embryos. a quantitative risk assessment model was developed to determine the scenarios (with mathematical probabilities) that could lead to the introduction and maintenance of fmdv via the importation of clon ...201223520731
infectious diseases of economic importance: molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in tanzania from 1967 to 2009.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in tanzania. since the first reports in 1954, fmd has caused significant economic losses in the country due to mortality and morbidity of livestock and costs associated with controlling the disease. the aim of this study was to review the serotype and genetic relationships of the fmd virus (fmdv) recovered from outbreaks in tanzania, and compare them with viruses detected from elsewhere in the sub-saharan region. at the world reference laboratory for foot- ...201223327397
foot-and-mouth disease control in zambia: a review of the current situation.zambia has been experiencing low livestock productivity as well as trade restrictions owing to the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (cbpp). foot-and-mouth disease was first recorded in zambia in 1933 in the western province and since then the country has experienced repeated outbreaks. bearing in mind the pressure that may be existing on the many risk factors for fmd including climate change, there is need to review our knowledge on fmd control. w ...201223327395
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes detected in tanzania from 2003 to 2010: conjectured status and future prospects.this study was conducted to investigate the presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in different geographic locations of tanzania. epithelial tissues and fluids (n = 364) were collected from cattle exhibiting oral and foot vesicular lesions suggestive of fmd and submitted for routine fmd diagnosis. the analysis of these samples collected during the period of 2002 and 2010 was performed by serotype-specific antigen capture elisa to determine the presence of fmdv. the results of this study ...201223327382
new technologies to diagnose and monitor infectious diseases of livestock: challenges for sub-saharan africa.using foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) as an example, this review describes new tools that can be used to detect and characterise livestock diseases. in recent years, molecular tests that can detect and characterise pathogens in a diverse range of sample types have revolutionised laboratory diagnostics. in addition to use in centralised laboratories, there are opportunities to locate diagnostic technologies close to the animals with suspected clinical signs. work in this area has developed simple-to ...201223327376
dna prime-protein boost strategy with replicase-based dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease in bovine calves.the limited efficacy of dna vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and other natural hosts has prompted a search for a more effective vaccination regimen. in this study we tested a dna prime-protein boost vaccination strategy against fmd in bovine calves. we used purified recombinant fmdv specific multi-epitope protein (rmeg990) and an optimized sindbis virus replicase-based dna vaccine expressing this protein (psincmv-vac-meg990). we demonstrate that vaccination with a low dose ...201223305616
candidate rna structures for domain 3 of the foot-and-mouth-disease virus internal ribosome entry site.the foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) utilizes non-canonical translation initiation for viral protein synthesis, by forming a specific rna structure called internal ribosome entry site (ires). domain 3 in fmdv ires is phylogenetically conserved and highly structured; it contains four-way junctions where intramolecular rna-rna interactions serve as a scaffold for the rna to fold for efficient ires activity. although the 3d structure of domain 3 is crucial to exploring and deciphering the initia ...201223275533
translation directed by hepatitis a virus ires in the absence of active eif4f complex and eif2.translation directed by several picornavirus ires elements can usually take place after cleavage of eif4g by picornavirus proteases 2a(pro) or l(pro). the hepatitis a virus (hav) ires is thought to be an exception to this rule because it requires intact eif4f complex for translation. in line with previous results we report that poliovirus (pv) 2a(pro) strongly blocks protein synthesis directed by hav ires. however, in contrast to previous findings we now demonstrate that eif4g cleavage by foot-a ...201223272212
design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs.during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ...201223270301
a proposal for an alternative quality control test procedure for inactivated vaccines against food-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control in brazil includes a strict mandatory vaccination program with vaccines produced in certified laboratories subject to inspection by the brazilian ministry of agriculture, livestock, and food supply (mapa). the fmd vaccine's potency is tested through antibodies titration against structural viral proteins in sera from cattle that have not had any exposure to food-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), at 28 days post-vaccination. biological product testing using large ...201223267841
recombinant adenovirus expressing type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins induces protective immunity against homologous virus challenge in mice.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease worldwide affecting cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the fmdv capsid polyprotein and 3c proteinase are required for capsid precursor processing and assembly. the fmdv capsid protein, which contains the entire repertoire of immunogenic sites, can stimulate both humoral immunity and t-cell-mediated immune responses. in this study, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus, radv-asi-05, that expres ...201223267820
field application of a recombinant protein-based elisa during the 2010 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease type a in south korea.a recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rp elisa) exists for the detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a. in this study, the efficacy of the rp elisa was compared to that of other current tests by examining sera collected in the field during an fmd type a outbreak in south korea in 2010. the rp elisa detected early antibodies to fmdv with the same sensitivity as the liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpb elisa), identifying fmd farm outbreaks correc ...201222001272
role of arginine-56 within the structural protein vp3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o1 campos in virus virulence.fmdv o1 subtype undergoes antigenic variation under diverse growth conditions. of particular interest is the amino acid variation observed at position 56 within the structural protein vp3. selective pressures influence whether histidine (h) or arginine (r) is present at this position, ultimately influencing in vitro plaque morphology and in vivo pathogenesis in cattle. using reverse genetics techniques, we have constructed fmdv type o1 campos variants differing only at vp3 position 56, possessin ...201222036313
southeast asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in eastern asia.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks recently affected 2 countries (japan and south korea) in eastern asia that were free of fmd without vaccination. analysis of viral protein 1 nucleotide sequences indicated that fmd serotype a and o viruses that caused these outbreaks originated in mainland southeast asia to which these viruses are endemic.201222377196
expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein, 3d in insect cells and its application in detection of anti-fmdv antibodies.non-structural proteins (nsps) based diagnostics are useful for large-scale sero-surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and to monitor viral activity as a follow up to the vaccination campaign in fmd endemic countries like india which aim at disease control through vaccination. these diagnostics are also handy in the serology of import/export of cloven-footed animals. in the present study, non-structural protein rna polymerase (3d gene) of fmd virus (fmdv) was expressed using baculovirus e ...201224293820
capsid coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease viruses are determinants of pathogenicity in pigs.the surface exposed capsid proteins, vp1, vp2 and vp3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) determine its antigenicity and the ability of the virus to interact with host-cell receptors. hence, modification of these structural proteins may alter the properties of the virus.in the present study we compared the pathogenicity of different fmdvs in young pigs. in total 32 pigs, 7-weeks-old, were exposed to virus, either by direct inoculation or through contact with inoculated pigs, using cell cultu ...201222624592
mechanism of nucleic acid unwinding by sars-cov helicase.the non-structural protein 13 (nsp13) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a helicase that separates double-stranded rna (dsrna) or dna (dsdna) with a 5' → 3' polarity, using the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. we determined the minimal mechanism of helicase function by nsp13. we showed a clear unwinding lag with increasing length of the double-stranded region of the nucleic acid, suggesting the presence of intermediates in the unwinding process. to elucidate the natur ...201222615777
evaluation of a genetically modified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine candidate generated by reverse genetics.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. control of the disease has been mainly based on large-scale vaccinations with whole-virus inactivated vaccines. in recent years, a series of outbreaks of type o fmd occurred in china (including chinese taipei, chinese hong kong) posed a tremendous threat to chinese animal husbandry. its causative agent, type o fmdv, has evolved into three topotypes (east-south asia (m ...201222591597
evaluation of the solid phase competition elisa for detecting antibodies against the six foot-and-mouth disease virus non-o serotypes.the solid-phase competition elisa (spce) has been evaluated in both screening and titration assay formats for detecting antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) for the six non-o serotypes a, c, sat 1, sat 2, sat 3 and asia 1. cut-off values were determined as a percentage inhibition of 40 for the sat serotypes and 50 for serotypes a, c and asia 1, which gave rise to specificity values ranging from 99.41% to 99.9% for the different serotypes. the relative sensitivity between the sp ...201222561986
[erratum: the following article was subsequently withdrawn by the authors. yarim gf, ciftci g (2011): investigation of serum protein profiles in sheep naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus berl munch tierarztl wochenschr (5/6):194-197]. 201222550766
experimental foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in white tailed deer.white tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o ukg 11/2001 and monitored for the development of clinical signs, histopathological changes and levels of virus replication. all fmdv-infected deer developed clinical signs starting at 2 days post inoculation and characterized by an increase in body temperature, increased salivation and lesions in the mouth and on the feet. virus spread to various tissues was determined by quantifying the amount ...201222520809
insertion of type o-conserved neutralizing epitope into the foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia1 vp1 g-h loop: effect on viral replication and neutralization phenotype.previously, we finely mapped the neutralizing epitopes recognized by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia1-specific mab 3e11 and fmdv type o-specific mab 8e8. in this study, we engineered recombinant fmdvs of the serotype asia1 (rfmdvs) displaying the type o-neutralizing epitope recognized by the mab 8e8. these epitope-inserted viruses were genetically stable and exhibited growth properties that were similar to those of their parental virus. importantly, the recombinant virus rfmdv-c sh ...201222513388
experimental infection of wild boar and domestic pigs with a foot and mouth disease virus strain detected in the southeast of bulgaria in december of 2010.foot and mouth disease (fmd) was detected in a wild boar in southeastern bulgaria in december 2010. the occurrence and spread of the disease in wild cloven-hoofed animals may pose an unexpected and significant threat to fmd virus (fmdv)-free areas within and outside the european union. so far, only one well documented experimental infection with fmd in wild boar has been published. in order to obtain more epidemiologically relevant data regarding the disease in wild boar we conducted an experime ...201222503391
upconversion nanoparticles modified with aminosilanes as carriers of dna vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease.the potential of the upconversion nanoparticles nayf(4):yb/er@silica(ucps)/plasmid dna (pcdna3.1/vp1-gfp) complex in inducing immune responses was evaluated using the ucps as carriers of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv asiai/jiangsu2005) dna vaccine. the ucps protection against dnasei degradation was measured using an in vitro inhibition assay. the expression of the plasmid in vivo was determined via confocal microscopy. its biocompatibility was evaluated through cytotoxicity assay. based ...201222476264
evolutionary trend of foot-and-mouth disease virus in hong kong.foot-and-mouth disease is an endemic animal disease in hong kong. in this study, a total of 70 clinical specimens were collected from locally infected pigs from 2001 to 2010. phylogenetic analysis of vp1 sequences reveal that all hong kong fmdv serotype o isolates are classified into three lineages: hk-a and hk-b in cathay topotype, and hk-c in sea topotype. regression analysis projects that the time of divergence from the most recent common ancestor of hk-a and hk-b are 1964 ± 12 and 1987 ± 9 y ...201222472703
emergence of antigenic variants with in serotype a foot and mouth disease virus in india and evaluation of a new vaccine candidate panel.emergence of genetically and antigenically divergent lineages/genotypes and poor intergenotypic antigenic coverage is a major concern in serotype a foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) in india. in 2009, to cover antigenic diversity emerged in serotype a virus field isolates, ind40/2000 was selected as the new vaccine strain for incorporation in the trivalent fmd vaccine formulation used in india. although current vaccine strain (ind40/2000) covers most isolates antigenically, a few vp3(59)-delet ...201222445197
inclusion of a specific t cell epitope increases the protection conferred against foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs by a linear peptide containing an immunodominant b cell site.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. fmd control in endemic regions is implemented using chemically inactivated whole-virus vaccines. currently, efforts are directed to the development of safe and marked vaccines. we have previously reported solid protection against fmdv conferred by branched structures (dendrimeric peptides) harbouring virus-specific b and t-cell epitopes. in order to gain insights into the ...201222416886
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type a in south america.a databank of 78 vp(1) complete sequences of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from south american isolates was constructed. forty-nine samples corresponded to fmdv that circulated between the years 1999-2008, mainly in venezuela, where most type a outbreaks have occurred lately and twenty-nine to strains historically relevant for the continent. the phylogenetic analysis showed that all south american fmdv belonged to the euro-sa topotype. sixteen subgenotypes could be identified, based ...201222397938
recombinant viral capsid protein vp1 suppresses migration and invasion of human cervical cancer by modulating phosphorylated prohibitin in lipid rafts.recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits invasion/metastasis of cancer cells. here we studied its mechanism of action on human cervical cancer cells. the inhibition of cell invasion by rvp1 was accompanied with reduction in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (pip3), phospho-akt s473, phosphorylated prohibitin (phospho-phb) t258 in lipid rafts, dissociation of phospho-phb t258 with raf-1 and the inactivation of raf-1/erk. addition of pip3 or overexpres ...201222388104
foot-and-mouth disease virus causes a decrease in spleen dendritic cells and the early release of ifn-α in the plasma of mice. differences between infectious and inactivated virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and acute viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. from an economical point of view, it is the most important disease of livestock worldwide. it is known that the virus interacts with dendritic cells, both in the natural host and in mice, but the impact of this interaction on the adaptive immune response is controversial. currently available vaccines are based on inactivated forms of the fmd virus. little is known about the differences between i ...201222387627
an alternate delivery system improves vaccine performance against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals with severe agricultural and economic implications. one of the most highly infectious and contagious livestock pathogens known, the disease spreads rapidly in naïve populations making it critical to have rapidly acting vaccines. needle inoculation of killed virus vaccine is an efficient method of swiftly vaccinating large numbers of animals, either in eradication efforts or in outbreak situations in disease fre ...201222387223
application of the ceditest® fmdv type o and fmdv-ns enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock and wildlife species in uganda.diagnosis and control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) requires rapid and sensitive diagnostic tests. two antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits, ceditest® fmdv-ns for the detection of antibodies against the nonstructural proteins of all fmdv serotypes and ceditest® fmdv type o for the detection of antibodies against serotype o, were evaluated under african endemic conditions where the presence of multiple serotypes and the use of nonpurified vaccines complicate serologica ...201222379044
modelling the influence of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine antigen stability and dose on the bovine immune response.foot and mouth disease virus causes a livestock disease of significant global socio-economic importance. advances in its control and eradication depend critically on improvements in vaccine efficacy, which can be best achieved by better understanding the complex within-host immunodynamic response to inoculation. we present a detailed and empirically parametrised dynamical mathematical model of the hypothesised immune response in cattle, and explore its behaviour with reference to a variety of ex ...201222363437
direct contact transmission of three different foot-and-mouth disease virus strains in swine demonstrates important strain-specific differences.a novel direct contact transmission model for the study of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of swine was utilized to investigate transmission characteristics of three fmdv strains belonging to serotypes a, o and asia1. each strain demonstrated distinct transmission characteristics and required different exposure times to achieve successful contact transmission. while a 4h exposure was sufficient for strain a24 cruzeiro (a24cru), both o1 manisa and asia1 shamir transmission required ...201222342891
a dna vaccination regime including protein boost and electroporation protects cattle against foot-and-mouth disease.protection against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) using dna technology has been documented for sheep and pigs but not for the highly susceptible species of cattle. twenty-five holstein friesian cross-bred cattle were vaccinated twice, 21 days apart, with a dna vaccine containing the capsid coding region (p1) along with the non-structural proteins 2a, 3c and 3d (pcdna3.1/p1-2a3c3d) of o(1) kaufbeuren alone or coated onto plg (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. in some pcdna3.1/p1-2a3c3d was ...201222330893
adenovirus-vectored shrnas targeted to the highly conserved regions of vp1 and 2b in tandem inhibits replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus both in vitro and in vivo.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. rna interference (rnai) can be used as a rapid and specific antiviral approach. it was shown that treatment with recombinant adenovirus (ad(vp1-2b)) carrying shrnas targeted to the vp1 and 2b genes of fmdv expressed in tandem had marked antiviral effects against fmdv both in ibrs-2 cells and guinea pigs. treatment with ad(vp1-2b) both before and after fmdv infection was most effective in ib ...201222327142
chimeric calicivirus-like particles elicit specific immune responses in pigs.virus-like particles (vlps) have received considerable attention due to their potential application in veterinary vaccines and, in particular, vlps from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) have successfully shown to be good platforms for inducing immune responses against an inserted foreign epitope in mice. the aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity of chimeric rhdv-vlps as vaccine vectors in pigs. for this purpose, we have generated chimeric vlps containing a well-known t epito ...201222306796
bovine type iii interferon significantly delays and reduces the severity of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle.interferons (ifns) are the first line of defense against viral infections. although type i and ii ifns have proven effective to inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) replication in swine, a similar approach had only limited efficacy in cattle. recently, a new family of ifns, type iii ifn or ifn-λ, has been identified in human, mouse, chicken, and swine. we have identified bovine ifn-λ3 (boifn-λ3), also known as interleukin 28b (il-28b), and demonstrated that expression of this molecule usi ...201222301155
correlation between efficacy and structure of recombinant epitope vaccines against bovine type o foot and mouth disease virus.to develop recombinant epitope vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), genes coding for six recombinant proteins (rp1–rp6) consisting of different combinations of b cell and t cell epitope from vp1 capsid protein (vp1) of type o fmdv were constructed and the 3d structure of these proteins analyzed. this revealed a surface-exposed rgd sequence of b cell epitopes in all six recombinant proteins as that in vp1 of fmdv and rp1, rp2 and rp4 globally mimicked the backbone conformation of ...201222286179
serosurveillance for foot-and-mouth disease in mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) and livestock on the eastern steppe of mongolia.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious, viral disease that affects most ruminant and porcine species, and periodic outbreaks on mongolia's eastern steppe affect mongolian gazelles (procapra gutturosa) and livestock. during 2005-08, we collected sera from 36 and 57 calf and adult gazelles, respectively, and from adult domestic animals sympatric with the gazelles, including 138 sheep (ovis aries), 140 goats (capra aegagrus hircus), 139 bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus), and 138 cat ...201222247371
early detection and visualization of human adenovirus serotype 5-viral vectors carrying foot-and-mouth disease virus or luciferase transgenes in cell lines and bovine tissues.recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vaccines containing capsid-coding regions from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been demonstrated to induce effective immune responses and provide homologous protective immunity against fmdv in cattle. however, basic mechanisms of ad5-fmdv vaccine function including virus tropism, transgene expression, and antigen presentation, remain incompletely understood. the current study characterized the dynamics of ad5 viral vector ( ...201222227230
a survey on the frequency of foot-and-mouth disease virus carriers in cattle in north-east of iran by rt-pcr: implications for revising disease control strategy.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in iran. it is essential to timely evaluate the current disease control programme in iran. here, we report the frequency of fmd virus (fmdv) carrier state in cattle slaughtered in mashhad abattoir, mashhad, khorasan razavi, north-east of iran, which contains long common borders with afghanistan and turkmenistan. soft palate samples were collected immediately after slaughter for the detection of fmdv by rt-pcr. the results show that 37.7% of cattle (96 of 2 ...201222222047
development of a foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a empty capsid subunit vaccine using silkworm (bombyx mori) pupae.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals that inflicts severe economic losses in the livestock industry. in 2009, fmdv serotype a caused outbreaks of fmd in cattle in china. although an inactivated virus vaccine has proven effective to control fmd, its use may lead to new disease outbreaks due to a possible incomplete inactivation of the virus during the manufacturing process. here, we expressed the p1-2a and the 3c coding regions of a serotype a fmdv ...201222952788
robust expression and secretion of xylanase1 in chlamydomonas reinhardtii by fusion to a selection gene and processing with the fmdv 2a peptide.microalgae have recently received attention as a potential low-cost host for the production of recombinant proteins and novel metabolites. however, a major obstacle to the development of algae as an industrial platform has been the poor expression of heterologous genes from the nuclear genome. here we describe a nuclear expression strategy using the foot-and-mouth-disease-virus 2a self-cleavage peptide to transcriptionally fuse heterologous gene expression to antibiotic resistance in chlamydomon ...201222937037
interplay of foot-and-mouth disease virus, antibodies and plasmacytoid dendritic cells: virus opsonization under non-neutralizing conditions results in enhanced interferon-alpha responses.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly infectious member of the picornaviridae inducing an acute disease of cloven-hoofed species. vaccine-induced immune protection correlates with the presence of high levels of neutralizing antibodies but also opsonising antibodies have been proposed as an important mechanism of the immune response contributing to virus clearance by macrophages and leading to the production of type-i interferon (ifn) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). the present s ...201222934974
foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein 2c interacts with beclin1, modulating virus replication.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is an apthovirus within the picornaviridae family. replication of the virus occurs in association with replication complexes that are formed by host cell membrane rearrangements. the largest viral protein in the replication complex, 2c, is thought to have multiple roles during virus replication. however, studies examining the function of fmdv 2c have been rather limited. to better understand the role of 2c in the ...201222933281
novel antiviral therapeutics to control foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. vaccines require ∼7 days to induce protection; thus, before this time, vaccinated animals are still susceptible to the disease. our group has previously shown that swine inoculated with 1×10(11) focus forming units (ffu) of a replication-defective human adenovirus containing the gene for porcine interferon alpha (adt-pifn-α) are sterilely protected from fmdv serotypes a24, o1 manisa, or asia 1 when t ...201222924938
a safe foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform with two negative markers for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.vaccination of domestic animals with chemically inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is widely practiced to control fmd. currently, fmd vaccine manufacturing requires the growth of large volumes of virulent fmdv in biocontainment-level facilities. here, two marker fmdv vaccine candidates (a(24)ll3d(yr) and a(24)ll3b(pvkv)3d(yr)) featuring the deletion of the leader coding region (l(pro)) and one of the 3b proteins were constructed and evaluated. these vaccine candidates also contain e ...201222915802
identification of short hairpin rna targeting foot-and-mouth disease virus with transgenic bovine fetal epithelium cells.although it is known that rna interference (rnai) targeting viral genes protects experimental animals, such as mice, from the challenge of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), it has not been previously investigated whether shrnas targeting fmdv in transgenic dairy cattle or primary transgenic bovine epithelium cells will confer resistance against fmdv challenge.201222905125
human adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: establishment of a vaccine product profile through in vitro testing.next generation, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) molecular vaccines based on replication deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 viral vectored delivery of fmd capsid genes (adfmd) are being developed by the united states dept. of homeland security and industry partners. the strategic goal of this program is to develop adfmd licensed vaccines for the usa national veterinary stockpile for use, if needed, as emergency response tools during an fmd outbreak. this vaccine platform provides a unique opport ...201222888605
recombinant viral protein vp1 suppresses her-2 expression and migration/metastasis of breast cancer.breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer death. development of new therapeutic agents for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis is therefore an urgent need. we previously demonstrated that recombinant dna-derived viral capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced apoptosis of mcf-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. here, we investigated whether rvp1 exhibits any inhibitory effects on migration/metastasis ...201222983836
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